By going through these Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Economics Notes Chapter 8 Poverty in India students can recall all the concepts quickly.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Economics Notes Chapter 8 Poverty in India

Poverty:

  1. Denial of Opportunities
  2. Socio – economic Phenomenon
  3. Deprivation of basic needs
  4. Social exclusion

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Maharashtra Board Class 11 Economics Notes Chapter 8 Poverty in India

Poverty in India During British Period:

  1. Economic drain of resources
  2. Recurrence of famines
  3. Decline of handicraft and cottage industries
  4. Oppressive economic policies

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Policy Measures Undertaken By India Government:

  1. Economic Planning
  2. Economic Reforms
  3. Antipoverty Programme
    → (Garibi hatao)

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Meaning Of Poverty:

  1. Conventional
  2. Material Dimensions Poverty

1. Conventional:
Unable to fulfill the basic needs of life i.e. (food, clothing and shelter)

2. Material Dimensions Poverty:

Deprivation in terms of Material Dimensions
e.g.:
food, clothing, shelter, health,
education, road connectivity,
electricity, access to safe drinking
water and sanitation

Deprivation in terms of Non-Material Dimensions
e.g.:
Socio-discrimination

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Maharashtra Board Class 11 Economics Notes Chapter 8 Poverty in India

Concept Of Poverty:

Absolute Poverty:

  • Measured in terms of minimum calorie intake.
  • In rural area — per capita daily calorie requirement is 2400 for a person.
  • In urban area — per capita daily calorie requirement is 2100 for a person.
  • Found in developing and under developing count ries.
  • Can be eradicated.

Relative Poverty:

  • Measured in terms of differences in the levels of income, wealth, consumption economic inactivity.
  • Universal phenomenon.
  • Found in all the countries of the world.
  • Cannot be completely eradicated.

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Poverty line

  • It is as imaginary line that divides the poor and non-poor.
  • Determined in terms of per capita household expenditure.
  • As per task Force on Eliminating Poverty constituted by NUT Aayog it is defined as “the threshold expenditure”

OR
the amount necessary to purchase a basket of goods and services that are considered necessary to satisfy human needs at socially acceptable levels.

Objectives Of Poverty Line:

  1. Determine population living above poverty line (APL) and below poverty line (BPL)
  2. Identify the poor on the basis of household consumption expenditure
  3. Tracking poverty in a region over a time period and comparing
  4. Provide estimate of required expenditure on poverty alleviation programmes

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Maharashtra Board Class 11 Economics Notes Chapter 8 Poverty in India

→ Income Pyramid:

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Types Of Poverty:

1. Rural Poverty
Deprivation of basic needs among section of people living in the villages

Found Among:

  • small and marginal farmers.
  • agricultural labourers
  • contractual labourers
  • landless labourers

Reasons:

  • low agricultural productivity
  • drought
  • poor rural infrastructure
  • illiteracy
  • lack of alternative jobs
  • rural indebtedness

Urban Poverty:
Absence of basic needs among section of people living in town and cities

Reasons:

  • spillover effects of migration
  • lack of affordable housing
  • illiteracy
  • slow industrial growth

Effects

  • growth of slums
  • informal sector
  • creates law and order problems

Causes Of Poverty :

  • Other factors
  • Population explosion
  • Slow economic growth
  • Vicious Circle of Poverty
  • Unemployment and Underemployment
  • Regional Imbalance
  • Economic inequalities
  • Inflation
  • Inaccessibility to infrastructural facilities

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Maharashtra Board Class 11 Economics Notes Chapter 8 Poverty in India

Vicious Circle Of Poverty:

  • Low investments
  • Low production
  • Less employment
  • Low National income
  • Low per capita income
  • Low savings
  • Low capital formation

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Effects Of Poverty:

  1. Retards economic progress
  2. Low national income and per capita income
  3. Environmental deterioration
  4. Low standard of living
  5. Misery and economic hardships
  6. Low savings, investments and capital formation
  7. Misallocation of resources
  8. Concentration of economic power and unequal opportunities
  9. Rise of anti social and anti national activities.
  10. Conflict between rich and poor

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Measures To Eradicate Poverty:

  1. Control of population
  2. Nationalization of Banks
  3. Agriculture
  4. Progressive Tax Measures
  5. Rural works
  6. Education
  7. Rural industrialization
  8. Affordable Housing
  9. Minimum wages
  10. Health Facilities
  11. Public distribution system
  12. Skill development and Self Employment

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Maharashtra Board Class 11 Economics Notes Chapter 8 Poverty in India

→ 17th October is observed as International Day for Eradication of poverty.

Word Meaning:

phenomenon – a situation that happens, imaginary – unreal, perceived – to consider, threshold – beginning, exclusion – excluding, trapped – shut in, deprivation – to lack something, miseries – hardships/sufferings, denial – not having something, drain – getting exhausted, racial – relating to race of individual, recurrence
– occurring of event again and again, conventional – ordinary, emerged – appear, civil liberties – individual freedom for betterment of society, starvation – lack of food, misallocation – wrong distribution, multifaceted
– many features, vulnerable – risk, calories – energy value of foods, nationalization – transfer of branch of industry from private to state ownership, spillover – over flow, beverages – liquid refreshment to drink, – conveyance – transport, bottlenecks – obstruction, vicious – dangerous, rehabilitation – restoring/ resettlement, correlate – to connect, enrolment – to seek admission.