Class 11 – Page 21 – Balbharati Solutions

Maharashtra Board Class 11 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 8 ऐसीं अक्षरें रसिके

June 21, 2024

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Marathi Yuvakbharati 11th Digest Chapter 8 ऐसीं अक्षरें रसिके Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 8 ऐसीं अक्षरें रसिके

11th Marathi Digest Chapter 8 ऐसीं अक्षरें रसिके Textbook Questions and Answers

कृती

1. अ. कृती करा:

प्रश्न 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 8 ऐसीं अक्षरें रसिके 1
उत्तर :

आ. रसाळ बोलांचा विविध इंद्रियांवर होणारा परिणाम लक्षात घेऊन तक्ता पूर्ण करा :

प्रश्न 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 8 ऐसीं अक्षरें रसिके 2
उत्तर :

इ. ‘रसाळ बोल’ आणि ‘सूर्य’ यांच्या कार्याच्या माध्यमातून खालील तक्ता पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 8 ऐसीं अक्षरें रसिके 3
उत्तर :

रसाळ बोलांचे कार्य	सूर्याचे कार्य
1. नादमाधुर्य	1. जगाला चेतना देणे
2. शब्दांचे आकर्षण	2. प्रकाश देणे

2. अर्थ स्पष्ट करा.

प्रश्न अ.
माझा मराठाचि बोलु कौतुकें । परि अमृतातेंही पैजां जिंके ।
उत्तर :
संत ज्ञानेश्वरांचे मराठी भाषेवर प्रेम होते आणि त्यांना अभिमानही होता. अमृतापेक्षाही गोड असलेल्या मराठी भाषेविषयीची गौरवाची भावना आणि आपल्या शब्दासामर्थ्यावर असणार सार्थ विश्वास व्यक्त करताना संत ज्ञानेश्वर म्हणतात माझ्या मराठी भाषेतून निर्माण होणाऱ्या शब्दात रसपूर्णता आहे. पण प्रत्यक्षात अमृताचा गुणधर्म ‘माधुर्य’ (गोडवा) आहे. “मी माझ्या भाषेतून अमृतापेक्षाही किंवा अमृताशीही पैज जिंकणारी रसाळ व गोडवा असणारी अक्षरे निर्माण करीन. ती इतकी रसयुक्त, माधुर्य अनुभवणारी, जीवनदायी असतील की त्यांच्यातील गोडवा अनुभवल्यानंतर प्रत्यक्ष अमृतालाही स्वत:चा कमीपणा जाणवेल इतकी रसाळ अक्षरे मी मराठी भाषेतून निर्माण करीन जेणेकरून श्रोत्यांना या अक्षरांचा आस्वाद घेताना माधुर्याची कमतरता कधीही जाणवणार नाही.”

प्रश्न आ.
वेधें परिमळाचें बीक मोडे । जयाचेनि ।।
उत्तर :
मराठी भाषेतून निर्माण केलेल्या शब्दांची ‘कोमल’ या गुणाशी तुलना केली आहे. कोमल म्हणजेच मृदुता. सा रे ग म प ध नी सा हे सप्तस्वर आहेत. सूर हे कोमल असतात पण माझे हे शब्द इतके कोमल आहेत की या सप्तसुरांची कोमलता त्यांच्या पुढे कमी ठरेल. सुगंधाचा गुणधर्म ‘मोहक’ आहे व मी निर्माण केलेले शब्द इतके मोहक आहेत की सुगंधाचा मोहकपणा शब्दांपुढे कमी ठरेल. इतके हे शब्द मनाला मृदुता आणि मोहकतेचा स्पर्श करणारे आहेत.

3. चौकटी पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 1.
अ. रसाळ बोलाला या रचनेत दिलेली उपमा ………..
आ. रसाळ बोलांचा इंद्रियांवर होणारा परिणाम ……….
इ. सर्व जगाला जागवणारा ……….
उत्तर :
अ. अमृत
आ. कलह सुरू करणे
इ. सूर्य

4. काव्यसौंदर्य :

खालील ओव्यांतील भावसौंदर्य स्पष्ट करा.

प्रश्न अ.
ऐका रसाळपणाचिया लोभा । कीं श्रवणींचि होति जिभा ।
बोलें इंद्रियां लागे कळंभा । एकमेकां ।।3।।
उत्तर :
मराठी भाषा ही अत्यंत रसपूर्ण भाषा आहे. तिच्या रसाळपणाची थोरवी अशी आहे की, मराठी भाषेचे शब्द जर कानावर पडले तर कानांनाही जिभा फुटतील म्हणजेच कानांचा गुणधर्म ‘श्रवण’ असा आहे. पण कान जेव्हा हे शब्द ऐकतील तेव्हा ते आपला मूळ गुणधर्म सोडून त्या प्रत्येक शब्दातील रस चाखण्यासाठी तयार होतील.

कानांनाच जिभा फुटतील, कानांना ही रसकला अनुभवायला मिळाली पण इतर इंद्रियांनादेखील ती रसपूर्णता अनुभवण्याची लालसा आहे. त्यामुळे या रसाळपणाचा उपभोग घेण्यासाठी प्रत्येक इंद्रिय पुढे सरसावेल आणि इंद्रिया-इंद्रियांमध्ये कलह माजून राहिल म्हणजेच प्रत्येक इंद्रिय त्या रसवत्तेसाठी आसुसलेले असेल. इतकी ही अत्यंत रसपूर्ण भाषा असून त्यातील शब्द रसाळ आहेत.

प्रश्न आ.
“तैसें शब्दांचे व्यापकपण। देखिजे असाधारण।
पाहातयां भावाज्ञां फावती गुण । चिंतामणीचे ॥ 2 ॥
उत्तर :
माझ्या मराठी भाषेतील शब्दांचे स्वरूप अतिशय व्यापक आहे. म्हणजे त्यातील शब्दांचे जे अर्थ अतिशय सविस्तर स्वरूपात मी दिले आहेत. त्यामुळे या मराठी भाषेतून मी निर्माण केलेला प्रत्येक शब्द अलौकिक आहे. म्हणजेच या शब्दांसारखे दुसरे शब्द सापडणार नाहीत. प्रत्येक शब्द हा स्वतःचे वेगळे अस्तित्व दर्शविणारा आहे आणि अशा अलौकिक, स्वतःचे सामर्थ्य दर्शविणाऱ्या शब्दांचा अर्थ जो जाणणारा आहे. तोच खरा चिंतामणी ठरेल म्हणजेच तोच खरा तत्त्वज्ञ आहे की त्याला या मराठी भाषेत निर्माण झालेल्या शब्दांचा विस्तृतपणा जाणवेल किंवा ज्या व्यक्तीला या शब्दांचे ज्ञान होईल त्याच्याकडे चिंतामणीसारखे म्हणजेच एखादया तत्त्ववेत्यासारखे गुण आढळतील.

5. अभिव्यक्ती :

प्रश्न 1.
‘मराठी भाषेची थोरवी’ तुमच्या शब्दांत लिहा.
उत्तर :
भारतवर्षाचे खास वैशिष्ट्य म्हणजे भारतात बोलल्या जाणाऱ्या विविध भाषा, भाषा आपापल्या ठिकाणी समदध आहेत. प्रत्येक भाषा स्वयंपूर्ण पावे, वाढवावे याच उदात्त हेतूने स्वातंत्र्योत्तर काळात भाषावार प्रांतरचना स्वीकारण्यात आली. पूर्वी ईग्रज, पोर्तुगीज अशा अनेक सत्ता आपल्या देशावर राज्य करत होत्या, त्यांचे अनेक शब्द आपल्या भाषेत आले.

काळानुसार भाषेमध्ये अनेक शब्द सतत येत असतात कारण ती नदीसारखी प्रवाही असते त्याच प्रमाणे मराठीने संस्कृत, हिंदी, फारसी, अरबी, कन्नड, इंग्रजी अशा अनेक भाषांमधील शब्द आपले मानले ओहत. अनेक शब्दांना आपलेसे करून घेतल्याने मराठीची मधुरता, समृद्धता वाढली आहे. मराठीतले अनेक शब्दही इतर भाषांमध्ये वापरले जातात. मराठी भाषेत समृद्ध शब्दसंपत्ती आहे. मराठी ढंगाचे शब्दप्रयोग ही मराठी भाषेची श्रीमंती आहे.

एकच क्रियापद, शब्द, वाक्प्रचार वेगवेगळ्या प्रकारे वापरले जातात उदा. गप्पा, थापा, माशा, उड्या, टिचक्या, टोमणा, पाकीट, शिट्टी इत्यादी शब्दांना ‘मारणे’ हे एकच क्रियापद लागते आणि प्रत्येक ठिकाणी त्याचा अर्थ बदलतो. मराठी भाषेत साहित्य, नाट्य, काव्य यांची संपन्नता आहे. मराठी भाषा अप्रतिम सौंदर्याने नटलेली आहे. काळाबरोबर, नवीन सुधारणांबरोबर अनेक नवीन शब्द मराठीत निर्माण झाले आहेत. अनेक वैशिष्ट्ये, सौंदर्यस्थळे, शक्तिस्थळे या भाषेत आहेत. मराठीला कोकणी, मालवणी, अहिराणी इ. मधुर बोलीभाषा आहेत.

जागतिकीकरण, स्मार्ट फोनमुळे जगाच्या पाठीवर सर्वत्र मराठी बोलले, ऐकले जाते. मराठी साहित्य, चित्रपट, नाटक या माध्यमांतून या भाषेला सातासमुद्रापलीकडे जाण्याचा बहुमान मिळाला आहे. 27 फेब्रुवारी जागतिक मराठी भाषादिन म्हणून साजरा केला जातो. अलंकाराने सजलेली, चैतन्यमय मराठी भाषा श्रीमंत आहे आणि काळाच्या ओघातही ती टिकून राहिली आहे. शब्दांची मांदियाळी असलेली मराठी ही महाराष्ट्राची राजभाषा आहे. म्हणूनच महणावेसे वाटते की ‘लाभले आम्हांस भाग्य बोलतो मराठी….’

6. ऐसीं अक्षरें रसिकें’ या रचनेचा भावार्थ तुमच्या शब्दांत लिहा.

प्रश्न 1.
ऐसीं अक्षरें रसिकें’ या रचनेचा भावार्थ तुमच्या शब्दांत लिहा.
उत्तर :
‘ऐसी अक्षरे रसिकें’ या ओव्यांतून मराठी भाषेविषयीचा अभिमान व्यक्त झाला आहे. संत ज्ञानेश्वर म्हणतात माझे शब्द इतके रसपूर्ण आणि मधुर आहेत की ते सहज अमृतालाही जिंकतील, गोड शब्दांनी मी सांगेन. या मराठी भाषेतील शब्दांची कोमल गुणांशी तुलना केली असता, सुरांची कोमलता कमी ठरेल व यांच्या मोहक गुणापुढे सुगंधाची महतीही फिकी पडेल.

शब्दांच्या रसाळपणाचे महत्त्व असे आहे की, त्या शब्दांच्या गोडीच्या आशेने कानांना जिभा फुटतील व इंद्रिये एकमेकांमध्ये भांडण करू लागतील. आश्चर्याची गोष्ट ही की उच्चारलेल्या ओवीची धाटणी पाहून डोळे तृप्त होतील आणि त्यांना वाटेल हे केवळ शब्द नसून ही तर रूपाची खाण आहे. जेव्हा सर्व शब्द जुळून संपूर्ण वाक्य बाहेर पडेल तेव्हा इंद्रियांना मागे टाकून मन बाहेर येऊन आपले बाहू पसरून आलिंगन घेण्यासाठी धावेल याप्रमाणे सर्व इंद्रिये आपापल्या गुणधर्माप्रमाणे त्या बोलाला (शब्दाला) झोंबतील आणि शब्दही सर्व इंद्रियांना सारखेपणाने शांत करतील, जसा एकटा सूर्य आपल्या हजार हातांनी सर्व जगाला चेतना देतो आणि निसर्गातील सर्व व्यवहार सुरू होतात.

त्याचप्रमाणे शब्दांची व्यापकता अफाट आहे. या शब्दांचा भाव जे जाणून घेतील त्यांना हे शब्दच नव्हेत तर चिंतामणीच आपल्याला आज लाभले असे वाटेल. मराठी बोलाची मोठी ताटे बनवून त्यात मोक्षरस वाढून निष्काम साधुजनांना ग्रंथरूपी मेजवानी घालत आहे. ज्यांनी कधीही मंद न होणारी जी आत्मज्ञानाची ज्योत तेवत ठेवली आहे व जे इंद्रियांना समजू न देताच जेवू शकतात त्यांनाच या भोजनाचा आस्वाद घेता येणार आहे. येथे श्रोत्यांनी श्रवणेंद्रियांचाही (कानांचा) आश्रय सोडून मनानेच उपभोग घ्यावा.

11th Marathi Book Answers Chapter 8 ऐसीं अक्षरें रसिके Additional Important Questions and Answers

आकलन कृती :

खालील पठित पदय पंक्तींच्या आधारे सूचनेनुसार कृती करा.

प्रश्न 1.
‘डोळे तृप्त होतील’ स्पष्ट करणारी ओळ खालील चौकटीत लिहा.
उत्तरः
‘डोळे तृप्त होतील’ या अर्थाची ओळ खालील चौकटीत लिहा.
देखता डोळ्यांही पुरों लागे धणी

प्रश्न 2.
खालील शब्दांना ओव्यांमध्ये आलेले समानार्थी शब्द लिहा.
1. बळ –
2. वास –
उत्तरः
1. बळ – बीक
2. वास – परिमळ

स्वमतः

प्रश्न 1.
‘जैसा एकला जग चेववी। सहस्त्रकरु’ या काव्यपंक्तीतील विचारसौंदर्य लिहा.
उत्तर :
जसा सूर्य आपल्या सहस्त्र हातांनी (किरणांनी) पहाटे समयी सर्व जगाला जागे करतो. सूर्याच्या या कृतीमुळे सर्व जग जागे होऊन आपल्या कामाला प्रवृत्त होते. पहाट झाल्यानंतरच सर्वजण कामाला लागतात. हा एकटा संपूर्ण जगाला चेतना देतो. त्याच्या येण्याने सगळीकडे प्रकाश पसरतो आणि चेतनामयी वातावरण तयार होते. सूर्य हा आपल्या अस्तित्वाने संपूर्ण जागाला प्रेरणा देतो. सूर्याची उपासना ही प्रकाश आणि ऊर्जा मिळविण्यासाठी केली जाते. हा पृथ्वीच्या वातावरणामध्येही बदल घडवून आणतो.

हिंदू धर्मामध्ये सूर्याला विशेष महत्त्व आहे. सूर्य हा तेजस्वी अंधाराचा शत्रू आणि पापनाशक आहे. पृथ्वीवरील सर्व जीवांचा हा एकमेव आधार आहे. सर्वांनीच सूर्याचा आदर्श घेण्यासारखा आहे. सूर्य हा सर्वांत तेजस्वी, सामर्थ्यवान, बुद्धिवान, सर्वज्ञ, सृष्टीचा जगत्सचालक असून तो संपूर्ण ब्रह्मांडाचा नियंत्रक आहे. त्याच्या उगवण्याने संपूर्ण सृष्टी आपोआपच जागृत होऊन पिवळ्या चैतन्याने न्हाऊन निघते.

पृथ्वीवरील हवा, पाणी, अग्नी, तेज, उष्णता, शुद्धता, स्वच्छता आणि पवित्रता यांचा उगमस्रोत सूर्यच आहे. हा आत्मशक्तीचा प्रेरक आहे. तो शरीराला अंतर्यामी प्रेरणा देत असल्याने सर्वांनाच जागे होण्याचा संदेश देतो. सूर्यापासून प्राणिमात्रांची निर्मिती म्हणजेच त्याच्या कृपेमुळेच सर्वांचे पालनपोषण होते. हा सर्व चराचरांत सामावलेला व व्यापक आहे. तोच व्यापकपणा, तेवढीच शक्ती माझ्या मराठी भाषेतून निर्माण झालेल्या शब्दांमध्ये आहे.

स्वाध्यायासाठी कृती

1. ‘संत ज्ञानेश्वर – एक असामान्य व्यक्तिमत्त्व’ याविषयी 12 ते 15 ओळीत माहिती लिहा.
2. ‘महाराष्ट्रातील वारकरी संप्रदाय’ याविषयी 12 ते 15 ओळीत माहिती लिहा.

ऐसीं अक्षरें रसिके Summary in Marathi

प्रस्तावना :

संत ज्ञानेश्वर हे एक श्रेष्ठ संतपुरुष, संत कवी, तत्त्वज्ञानी, प्रतिभावंत. तत्त्वज्ञान, कल्पनावैभव, साक्षात्कार, रसतत्व यांच्या दृष्टीने लिहिलेला मौल्यवान ग्रंथ म्हणजे ‘ज्ञानेश्वरी’, ‘अमृतानुभव’, ‘चांगदेवपासष्टी’, ‘अभंगगाथा’ या त्यांच्या इतर रचना सुप्रसिद्ध आहेत. तत्त्वज्ञान, भक्ती आणि काव्य यांचा सुंदर मिलाफ त्यांच्या रचनांमध्ये झाला आहे. विनयशीलता, सद्गुरुभक्ती, अमर्याद करुणा इत्यादी त्यांच्या व्यक्तिमत्त्वाचे पैलू त्यांच्या रचनांमध्ये आढळतात.

या ओव्यांतून मराठी भाषेविषयीचा अभिमान व्यक्त झाला आहे. गीतेचे तत्त्वज्ञान मराठी भाषेत आणताना संत ज्ञानेश्वरांनी आपल्या स्वतंत्र प्रतिभेच्या बळावर त्याला नवे रूप दिले. मराठी भाषेची प्रतिष्ठा, शक्ती आणि सुंदरता यांचे दर्शन त्यांनी आत्मविश्वासाने घडविले आहे.

कवितेचा / ओव्यांचा परिचय :

माझे बोल (शब्द) शुद्ध प्राकृत आहेत खरे पण त्यांची अशी रसपूर्ण योजना करीन ते सहज अमृतालाही जिंकतील. गोड शब्दांनी मी सांगेन, या शब्दांची कोमल गुणांशी तुलना केली असता सप्तसुरांतील सुरांची कोमलता कमी भासेल आणि या शब्दांच्या मोहक गुणांपुढे सुगंधाची महतीही फिकी पडेल.

शब्दांच्या रसाळपणाची थोरवी अशी आहे की, त्या शब्दांच्या गोडीच्या आशेने कानांना जिव्हा फुटतील व इंद्रिये एकमेकांमध्ये भांडण करु लागतील. भांडण का करतील ….. तर …… श्रवण हा स्वभावतः कानाचा विषय आहे. जीभ म्हणेल ‘रस’ हा विषय माझा आहे. गंध हा विषय नाकाचा आहे. प्रत्येक शब्द हा ज्ञानेंद्रसंवेदध आहे.

आणखी एक नवलाची गोष्ट ही की उच्चारलेल्या ओवीची धाटणी पाहून डोळे तृप्त होतील आणि त्यांना वाटेल हे केवळ बोल नसून ही प्रत्यक्ष रूपाची खाण आहे. जेव्हा सर्व शब्द जुळून संपूर्ण वाक्य बाहेर पडेल तेव्हा इंद्रियांना मागे टाकून मन बाहेर निघेल आणि आपले वाहू पसरून आलिंगन घ्यायला धावेल याप्रमाणे सर्व इंद्रिये आपापल्या धर्माप्रमाणे त्या बोलाला (शब्दाला) झोंबतील आणि शब्दही सर्व इंद्रियांना सारखेपणाने शांत करतील.

जसा एकटा सूर्य आपल्या सहस्त्र हातांनी सर्व जगाला चेतना देतो आणि सर्व चराचरातील व्यवहारांना सुरुवात होते. त्याचप्रमाणे शब्दांचे व्यापकपणही विलक्षण आहे. या शब्दांचा भाव जे जाणतील किंवा त्या भावांचा विचार करतील त्यांना हे शब्दच नव्हेत तर चिंतामणीच आपल्याला आज लाभले असे वाटेल.

पण असो, मराठी बोलाची मोठाली (मोठी) ताटे बनवून त्यात मोक्षरस वाढून निष्काम साधुजनांना ग्रंथरूपी मेजवानी घालत आहे.
ज्यांनी कधीही मंद न होणारी जी आत्मज्ञानाची ज्योत तेवत ठेवली आहे व जे इंद्रियांना नकळत किंवा त्यांना समजू न देताच जेवू शकतात | त्यांनाच या भोजनाचा आस्वाद घेता येणार आहे.

येथे श्रोत्यांनी श्रवणेंद्रियांचाही (कानांचा) आश्रय सोडून मनानेच उपभोग घ्यावा. भाषा, शब्दरचना, नाद आणि लय यांचे सौंदर्य, ओबीरचनेतला सहजपणा, प्रसन्नता यांमधून संत ज्ञानेश्वरांनी अपूर्व असा अनुभव वाचकांना, श्रोत्यांना दिला आहे.

समानार्थी शब्द / पर्यायी शब्द :

कोवळिक – कोमलता.
पाडे – तुलनेने.
परिमळ – मोहकतेने – (with fragrance).
बीक – बळ – (strongth, power).
कळंभा – कलह – (a quarrel, conflict).
विषो – विषय.
सरिसेपणे – समता.
सारखेपणा – (equal).
अविष्करें – पसरून.
भावजां – (भाव) जाणणाऱ्यांना.
फावती – सापडती – (found).
प्रतिपत्ति – ग्रंथरूपी भोजनसमारंभ, मेजवानी – (a feast, banquet).
नीच – नित्य, नित्यनूतन – (always new).
ठाणदिवी – दिव्याचे स्थिरासन – (wooden lampstand).
फावे – लाभणे – (to obtain, to get).
पांगे – आश्रयावाचून – (unsheltered, helpless).
निजांगे – अंतरंग – (the heart, mind).
निष्काम – विरक्त, फळाची इच्छा न धरणारे – (free from any expectations)
सहस्त्रकरु – सूर्य – (the sun).
धणी – तृप्ती – (satisfaction, content).
इंद्रिये – अवयव (an organ of sense).
रसना – जीभ (tongue).
बुझावी – समाधान करतो – (satisfaction).
वोगरिलीं – वाढलेली आहेत.
आत्मप्रभा – आत्मप्रकाश – (one’s own light).

Maharashtra Board Class 11 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 7 ‘माणूस’ बांधूया!

June 21, 2024

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Marathi Yuvakbharati 11th Digest Chapter 7 ‘माणूस’ बांधूया! Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 7 ‘माणूस’ बांधूया!

11th Marathi Digest Chapter 7 ‘माणूस’ बांधूया! Textbook Questions and Answers

कृती

1. अ. कृती करा

प्रश्न 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 7 ‘माणूस’ बांधूया! 1
उत्तर :

प्रश्न 2.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 7 ‘माणूस’ बांधूया! 2
उत्तर :

प्रश्न 3.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 7 ‘माणूस’ बांधूया! 3
उत्तर :

आ. परिणाम लिहा.

प्रश्न 1.
कुटुंबाचा आर्थिक हव्यास वाढला.
उत्तर :
परिणाम : आई-वडील यांच्या स्पर्शातून जाणवणारं वात्सल्याचं ऊबदार घर नष्ट झाले आणि खोट्या नात्याचा काचमहाल उभारला गेला. जिथे प्रेम नव्हते.

प्रश्न 2.
माणसा-माणसांतील संवाद हरवला.
उत्तरः
परिणाम : माणसं माणसासारखी वागत नाहीत. माणसांना अधिक अधिक हव्यासाचा, कुठ थांबायचा हे न कळण्याचा एकाकी पथच जीवनपथ म्हणून स्वीकारला गेला, माणूस एकाकी पडला. माणूसपणाचं पोषण होणे थांबले. स्वार्थीपणा वाढला. माणसे संवेदनाहीन झाली.

प्रश्न 3.
माणसं बिनचेहऱ्यानं बडबडत राहिली.
उत्तरः
परिणाम : माणसं अगतिक झाली. एकाकी आयुष्य जगू लागली. केवळ यंत्रसंवाद चालू राहिल्याने विनाश याच विकासाच्या मार्गाकडे वळली. केवळ भरकटत राहिली. मनोरुग्णता वाढली.

प्रश्न 4.
नव्या जगाची जीवनशैली नैसर्गिक विकासाच्या आड पदोपदी आली.
उत्तर :
परिणाम : पैशानेही न सोडवता येणारे मनाचे, मनाशी संबंधित प्रश्न निर्माण झाले. मनोरुग्णता वाढण्याची शक्यता निर्माण झाली,

इ. पाठाच्या आधारे कारणे लिहा.

प्रश्न 1.
सत्तरपंचाहत्तरीची मनं कातर झाली, कारण
उत्तर :
सभोवतालच्या परिस्थितीने त्यांच्यासमोर अनेक प्रश्न उभे राहिले. काय घडत आहे? माणसं अशी का वागत आहेत? शिक्षणाचं काय होत आहे? वृत्तपत्र समाजाला कुठं नेत आहेत? अजून किती पडझड होणार आहे. या प्रश्नांनी त्यांना त्रस्त केले त्यामुळे मन कातर झाली.

प्रश्न 2.
‘यंत्रसंवाद करून चालणार नाही, कारण
उत्तर :
विज्ञानाचे कौतुक करताना अलौकिक आनंद देणाऱ्या मातीच्या वारशाचे तेज नष्ट होत आहे. खरं सुख कोणतं हे कळत नसल्याने विनाश हाच विकास हा नव्या जगाचा मंत्र होण्याची भीती निर्माण होत आहे. त्यामुळे चिंतन करण्याची गरज आहे. आपण कुठे भरकटत निघालो आहोत हे . कळण्यासाठी, संवादशून्य एकाकीपण टाळण्यासाठी संवाद-चिंतनाची गरज आहे. त्यामुळे यंत्रसंवाद करून चालणर नाही.

2. पाठातील आलेल्या खालील शब्दसमूहांचा अर्थ स्पष्ट करा.

प्रश्न 1.
अ. आंतरिक दारिद्रय
आ. वात्सल्याचं ऊबदार घर.
इ. धावणारी तरुण चाकं, थरथरणारे म्हातारे पाय.
ई. संवेदनांचे निरोप समारंभ.
उत्तर:
अ. मनाचे दारिद्रय.
आ. प्रेमभावनेने भरलेले घर.
इ. गतिशील जीवन जगणारी चैतन्यमय तरुण पिढी, वृद्धत्वामुळे हातापायांतील शक्ती गेलेले वृद्ध.
ई. एकमेकांना समजून घेण्यासाठी लागणारी संवेदनशीलता नष्ट होणे.

3. व्याकरण:

प्रश्न अ.
खालील वाक्प्रचारांचा अर्थ लिहून वाक्यांत उपयोग करा.
उत्तरः
1. मन कातर होणे – मनात दुःखी भावना जागृत होणे.
वाक्यः आई-वडिलांच्या आठवणीमुळे शहरात एकाकी जीवन जगणाऱ्या सुहासचे मन अगदी कातर झाले.

2. काळजात क्रंदन होणे – दुःख होणे, दु:खाने रडणे
वाक्यः

स्वाभिमानी माणसं काळजात क्रंदन झाले तरी आपल्या गरीबीचा बाजार कधी मांडत नाहीत.
भावाभावांमध्ये होणारी भांडणे पाहून आईच्या काळजात क्रंदन होते परंतु ती गप्प राहते.

प्रश्न आ.
‘संवेदनशून्य’ शब्दासारखे नकारार्थी भावदर्शक शब्द लिहा.
उत्तरः
संवेदनाहीन, निर्विकार, अबोल, अजाण, भावनाहीन, (अमानुष, निर्दोष) भावनाशून्य, पाषाणहृदयी

इ. अधोरेखित शब्दांचे विरुद्धार्थी शब्द लिहून अर्थ बदल न करता वाक्ये पुन्हा लिहा.

प्रश्न 1.
नव्या जगाची जीवनशैली माणूसपणाशी जवळीक साधत नाही.
उत्तरः
परंपरागत जीवन जगणाऱ्या जगाची जीवनशैली माणूसपणाशी जवळीक साधते. किंवा जुन्या जगाची जीवनशैली माणूसपणाशी जवळीक साधते.

प्रश्न 2.
माणसा-माणसांत संवाद हवा.
उत्तर :
माणसा-माणसांत विसंवाद नको.

प्रश्न 3.
मनुष्य हा प्रेमाच्या आधारावर जगू शकतो.
उत्तरः
मनुष्य तिरस्कार भावनेच्या आधारे जगू शकत नाही. किंवा मनुष्य हा द्वेषाच्या आधारावर जगू शकत नाही.

4. स्वमत:

प्रश्न अ.
‘पैसा हे साधन आहे. साध्य नव्हे,’ हे विधान पाठाधारे तुमच्या शब्दांत स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तर :
‘पैसा मिळवला की माणूस सुखी होतो’ अशी आज प्रत्येकाची विचारसरणी झालेली दिसून येते. त्यासाठी जो तो पैसा त्वरित कसा कमवायचा याचाच विचार करताना दिसतो. मग भौतिक सुखासाठी पैशाच्या मागे पळणारा माणूस गैरमार्गाचाही वापर करतो. परंतु हे खरे नाही कारण सुख हे केवळ पैसा कमविण्यात नसते, पैशाने वस्तू विकत घेता येतील. कारण पैसा हे साधन आहे परंतु विकत घेतलेल्या सर्वच वस्तू सुख देतील असे नाही. वस्तूंमधून भौतिक सुख मिळेल.

परंतु मानसिक समाधान, सुख हे पैशाने विकत घेता येत नाही. पैशाने घर विकत घेता येते. परंतु घराला घरपण येण्यासाठी माणसा-माणसांत आवश्यक असणारा संवाद, प्रेम, माया, वात्सल्य हे विकत घेता येत नाही. त्यासाठी सर्वांना एकमेकांविषयी आपुलकी, एकमेकांना समजून घेणे आवश्यक असते. मुलांसाठी विविध सुविधा उपलब्ध करून देण्यासाठी आई… वडील काम करतात. पैसा कमावतात, त्यांच्या अवास्तव गरजा पूर्ण करतात. परंतु जर मुलांशी संवाद साधण्यासाठी त्यांच्याकडे वेळ नसेल तर त्या पैशाने सुख प्राप्त होत नाही त्यांमुळे सर्वजण एकाकी होतात.

त्यासाठी एकमेकांशी संवाद साधणे महत्त्वाचे आहे. माणूस पैशासाठी नसून पैसा माणसासाठी आहे. पैसा हेच जीवन नव्हे. हे प्रत्येकाने लक्षात घेतले पाहिजे. रात्रंदिवस कष्ट करून पैसा मिळवता येतो परंतु सुख मिळवण्यासाठी एकमेकांसोबत राहणे, वेळ देणे आवश्यक असते. त्यामुळे पैसा हे साधन आहे, साध्य नाही. म्हणूनच सर्वात श्रीमंत देश अमेरिका असला तरी ‘जगारील सर्वाधिक आनंदी लोकांचा देश’ हा मान भूतानसारख्या छोट्या राष्ट्राला मिळाला आहे.

प्रश्न आ.
मानवी जीवनात संवादाचे महत्त्व याविषयी तुमचे मत स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तर :
मानव हा समाजप्रिय प्राणी आहे. समाजात राहताना त्याला सगळ्यांशी संवाद साधावाच लागतो. कारण आर्थिक, सामाजिक, कौटुंबिक अशा कोणत्याही क्षेत्रात वावरताना त्याचा इतरांशी संपर्क येत असतो. अशा वेळी सुसंवाद साधल्यास कार्याला गती मिळते. अन्यथा एकाकीपणाला सामोरे जावे लागते. कुटुंबात राहूनही जर तो दुसऱ्याशी संवाद साधू शकला नाही. तर तो एकाकीपणाच्या वाटेवर चालू लागल्याचे दिसून येते. कामामध्ये व्यस्त असणारे आई-वडील मुलांसाठी संपत्तीचा साठा करतात. परंतु प्रत्यक्षात मुलांच्या मनापर्यंत पोहचू शकत नाहीत. त्यामुळे मूल आपल्या भावना व्यक्त करू न शकल्याने वाईट सवयींना बळी पडते. तर आपल्या मुलांशी, नातवंडांशी संवाद साधू न शकल्याने वृद्ध मंडळी निराश होतात. त्यामुळे दोन पिढ्यांमध्ये दरी निर्माण होते.

कार्यालये विविध संस्था, क्षेत्रे या सर्वच ठिकाणी संवाद साधता न आल्यास व्यक्ती कार्यरत होऊ शकत नाही. एकमेकांच्या समस्या समजू शकत नाही. प्रत्येकाला आपल्या भावना, विचार, व्यक्त करण्यासाठी एक दुसन्याशी संवाद साधणे आवश्यक असते. जर आपली सुख दुःखे समजून घेणारे कोणी नसेल तर जीवन जगण्याला अर्थच राहणार नाही. त्यासाठी संवाद आवश्यक आहे. संवादशून्य एकाकीपणामुळे माणूस
मनोरुग्ण होण्याची शक्यता वाढते.

5. अभिव्यक्ती:

प्रश्न अ.
‘नव्या जगाची जीवनशैली माणूसपणाशी जवळीक साधत नाही’ लेखकाच्या या मताशी तुम्ही सहमत आहात की असहमत ते सकारण स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तर :
विज्ञानाने जग जवळ आले असे म्हटले जाते. परंतु प्रत्यक्षात असे झाले आहे का असा प्रश्न पडतो. कारण नवीन नवीन शोध लागून लोकांचे जीवन सुखकर झाले असले तरी एकमेकांसाठी त्यांच्याकडे वेळ असलेला दिसून येत नाही. यंत्रयुगात माणूस इतका यांत्रिक झाला आहे की त्याला एकमेकांना प्रत्यक्ष भेटायला वेळ नाही. केवळ फोनवरच तो एकमेकांची खुशाली समजून घेतो. विचारपूस करतो. आजच्या गतिमान जीवनात माणूस इतका गुंतला आहे की पैसा हेच जीवन समजून रस्त्यात कुठे अपघात वैगरे झालेला असला तरी त्याच्याकडे तिथे थांबायलाही वेळ नसतो.

अडलेल्या व्यक्तीला मदत करण्याऐवजी तो आपली कामाची वेळ चुकेल, आपण पोलीस कारवाईत अडकू म्हणून घटना स्थळापासून दूर पळतो, माणुसकीशी त्याचा संबंधच नसल्यासारखे तो वागतो. त्यामुळेच एखादया संकटात सापडलेल्या, पूर, भूकंपामध्ये बळी गेलेल्या माणसाबद्दल दु:ख वाटून न घेता तो तेथेही स्वतःचा फायदा कसा होईल ते पाहतो. दुसऱ्याचे दुःख, जाणीव याबद्दल त्याला काहीही वाटत नाही.

पैसा कमावण्याच्या नादात स्वतःच्या वृद्ध माता-पित्याला वृद्धाश्रमात ठेवणारा, मुलांच्या एकाकीपणाकडे दुर्लक्ष करणारा, समाजापासून तुटल्यासारखा वागणारा नव्या जगातील हा माणूस माणूसपणालाच विसरून गेला आहे असे वाटते. त्यामुळे नव्या जगाची जीवनशैली माणूसपणाशी जवळीक साधत नाही या लेखकाच्या मताशी मी सहमत आहे परंतु त्याचवेळी याला काही अपवाद म्हणून काही संस्था, माणसे आपतकालीन स्थितीत, भूकंप, पूर इ. परिस्थितीत मदतीचा हात देताना दिसतात. परंतु त्यांची संख्या खूप कमी आहे.

प्रश्न आ.
‘इथे माणूस दिसत होता, पण जाणवत नव्हता. ओठ हालत होते, पण साद पोहोचत नव्हती, या विधानांचा तुम्हाला कळलेला अर्थ लिहा.
उत्तर :
प्रत्येकाची सुखाची कल्पना वेगळी असते. आधुनिक जगात मात्र पैसा’ हेच सुख मानले जात आहे. त्यामुळे पैशानेच जगता येतं. पैशासाठीच जगायचं असतं हाच जगण्याचा उद्देश झाल्याने सर्व काही पैशातच गणलं जात आहे. जग व्यवहारी बनलं आहे. शिक्षण ज्ञान मिळविण्यासाठी नव्हे तर पैशासाठी होत गेले आहे. प्रेम, भक्ती या भावनांची मोजणीही पैशानेच होऊ लागली आहे आणि प्रेम, नाते यांच्याऐवजी खरेदीविक्रीचा व्यवहार सुरू झाला आहे.

या नोकरीमुळे घराबाहेर राहणारे पालक मुलांना प्रेम देण्यास कमी पडत आहेत त्यामुळे घराऐवजी केवळ चमकणारा महाल बांधला गेला, जेथे आई-वडिलांच्या वात्सल्याला, प्रेमाला काहीच किंमत उरली नाही. त्यांचे सुख दुःख मुलांना कळले नाही. एकमेकांच्या जाणीवा, भावना समजायला व्यक्त करायला कोणालाच वेळ मिळत नाही आहे. त्यामळे महालात चकाकी येते परंतु माणसकीच्या नात्याला मात्र हे घर पारखे होते. त्यामुळे माणूस त्या घरात रहातो शरीराने परंतु तो जाणवत नाही. त्याची सुख दःख समजत नाहीत आणि पादच होत नसल्याने फक्त ओठ हलत रहातात. परंतु हृदयाची साद दसऱ्या हृदयापर्यंत पोहोचत नाहीत असे लेखक म्हणतात आणि हीच आजच्या जीवनाची खंत आहे.

प्रश्न इ.
संवादाचा अभाव असलेल्या मानवी जीवनाचे भाकीत तुमच्या शब्दांत व्यक्त करा.
उत्तर :
विज्ञानाने जग जवळ आणले असे म्हटले जात असले तरी प्रत्यक्षात मात्र मोबाईल फोन, कॉम्प्युटर इ. केवळ यंत्रे ठरली कारण गतिशील जीवनशैली स्वीकारणारा माणूस या यंत्रांचा वापर करू लागला परंतु मनाने मात्र एकमेकांपासून दूर झाला, प्रत्यक्ष भेटून किंवा पत्र पाठवून मिळणारे मानसिक सख, चेहऱ्यावरचा आनंद सर्वाना पारखे झाले. वेळेचे, कामात व्यस्त असण्याचे कारण दाखवून संवाद टाळला जाताना दिसून येते. यामुळे मानवी जीवन धोक्यात येईल असे वाटते.

कारण संवाद न साधल्याने, एकमेकांपासून दूर गेल्याने मानव एकाकी होईल. एकटेपणा वाट्याला आल्याने निराश, चिंताग्रस्त होईल. एकमेकांच्या भावना समजू न शकल्याने, सुख, दुःख जाणून न घेतल्यामुळे एकटेपणाची जाणीव माणसाला मनोरुग्ण बनवेल, स्वत:चे विचार, भावना व्यक्त न करता आल्याने दुःखी जीवनाला सामोरा जाईल. नैराश्यग्रस्त झाल्याने कदाचित व्यसनांच्या आहारी जाईल, यामुळे स्वतःबरोबरच समाजाचा, पर्यायाने राष्ट्राचा विकासही होणार नाही. उलट अधोगतीकडे मार्गक्रमण करू लागेल आणि संवेदनाहीन बनलेला माणूस संपूर्ण माणूसजातच नष्ट करण्यास कारणीभूत ठरेल अशी भीती वाटते.

शब्दसंपत्ती:

प्रश्न 1.
गटात न बसणारा शब्द शोधा.
अ. तो, मी, पी, हा …………..
आ. खाणे, पिणे, शहाणे, जाणे ………….
इ. तापी, कृष्णा, नदी, यमुना ………….
ई. त्याला, तुला, मला, माणसाला ………..
उ. आनंदी, दुःखी, सौंदर्य, आळशी ………….
उत्तर :
अ. पी
आ. शहाणे
इ. नदी
ई. माणसाला
उ. सौंदर्य

11th Marathi Book Answers Chapter 7 ‘माणूस’ बांधूया! Additional Important Questions and Answers

आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
खालील पठित गदा उताऱ्याच्या आधारे सूचनेनुसार कृती करा.
चौकटी पूर्ण करा.
1. आजच्या समाजात बिंबवलेले तत्त्वज्ञान – [ ]
2. मार्केटिंग करताना न घेतलेली दक्षता – [ ]
उत्तर :
1. ‘माणूस मिथ्या सोनं सत्य’
2. एक गरीबी दूर करताना दुसरे आंतरिक दारिद्र्य निर्माण होईल याची दक्षता घेतली नाही.

प्रश्न 2.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 7 ‘माणूस’ बांधूया! 7
उत्तर :

उपयोजित कृती

प्रश्न 1.
गटात न बसणारा शब्द ओळखा.

धन, संपत्ती, पैसा कार्य
प्रेम, माया, वात्सल्य, वस्तू
इमारत, पथ, मार्ग, रस्ता
भविष्यकाळ, भूतकाळ, वर्तमानकाळ, नेहमी

उत्तर :

कार्य
वस्तू
इमारत
नेहमी

खालील शब्दासाठी परिच्छेदात वापरलेले पर्यायी शब्द लिहा.

प्रश्न 1.
भावनाशून्य मन – ………………….
अ. आशा
ब. ऑतिरक दारिद्रय
क. मुकं मन
ड. सुसंवाद
उत्तरः
मुकं मन

अभिव्यक्ती:

प्रश्न 1.
आजच्या जगाचे ‘माणूस मिध्या’ सोनं सत्य’ या तत्त्वज्ञानाचा भावार्थ तुमच्या शब्दात स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तर :
आजचे जग म्हणजे विज्ञानाचे जग, विज्ञानाने संपूर्ण जगावर एक प्रकारची जादू केली आहे. विज्ञानाच्या साहाय्याने प्रगती पथावर वाटचाल करताना माणसाने सुखी जीवनाची स्वप्न बघितली. पण हे सुख शोधताना मानव हळहळ पैशाच्या आहारी जाऊ लागला आणि पैशाच्या मागे मागे धावताना मानवाचे जीवन यंत्रवत बनले. निष्क्रिय झाले, एकमेकांपासून माणूस दूर गेला, केवळ पैसा कमावणे एवढेच जीवन बनले. एकमेकांशी संवाद साधणे कठीण झाले, कारण तो पैशातच सुख मानू लागला. पैसा कमावण्याच्या स्पर्धेत तो सतत पळतच राहिला. इतके की पळता पळता तो इतरांपासून कधी दूर गेला हे त्याचे त्यालाच कळले नाही. त्यामुळे दुसऱ्याची सुख-दुःखे, भाव भावना त्याला कळेनाशा झाल्या.

असा हा माणूस एकमेकांपासून दूर जाताना कुटुंबापासूनही दूर झाला. कारण पैसा, हे जीवनाचे अंतिम सत्य बनले तर माणूस माणसाच्याच जगात खोटा ठरला आणि पैसा हेच सर्वस्व बनले. संवादामुळे वाढणारा जिव्हाळा, आपुलकी संवाद तुटल्याने नाहीशी झाली आणि धन, संपत्ती, पैसा यालाच सर्वश्रेष्ठ ठरवताना माणूसच खोटा ठरला आणि हळूहळू विनाश म्हणजेच विकास या दिशेने माणसाची वाटचाल होऊ लागली. यासाठीच मानवाने संवाद साधून माणसांतील माणूसपण जपावे असे वाटते.

खालील पठित गदव उताऱ्याच्या आधारे सूचनेनुसार कृती करा.

आकृतिबंध पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 7 ‘माणूस’ बांधूया! 9
उत्तर:

प्रश्न 2.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 7 ‘माणूस’ बांधूया! 11
उत्तर:

उपयोजित कृती

खालील शब्दांसाठी उताऱ्यात आलेले विरुद्धार्थी शब्द

प्रश्न 1.
विसंवाद × ……….
उत्तर :
विसंवाद × संवाद

प्रश्न 2.
नैसर्गिक × ………..
उत्तर :
नैसर्गिक × कृत्रिम

खालील वाक्प्रचाराच्या योग्य अर्थाचा पर्याय निवडा.

प्रश्न 1.
साद घालणे –
पर्याय :
अ. संभ्रमात पडणे.
ब. आठवण काढणे
क. गुंग होणे.
ड. बोलावणे
उत्तर :
बोलावणे

प्रश्न 2.
अगतिक होणे –
पर्याय :
अ. असहाय होणे.
ब. आनंदी होणे
क. मरण येणे
ड. सावध होणे
उत्तर :
असहाय होणे.

स्वमत:

प्रश्न 1.
संवाद नसल्याने माणूस माणसापासून दूर गेला आहे याविषयीचे तुमचे मत लिहा.
उत्तरः
आज-चंगळवादी दृष्टिकोन सगळीकडे दिसून येतो. त्यामुळे प्रत्येकजण आपल्याच विश्वात धुंद असल्याचे लक्षात येते. त्यामुळे एकाच घरात राहूनही एकमेकांना भेटेनासे होतात. संवाद साधला जात नाही. त्यामुळे सुखदुःखात्मक अनुभवांची देवाण-घेवाण होत नाही. आपले कोणीतरी आहे हीच भावना नष्ट झाल्याचे दिसून येते. कारण संवादच नसतो.

संवादच नसल्याने वृद्ध आई, वडील मुलासाठी तळमळत राहतात. एका घरात राहूनही कोणी मलिका पाहण्यात व्यस्त, तर कोणी हॉटेलात फिरण्यात मग्न यामुळे हळूहळू माणूस कुटुंबापासून तुटू लागतो व एकटे राहतो. कार्यालय, नोकरी, याठिकाणी संवाद साधला न गेल्याने कार्य फलश्रुती मिळत नाही. माणसा-माणसांतील अंतर वाढत जाते आणि एकमेकांना कायमचे दुरावले जातो.

आकलन कृती

खालील पठित गदय उताऱ्याच्या आधारे सूचनेनुसार कृती करा.

प्रश्न 1.
आधुनिक काळातील घराचे उरलेले स्थान : …………
उत्तर :
चार घटकांचा निवारा.

आकृतिबंध पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 7 ‘माणूस’ बांधूया! 13
उत्तर :

उपयोजित कृती

खालील शब्दांसाठी उताऱ्यात वापरलेले शब्द

प्रश्न 1.

संपत्ती
उर्जेचे मूळ
प्रगती

उत्तर:

धन
प्रेरणा
विकास

प्रश्न 2.
योग्य विरामचिन्हांचा पर्याय ओळखा.
संवादाची इतकी गरज माणसाला का आहे याचा शोध या निमित्तानं घ्यायला हवा.
पर्याय :
अ. प्रश्नचिन्ह, पूर्णविराम
ब. उदगारवाचक चिन्ह, प्रश्नचिन्ह
क. उदगारवाचक चिन्ह, पूर्णविराम
ड. स्वल्पविराम, पूर्णविराम
उत्तर :
स्वल्पविराम, पूर्णविराम.

अभिव्यक्ती:

प्रश्न 1.
चला ‘माणूस’ बांधूया!
अंतरीच्या उमाळ्याने
संवादातील जिव्हाळ्याने।
यातील भावार्थ स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तर :
आज मानव प्रगतीपथावर वाटचाल करीत आहे. परंतु ही प्रगती करताना कुठेतरी तो दुसन्यांपासून दुरावला गेल्याचे जावणते कारण पैसा म्हणजेच जीवन असे त्याला वाटत असल्याने पैशासाठी तो सतत धावत असतो. परंतु त्याचवेळी कोणालातरी त्याच्या सहवासाची, सोबतीची गरज आहे हेच तो विसरला आहे. केवळ पैसा-पैसा केल्याने आपल्याच माणसांपासून तो दूर गेला आणि पैशाच्या चक्रव्यूहात अडकला गेला.

पैशासाठीच जगायचं हा त्याचा उद्देश बनला त्यामुळे आई-वडिलांच्या प्रेमाच्या-वात्सल्याच्या स्पर्शापासून दूर गेला. आई-वडील, मुले यांच्याशी संवाद साधायलाही त्याला वेळ मिळत नाही. घरातील प्रत्येक जण आपल्याच विश्वात मग्न राहिल्याने एकाच घरात राहूनही कितीतरी काळ त्यांचे एकमेकांशी भेटणे होत नाही आणि यातूनच तो एकाकीपणाच्या दिशेने चालला जातो. परिणामी विविध आजारांनाही बळी पडतो. शारीरिक, मानसिक, कौटुंबिक स्वास्थ्य बिघडते.

यासाठीच लेखकाच्या मते एकमेकांना समजून घेणे, सुख-दुःखांची देवाणघेवाण होणे- म्हणजेच जीवन असते असे असताना माणसाने एकमेकांशी संवादच साधला नाही तर या जगात प्रत्येकजण एकटा पडेल. गर्दीतही एकटा होईल आणि म्हणूनच एकमेकांशी प्रेमाने जिव्हाळ्याने संवाद साधणे आवश्यक आहे. जर माणसे एकत्र आली, विचारांची देवाण-घेवाण झाली तरच संवाद साधला जाईल आणि माणूस घडत जाईल, त्यामुळे माणसांना माणसांशी जोडणे आवश्यक आहे. केवळ मोठ्या इमारती बांधून उपयोगाचे नाही तर माणुसकीची इमारत उभारणे आवश्यक आहे. यासाठी प्रेमाने, जिव्हाळ्याने संवाद साधून माणूस घडवूया असे लेखक म्हणतात.

‘माणूस’ बांधूया! Summary in Marathi

प्रस्तावना:

प्रविण दवणे यांनी कविता, ललित लेख, वैचारिक लेख अशा मराठी साहित्य विश्वातील अनेकविध साहित्यप्रकारांत लेखन केले आहे. लेखक, कवी, गीतकार, पटकथा लेखक व प्रभावी वक्ते म्हणून ते प्रसिद्ध आहेत. पाच वेळा ‘महाराष्ट्र राज्य पुरस्कार’, ‘चैत्रबन’ पुरस्कार, ‘शांता शेळके सरस्वती पुरस्कार’ असे विविध पुरस्कार त्यांना प्राप्त झाले आहेत.

‘रंगमेध’ ‘गंधखुणा’ ‘आर्ताचे लेणे’ ‘ध्यानस्थ’ ‘भूमीचे मार्दव’ हे काव्य संग्रह ‘दिलखुलास’ ‘थेंबातलं आभाळ’ ‘अत्तराचे दिवस’ ‘सावर रे’ ‘गाणारे क्षण’ ‘मनातल्या घरात’ ‘रे जीवना’ हे ललित लेख संग्रह, ‘प्रश्नपर्व’ हा वैचारिक लेखसंग्रह इ. साहित्य प्रसिद्ध आहे. तसेच ‘दिलखुलास’ ‘थेंबातलं आभाळ’ ‘लेखनाची आनंद यात्रा’ ‘वय वादळ विजांचं’ हे त्यांचे कार्यक्रम विशेष गाजलेले आहेत.

पाठ परिचय:

प्रस्तुत पाठ हा प्रवीण दवणे यांच्या प्रश्नपर्व’ या वैचारिक लेखसंग्रहातून घेण्यात आला आहे. आजचे युग हे विज्ञानयुग समजले जाते. मानव प्रगती पथावर वाटचाल करीत चंद्रावर जाऊन पोहोचला पण त्याचवेळी तो दुसऱ्या मानवी मनापर्यंत पोहोचला आहे का? हीच लेखकाची खंत आहे. इंटरनेट, व्हॉट्स अँपने जग जवळ आले असे आपण म्हणतो परंतु हृदय हृदयाशी जोडले गेले का? असा प्रश्न लेखकाला त्रस्त करतो आणि म्हणूनच केवळ यंत्रवत जीवन जगण्यापेक्षा हृदयाने हृदय बांधले जाणे आवश्यक असल्याचे लेखकाला वाटते. यासाठी मनाचा मनाशी संवाद होऊन माणूस माणसाशी बांधला जाणे, जोडला जाणे महत्त्वाचे आहे हेच लेखक पाठाद्वारे सांगू इच्छितात.

आधुनिक काळात पैशाला अवास्तव महत्त्व देऊन त्यातूनच सुखाची प्राप्ती होते असे मानले गेले, प्रेम, वात्सल्य बाजूला करून पैसाच बोलू लागला. यांतूनच जग व्यवहारी बनले. पैशाच्या मोहात अडकलेला माणूस माणूसपण हरवून बसला आणि स्वत:च्याच घरात राहणाऱ्या माणसांसाठी अनोळखी ठरला. माणसा-माणसांतील अंतर वयाने नाहीतर पैशामुळे वाढत गेले व प्रत्येक जण एकमेकांना कधीतरी भेटू याच आशेवर जगू लागला. आत्म्याची आत्म्याला दिलेली साद म्हणजे संवाद हेच माणूस विसरला. एकमेकांसाठी वेळच कोणाकडे शिल्लक राहिला नाही. आजी-आजोबा, आई-वडील मुले ही नाती दुरावली गेली . प्रत्येकजण आपल्या जगात मग्न झाला. मौज-मजा, चंगळ यातच ‘जगणे’ आहे, अशी वृत्ती बळावली आणि माणसं एकमेकांपासून दूर गेली.

ई-मेल, चेंटिंग, हे मार्ग संवाद साधण्यासाठी निवडले गेले. यंत्राच्या मदतीने हदये मात्र जोडता आली नाहीत. दिवसभर पैशासाठी जीवन प्रवास करणारी माणसं, मानवी सहवासाच्या खया सुखापासून वंचित राहिली. एकाकीपण वाढत गेले. परंतु जसजसे एकाकीपण वाढत गेले. निराशा येत गेली तसतशी परत एकदा संवादाची आवश्यकता भासू लागली. कारण मानवाला नवनिर्मितीची प्रेरणा देणारे मन पैशाच्या मागे धावू लागले. नव्या जगाची जीवनशैली माणूसपणाशी नातं जोडू शकली नाही. अशावेळी लेखकाच्या मते केशवसुतांच्या काव्य रचनेने सत्वाचा केलेला जयजयकार लक्षात घेतला पाहिजे. केवळ माती-विटांच्या इमारती बांधण्यापेक्षा अंत:करणातील प्रेमाने माणूस माणसांशी बांधला जावा हेच लेखक यातून सांगू इच्छितात.

समानार्थी शब्द / पर्यायी शब्द :

मिथ्या – खोटे, अवास्तविक (unreal, false).
तत्त्वज्ञान – तत्त्वासंबंधी तत्त्वांना अनुसरून असणारे ज्ञान – (philosophy).
निष्कर्ष – सार, ताप्तयं, सारांश – (conclusion)
दक्षता – खबरदारी – (carefulness, attention)
सूत्रधार – कळसूत्री बाहुल्यांच्या खेळात ज्याच्या हातात बाहुल्यांच्या दोन्या असतात तो मुख्य चालक, ज्याच्या हातात कार्यक्रमाची सर्व
सूत्रे असतात तो – (anchor, program conductor)
उद्देश – हेतू (intention, purpose).
अबोल – न बोलणारी – (talking little, tactiturn).
लागण – रोगाची बाधा होणे (infection).
हव्यास – तीव्र इच्छा, लोभ (a great desire).
दुथडी – नदीचे दोन किनारे (on both the banks).
खिन्न – दुःखी, निराश (sad, distressed).
क्रंदन-रडणे, आक्रंदन – (to cry).
पडझड-जीर्णावस्थेतील, पडायला आलेले – (downfall).
मूल्य-किंमत – (cost, price)
निवारा – आश्रय – (shelter).
अगतिक – असहाय – (helpless)
लौकिक – लोकप्रसिद्ध लोकांमध्ये रूढ असलेले, या लोकांतील.
अलौकिक – चमत्कारिक, लोकोत्तर.
चिंरतन – जना, सतत, प्राचीन (eternal).
तेज – प्रकाश, त्रिवार तीन वेळा – (three times).
कंपन – कापरे. थरथरणे – (shivering).
पायाभूत – मूलभूत, मूळ – (basic).
मनोरुग्ण – मानसिक आजार असलेला – (psychic).
झडझडून – जलदीने.
त्वरेने झिडकारून, सुवर्णमध्य – दोन परस्परविरुद्ध गोष्टींतून काढलेला मध्यम मार्ग – (golden medium).
तडजोड, आवाहन – कळकळीची विनवणी, विनंती – (call, roquest).
उमाळा – हुंदका, आवेग – (can outburst).
जिव्हाळा – प्रेम – (affection).
गोंगाट – आवाज – (great noise).

वाक्प्रचार:

साद घालणे – बोलावणे, हाक होणे.
मनं कातर करणे – दुःख होणे, अडचणीची स्थिती.
जीवाचा आटापिटा करणे – खूप प्रयत्न करणे, खूप कष्ट करणे.
काळजात क्रंदन होणे – खूप दुःख होणे, आक्रंदत खूप रडणे.
अगतिक होणे – असहाय होणे.
पाय पाठीला लावणे – खूप कष्ट करणे.
झडाडून जागे होणे – त्वरेने जागृत होणे, परिस्थितीची जाणीव होणे.
उदयोस्तु करणे – जयजयकार करणे.
माणूस बांधणे – एकमेकांशी नाते जोडणे.
लोप पावणे- नाहिसे होणे.

Maharashtra Board Class 11 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1.5 Mrs. Adis

June 21, 2024

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 1.5 Mrs. Adis Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1.5 Mrs. Adis

11th English Digest Chapter 1.5 Mrs. Adis Textbook Questions and Answers

(i) Share your opinions/feelings about a stranger who has a villainous look/ appearance.

Question 1.
The feeling of a person when he commits a mistake are –
Answer:

He tries to justify it
He tries to hide it
He tries to get sympathy
He becomes offensive as offence is the best form of defense
He pretends to be innocent

Question (ii)
The person who makes a mistake or commits a crime should be punished because –
Answer:

He should not repeat his mistake.
He can misunderstand forgiveness as weakness.
The punishment can reform his character as he may feel ashamed and repentant.
The punishment will be an example to others not to commit such crimes.
The punishment may save him from being a hardcore anti social.

(A1)

Question (i)
Describe the atmosphere in the woods when Peter Crouch was heading towards Mrs. Adis’s house. It was –
Answer:
(a) A dark moonless night.
(b) A night without even a twilight and the only light seen was the light from the stars far away on the black sky.
(c) A soundless, windless, clear night where only the sound of the dogs barking and a man’s own footsteps could be heard.

Question (ii)
Peter Crouch didn’t knock before entering Mrs. Adis’s house, because –
Answer:

he was in trouble.
he did not want anybody to know that he had entered the house.
he knew he had shot a man.

Question (iii)
Find the reasons that forced Peter to shoot down a person
Answer:
The reasons that forced peter to shoot down a person were:

The keepers spotted him
He was scared that the keepers would arrest him for hunting the rabbits
He knew that it was too dark a night for the keepers to recognize him

Question (iv)
Mrs. Adis didn’t hand over Peter Crouch to the keepers because –
Answer:

She knew he was a good friend of her son Tom
She believed that Peter would never have harmed Tom knowingly because of their friendship
Probably she thought Tom would not have liked his friend to be arrested because of his mother and anyway her dead son would not come back even if Peter was arrested.

(A2)

Question 1.
The writer has used a phrase ‘Thudding Heart’ which means pounding, or beating of heart, Do you know ‘Thud’ is an onomatopoeic word which means a heavy sound made by an object falling to the ground. Discuss with your partner and make a list of Onomatopoeic words that you find in the text.

…………..
………….
………….

Answer:

Crackling
Rustling
Dragging

(A3)

Question 1.
‘She went to one of the kitchen drawers’.
Look at the sentence carefully. The underlined word tells us that she went (some time ago) to a particular place (at one of the kitchen drawers). Now write what you did ‘yesterday’ and what your friend did ‘yesterday’. Complete the table.
Answer:

YOU	ABOUT
I saw a Movie	He / She wrote an essay
I went out for dinner with my family in my favourite restaurant	He / She played with friends
I did my home work	He / She watched TV
I went out to play	He / She talked over the phone to one of our friends
I watched a movie in Netflix	He / She played with his/ her sibling
I spent time with my grand parents	He / She studied
I talked to my father about the happenings in my school	He / She had dinner and read a story book lying on the bed

(A4)

Question 1.
Imagine your friend/younger brother or sister has committed a grave mistake that has resulted in a great loss to the college property or to your family. He/she seeks your advice to come out of the situation/problem. Write a dialogue between you and your friend/brother/sister who describes the entire situation and seeks help from you. Take help of the following points.

Introduction
Confessing the mistake
Seeking help
Your advice/suggestion
Concluding part

Answer:
Saikat: Hi buddy ! How are you? Didn’t see you yesterday, Kunal. Where were you?
Eunal: I was playing football. In fact, I was also looking out for you after the game, but couldn’t find you.
Saikat: Kunal, in fact I need to talk to you about something serious.
Kunal: Serious? What’s it? You Look worried too! Tell me. Let’s see whether we can solve the problem together.
Saikat: I had borrowed a book from the library and I lost it. Somebody picked it up from my bag. I should have been more careful about a library-book. I can’t even tell my mummy about it, she’ll scold me for being careless. I really don’t know what to do. At present I don’t have enough money to buy the book and return it to the library, confessing my mistake.
Kunal: But you have no choice. You must inform the librarian and let him decide what step should be taken. You also should tell aunty what actually has happened. I’m sure, aunty will help you come out of this problem. Truth has no alternative. The mistake has happened may be unknowingly. But you must not hide it from your mother. If required, I will come to your place to talk to aunty. But first, come with me. Let’s write a letter to our librarian with a copy to the principal.
Saikat: You always come out with reasonable solutions. I will do as you have told me. It sounds quite logical. Why don’t you come home so that I get confidence to talk to mummy.
Kunal: I will have to inform my mother too. Otherwise she will be worried. But, our first job is to write the letter.
Saikat: Ok. Thank you so much.
Kunal: It will be my pleasure if I can help you solve your problem.

(A5)

Question 1.
The best punishment is ‘forgiveness’. Discuss the sentence in the light of the text you have read. You can make use of following points.

Forgiveness provides opportunity to change the behaviour.
Forgiveness leads to repentance.
A person may commit a mistake / crime impulsively or under the force of strong emotions.
……………………………………………….
…………………………………………………

Answer:
Forgiveness

No one is perfect in this world as the saying goes, “To err is human, to forgive divine”. Committing mistake is not a crime. Understanding that the mistake has been committed is more important than moving towards the path of changing behaviour. In fact, identifying the mistake, recognizing it as a mistake is necessary for a person to reform. And if we can be successful in helping a person to reform his / her character by granting forgiveness, it also helps us to come out of a sense of guilt.

He / She has fallen down, we can be the facilitators for him / her to get up and start afresh. Moreover, revenge can never wipe out crime but it can definitely increase hostility. Forgiveness also helps us to come out of a feeling of guilt. But a hardcore criminal who harms innocent people knowingly and intentionally, should not be spared just by forgiveness.

Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 1.5 Mrs. Adis Additional Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
The writer describes Mrs. Adis as –
Answer:

A small woman
A woman of not more than forty two years
A thin woman with a brown hard face
Having dried skin on the face that caused wrinkles

Question 2.
Mrs. Adis asks Peter Crouch whether he has had quarrel with the keepers. This shows that –
Answer:

She was extremely intelligent
She was quite observant
She was alert and quick in thinking

Question 3.
“That was the keepers”… make trouble” (Refer textbook page 47)
List some characteristics of Mrs. Adis based on the incident of the passage.
Answer:

Helpful
Kind
Matter-of-Fact
Loved her son very dearly
Practical

Question 4.
Viider guessed that Crouch has taken refuge in Mrs. Adis’ house because –
Answer:
Vildar must have guessed the nearby places where it was possible for Crouch to hide. Crouch thought that Vilder’s guess was correct since he had come to the right place. Crouch also felt that the keepers had followed him to reach the exact destination.

Question 5.
“There’s been a row”- the row took place because –
Answer:
A man was trying to hunt rabbits and the keepers could hear the noise of it. The man thought they did not see him because of the darkness, the man probably had seen them. So, he ran away as the keepers had scared him.

Question 6.
Mrs. Adis unlocked the door because –
Answer:
She wanted Crouch to leave her place safely as Crouch was a good friend of her son Tom. She wanted to respect the friendship of her dead son. Crouch was the killer of her son but punishing him could not get her son Tom back.

Question 7.
Then silently, each ‘wrung’ the mother by the hand and went away. Guess the meaning, ‘wrung’ here.
Answer:
‘Wrung’ here means holding the mothers hand tightly to give her assurance of their co-operation.

Question 8.
Find the difference between : shivering and trembling
Answer:
Shivering and trembling do have similar meanings but there is difference in their usage sometimes. For Example, we generally do not say that “He was trembling in cold” we use ‘Shivering’ in such a sentence. But we usually use the expression “The leaves tremble (and not ‘shiver’) in the breeze.

Comprehension

Read the extract and complete the activities given below.

Global Understanding:

Question 1.
Arrange the events according to their occurrence in the passage :
(i) Peter did not knock because he did not want anybody to hear.
(ii) Peter could see Mrs. Adis lend over the fire, taking some pot or kettle off it.
(iii) Peter wanted to stay in Mrs. Adis’s house for sometime.
(iv) Mrs. Adis kept the kettle at the side of the fire as it boiled over.
Answer:
(ii) Peter could see Mrs. Adis lend over the fire, taking some pot or kettle off it.
(i) Peter did not knock because he did not want anybody to hear.
(iv) Mrs. Adis kept the kettle at the side of the fire as it boiled over.
(iii) Peter wanted to stay in Mrs. Adis’s house for sometime.

Question 2.
Complete the table.
Answer:

Characters	Characteristics
1. Peter	(a) Extremely Fearful (b) Grateful to Mrs. Adis
2. Mrs. Adis	(a) Matter-of-Fact (b) Helpful

Question 3.
Whatever Mrs. Adis’s justifications in favour of Peter?
Answer:
Mrs. Adis wanted to justify to the keepers that even if Peter had killed Tom, he must have done it unknowingly as they were good friends. But she did not want to face the killer of her son and wanted him to leave silently.

Complex Factual

Question 1.
How did Peter Crouch confess to Mrs. Adis.
Answer:
Peter Crouch accepted to Mrs. Adis that he had shot a man and did not know whether that man was dead. He confessed that he had not knocked at Mrs. Adis’s door as he did not want anybody to know that he was there. The keepers were chasing him.

Question 2.
Why didn’t the man speak for a moment?
Answer:
The man was surprised that Mrs. Adis was helping him so much in spite of knowing very well that he was hiding from the keepers. She figured out the route for him to escape so that, the keepers could not see him. She even paid him the train fare to go to London as he did not have any money. He was speechless for a moment since he was trying to guess the reason for her kindness towards him.

Inference / Interpretation / Analysis

Question 1.
“I didn’t want anybody to hear”
This sentence implied –
Answer:
1. Peter entered Mrs. Adis’s house without knocking because he did not want anybody to hear the knock and find out his whereabouts.
2. Peter was running away from the keepers as he had shot a man. He wanted to take shelter at Mrs, Adis’s place for sometime and would escape at a convenient time.

Question 2.
Point out two instances when the man felt that Mrs. Adis was an intelligent lady.
Answer:
1. Mrs. Adis told the man to leave her house immediately after the keepers had crossed the house and she also instructed him to take the opposite direction so that the keepers would not be able to see him.
2. Mrs. Adis wanted the man to leave her house before Tom came back as she was expecting Tom to bring one of his friends. She wanted to arrow a situation when tom might suspect something wrong after seeing that man at her place.

Question 3.
Explain why Peter went out silently without talking to Mrs. Adis.
Answer:
Peter knew that he had committed a glare crime of killing his friend Tom, he might have done it unknowingly but he could feel the loss of Mrs. Adis. Tom was her only son and Peter, being his friend, knew about their attachment. He was repentant and could understand that he had no word to console Mrs. Adis who, in spite of losing her son, saved him. So he went out silently without disturbing Mrs. Adis.

Personal Response

Question 1.
What characteristics of Mrs. Adis, form the passage, do you admire the most? Justify your answer.
Answer:
I appreciate the calmness of Mrs. Adis the most in a difficult situation when a criminal was standing in front of her, she did not lose her cool and maintained her patience. She was obviously disturbed by Peter’s presence lent did not take any hasty decision.

Question 2.
Explain whether you support Mrs. Adis of saving a criminal from the keepers.
Answer:
Yes, I support Mrs. Adis because she has saved the man from the keeper just for the sake of her love towards her son Tom. She has also felt that the man has not committed a grave crime and can be given a chance to save himself. I respect a mother’s love and sentiment for her child’s friend.

Question 3.
What according to you, Mrs. Adis should have ideally done? Explain your answer.
Answer:
I think Mrs. Adis had taken the right decision of allowing Peter to go. She, being the mother of Tom who had been shot dead by Peter, could have ideally handled over the culprit in the hands of the keepers. But that would not have brought back Tom to her. So, she decided to give Peter a chance to reform as Tom probably would have done and she wanted to respect her son’s sentiment at that moment.

Language Study:

Question (i)
He changed his mind and went to the door. (Remove ‘and’)
Answer:
Changing his mind he went to the door.

Question (ii)
He could see Mrs. Adis stooping over the fire. (Replace the modal auxiliary with ‘be able to)
Answer:
He was able to see Mrs. Adis stooping over the fire.

Question (iii)
That was the keepers. (Use past perfect tense and rewrite)
Answer:
That had been the keepers.

Question (iv)
He was roused by the sound of footsteps on the road. (Begin with ‘The sound…’ and rewrite)
Answer:
The sound of footsteps on the road roused him.

Question (v)
The only thing he could possibly do.
Answer:
He could not possibly do anything else, (or) Nothing else he could possibly do. (Make negative)

Question (vi)
She did not come in.
Answer:
She had not come in. (Use past perfect tense)

Vocabulary

Question 1.
Give adjective forms of the following :

silence
quarrel
trouble
moment

Answer:

silent
quarrelsome
troublesome
momentary

Question 2.
Give the meaning of the word ‘Fare’ as a noun and as a verb. Make two sentences of your own to show the word having two different meanings.
1. Fare (Noun): Price
We cannot afford the air fare to go abroad.
2. Fare (Verb) : Progress
Sushant fared well in Mathematics.

Question 3.
Give antonyms

better
heavy
dead
glad

Answer:

worse
light
alive
sad/depressed

Glossary:

gleam – shine brightly
twilight – soft glowing light from the sky
distinct – clear
knell – sound of a bell especially for death or funeral
sourly – in an unfriendly way
sobbing – crying
tremble and shiver – tremble in fear/shiver in cold
leaden – heavy / weighty
thudding – pounding / dull sound
have a row (Phr) – to fight with someone
sparing – refraining from harming
despair – hopelessness
bolted – locked
reckon – believe
wrung – held something tightly
doze – sleep tightly
roused – awakened
on the threshold (Phr) – at the beginning of something / very close to something
Sussex – a county in the south of England
tongue of land – a long stretch of land branching out from the mainroad
hammer-woods – wood (forest)- described as ‘hammer’ because in the past, iron used to be made using timber and water
hammerponds – ponds
pricks of fire – stars
Delmonden – name of a village close at hand: very near
cinder Wood – name of wood
beseechingly – appealingly
huddled down – shrink oneself
Cansiron – name of a town where there is a railway station
unwilling shrug – to reluctantly raise shoulders slightly
momentary – for a brief period of time
dulling – not interesting or exciting
Scotney Castle – (a fort) name of a castle
refuge – shelter
tongue tied – speechlessmade off ran away
sacked – dismissed

Maharashtra Board Class 11 Biology Solutions Chapter 12 Photosynthesis

June 21, 2024

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board 11th Biology Textbook Solutions Chapter 12 Photosynthesis Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Biology Solutions Chapter 12 Photosynthesis

1. Choose the correct option.

Question (A)
A cell that lacks chloroplast does not
(a) evolve carbon dioxide
(b) liberate oxygen
(c) require water
(d) utilize carbohydrates
Answer:
(b) liberate oxygen

Question (B)
Energy is transferred from the light reaction step to the dark reaction step by
(a) chlorophyll
(b) ADP
(c) ATP
(d) RuBP
Answer:
(c) ATP

Question (C)
Which one is wrong in photorespiration?
(a) It occurs in chloroplasts
(b) It occurs in day time only
(c) It is characteristic of C₄-plants
(d) It is characteristic of C₃-plants
Answer:
(c) It is characteristic of C₄-plants

Question (D)
Non-cyclic phosphorylation differs from cyclic photophosphorylation in that former
(a) involves only PS
(b) Include evolution of 02
(c) involves formation of assimilatory power
(d) both (b) and (c)
Answer:
(d) both (b) and (c)

Question (E)
For fixation of 6 molecules of C0₂ and formation of one molecule of glucose in Calvin cycle, requires
(a) 3 ATP and 2 MADPPE
(b) 18 ATP and 12 NADPH₂
(c) 30 ATP and 18 NADPH₂
(d) 6 ATP and 6 NADPIT₂
Answer:
(b) 18 ATP and 12 NADPH₂

Question (F)
In maize and wheat, the first stable products formed in bundle sheath cells respectively are
(a) OAA and PEPA
(b) OAA and OAA
(c) OAA and 3PGA
(d) 3PGA and OAA
Answer:
(c) OAA and 3PGA

Question (G)
The head and tail of chlorophyll are made up of
(a) porphyrin and phytin respectively
(b) pyrrole and tetrapyrrole respectively
(c) porphyrin and phytol respectively
(d) tetrapyrole and pyrrole respectively
Answer:
(c) porphyrin and phytol respectively

Question (H)
The net result of photo-oxidation of water is release of ……………. .
(a) electron and proton
(b) proton and oxygen
(c) proton, electron and oxygen
(d) electron and oxygen
Answer:
(c) proton, electron and oxygen

Question (I)
For fixing one molecule of C0₂ in Calvin cycle are required.
(a) 3ATP + 1NADPFE
(b) 3ATP + 2NADPH₂
(c) 2ATP + 3NADPH₂
(d) 3ATP + 3NADPFE
Answer:
(b) 3ATP + 2NADPH₂

Question (J)
In presence of high concentration of oxygen, RuBP carboxylase converts RuBP to …………… .
(a) Malic acid and PEP
(b) PGA and PEP
(c) PGA and malic acid
(d) PGA and phosphoglycolate
Answer:
(d) PGA and phosphoglycolate

Question (K)
The sequential order in electron transport from PSII to PSI of photosynthesis is
(a) FeS, PQ, PC and Cytochrome
(b) FeS, PQ, Cytochrome and PC
(c) PQ, Cytochrome, PC and FeS
(d) PC, Cytochrome, FeS, PQ
Answer:
(c) PQ, Cytochrome, PC and FeS

2. Answer the following questions

Question (A)
Describe the light-dependent steps of photosynthesis. How are they linked to dark reactions?
Answer:
The light dependent steps of photosynthesis include cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation,
1. Cyclic photophosphorylation:
a. Illumination of photosystem-I causes electrons to move continuously out of the reaction center of photosystem-I and back to it.
b. The cyclic electron-flow is accompanied by the photophosphorylation of ADP to yield ATP. This is termed as Cyclic photophosphorylation.
c. Since this process involves only pigment system I, photolysis of water and consequent evolution of oxygen does not take place.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Biology Solutions Chapter 12 Photosynthesis 1

2. Non-cyclic photophosphorylation:
a. It involves both photosystems- PS-I and PS-II.
b. In this case, electron transport chain starts with the release of electrons from PS-II.
c. In this chain high energy electrons released from PS-II do not return to PS-II but, after passing through an electron transport chain, reach PS-I, which in turn donates it to reduce NADP to NADPH.
d. The reduced NADP⁺ (NADPH) is utilized for the reduction of CO₂ in the dark reaction.
e. Electron-deficient PS-II brings about oxidation of water-molecule. Due to this, protons, electrons and oxygen atom are released.
f. Electrons are taken up by PS-II itself to return to reduced state, protons are accepted by NADP⁺ whereas oxygen is released.
g. As in this process, high energy electrons released from PS-II do not return to PS-II and it is accompanied with ATP formation, this is called Non-cyclic photophosphorylation.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Biology Solutions Chapter 12 Photosynthesis 2

3. Link between light-dependent and dark reactions:

The light reaction gives rise to two important products, a reducing agent NADPH₂ and an energy rich compound ATP. Both these are utilized in the dark phase of photosynthesis.
ATP and NADPH₂ molecules function as vehicles for transfer of energy of sunlight into dark reaction leaving to carbon fixation. In this reaction C0₂ is reduced to carbohydrate.
During dark reaction, ATP and NADPH₂ are transformed into ADP, iP and NADP which are transferred to the grana in which light reaction takes place.

(B)

Question (a)
Distinguish between Respiration and Photorespiration
Answer:

Respiration	Photorespiration
1. Occurs in all aerobic and anaerobic organisms.	Occurs in C₃ plants under high temperature, bright light, high oxygen and low C0₂ concentration.
2. A light independent process, occurs in both presence and absence of light.	A light dependent process, occurs in presence of Jight.
3. Produce energy rich molecules like ATP, GTP, FADH₂, NADH₂	Do not produce energy rich molecules such as ATP.
4. Respiration is an energy-producing process.	Photorespiration is an energy wastage process.

Question (b)
Distinguish between Cyclic photophosphorylation and Non-cyclic photophosphorylation
Answer:

Cyclic photophosphorylation	Non – cyclic photophosphorvlution
1. Electrons emitted by chlorophyll return back to the same chlorophyll.	The electrons emitted by chlorophyll do not return back to the same chlorophyll.
2. First electron acceptor is FRS.	First electron acceptor is CO – Q
3. It forms only ATP.	NADPH₂ and ATP are formed.
4. Does not involve photolysis of H₂0.	Involves photolysis of H₂0.
5. No evolution of 0₂.	There is evolution of 0₂.
6. Only Photosystem-I (P700) is involved in this cycle.	Both Photosystem PS-I (P700) as well as PS-II (P680) are involved.

Question (C)
Answer the following questions.
1. What are the steps that are common to C₃ and C₄ photosynthesis?
2. Differentiate between C₃ and C₄ plants.
Answer:
Steps that are common to C₃ and C₄ photosynthesis are Carboxylation, Reduction, Glucose synthesis, Regeneration.
[Note: Students are expected to refer the given Q.R code for detail understanding the common steps between C₁ and C₄plants.]

Question (D)
Are the enzymes that catalyze the dark reactions of carbon fixation located inside the thylakoids or outside the thylakoids?
Answer:
Carbon fixation occurs in the stroma by series of enzyme catalyzed steps. The enzymes that catalyze the dark reactions of carbon fixation are located outside the thylakoids.

Question (E)
Calvin cycle consists of three phases, what are they? Explain the significance of each of them.
Answer:
The entire process of dark reaction was traced by Dr. Melvin Calvin along with his co-worker, Dr. Benson. Hence, the process is called as Calvin cycle or Calvin- Benson cycle. Since the first stable product formed is a 3-carbon compound, it is also called as C₃ pathway and the plants are called C₁₄ plants.
Calvin carried out experiments on unicellular green algae (Chlorella), using radioactive isotope of carbon, C₁₄ as a tracer.
It is also called synthesis phase or second phase of photosynthesis.

The cycle is divided into the following phases:
1. Carboxylation phase:
a. Carbon dioxide reduction starts with a five-carbon sugar ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate (RuBP). It is a 5- carbon sugar with two phosphate groups attached to it.
b. RuBP reacts with CO₂ to produce an unstable 6 carbon intermediate in the presence of Rubisco.
c. It immediately splits into 3 carbon compounds called 3-phosphoglyceric acid.
d. RuBisCO is a large protein molecule and comprises 16% of the chloroplast proteins.

2. Glycolytic reversal:
a. 3-phosphoglyceric acid form 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid by utilizing ATP molecule.
b. These are then reduced to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (3-PGA) by NADPH supplied by the light reactions of photosynthesis.
c. In order to keep Calvin cycle continuously running there must be sufficient number of RuBP and regular supply of ATP and NADPH.
d. Out of 12 molecules of 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde, two molecules are used for synthesis of one glucose molecule.

3. Regeneration of RuBP:
a. 10 molecules of 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde are used for the regeneration of 6 molecules of RuBP at the cost of 6 ATP.
b. Therefore, six turns of Calvin cycle are needed to get one molecule of glucose.
Significance:
1. Carboxylation: RuBisCO is the most abundant enzyme in the world. It is responsible for fixing carbon in the form of C0₂ into sugar. As a result of Carboxylation, the first stable product of carbon fixation i.e. 3- PGA is synthesized.
2. Reduction/Glycolytic reversal: NADPH2 donates electrons to 1, 3-Bisphoshoglycerate to form 3- phosphoglyceraldehyde molecules. During this process ADP and NADP are generated which are used in light reaction.
3. Regeneration of RuBP: Some 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde molecules are involved in production of glucose while others are recycled to regenerate the 5-carbon compound RuBP which used to accept new carbon molecules. Thus, regeneration of RuBP is required for Calvin cycle to run continuously.

Question (F)
Why are plants that consume more than the usual 18 ATP to produce 1 molecule of glucose favoured in tropical regions?
Answer:

C₄ plants are favoured in tropical regions as they require 30 ATP to produce 1 molecule of glucose.
High temperature in tropical regions leads to closure of stomata to reduce rate of transpiration. Due to this availability of C0₂ decreases.
PEP carboxylase present in mesophyll cells can fix C0₂ even at low concentration. This helps the plant in efficient assimilation of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
C₄ plants contain a special leaf anatomy called Kranz anatomy which minimizes the losses due to photorespiration.
It helps C₄ plants to survive in conditions of high daytime temperatures, intense sunlight and low moisture.

Question (G)
What is the advantage of having more than one pigment molecule in a photocenter?
Answer:
Advantages of having more pigment molecules in a photocenter are as follows:
1. Having more than one pigment molecule in photocenter means more sunlight being captured and thus facilitating more effective light reaction.
2. It will provide protection to chlorophyll molecule against photo-oxidation.
3. More pigments will capture more energy to start the initial reactions, which is not possible by single pigment.

Question (H)
Why does chlorophyll appear green in reflected light and red transmitted light? Explain the significance of these phenomena in terms of photosynthesis.
Answer:
1. Chlorophyll is a light absorbing pigment. It absorbs light in red and blue regions of the visible light spectrum. Absorption spectrum of chlorophyll for red light is maximum so chlorophyll appears red in transmitted light. Green light is not absorbed but reflected so chlorophyll appear green in reflected light.
2. Chlorophyll predominantly absorbs red and violet-blue light and it allows plants to use this light as a form of energy for photosynthesis process.
3. It is most effective wavelength of light in photosynthesis as it has exactly right amount of energy to excite electrons of chlorophyll and boost them out of their orbits to higher energy level.

Question (I)
Explain why photosynthesis is considered the most important process in the biosphere.
Answer:
Photosynthesis is considered to be the most important process in the biosphere due to following reasons:
1. Photosynthesis is the biochemical process through which all plants (primary producers) produce food.
2. It is responsible for release of oxygen in the atmosphere.
3. Heterotrophs are directly or indirectly dependent on autotrophs for energy and other related resources. Therefore, photosynthesis is considered the most important process in the biosphere.

Question (J)
Why is photolysis of water accompanied with non-cyclic photophosphorylation?
Answer:
1. Photolysis of water provides new electrons to Photosystem – II.
2. The water molecule is lysed into three components:
a. Protons (H⁺) which are used as part of reactions that makes NADPH.
b. Second component formed is electrons which replaces the electrons lost by PS-II.
c. The third component is oxygen (0₂) which is released into the atmosphere.
3. Photosystem I sends electrons to reduce NADP+.
4. Then, Photosystem II sends replacement electrons to Photosystem I.
5. Finally, photolysis of water replaces the electrons lost by Photosystem II.
6. Water is the ultimate source of electrons for photosynthesis.
Therefore, photolysis of water is accompanied with non – cyclic photophosphorylation.

Question (K)
In C-4 plants, why is C-3 pathway operated in bundle sheath cells only?
Answer:

Decarboxylation of malic acid occurs in bundle sheath cells of C₄ plants. Due to which concentration of C0₂ increases in bundle sheath cells.
The enzymes required for Calvin cycle i.e. RuBisCO is present in bundle sheath cells.
In presence of high concentration of C0₂, RuBisCO acts as carboxylase and bring about carboxylation of RuBP.
Hence, in C-4 plants, C-3 pathway is operated in bundle sheath cells only.

Question (L)
What would have happened if C-4 plants did not have Kranz anatomy?
Answer:
Photorespiration would occur if C₄ plants did not have Kranz anatomy.

Question (M)
Why does RuBisCO carry out preferentially carboxylation than oxygenation in C₄ plants?
Answer:

In C₄ plants, C0₂ taken from the atmosphere is accepted by a 3-carbon compound, phosphoenolpyruvic acid in the chloroplasts of mesophyll cells.
This leads to the formation of 4-carbon compound oxaloacetic acid with the help of enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase.
It is converted to another 4-carbon compound called malate.
Malate is transported to chloroplasts of bundle sheath cells where malate is converted to pyruvate and releases C0₄ in the cytoplasm thus increasing the concentration of C0₂ in the bundle sheath cells.
Chloroplasts of bundle sheath cells contains enzymes of Calvin cycle.
Thus, due to high concentration of C0₂, RuBisCO participates in carboxylation and not in oxygenation.

Question (N)
What would have happened if plants did not have accessory pigments?
Answer:

Accessory pigments are light absorbing molecules which are found in photosynthetic organisms.
They transfer the absorbed light to chlorophyll-a and thus increasing the photosynthetic rate.
In absence of accessory pigments less amount of light will be absorbed and also there would be no protection provided to chlorophyll molecule from photo-oxidation.

Question (O)
How can you identify whether the plant is C₃ or C₄? Explain / Justify.
Answer:

By observing the cross section of a leaf we can identify whether the plant is a C₃ plant or a C₃ plant.
C₄ plants possess a special anatomy of leaves called Kranz anatomy. In Kranz anatomy two types of chloroplasts are present, agranal in bundle sheath cells and granal in mesophyll cells.
In C₃ plants Kranz anatomy is absent.

Question (P)
In C₄ plants, bundle sheath cells carrying out Calvin cycle are very few in number. Then also, C₄ plants are highly productive. Explain.
Answer:

C₄ plants have special type of leaf anatomy called Kranz anatomy.
In C₄ plants, C0₂ fixation occurs twice.
In these plants, chloroplasts of mesophyll cells contain enzyme PEP carboxylase which fixes atmospheric C0₂.
Thus, first C0₂ fixation occurs in mesophyll cells.
Decarboxylation of malic acid in bundle sheath cells results in increase in C0₂ concentration.
Thus, RuBisCO acts as carboxylase and brings about carboxylation of RuBP.
Due to this oxygenation of RuBP and photorespiration is prevented.
Thus, despite of having less number of bundle sheath cells carrying out Calvin cycle, C₄ plants are highly productive.

Question (Q)
What is functional significance of Kranz anatomy?
Answer:

Leaves of C₄ plants show some structural peculiarities called Kranz anatomy.
The chloroplast of mesophyll cells contain enzyme PEP Carboxylase, which can fix C0₂ at low concentration.
Thus, light reaction and evolution of 0₂ occurs in mesophyll cells.
Decarboxylation of malate occurs in bundle sheath cells, which results in release of C0₂, due to which concentration of C0₂ in bundle sheath cells increases.
Enzyme RuBisCO present in bundle sheath cells acts as carboxylase in presence of high C0₂ concentraion and catalyses carboxylation of RuBP.
Thus, possibility of oxygenation of RuBP is avoided and photorespiration does not take place.

3. Correct the pathway and name it.

Question 1.
Correct the pathway and name it.
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Biology Solutions Chapter 12 Photosynthesis 3

The pathway shown is C₄ pathway.
M. D. Hatch and C. R. Slack while working on sugarcane found four carbon compounds (dicarboxylic acid) as the first stable product of photosynthesis.
It occurs in tropical and sub-tropical grasses and some dicotyledons.
The first product of this cycle is a 4-carbon compound oxaloacetic acid. Hence it is also called as C₄ pathway and plants are called C₄ plants.

Mechanism:

C0₂ taken from atmosphere is accepted by a 3-carbon compound, phosphoenolpyruvic acid in the chloroplasts of mesophyll cells, leading to the formation of 4-C compound, oxaloacetic acid with the help of enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase.
It is converted to another 4-C compound, malic acid.
It is transported to the chloroplasts of bundle sheath cells.
Malic acid (4-C) is converted to pyruvic acid (3-C) with the release of C0₂ in the cytoplasm.
Thus, concentration of C0₂ increases in the bundle sheath cells.
Chloroplasts of these cells contain enzymes of Calvin cycle.
Because of high concentration of C0₂, RuBP carboxylase participates in Calvin cycle and not photorespiration.
Sugar formed in Calvin cycle is transported into the phloem.
Pyruvic acid generated in the bundle sheath cells re-enter mesophyll cells and regenerates
phosphoenolpyruvic acid by consuming one ATP.
Since this conversion results in the formation of AMP (not ADP), two ATP are required to regenerate ATP from AMP.
Thus, C₄ pathway needs 12 additional ATP.
The C₃ pathway requires 18 ATP for the synthesis of one glucose molecule, whereas C4 pathway requires 30 ATP.
Thus, C₄ plants are better photosynthesizers as compared to C₃ plants as there is no photorespiration in these plants.

4. Is there something wrong in following schematic presentation? If yes, correct it so that photosynthesis will be operated.

Question 1.
Is there something wrong in following schematic presentation? If yes, correct it so that photosynthesis will be operated.
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Biology Solutions Chapter 12 Photosynthesis 4
Non-cyclic photophosphorylation:
a. It involves both photosystems- PS-I and PS-II.
b. In this case, electron transport chain starts with the release of electrons from PS-II.
c. In this chain high energy electrons released from PS-II do not return to PS-II but, after passing through an electron transport chain, reach PS-I, which in turn donates it to reduce NADP to NADPH.
d. The reduced NADP⁺ (NADPH) is utilized for the reduction of CO₂ in the dark reaction.
e. Electron-deficient PS-II brings about oxidation of water-molecule. Due to this, protons, electrons and oxygen atom are released.
f. Electrons are taken up by PS-II itself to return to reduced state, protons are accepted by NADP⁺ whereas oxygen is released.
g. As in this process, high energy electrons released from PS-II do not return to PS-II and it is accompanied with ATP formation, this is called Non-cyclic photophosphorylation.

Practical/ Project:

Question 1.
Draw schematic presentation of different processes/ cycles/ reactions related to photosynthesis.
Answer:
Cyclic photophosphorylation:
a. Illumination of photosystem-I causes electrons to move continuously out of the reaction center of photosystem-I and back to it.
b. The cyclic electron-flow is accompanied by the photophosphorylation of ADP to yield ATP. This is termed as Cyclic photophosphorylation.
c. Since this process involves only pigment system I, photolysis of water and consequent evolution of oxygen does not take place.

Non-cyclic photophosphorylation::
a. It involves both photosystems- PS-I and PS-II.
b. In this case, electron transport chain starts with the release of electrons from PS-II.
c. In this chain high energy electrons released from PS-II do not return to PS-II but, after passing through an electron transport chain, reach PS-I, which in turn donates it to reduce NADP to NADPH.
d. The reduced NADP⁺ (NADPH) is utilized for the reduction of CO₂ in the dark reaction.
e. Electron-deficient PS-II brings about oxidation of water-molecule. Due to this, protons, electrons and oxygen atom are released.
f. Electrons are taken up by PS-II itself to return to reduced state, protons are accepted by NADP⁺ whereas oxygen is released.
g. As in this process, high energy electrons released from PS-II do not return to PS-II and it is accompanied with ATP formation, this is called Non-cyclic photophosphorylation.

Interdependence of light and dark reactions:

The light reaction gives rise to two important products, a reducing agent NADPH₂ and an energy rich compound ATP. Both these are utilized in the dark phase of photosynthesis.
ATP and NADPH₂ molecules function as vehicles for transfer of energy of sunlight into dark reaction leaving to carbon fixation. In this reaction C0₂ is reduced to carbohydrate.
During dark reaction, ATP and NADPH₂ are transformed into ADP, iP and NADP which are transferred to the grana in which light reaction takes place.

Calvin cycle: The entire process of dark reaction was traced by Dr. Melvin Calvin along with his co-worker, Dr. Benson. Hence, the process is called as Calvin cycle or Calvin- Benson cycle. Since the first stable product formed is a 3-carbon compound, it is also called as C₃ pathway and the plants are called C₁₄ plants.
Calvin carried out experiments on unicellular green algae (Chlorella), using radioactive isotope of carbon, C₁₄ as a tracer.
It is also called synthesis phase or second phase of photosynthesis.
The cycle is divided into the following phases:
1. Carboxylation phase:
a. Carbon dioxide reduction starts with a five-carbon sugar ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate (RuBP). It is a 5- carbon sugar with two phosphate groups attached to it.
b. RuBP reacts with CO₂ to produce an unstable 6 carbon intermediate in the presence of Rubisco.
c. It immediately splits into 3 carbon compounds called 3-phosphoglyceric acid.
d. RuBisCO is a large protein molecule and comprises 16% of the chloroplast proteins.

Photorespiration: Mechanism:
1. Photorespiration involves three organelles chloroplast, peroxisomes and mitochondria and occurs in a series of cyclic reactions which is also called PCO cycle. (Photosynthetic Carbon Cycle)
2. Enzyme Rubisco acts as oxygenase at higher concentration of O₂ and photorespiration begins.
3. When RuBP reacts with 0₂ rather than C0₂ to form a 3-carbon compound (PGA) and 2-carbon compound phosphoglycolate.
4. Phosphoglycolate is then converted to glycolate which is shuttled out of the chloroplast into the peroxisomes.
5. In Peroxisomes, glycolate is converted into glyoxylate by enzyme glycolate oxidase.
6. Glyoxylate is further converted into amino acid glycine by transamination.
7. In mitochondria, two molecules of glycine are converted into serine (amino acid) and C0₂ is given out.
8. Thus, it loses 25% of photosynthetically fixed carbon.
9. Serine is transported back to peroxisomes and converted into glycerate.
10. It is shuttled back to chloroplast to undergo phosphorylation and utilized in formation of 3-PGA, which get utilized in C₃ pathway.
Hatch-Slack pathway: M. D. Hatch and C. R. Slack while working on sugarcane found four carbon compounds (dicarboxylic acid) as the first stable product of photosynthesis.
It occurs in tropical and sub-tropical grasses and some dicotyledons.
The first product of this cycle is a 4-carbon compound oxaloacetic acid. Hence it is also called as C₄ pathway and plants are called C₄ plants.
Mechanism:

C0₂ taken from atmosphere is accepted by a 3-carbon compound, phosphoenolpyruvic acid in the chloroplasts of mesophyll cells, leading to the formation of 4-C compound, oxaloacetic acid with the help of enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase.
It is converted to another 4-C compound, malic acid.
It is transported to the chloroplasts of bundle sheath cells.
Malic acid (4-C) is converted to pyruvic acid (3-C) with the release of C0₂ in the cytoplasm.
Thus, concentration of C0₂ increases in the bundle sheath cells.
Chloroplasts of these cells contain enzymes of Calvin cycle.
Because of high concentration of C0₂, RuBP carboxylase participates in Calvin cycle and not photorespiration.
Sugar formed in Calvin cycle is transported into the phloem.
Pyruvic acid generated in the bundle sheath cells re-enter mesophyll cells and regenerates
phosphoenolpyruvic acid by consuming one ATP.
Since this conversion results in the formation of AMP (not ADP), two ATP are required to regenerate ATP from AMP.
xi. Thus, C₄ pathway needs 12 additional ATP.
The C₃ pathway requires 18 ATP for the synthesis of one glucose molecule, whereas C4 pathway requires 30 ATP. Thus, C₄ plants are better photosynthesizers as compared to C₃ plants as there is no photorespiration in these plants.
CAM Pathway: In CAM plants, malic acid accumulates during night, which is formed from Oxaloacetic acid in presence of the enzyme malate dehydrogenase.

Question 2.
Check the effects of different factors on photosynthesis under the guidance of teacher.
Answer:
External factors which affect photosynthesis are as follows:
1. Light:
a. It is an essential factor as it supplies the energy necessary for photosynthesis.
b. Quality and intensity of light affects the photosynthesis.
c. Highest rate of photosynthesis takes place in red light followed by blue light.
d. The rate of photosynthesis considerably decreases in plants which are growing under a forest canopy.
e. In most of the plants, photosynthesis is maximum in bright diffused sunlight.
f. Uninterrupted and continuous photosynthesis for a very long period of time may be sustained without any visible damage to the plant.

2. Carbon dioxide:
The main source of C0₂ in land plants is the atmosphere, which contains only 0.3% of the gas.
b. Under normal conditions of temperature and light, carbon dioxide acts as a limiting factor in photosynthesis.
c. Increase in concentration of CO₂ increases the photosynthesis.
d. Increase in C0₂ to about 1% is advantageous to most of the plants.
e. Higher concentration of the gas has an inhibitory effect on photosynthesis.

3. Temperature:
a. Like all other physiological processes, photosynthesis also needs a suitable temperature.
b. The optimum temperature at which the photosynthesis is maximum is 25-30 °C. Except in plants like Opuntia, photosynthesis takes place at as high as 55 °C.
c. This is the maximum temperature. Minimum temperature is temperature at which photosynthesis process just starts.
d. In the presence of sufficient light and CO₂, photosynthesis increases with the rise of temperature till it becomes maximum. After that there is a decrease or fall in the rate of the process.

4. Water:
a. Water is necessary for photosynthetic process.
b. An increase in water content of the leaf results in the corresponding increase in the rate of photosynthesis.
c. Thus, the limiting effect of water is not direct but indirect.
d. It is mainly due to the fact that it helps in maintaining the turgidity of the assimilatory cells and the proper hydration of their protoplasm.
[Students can refer the given information and perform this activity on their own]

11th Biology Digest Chapter 12 Photosynthesis Intext Questions and Answers

Can you recall? (Textbook Page No. 138)

(i) Why energy is essential in different life processes?
Answer:
a. Energy is the basic requirement of life.
b. Without energy no work can be done.
c. All living organisms need energy for reproduction and survival.
d. Sun is the main source of energy, and that energy should be transformed into the usable forms for living organisms to carry out life processes.
Therefore, energy is essential in different life processes.

(ii) How do we get energy?
Answer:
a. Sun is the main source of energy.
b. Plants utilize sunlight, carbon dioxide and water for the process called photosynthesis to produce sugars.
c. Animals make use of these sugars provided by the plants in their own cellular energy factories called mitochondria. Thus, energy is obtained.

Use your brainpower (Textbook Page No. 138)

Justify: All life on earth is ‘bottled solar energy’.
Answer:

Life on earth is dependent on solar energy directly or indirectly.
Plants by carrying out photosynthesis converts solar energy into chemical energy by producing carbohydrates.
Humans and animals depend on plants for food. Basically, life on earth depends totally on photosynthesis for food and energy.
Therefore, all life on earth is bottled solar energy.

Can you tell? (Textbook Page No. 140)

Draw well labeled diagram of ultrastructure of chloroplast.
Answer:

The chloroplasts are discoid and lens shaped in higher plants. Chloroplast is bounded by a double membrane.
System of chlorophyll bearing a double-membrane sac is present inside the stroma.
These are stacked one above the other to form grana.
Individual sacs in each granum is are known as thylakoid.
All the pigments chlorophylls, carotenes and xanthophylls are located in thylakoid membranes.
These pigments are fat soluble and are present in lipid part of membrane also they absorb light of specific spectrum in the visible regions.

Use your brainpower (Textbook Page No. 140)

The photosynthetic lamellae taken out from a chloroplast and suspended in a nutrient medium in the presence of C0₂ and light. Will they synthesize sugar or not?
Answer:
Photosynthetic ladmellae will not synthesize sugar because sugar synthesis occurs only in stroma, as all the enzymes required for sugar synthesis are present there. In photosynthetic lamellae only light reactions occur. Thus, lamellae cannot synthesize sugar even when C0₂, light and other nutrients are provided.

Internet my friend (Textbook Page No. 139)

Collect information: Why does chlorophyll appear red in reflected light and green in transmitted light?
Answer:
Chlorophyll is a light absorbing pigment. It absorbs light in red and blue regions of the visible light spectrum. Absorption spectrum of chlorophyll for red light is maximum so chlorophyll appears red in transmitted light. Green light is not absorbed but reflected so chlorophyll appear green in reflected light. [Note: Chlorophyll appear red in transmitted light and green in reflected light.[

Activity 1 (Textbook Page No. 139)

Grind the spinach leaves in small quantity of acetone / nail paint remover. Mix the contents properly and filter with filter paper in test tube. Test tube contains green filtrate. Take the test tube in dark-room and put a flash of torch on it. Now, solution appears red. Why does this occur? Which phenomenon is this? Discuss this with your physics, chemistry and biology teachers.
Answer:
Chlorophyll is the green pigment present in chloroplast. It absorbs light in red and blue region of visible spectrum. It does not absorb green light and thus the green light is reflected which is why it appears green. In this experiment, the chlorophyll in test tube appears red when a flash torch is put on it in the dark room.

This is because when the electrons of the chlorophyll molecule are excited in dark in the absence of electron transport chain the electrons release their energy in the form of red light as they return to ground state. This phenomenon observed here is transmission of light.

Activity 2 (Textbook Page No. 139)

To separate the chloroplast pigments by paper chromatography. Concentrate the extracted chlorophyll solution by evaporation. Apply a drop of it at one end, 2cm away from edge of a strip of chromatography paper and allow it to dry thoroughly. Take a mixture of petroleum ether and acetone in the ratio of 9:1 at temperature of 40 to 60°C. Hang the strip in the jar with its loaded end dipping in the solvent. Close the jar tightly and keep it for an hour. The pigments separate into distinct green and yellow bands of chlorophyll and carotenoid respectively.
Answer:
Pigments are the molecules which reflects only certain wavelengths of visible light. Chromatography is the technique used to separate the chloroplast pigments. Carotenes form yellow-orange band, chlorophyll forms blue-green band, chlorophyll b forms yellow-green bands.

Can you tell? (Textbook Page No. 139)

Tomatoes, carrots and chillies are red in colour due to the presence of pigments. Name the pigment. Answer:
Red colour pigment present in tomatoes, carrots and chillies is lycopene.

Think about it (Textbook Page No. 140)

Large number of gas bubbles are evolved during day time in a pond of water.
Answer:
Photosynthesis occurs in the presence of sunlight. During photosynthesis, plants give out oxygen and take in carbon dioxide. The plants present underwater carryout photosynthesis and release oxygen. Hence, large number of gas bubbles are evolved during day time in a pond.

Think about it (Textbook Page No. 141)

Does moonlight support photosynthesis?
Answer:
The reactions of photosynthesis take place in the presence of sunlight. The intensity of moonlight is several thousand times less than that of direct sunlight which is insufficient for the light dependent phase of photosynthesis. As the sun sets, rate of photosynthesis also decreases. Therefore, moonlight does not support photosynthesis.

Can you tell? (Textbook Page No. 145)

How chlorophyll – a is excited? Show it with a diagram.
Answer:

Chlorophyll-a is an essential photosynthetic pigment as it converts light energy into chemical energy and acts as a reaction centre.
Initially, it lies at ground state or singlet state but when it absorbs or receives photons (solar energy), it gets activated and goes in excited state or excited second singlet state.
In the excited state, chlorophyll-a emits an electron. The emitted electron is energy rich, i.e. has extra amount of energy.
Due to the loss of electron (e_–), chlorophyll-a becomes positively charged. This is the ionized state.
Chlorophyll-a molecule cannot remain in the ionized state for more than 10‘9 seconds. Hence the photo-chemical reaction or electron transfer occurs very fast.
The energy rich electron is then transferred through various electron acceptors and donors (carriers).
During the transfer, the electron emits energy which is utilized for the synthesis of ATP. This shows that light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP.

Maharashtra Board Class 11 Biology Solutions Chapter 12 Photosynthesis 5

Can you tell? (Textbook Page No. 140)

What made Hill to perform his experiment?
Answer:
Robert Hill proved that the source of oxygen evolved during photosynthesis is water and not carbon dioxide. Hence, it is called Hill’s Reaction.

In this experiment, Hill cultured isolated chloroplasts in a medium containing C0₂ free water, haemoglobin and ferric compound.
Ferric salts and haemoglobin were added in the medium as hydrogen and oxygen acceptors respectively.
When the suspension was illuminated, he observed that haemoglobin turned into oxyhaemoglobin (red colour).
This confirmed that water must have oxidized releasing 0₂, that reacted with haemoglobin. Reduction of ferric compound was also indicated by change in colour.
The H₂O molecule oxidized to evolve 0₂ as a by-product. Thus, Hill proved that the source of evolving 0₂ is H₂0 and not C0₂.
This process of splitting up of water molecules under the influence of light in the presence of chlorophyll is called Photolysis of water or Hill Reaction.
Hill’s reaction can be represented as follows:

Can you tell? (Textbook Page No. 145)

Draw a flowchart of non-cyclic photophosphorylation.
Answer:
Non-cyclic photophosphorylation:
a. It involves both photosystems- PS-I and PS-II.
b. In this case, electron transport chain starts with the release of electrons from PS-II.
c. In this chain high energy electrons released from PS-II do not return to PS-II but, after passing through an electron transport chain, reach PS-I, which in turn donates it to reduce NADP to NADPH.
d. The reduced NADP⁺ (NADPH) is utilized for the reduction of CO₂ in the dark reaction.
e. Electron-deficient PS-II brings about oxidation of water-molecule. Due to this, protons, electrons and oxygen atom are released.
f. Electrons are taken up by PS-II itself to return to reduced state, protons are accepted by NADP⁺ whereas oxygen is released.
g. As in this process, high energy electrons released from PS-II do not return to PS-II and it is accompanied with ATP formation, this is called Non-cyclic photophosphorylation.

Can you tell? (Textbook Page No. 145)

Describe Calvin’s cycle.
Answer:
The entire process of dark reaction was traced by Dr. Melvin Calvin along with his co-worker, Dr. Benson. Hence, the process is called as Calvin cycle or Calvin- Benson cycle. Since the first stable product formed is a 3-carbon compound, it is also called as C₃ pathway and the plants are called C₁₄ plants.
Calvin carried out experiments on unicellular green algae (Chlorella), using radioactive isotope of carbon, C₁₄ as a tracer.
It is also called synthesis phase or second phase of photosynthesis.
The cycle is divided into the following phases:
1. Carboxylation phase:
a. Carbon dioxide reduction starts with a five-carbon sugar ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate (RuBP). It is a 5- carbon sugar with two phosphate groups attached to it.
b. RuBP reacts with CO₂ to produce an unstable 6 carbon intermediate in the presence of Rubisco.
c. It immediately splits into 3 carbon compounds called 3-phosphoglyceric acid.
d. RuBisCO is a large protein molecule and comprises 16% of the chloroplast proteins.

Can you tell? (Textbook Page No. 147)

Summarise the photosynthetic reaction.
Answer:
6C0₂ + 12H₂0 → C₂H₁₂0₆ + 60₂ + 6H₂0
1. Photosynthesis is a two step process.
The light dependent reactions convert the light energy from the sun into chemical energy.
The light independent reactions convert the chemical energy to synthesize carbohydrates.
2. Light dependent reactions: Light is absorbed by chlorophyll which results in the production of ATP. Photolysis of water produce oxygen and hydrogen. The hydrogen and ATP are used in the light independent reactions and the oxygen is released from stomata.
3. Light independent reactions: ATP and hydrogen are transferred to the site of light independent reactions. The hydrogen is combined with carbon dioxide to form complex organic compounds.
The ATP provides the required energy to power these anabolic reactions and fix the carbon molecules.

Can you tell? (Textbook Page No. 147)

C₄ plants are more productive. Why?
Answer:

Photorespiration is considered to be a wasteful process in plants. It is an energy consuming process in plants which ultimately leads to reduction in final yield of plants.
During C₃ photosynthesis, 25% of the carbon dioxide fixed has to pass through photorespiratory process.
This decreases the photosynthetic productivity.
In C₄ plants, photorespiration is absent and hence they have better productivity.

Can you tell? (Textbook Page No. 147)

Xerophytic plants survive in high temperature. How?
Answer:

Xerophytic plants are those that have adapted to dry environments.
They have adapted to arid conditions by storing water in stems.
Stomata of these plants remain closed during day time to reduce the rate of transpiration to bare minimum.
Leaves are modified into spines or are reduced in size to check the loss of water due to transpiration.
The waxy surfaces of xerophytic plants prevent the loss of moisture.
Thus, they are able to survive in high temperature.

Can you tell? (Textbook Page No. 147)

Compare C₄ plants and CAM plants.
Answer:

C₄ Plants	CAM Plants
1. These are mostly tropical and subtropical plants.	These are mostly xerophytic plants.
2. Leaves show Kranz anatomy.	Leaves does not show Kranz anatomy.
3. Stomata is open during day time.	Stomata is open during night time.
4. Photorespiration is not easily detectable.	Photorespiration is detectable in afternoon.
5. Carbon fixation takes place in mesophyll cells and Calvin Cycle takes place in bundle sheath cells.	Photosynthesis takes place in the mesophyll cells but carbon fixation takes place at night and Calvin cycle happens during day.
e.g. Sugarcane, maize, jowar, Amaranthus, etc.	e.g. Kalanchoe, Opuntia, Aloe, etc.

Maharashtra Board Class 11 Biology Solutions Chapter 11 Study of Animal Type

June 21, 2024

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board 11th Biology Textbook Solutions Chapter 11 Study of Animal Type: Cockroach Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Biology Solutions Chapter 11 Study of Animal Type: Cockroach

Question (A)
Chemical nature of chitin is ____________ .
(A) protein
(B) carbohydrate
(C) lipid
(D) glycoprotein
Answer:
(B) carbohydrate & (D) glycoprotein

Question (B)
Cockroach has ___________ type of mouthparts.
(A) sponging
(B) chewing and biting
(C) piercing and sucking
(D) lapping
Answer:
(B) chewing and biting

Question (C)
Spiracle is a part of ________ system of cockroach.
(A) circulatory
(B) respiration
(C) reproductive
(D) nervous
Answer:
(B) respiration

Question (D)
________ is a part of digestive system.
(A) Trachea
(B) Hypopharynx
(C) Haemocyte
(D) Seminal vesicle
Answer:
(B) Hypopharynx

Question (E)
_________ is also called as brain of cockroach.
(A) Supra-oesophageal ganglion
(B) Sub-oesophageal ganglion
(C) Hypo-cerebral ganglion
(D) Thoracic ganglion
Answer:
(A) Supra-oesophageal ganglion

2. Answer the following questions

Question (A)
Describe the digestive system of cockroach.
OR
With the help of neat and labelled diagram, describe the digestive system of cockroach.
Answer:
1. Digestive system of cockroach consists of mouthparts, alimentary canal and salivary glands.
2. Mouthparts: Pre-oral cavity present in front of the mouth receives food. It is bounded by chewing and biting type of mouth parts.
These are movable, segmented appendages that help in ingestion of food. The mouthparts of cockroach comprises of:
(a) Labrum: It forms the upper lip. It is a single flap-like movable part which covers the mouth from upper side. It forms an anterior wall of pre¬oral cavity.
Function: It is useful in holding the food during feeding.

(b) Mandibles: These are two dark, hard, chitinous structures with serrated median margins.They are true jaws present on either side, behind the labrum.
Function: They perform co-ordinated side-wise movements with the help of adductor and abductor muscles to cut and crush the food.

(c) Maxillae: These are the accesssory jaws. They are also called as first pair of maxillae. These are situated on the either side of mouth behind the mandibles. Each maxilla consists of sclerites like cardo, stipes, galea, lacinia and maxillary palps.
Functions: Maxillae hold food, help mandibles for mastication. They are also used for cleaning the antennae and front legs. Maxillary palps act as tactile organs.

(d) Labium: It forms the lower lip. Labium is also known as second maxilla which covers the pre-oral cavity from the ventral side. It is firmly attached to the posterior part of head. It has three jointed labial palps which are sensory in function.
Function: It is useful in pushing the chewed food in the pre-oral cavity. It prevents the loss of food falling from the mandibles, while chewing.

(e) Hypopharynx: Hypopharynx is also known as lingua. It is a somewhat cylindrical single structure, located in front of the labium and between first maxillae. The salivary duct opens at the base of hypopharynx. Hypopharynx bears comb-like plates called super-lingua on either side. Hypopharynx is present at the centre of the mouth.
Function: It is useful in the process of feeding and mixing saliva with food.

3. Alimentary canal: It is long a (6 – 7cm) tube of different diameters with two openings.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Biology Solutions Chapter 11 Study of Animal Type Cockroach 1

4. The alimentary canal is divisible into three parts: foregut, midgut and hindgut
(a) Foregut or stomodaeum: It consists of pharynx, oesophagus, crop and gizzard.
1. Pharynx: It is very short, narrow but muscular tube that opens into oesophagus.
Function: Conduction of food into the oesophagus.
2. Oesophagus: It is slightly long and narrow tube which opens into crop.
3. Crop: Crop is a large, pear shaped and sac- like organ.
Function: It temporarily stores the food and then sends it to gizzard.
4. Gizzard: Gizzard or proventricuius is a small spherical organ. It is provided internally with a circlet of six chitinous teeth and backwardly directed bristles.The foregut ends with gizzard.
Function: The chitinous teeth present in gizzard are responsible for crushing the food and the bristles help to filter the food.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Biology Solutions Chapter 11 Study of Animal Type Cockroach 2

(b) Midgut or mesenteron: It consists of stomach and hepatic caeca.
1. Ventriculus or stomach: It is straight, short and narrow. Stomach is lined by glandular epithelium which secretes digestive enzymes.
Function: It is mainly responsible for digestion and absorption.
2. Hepatic caeca: These are thin, transparent, short, blind (closed) and hollow tubules.
Function: They secrete digestive enzymes.

(c) Hindgut or proctodaeum : It consists of ileum, colon and rectum.
1 Ileum: It is short and narrow part of hindgut. Malpighian tubules open in the anterior lumen of ileum, near the junction of midgut and hindgut. Posterior region of ileum contains sphincter.
Ileum directs the nitrogenous wastes and undigested food towards colon.
2. Colon: It is a longer and wider part of the hindgut. It directs waste material towards the rectum. It reabsorbs water from wastes as per the need.
3. Rectum: It is oval or spindle-shaped, terminal part of the hindgut. It contains six rectal pads along the internal surface for absorption of water. Rectum opens into anus. Anus is present on the ventral side of the 10th segment. It is the last or posterior opening of the digestive system. The undigested food is released out of the body through anus.

5. Salivary glands:
a. Cockroach has a pair of salivary glands which secrete saliva.
b. Each salivary gland has two glandular lobes and a receptacle or reservoir.
c. The glandular lobes consists of several irregular-shaped white coloured lobules which secrete saliva.
d. Each gland has a salivary duct.
Both the ducts unite to form a common salivary duct.
e. Receptacle of each salivary gland is thin-walled, elongated, sac-like structure. Each receptacle has a duct. These ducts unite to form common reservoir duct.
f. Common salivary duct and common reservoir duct unite together to form a common efferent salivary duct. The efferent salivary duct opens at the base of tongue or hypopharynx.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Biology Solutions Chapter 11 Study of Animal Type Cockroach 3

Question (B)
Give an account on tracheal system of cockroach.
Answer:
1. Cockroach has an internal respiratory system of air tubes called tracheal system by which the air is brought into the body and is in contact with every part of the body. It allows the exchange of gases directly between the air and tissues without the need of blood.
These air tubes of internal respiratory system begin at the opening on body surface called spiracles.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Biology Solutions Chapter 11 Study of Animal Type Cockroach 4
2. Spiracles: They are paired respiratory openings. Spiracles are present on the ventro-lateral side of the body, in pleural membrane. Cockroaches have two pairs of thoracic and eight pairs of abdominal spiracles.The spiracles open into a series of air sacs from which arise the tubes called trachea. The spiracles let the air into and out of trachea.

3. Trachea: The trachea form a definite pattern of branching tubes arranged transversely as well as longitudinally. They are about 1mm thick and have spiral or annular thickening of chitin. The inner lining of chitin prevents the trachea from collapsing. Each trachea further branches into smaller tubes called tracheoles.

4. Tracheoles: These are fine intracellular tubes that penetrate deep into tissues. They are thin and not lined by chitin. They end blindly in the cells. Each tracheole at the blind end is filled with a watery fluid through which exchange of gases takes place. The content of this fluid keeps changing. At high muscular activity, part of fluid part is drawn into the tissues to enable more and rapid oxygen intake.

Question (C)
Describe the nervous system of cockroach.
Answer:
Nervous system in cockroach:
Nervous system of cockroach is ventral, solid and ganglionated. It consists of central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS) and autonomous nervous system (ANS).
Central nervous system (CNS): Central nerv ous system consists of nerve ring and ventral nerve cord.
1. Nerve ring consists of:
a. a pair of supra-oesophageal ganglia
b. a pair of circum-oesophageal connectives
c. a pair of sub-oesophageal ganglia
(a) Supra-oesophageal ganglia or cerebral ganglia: A pair of supra-oesophageal ganglia is collectively known as the brain. Brain is present in head, above the oesophagus and between antennal bases. Each supra-oesophageal ganglion is formed by the fusion of three small ganglia – protocerebram, deutocerebrum and tritocerebrum.
(b) Circum-oesophageal connectives: Supra-oesophageal ganglia are connected to sub-oesophageal ganglion by a pair of lateral nerves called as circum-oesophageal connectives. Connectives arise from supra-oesophagial ganglia.
(c) Sub-oesophageal ganglia: It is a bilobed and present below the oesophagus, in head. It is also formed by the fusion of three pairs of ganglia.

2. Ventral nerve cord:
a. It arises from the sub-oesophageal ganglion. It is present along mid-ventral position, in perineural sinus.
b. It is double ventral nerve cord and consists of nine segmental, paired ganglia.
c. First three pairs of segmental ganglia are large and known as thoracic ganglia. The other six pairs of segmental ganglia are in abdomen (abdominal ganglia).
d. 6th abdominal ganglion is the largest and it is present in 7th abdominal segment.
e. There is no ganglion in 6th segment.

Peripheral nervous system (PNS):

The peripheral nervous system comprises of nerves that arise from various ganglia of CNS.
Six pairs of nerves arise from the supra-oesophageal ganglia.They supply to the eyes, antenna and labrum.
Nerves arising from the sub-oesophageal ganglion supply to the mandibles, maxillae and labium.
Nerves arising from the thoracic ganglia supply to the wings, legs and internal thoracic organs.
Nerves from abdominal ganglia go to the abdominal organs of respective abdominal segments.
Autonomic nervous system (ANS): It consists of four ganglia and a retrocerebral complex.

The ganglia are as follows:

Frontal ganglion: It is present above the pharynx and in front of brain.
Hypocerebral ganglion: It is present on the anterior region of oesophagus.
Ingluvial ganglion: It is present on crop. It is also called as visceral ganglion.
Ventricular ganglion: It is present on gizzard.

Question (D)
With the help of neat labelled diagram, describe female reproductive system of cockroach.
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Biology Solutions Chapter 11 Study of Animal Type Cockroach 5

Female reproductive system of cockroach consists a pair of ovaries, a pair of oviducts, vagina, spermatheca and accessory glands.
Ovaries are primary reproductive organs. They are paired and lie lateral in position in 2nd – 6lh abdominal segments. Each ovary is formed of a group of 8 ovarian tubules or ovarioles, containing a chain of developing ova. All ovarioles of an ovary open in lateral oviduct of respective side.
The lateral oviducts unite to form a common oviduct or vagina.
Common oviduct or vagina opens into the Bursa copulatrix (genital chamber), the female organ of copulation.
Spermatheca, is a sperm storing structure present in the 6th segment opens into genital chamber. It receives the sperms during copulation and store them for fertilization.
Collaterial glands are accessory paired glands that open in genital chamber.
Female gonapophyses consists of six chitinous plates surrounding the genital pore.
In males, genital pouch or genital chamber lies at the hind end of abdomen which is bounded dorsally by 9th and 10th terga and ventrally b; male genital pore and gonapophysis.

Question (E)
Draw a labelled diagram of digestive system of a cockroach.
Answer:
1. Digestive system of cockroach consists of mouthparts, alimentary canal and salivary glands.
2. Mouthparts: Pre-oral cavity present in front of the mouth receives food. It is bounded by chewing and biting type of mouth parts.
These are movable, segmented appendages that help in ingestion of food. The mouthparts of cockroach comprises of:
(a) Labrum: It forms the upper lip. It is a single flap-like movable part which covers the mouth from upper side. It forms an anterior wall of pre¬oral cavity.
Function: It is useful in holding the food during feeding.
(b) Mandibles: These are two dark, hard, chitinous structures with serrated median margins.They are true jaws present on either side, behind the labrum.
Function: They perform co-ordinated side-wise movements with the help of adductor and abductor muscles to cut and crush the food.
(c) Maxillae: These are the accesssory jaws. They are also called as first pair of maxillae. These are situated on the either side of mouth behind the mandibles. Each maxilla consists of sclerites like cardo, stipes, galea, lacinia and maxillary palps.
Functions: Maxillae hold food, help mandibles for mastication. They are also used for cleaning the antennae and front legs. Maxillary palps act as tactile organs.
(d) Labium: It forms the lower lip. Labium is also known as second maxilla which covers the pre-oral cavity from the ventral side. It is firmly attached to the posterior part of head. It has three jointed labial palps which are sensory in function.
Function: It is useful in pushing the chewed food in the pre-oral cavity. It prevents the loss of food falling from the mandibles, while chewing.
(e) Hypopharynx: Hypopharynx is also known as lingua. It is a somewhat cylindrical single structure, located in front of the labium and between first maxillae. The salivary duct opens at the base of hypopharynx. Hypopharynx bears comb-like plates called super-lingua on either side. Hypopharynx is present at the centre of the mouth.
Function: It is useful in the process of feeding and mixing saliva with food,

3. Alimentary canal: It is long a (6 – 7cm) tube of different diameters with two openings.

4. The alimentary canal is into three parts: foregut, midgut and hindgut
(a) Foregut or stomodaeum: It consists of pharynx, oesophagus, crop and gizzard.
1. Pharynx: It is very short, narrow but muscular tube that opens into oesophagus.
Function: Conduction of food into the oesophagus.
2. Oesophagus: It is slightly long and narrow tube which opens into crop.
3. Crop: Crop is a large, pear shaped and sac- like organ.
Function: It temporarily stores the food and then sends it to gizzard.
4. Gizzard: Gizzard or proventricuius is a small spherical organ. It is provided internally with a circlet of six chitinous teeth and backwardly directed bristles.The foregut ends with gizzard.
Function: The chitinous teeth present in gizzard are responsible for crushing the food and the bristles help to filter the food.

Question (F)
A student observed that the cockroaches are killed for dissection by simply putting them in soap water. He inquired whether soap is so poisonous. Teacher said it is due to its peculiar respiratory system. How?
Answer:
Cockroaches when put in soap solution, the solution enters into their body through the small respiratory openings called spiracles. The spiracles lead to trachea which further branches into smaller tubes called tracheoles. Each of these tracheoles has body fluid which acts as a stationary medium for diffusion. The soap solution rapidly diffuses through the entire respiratory system which may result in suffocation and eventually lead to the death of cockroach.

Question (G)
Describe the circulatory system of cockroach.
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Biology Solutions Chapter 11 Study of Animal Type Cockroach 6
1. Haemolymph: Haemolymph is colourless as it is without any pigment. It consists of plasma and seven types of blood cells/haemocytes. Plasma consists of water with some dissolved organic and inorganic solutes. It is rich in nutrients and nitrogenous wastes like uric acid.Cockroach has open circulatory system. It consists of colourless blood (haemolymph), a dorsal blood vessel (heart and dorsal aorta) and haemocoel.

2. Haemocoel: The body cavity of cockroach (haemocoel) can be divided into three sinuses due to two diaphragms i.e. dorsal and ventral diaphragm. These diaphragms are thin, fibromuscular septa (sing.septum)
which remain attached to terga along lateral sides at intermittent points.
(a) Dorsal diaphragm: It has 12 pairs (10 abdominal and 2 thoracic) of fan-like alary muscles. Alary muscles are triangular with pointed end attached to terga at lateral side and broad end lies between the heart and dorsal diaphragm.
(b) Ventral diaphragm: It is flat and present just above the ventral nerve cord. Laterally, it is attached to sterna at intermittent points.
(e) Sinuses: The coelom of cockroach is divided into three sinuses – pericardial sinus, perivisceral sinus and perineural sinus.

1. Pericardial sinus: It is dorsal, very small and contains dorsal vessel.
2. Perivisceral sinus: It is middle and largest sinus. It contains fat bodies and almost all major visceral organs of alimentary canal and reproductive system.
3. Perineural sinus: It is ventral, small and contains ventral nerve cord. It is continuous into legs. All the three sinuses communicate with each other through the pores present between two successive points of attachments of diaphragms.
4. Dorsal blood vessel: This is present in pericardial sinus, just below the tergum. It is divisible into posterior heart and anterior aorta (dorsal aorta/cephalic vessel).
(a) Heart: It is about 2.5 cm long, narrow, muscular tube that is open anteriorly and closed posteriorly. It starts from 9th abdominal segment and extends anteriorly upto 1st thoracic segment. Heart of cockroach is 13 chambered, out of which 10 chambers are in abdominal region and 3 chambers are in thoracic region. Each chamber has a pair of vertical slit-like incurrent aperture or opening called ostium (plural: ostia). Ostia are present along lateral side in the posterior region of first 12 chambers. Each ostium has lip-like valves that allow the flow of blood from sinus to heart only.
(b) Anterior aorta: Heart is continued by a short, thin-walled vessel called dorsal aorta. It lies in head region and opens in haemocoel.

3. Answer the following questions

Question (A)
How will you identify male or female cockroach?
Answer:
Male and female cockroach can be identified with the help of following differences:

Male cockroach	Female cockroach
1. Abdomen is relatively long and narrow.	Abdomen is short and broad.
2. 7th tergum covers 8,h tergum.	7th tergum covers 8th and 9th terga.
3. Antennae are longer in size.	Antennae are shorter in size.
4. Anal styles are present.	Anal styles are absent.
5. Brood pouch is absent.	Brood pouch is present.
6. All 9 sterna visible.	Only 7 sterna visible.

Question (B)
Write a note on: Gizzard of cockroach.
Answer:
Gizzard: Gizzard or proventricuius is a small spherical organ. It is provided internally with a circlet of six chitinous teeth and backwardly directed bristles.The foregut ends with gizzard.
Function: The chitinous teeth present in gizzard are responsible for crushing the food and the bristles help to filter the food.

Question (C)
Give the systematic position of cockroach.
Answer:
Systematic position of cockroach:

Classi	fication	Reasons
Kingdom	Animalia	Cell wall absent, heterotrophic nutrition.
Phylum	Arthropoda	They have jointed appendages. Body is chitinous and segmented.
Class	Insecta	They possess two pairs of wings and three pairs of walking legs.
Genus	Periplaneta	Straight wings and nocturnal.
Species	americana	Originated in the continent of America.

Question (D)
What would have happened if cockroach did not have gizzard?
Answer:
1. The gizzard in cockroach is a spherical organ which has chitinous teeth and bristles.
2. The chitinous teeth present in gizzard are responsible for crushing the food and the bristles help to filter the food.
3. If the cockroach did not have gizzard, the food will not be crushed into small particles and unfiltered food will enter the hindgut. Thus, digestion will be affected in the absence of gizzard.

Question (E)
What is the functional difference between eyes of cockroach and human being?
Answer:
1. Cockroaches have compound eyes whereas humans have simple eyes.
2. Eyes of cockroach possess several ommatidia that collectively form an image and help them to detect even the slightest movement of its predator. They provide mosaic or hazy vision.
3. Human eyes contain single lens and a clear image is formed on the retina. Humans have binocular vision which provides an improved perception of depth and gives a three-dimensional image of their surroundings.

Question (F)
What is the functional difference between respiratory systems of cockroach and human being?
Answer:
The functional difference between the respiratory systems of cockroach and human being is that in respiratory system of cockroach transport of gases does not occur via. blood whereas in human respiratory system transport of gases takes place via blood. In cockroach, the circulatory system has no role in respiratory process whereas in humans, circulatory system plays an important in respiratory process.

4. Explain the following in short.

Question (A)
What are anal cerci?
Answer:
1. Anal cerci are a pair of appendages at the end of the abdomen that arise from the 10th segment of the body of both male and female cockroach.
2. They are sensitive to wind movements and detect vibrations.

Question (B)
What is ganglion?
Answer:
1. Ganglion is a group of nerve cell bodies.
2. It represents the brain in advanced invertebrates.

Question (C)
Write a short note on hypopharynx.
Answer:
Hypopharynx: Hypopharynx is also known as lingua. It is a somewhat cylindrical single structure, located in front of the labium and between first maxillae. The salivary duct opens at the base of hypopharynx. Hypopharynx bears comb-like plates called super-lingua on either side. Hypopharynx is present at the centre of the mouth.
Function: It is useful in the process of feeding and mixing saliva with food.

Question (D)
What is mesentron?
Answer:
Midgut or mesenteron: It consists of stomach and hepatic caeca.
1. Ventriculus or stomach: It is straight, short and narrow. Stomach is lined by glandular epithelium which secretes digestive enzymes.
Function: It is mainly responsible for digestion and absorption.
2. Hepatic caeca: These are thin, transparent, short, blind (closed) and hollow tubules.
Function: They secrete digestive enzymes.

Question (E)
Location of tergum.
Answer:
1. Tergum is a chitinous plate located in the abdomen of cockroach.
2. The abdomen is elongated and made up of ten segments. Each segment has a dorsal tergum and ventral sternum. Tergum is jointed to the sternum laterally by a soft cuticle called pleura.

Question (F)
What is ootheca?
Answer:
1. The secretion of collaterial glands forms a capsule around them is called as ootheca or egg case.
2. It is about 8 mm long and ranges from dark reddish to blackish brown.
3. Ootheca contains 14 to 16 fertilized eggs in two rows.
4. They are dropped or glued to a suitable surface, like a crack or crevice with good humidity near a food source.
5. A female cockroach on an average, produces 9 to 10 oothecae during its lifespan.

Question (G)
How many chambers are present in heart of a cockroach?
Answer:
13 chambers are present in heart of a cockroach, out of which 10 chambers are in abdominal region and 3 are in thoracic region.

Practical/Project:

Question 1.
Visit to nearest sericulture farm and study the life cycle of silk worm.
Answer:

The life cycle of the silk moth consists of four stages namely, egg, larva, pupa and adult.
Thousands of eggs deposited by female moths are incubated artificially to reduce the incubation period.
Larvae hatching out of eggs are released on mulberry plants to obtain nourishment from mulberry leaves.
After feeding for 3 – 4 weeks, larvae move to branches of mulberry plant.
The silk thread is formed from the secretion of salivary glands of larvae.
Larvae spin this thread around themselves forming a cocoon, which may be spherical in shape.
Ten days before the pupa turns into an adult, all the cocoons are transferred into boiling water.
Due to the boiling water, the pupa dies in the cocoon and silk fibres become loose.
These fibres are then unwound, processed and reeled.
Different kinds of fabric are woven from silk threads.

[The life cycle of silkworm is given for reference. Students are expected to visit the nearest sericulture farm and attempt this activity on their own.]

11th Biology Digest Chapter 11 Study of Animal Type: Cockroach Intext Questions and Answers

Can you recall? (Textbook Page No. 127)

How many different types of animals are present around us?
Answer:
Animals on earth show great diversity. The different types of animals present around us are;
a. Unicellular and multicellular
b. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic
c. Vertebrates and invertebrates
d. Unisexual and hermaphrodite
e. Aquatic, terrestrial, amphibian, reptilian, aerial, etc.

Can a person do a complete detailed study of each of those animals?
Answer:
Yes, a person can do a complete detailed study of each of those animals. Classification of animals based on characteristics into various groups has made it easier to study them.

Which phylum is most diverse and populous?
Answer:
Phylum Arthropoda is most diverse and populous.

Curiosity box: (Textbook Page No. 127)

Why do insects need moulting?
Answer:
a. Insects undergo metamorphosis (change of form or structure in an individual after hatching or birth). Each time an insect enters the next growth stage it has to molt.
b. Moulting is the process in which formation of new chitinous exoskeleton and subsequent shedding of the old one occurs.
c. The insects need moulting as their exoskeleton is rigid unlike the skin and does not allow the body to grow.

What is the difference between simple and compound eyes?
Answer:

Simple eyes	Compound eyes
1. Simple eyes contain single lens and several sensory cells.	Compound eyes contain several lenses (around 2000) called ommatidia (sing. Ommatidium).
2. Single lens collect light and focuses onto retina to form a single image	Each ommatidium forms an image of an object thereby forming several images of an ob ject.
3. Simple eye does not form a complex image but can detect movement of the object.	Compound eye forms a complex image of an object 1 and detects even a slightest movement of the object.

Use your brainpower. (Textbook Page No. 131)

Why do body cavity of cockroach is called as haemocoel?
Answer:
The body cavity of cockroach is known as haemocoel as it is filled with haemolymph (blood). Cockroaches have open type of circulation thus; the body cavity is filled with haemolymph.

Internet my friend. (Textbook Page No. 136)

Collect the information about techniques and objectives of rearing the cockroaches in countries like China and make a Powerpoint presentation including video clips.
Answer:
1. Cockroach rearing industry is a booming industry in China. Cockroaches are reared in more than hundred farms in China. A giant farm in China produces around 6 billion cockroaches.
2. It is believed that cockroaches can be used to prepare a medicine that can prevent stomach cancer. They are also used to treat compost waste.
[Students can search on internet for more information about the techniques and objectives of rearing the cockroaches]

Maharashtra Board Class 11 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 12 Chemical Equilibrium

June 19, 2024

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board 11th Chemistry Textbook Solutions Chapter 12 Chemical Equilibrium Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Chemistry Solutions Chapter 12 Chemical Equilibrium

1. Choose the correct option

Question A.
The equilibrium, H₂O_(l) ⇌ H⁺_(aq) + OH^–_(aq) is
a. dynamic
b. static
c. physical
d. mechanical
Answer:
a. dynamic

Question B.
For the equilibrium, A ⇌ 2B + Heat, the number of ‘A’ molecules increases if
a. volume is increased
b. temperature is increased
c. catalyst is added
d. concentration of B is decreased
Answer:
b. temperature is increased

Question C.
For the equilibrium Cl_2(g) + 2NO_(g) ⇌ 2NOCl_(g) the concentration of NOCl will increase if the equilibrium is disturbed by ………..
a. adding Cl₂
b. removing NO
c. adding NOCl
d. removal of Cl₂
Answer:
a. adding Cl₂

Question D.
The relation between K_c and K_p for the reaction A_(g) + B_(g) ⇌ 2C_(g) + D_(g) is
a. K_c = K_p/RT
b. K_p = Kc²
c. K_c = \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathrm{Kp}}}\)
d. K_p/K_c = 1
Answer:
a. K_c = K_p/RT

Question E.
When volume of the equilibrium reaction C_(s) + H₂O_(g) ⇌ CO_(g) + H_2(g) is increased at constant temperature the equilibrium will
a. shift from left to right
b. shift from right to left
c. be unaltered
d. can not be predicted
Answer:
a. shift from left to right

2. Answer the following

Question A.
State Law of Mass action.
Answer:
Law of mass action: The law of mass action states that the rate of a chemical reaction at each instant is proportional to the product of concentrations of all the reactants.

Question B.
Write an expression for equilibrium constant with respect to concerntration.
Answer:
For a reversible chemical reaction at equilibrium, aA + bB ⇌ cD + dD
Equilibrium constant (K_c) = \(\frac{[C]^{\mathrm{c}}[\mathrm{D}]^{\mathrm{d}}}{[\mathrm{A}]^{\mathrm{a}}[\mathrm{B}]^{\mathrm{b}}}\)

Question C.
Derive mathematically value of K_p for A_(g) + B_(g) ⇌ C_(g) + D_(g).
Answer:
When the concentrations of reactants and products in gaseous reactions are expressed in terms of their partial pressure, then the equilibrium constant is represented as K_p.
∴ For the reaction,
A_(g)+ B_(g) ⇌ C_(g) + D_(g)
the equilibrium constant (K_C) can be expressed using partial pressure as: K_p = \(\frac{P_{C} \times P_{D}}{P_{A} \times P_{B}}\)
Where P_A, P_B, P_C and P_D are equilibrium partial pressures of A, B, C and D respectively.

Question D.
Write expressions of K_C for following chemical reactions
i. 2SO_2(g) + O_2(g) ⇌ 2SO_3(g)
ii. N₂O_4(g) ⇌ 2NO_2(g)
Answer:
i. 2SO_2(g) + O_2(g) ⇌ 2SO_3(g)
K_c = \(\frac{\left[\mathrm{SO}_{3}\right]^{2}}{\left[\mathrm{SO}_{2}\right]^{2}\left[\mathrm{O}_{2}\right]}\)

ii. N₂O_4(g) ⇌ 2NO_2(g)
K_c = \(\frac{\left[\mathrm{NO}_{2}\right]^{2}}{\left[\mathrm{~N}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4}\right]}\)

Question E.
Mention various applications of equilibrium constant.
Answer:
Various applications of equilibrium constant:

Prediction of the direction of the reaction
To know the extent of the reaction
To calculate equilibrium concentrations
Link between chemical equilibrium and chemical kinetics

Question F.
How does the change of pressure affect the value of equilibrium constant ?
Answer:
The change of pressure does not affect the value of equilibrium constant.

Question J.
Differentiate irreversible and reversible reaction.
Answer:
Irreversible reaction:

Products are not converted back to reactants.
Reaction stops completely and almost goes to completion.
It can be carried out in an open or closed vessel.
It takes place only in one direction. It is represented by →
e.g. C_(s) + O_2(g) → CO_2(g)

Reversible reaction:

Products arc converted back to reactants.
Reaction appears to have stopped but does not undergo completion.
It is generally carried out in a closed vessel.
It takes place in both directions. It is represented by ⇌
e.g. N_2(g) + O_2(g) ⇌ 2NO_(g)

Question K.
Write suitable conditions of concentration, temperature and pressure used during manufacture of ammonia by Haber process.
Answer:
i. Concentration: Addition of H₂ or N₂ both favours forward reaction. This increases the yield of NH₃.
ii. Temperature: The formation NH₃ is exothermic. Hence, low temperature should favour the formation of NH₃. However, at low temperatures, the rate of reaction is small. At high temperatures, the reaction occurs rapidly but decomposition of NH₃ occurs. Hence, optimum temperature of about 773 K is used.
iii. Pressure: The forward reaction is favoured with high pressure as it proceeds with decrease in number of moles. At high pressure, the catalyst becomes inefficient. Therefore, optimum pressure needs to be used. The optimum pressure is about 250 atm.

Question L.
Relate the terms reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium.
Answer:

Reversible reactions are the reactions which do not go to completion and occur in both the directions simultaneously.
If such a reaction is allowed to take place for a long time, so that the concentrations of the reactants and products do not vary with time, then the reaction will attain equilibrium.
Since, both the forward and backward reactions continue to take place in opposite directions in the same speed, the equilibrium achieved is dynamic in nature.

Thus, if the reaction is not reversible then it cannot attain dynamic equilibrium.

Question M.
For the equilibrium.
\(\mathrm{BaSO}_{4(\mathrm{~s})} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{Ba}_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{2+}+\mathrm{SO}_{4(\mathrm{aq})}^{2-}\)
state the effect of
a. Addition of Ba²⁺ ion.
b. Removal of SO₄^2- ion
c. Addition of BaSO_4(s)
on the equilibrium.
Answer:
a. Addition of Ba²⁺ ion will favour the reverse reaction, (that is, equilibrium shifts from right to left). This increases the amount of BaSO₄.
b. Removal of \(\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}\) ion will favour the forward reaction, (that is, equilibrium shifts from left to right). This decreases the amount of BaSO₄.
c. Addition of BaSO_4(s) will not affect the equilibrium as the equilibrium constant expression does not include pure solids.

3. Explain :

Question A.
Dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium with suitable example.
Answer:
Dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium:
i. Consider a chemical reaction: A ⇌ B.
K_c = [B]/[A]
At equilibrium, the ratio of concentration of the product to that of the concentration of the reactant is constant and this is equal to K_c.

ii. At this stage reaction takes place in both the directions with same speed although the reaction appears to have stopped. Thus, the chemical equilibrium is dynamic in nature. Dynamic means moving and at a microscopic level, the system is in motion.

iii. For example, in the reaction between H₂ and I₂ to form HI, the colour of the reaction mixture becomes constant because the concentrations of H₂, I₂ and HI become constant at equilibrium.
H₂ + I₂ ⇌ 2HI
Thus, when equilibrium is reached, the reaction appears to have stopped. However, this is not the case. The reaction is still going on in the forward and backward direction but the rate of forward reaction is equal to the rate of backward reaction. Hence, chemical equilibrium is dynamic in nature and not static.

Question B.
Relation between K_c and K_p.
Answer:
Consider a general reversible reaction:
aA_(g) + bB_(g) ⇌ cC_(g) + dD_(g)
The equilibrium constant (K_p) in terms of partial pressure is given by equation:
K_p = \(\frac{\left(P_{C}\right)^{c}\left(P_{D}\right)^{d}}{\left(P_{A}\right)^{a}\left(P_{B}\right)^{b}}\) …………(1)
For a mixture of ideal gases, the partial pressure of each component is directly proportional to its concentration at constant temperature.
For component A,
P_AV = n_ART
P_A = \(\frac{\mathrm{n}_{\mathrm{A}}}{\mathrm{V}}\) × RT
\(\frac{\mathrm{n}_{\mathrm{A}}}{\mathrm{V}}\) is molar concentration of A in mol dm^-3 V
∴ P_A = [A]RT where, [A] = \(\frac{\mathrm{n}_{\mathrm{A}}}{\mathrm{V}}\)
Similarly, for other components, P_B = [B]RT, P_C = [C]RT, P_D = [D]RT
Now substituting equations for P_A, P_B, P_C, P_D in equation (1), we get
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 12 Chemical Equilibrium 1
where Δn = (number of moles of gaseous products) – (number of moles of gaseous reactants) in the balanced chemical equation.
R = 0.08206 L atm K^-1 mol^-1
[Note: While calculating the value of K_p, pressure should be expressed in bar, because standard state of pressure is 1 bar. 1 pascal (Pa) = 1 N m^-2 and 1 bar = 10⁵ Pa]

Question C.
State and explain Le Chatelier’s principle with reference to
1. change in temperature
2. change in concerntration.
Answer:
Statement: When a system at equilibrium is subjected to a change in any of the factors determining the equilibrium conditions of a system, system will respond in such a way as to minimize the effect of change.

1. Change in temperature:

Consider the equilibrium reaction,
PCl_5(g) ⇌ PCl_3(g) + Cl_2(g) + 92.5 kJ
The forward reaction is exothermic. According to Le Chatelier’s principle an increase in temperature shifts the position of equilibrium to the left.
The reverse reaction is endothermic. An endothermic reaction consumes heat. Therefore, the equilibrium must shift in the reverse direction to use up the added heat (heat energy converted to chemical energy).
Thus, an increase in temperature favours formation of PCl₅ while a decrease in temperature favours decomposition of PCl₅.

2. Change in concentration:

Consider reversible reaction representing production of ammonia (NH3).
N_2(g) + 3H_2(g) ⇌ 2NH_3(g) + Heat
According to Le Chatelier’s principle, when H₂ or N₂ is added to equilibrium, the effect of addition of H₂ or N₂ or is reduced by shifting the equilibrium from left to right so that the added N₂ or H₂ is consumed.
The forward reaction occurs to a large extent than the reverse reaction until the new equilibrium is established. As a result, the yield of NH₃ is increases.
In general, if the concentration of one of the species in equilibrium mixture is increased, the position of equilibrium shifts in the opposite so as to reduce the concentration of this species. However, the equilibrium constant remains unchanged.

Question D.
a. Reversible reaction
b. Rate of reaction
Answer:
a. Reversible reaction:
i. Reactions which do not go to completion and occur in both the directions simultaneously are called reversible reactions.
ii. Reversible reactions proceed in both directions. The direction from reactants to products is the forward reaction, whereas the opposite reaction from products to reactants is called the reverse or backward reaction.
iii. A reversible reaction is denoted by drawing in between the reactants and product a double arrow, one pointing in the forward direction and other in the reverse direction (⇌ or ⇄).
ii. At high temperature in an open container, the CO₂ gas formed will escape away. Therefore, it is not possible to obtain back
e.g. a. H_2(g) + I_2(g) ⇌ 2HI_(g)
b. CH₃COOH_(aq) + H₂O_(l) ⇌ CH₃COO^–_(aq) + H₃O⁺_(aq)

b. Rate of reaction:
Rate of a chemical reaction:
i. The rate of a chemical reaction can be determined by measuring the extent to which the concentration of a reactant decreases in the given time interval, or extent to which the concentration of a product increases in the given time interval.
ii. Mathematically, the rate of reaction is expressed as:
Rate = \(-\frac{\mathrm{d}[\text { Reactant }]}{\mathrm{dT}}=\frac{\mathrm{d}[\text { Product }]}{\mathrm{dT}}\)
where, d[reactant] and d[product] are the small decrease or increase in concentration during the small time interval dT.

Question E.
What is the effect of adding chloride on the position of the equilibrium ?
AgCl_(s) ⇌ Ag⁺_(aq) + Cl^–_(aq)
Answer:
Addition of Cl ion will favour the reverse reaction, (that is, equilibrium shift from right to left) This increases the amount of AgCl.

11th Chemistry Digest Chapter 12 Chemical Equilibrium Intext Questions and Answers

Can you recall? (Textbook Page No. 174)

Question 1.
What are the types of the following changes?
Natural waterfall, spreading of smoke from burning incense stick, diffusion of fragrance of flowers.
Answer: Natural waterfall, spreading of smoke from burning incense stick and diffusion of fragrance of flowers are irreversible physical changes.

Try this. (Textbook Page No. 174)

Question 1.
Dissolve 4 g cobalt chloride in 40 mL water. It forms a reddish pink solution. Add 60 mL concentrated HCl to this. It will turn blue. Take 5 mL of this solution in a test tube and place it in a beaker containing ice water mixture. The colour of solution will become pink. Place the same test tube in a beaker containing water at 90 °C. The colour of the solution turns blue.
Answer:
Inference: The colour change of the solution from pink to blue is caused by the chemical reaction. On changing the temperature, the direction of the reaction reverses. This indicates that the chemical reaction is reversible. This activity is an example of a reversible chemical reaction.
The reaction can be written as:

Maharashtra Board Class 11 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 12 Chemical Equilibrium 3

Can you tell? (Textbook Page No. 174)

Question 1.
What does violet colour of the solution in the activity mentioned in Q.2 indicate?
Answer:
In the reaction, the reactant \(\mathrm{Co}\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)_{6}^{2+}\) is pink in colour and the product \(\mathrm{CoCl}_{4}^{2-}\) is blue in colour. When the solution contains both the reactant and product, the resulting solution will appear violet. This indicates that the reaction has attained equilibrium (that is, the reaction proceeds in both the direction with equal rates and is a reversible reaction).

(Textbook Page No. 174)

Question 1.
Calcium earbonate when heated strongly, decomposes to form calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
i. If this reaction is carried out in a closed container, what will we observe?
ii. Consider this reaction occurring in an open system or container, what will happen? Can we obtain back calcium carbonate?
Answer:
At high temperature in a closed container, we will find that after certain time, some calcium carbonate is present. If we continue the experiment over a longer period of time at the same temperature, the concentrations of calcium carbonate, calcium oxide and carbon dioxide remain unchanged. The reaction thus appears to have stopped and the system has attained the equilibrium. Actually, the reaction does not stop but proceeds in both the directions with equal rates. In other words, calcium carbonate decomposes to give calcium oxide and carbon dioxide at a particular rate. Exactly at the same rate the calcium oxide and carbon dioxide recombine and form calcium carbonate. Thus, in closed container, reversible reaction occurs.

ii. At high temperature in an open container, the CO₂ gas formed will escape away. Therefore, it is not possible to obtain back calcium carbonate. Thus, in an open container, irreversible reaction occurs.
\(\mathrm{CaCO}_{3(\mathrm{~s})} \stackrel{\text { Heat }}{\longrightarrow} \mathrm{CaO}_{(\mathrm{s})}+\mathrm{CO}_{2(\mathrm{~g})}\)

Internet my friend (Textbook Page No. 175)

Question 1.
i. Equilibrium existing in the formation of oxyhaemoglobin in human body
ii. Refrigeration system in equilibrium
Answer:
i. Equilibrium existing in the formation of oxyhaemoglobin in human body:
Oxygen is transported in the body with the assistance of red blood cells. The red blood cells contain a pigment called haemoglobin. Each haemoglobin molecule binds four oxygen molecules to form oxyhaemoglobin. Thus, the oxygen molecules are carried to individual cells in the body tissue where they are released.

The binding of oxygen to haemoglobin is a reversible reaction.
Hb + 4O₂ ⇌ Hb.4O₂
When the oxygen concentration is high (in the lungs), haemoglobin and oxygen combine to form oxyhaemoglobin and the reaction achieves equilibrium. But, when the oxygen concentration is low (in the body tissue), the reverse reaction occurs, that is, oxyhaemoglobin dissociates to haemoglobin and oxygen.
Thus, an equilibrium exists in the formation of oxyhaemoglobin in the human body.

ii. Refrigeration system in equilibrium:
a. Refrigeration system works on the principle of thermal equilibrium i.e., when a cold body comes in contact with a hot body then the heat flows from hot body to cold body until both the bodies attain the same temperature.
b. In the same way, a liquid (called as refrigerant) passes through the various compartments in the refrigerator and eventually lowers the temperature inside the refrigerator. This cycle is briefly described below:
Refrigerant flows through the compressor, which raises the pressure of the refrigerant. Next, the refrigerant flows through the condenser, where it condenses from vapor form to liquid form, giving off heat in the process. The heat given off is what j makes the condenser “hot to the touch.” After the condenser, the refrigerant goes through the expansion valve, where it experiences a pressure drop. Finally, the refrigerant goes to the evaporator. The refrigerant draws heat from the evaporator which causes the refrigerant to vaporize. The evaporator draws heat from the region that is to be cooled. The vaporized refrigerant goes back to the compressor to restart the cycle. In each of the heat transfer process, equilibrium is achieved (that is, heat given off is equivalent to the cooling achieved.)
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 12 Chemical Equilibrium 5

[Note: Students are expected to collect additional information about equilibrium existing in the formation of oxyhaemoglobin in human body’ and ‘refrigeration system in equilibrium on their own.]

Try this. (Textbook Page No. 176)

Question 1.
i. Place some iodine crystals in a closed vessel. Observe the change in colour intensity in it.
ii. What do you see in the flask after some time?
Answer:
i. The vessel gets slowly filled up with violet coloured vapour of iodine. After a certain time, the intensity of violet colour becomes stable.
ii. After sometime, both solid iodine and iodine vapour are present in the closed vessel. Iodine crystals will be seen deposited near the mouth of the flask and violet coloured vapour will be filled in the entire flask. It means solid iodine sublimes to give iodine vapour and the iodine vapour condenses to form solid iodine. The stable intensity of the colour indicates a state of equilibrium between solid and vapour iodine.

Maharashtra Board Class 11 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 12 Chemical Equilibrium 7

Try this. (Textbook Page No. 176)

Question 1.
i. Dissolve a given amount of sugar in minimum amount of water at room temperature.
ii. Increase the temperature and dissolve more amount of sugar in the same amount of water to make a thick sugar syrup solution.
iii. Cool the syrup to the room temperature.
Answer:
Observation: Sugar crystals separate out.
Inference: The sugar syrup solution prepared is a saturated solution. Therefore, additional amount of sugar cannot be dissolved in it at room temperature.
In a saturated solution, there exists dynamic equilibrium between the solute molecules in the solid state and in dissolved state.
Sugar_(aq) ⇌ Sugar_(s)
The rate of dissolution of sugar = The rate of crystallization of sugar.
However, when it is heated, additional amount of sugar can be dissolved in it. But when such a thick sugar syrup is cooled again to room temperature, sugar crystals separate out.

Do you know? (Textbook Page No. 177)

Question 1.
What is a saturated solution?
Answer:
A saturated solution is the solution when additional solute cannot be dissolved in it at the given temperature. The concentration of solute in a saturated solution depends on temperature.

Observe and discuss. (Textbook Page No. 177)

Question 1.
Colourless N₂O₄ taken in a closed flask is converted to NO₂ (a reddish brown gas).
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 12 Chemical Equilibrium 8
Answer:
Observation: Initially, the colourless gas (N₂O₄) turns to reddish brown (NO₂) gas. After sometime, the colour becomes lighter indicating the formation of N₂O₄ from NO₂.
Inference: This indicates that the reaction is reversible. In such reaction, the reactants combine to form the products and the products combine to give the reactants. As soon as the forward reaction produces any NO₂, the reverse reaction begins and NO₂, starts combining back to N₂O₄. At equilibrium, the concentrations of N₂O₄ and NO₂remain unchanged and do not vary with time, because the rate of formation of NO₂ is equal to the rate of formation of N₂O₄.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 12 Chemical Equilibrium 9

[Note: For any reversible reaction in a closed system whenever the opposing reactions (forward and reaction) are occurring at different rates, the forward reaction will gradually become slower and the reverse reaction will become faster. Finally, the rates become equal and equilibrium is established.]

Discuss (Textbook Page No. 177)

i. Consider the following dissociation reaction:
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 12 Chemical Equilibrium 10
The reaction is carried out in a closed vessel starting with hydrogen iodide.
ii. Now, let us start with hydrogen and iodine vapour in a closed container at a certain temperature.
H_2(g) + I_2(g) ⇌ 2HI_(g)
Answer:
i. Starting with hydrogen iodide:
Observations:
a. At first, there is an increase in the intensity of violet colour.
b. After certain time, the increase in the intensity of violet colour stops.
c. When contents in a closed vessel are analyzed at this stage, it is observed that reaction mixture contains the hydrogen iodide, hydrogen and iodine with their concentrations being constant over time.
Inference:
The rate of decomposition of HI becomes equal to the rate of combination of H₂ and I₂. At equilibrium, no net change is observed and both reactions continue to occur at equal rates.
Thus, the reaction represents chemical equilibrium.

ii. Starting with hydrogen and iodine:
Observations:
a. At first, there is a decrease in the intensity of violet colour.
b. After certain time, the decrease in the intensity of violet colour stops.
c. When contents in a closed vessel are analyzed at this stage, it is observed that reaction mixture contains hydrogen, iodine and hydrogen iodide with their concentrations being constant over time.
Inference:
The rate of combination of H₂ and I₂ becomes equal to the rate of decomposition of HI. The reaction attains chemical equilibrium.

Can you recall? (Textbook Page No. 180)

Question 1.
Write ideal gas equation with significance of each term involved in it.
Answer:
Ideal gas equation is PV = nRT.
where, P = Pressure of the gas
V = Volume of the gas
n = Number of moles of the gas
R = universal gas constant
T = Absolute temperature of the gas

Just think. (Textbook page no. 181)

Question 1.
Two processes, which are taking place in opposite directions are in equilibrium. How to write equilibrium constant expersions for heterogeneous equilibrium?
Answer:
Equilibrium in a system having more than one phase is called heterogeneous equilibrium.
If ethanol is placed in a conical flask, liquid-vapour equilibrium is established.
C₂H₅OH_(l) ⇌ C₂H₅OH_(g)
For a given temperature,
K_c = \(\frac{\left[\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{OH}_{(g)}\right]}{\left[\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{OH}_{(l)}\right]}\)
But [C₂H₅OH_(l)] = 1
∴ K_c = [C₂H₅OH_(g)]
Thus, at any given temperature, density is constant irrespective of the amount of liquid, and the term in the denominator is also constant.
ii. similarly, consider I_2(g) ⇌ I_2(g)
K_c = [I₂(g)]
iii. Thus, the expression for equilibrium constant does not contain the concentration of pure solids and pure liquids. That is because for any pure liquid and solid, the concentration is simply its density and this will not change no matter how much solid or liquid is used. Hence, the expression for heterogeneous equilibrium only uses the concentration of gases and dissolved substances (aq.). Solids are pure substances with unchanging concentrations and thus equilibria including solids are simplified.

Can you tell? (Textbook Page No. 183)

Question 1.
Comment on the extent to which the forward reaction will proceed, from the magnitude of the equilibrium constant for the following reactions:
i. H_2(g) + I_2(g) ⇌ 2HI_(g), K_c = 20 at 550 K
ii. H_2(g) + Cl_2(g) ⇌ 2HCl_(g), K_c = 1018 at 550 K
Answer:
i. For the reaction, K_c = 20 at 550 K
If the value of K_c is the range of 10^-3 to 10³, the forward and reverse proceed to equal extents.
Hence, the given reaction will form appreciable concentrations of both reactants and the product at equilibrium.

ii. For the reaction, K_c = 10¹⁸ at 550 K
If the value of K_c >>> 10³, forward reaction is favoured.
Hence, the given reaction will proceed in the forward direction and will nearly go to completion.

Use your brain power (Textbook Page No. 183)

Question 1.
The value of Kc for the dissociation reaction:
H_2(g) ⇌ 2H_(g) is 1.2 × 10^-42 at 500 K.
Does the equilibrium mixture contain mainly hydrogen molecules or hydrogen atoms?
Answer:
When the value of K_c is very low (that is, K_c < 10^-3), then at equilibrium, only a small fraction of the reactants is converted into products.
For the given reaction, K_c <<< 10³ at 500 K.
Hence, the equilibrium mixture contains mainly hydrogen molecules.

Internet my friend (Textbook Page No. 183)

Question 1.
Collect information about chemical equilibrium.
Answer:
https://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/equilibria/introduction.html
[Note: Students can use the above link as reference and collect information about chemical equilibrium.]

Can you tell? (Textbook Page No. 188)

i. If NH₃ is added to the equilibrium system (Haber process), in which direction will the equilibrium shift to consume added NH₃ to reduce the effect of stress?
ii. In this process, out of the reactions (reverse and forward reaction), which reaction will occur to a greater extent?
iii. What will be the effect on yield of NH₃?
Answer:
i. If NH₃ is added to the equilibrium system, the equilibrium will shift from right to left to consume added NH₃ to reduce the effect of stress.
ii. If NH₃ is added to the equilibrium system, then reverse reaction will occur to greater extent.
iii. If NH₃ is added to the equilibrium system, the equilibrium will shift in reverse direction and the yield of NH₃ will decrease.

Internet my friend (Textbook Page No. 188)

i. Collect information about Haber process in chemical equilibrium.
ii. Youtube.Freescienceslessons: The Haber process
Answer:
i. https://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/equilibria/haber.html
[Note: Students can use the above link as reference and collect information about chemical equilibrium involved in Haber process.]
ii. Students are expected to refer ‘The Haber process ’ on YouTube channel ‘Freescienceslessons’

Maharashtra Board Class 11 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Redox Reactions

June 19, 2024

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board 11th Chemistry Textbook Solutions Chapter 6 Redox Reactions Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Redox Reactions

1. Choose the most correct option

Question A.
Oxidation numbers of Cl atoms marked as Cl^a and Cl^b in CaOCl₂ (bleaching powder) are
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Redox Reactions 1
a. zero in each
b. -1 in Cl^a and +1 in Cl^b
c. +1 in Cl^a and -1 in Cl^b
d. 1 in each
Answer:
b. -1 in Cl^a and +1 in Cl^b

Question B.
Which of the following is not an example of redox reacton ?
a. CuO + H₂ → Cu + H₂O
b. Fe₂O₃ + 3CO₂ → 2Fe + 3CO₂
c. 2K + F₂ → 2KF
d. BaCl₂ + H₂SO₄ → BaSO₄ + 2HCl
Answer:
d. BaCl₂ + H₂SO₄ → BaSO₄ + 2HCl

Question C.
A compound contains atoms of three elements A, B and C. If the oxidation state of A is +2, B is +5 and that of C is -2, the compound is possibly represented by
a. A₂(BC₃)₂
b. A₃(BC₄)₂
c. A₃(B₄C)₂
d. ABC₂
Answer:
b. A₃(BC₄)₂

Question D.
The coefficients p, q, r, s in the reaction
\(\mathrm{pCr}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7}^{2-}\) + q Fe^2⊕ → r Cr^3⊕ + s Fe^3⊕ + H₂O respectively are :
a. 1, 2, 6, 6
b. 6, 1, 2, 4
c. 1, 6, 2, 6
d. 1, 2, 4, 6
Answer:
c. 1, 6, 2, 6

Question E.
For the following redox reactions, find the correct statement.
Sn^2⊕ + 2Fe^3⊕ → Sn^4⊕ + 2Fe^2⊕
a. Sn^2⊕ is undergoing oxidation
b. Fe^3⊕ is undergoing oxidation
c. It is not a redox reaction
d. Both Sn^2⊕ and Fe^3⊕ are oxidised
Answer:
a. Sn^2⊕ is undergoing oxidation

Question F.
Oxidation number of carbon in H₂CO₃ is
a. +1
b. +2
c. +3
d. +4
Answer:
d. +4

Question G.
Which is the correct stock notation for magenese dioxide ?
a. Mn(I)O₂
b. Mn(II)O₂
c. Mn(III)O₂
d. Mn(IV)O₂
Answer:
d. Mn(IV)O₂

Question I.
Oxidation number of oxygen in superoxide is
a. -2
b. -1
c. –\(\frac {1}{2}\)
d. 0
Answer:
c. –\(\frac {1}{2}\)

Question J.
Which of the following halogens does always show oxidation state -1 ?
a. F
b. Cl
c. Br
d. I
Answer:
a. F

Question K.
The process SO₂ → S₂Cl₂ is
a. Reduction
b. Oxidation
c. Neither oxidation nor reduction
d. Oxidation and reduction.
Answer:
a. Reduction

2. Write the formula for the following compounds :
A. Mercury(II) chloride
B. Thallium(I) sulphate
C. Tin(IV) oxide
D. Chromium(III) oxide
Answer:
i. HgCl₂
ii. Tl₂SO₄
iii. SnO₂
iv. Cr₂O₃

3. Answer the following questions

Question A.
In which chemical reaction does carbon exibit variation of oxidation state from -4 to +4 ? Write balanced chemical reaction.
Answer:
In combustion of methane, carbon exhibits variation from -4 to +4. The reaction is as follows:
CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O
In CH₄, the oxidation state of carbon is -4 while in CO₂, the oxidation state of carbon is +4.

Question B.
In which reaction does nitrogen exhibit variation of oxidation state from -3 to +5 ?
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Redox Reactions 2

C. Calculate the oxidation number of underlined atoms.
a. H₂SO₄
b. HNO₃
c. H₃PO₃
d. K₂C₂O₄
e. H₂S₄O₆
f. Cr₂O₇^2-
g. NaH₂PO₄
Answer:
i. H₂SO₄
Oxidation number of H = +1
Oxidation number of O = -2
H₂SO₄ is a neutral molecule.
∴ Sum of the oxidation numbers of all atoms of H₂SO₄ = 0
∴ 2 × (Oxidation number of H) + (Oxidation number of S) + 4 × (Oxidation number of O) = 0
∴ 2 × (+1) + (Oxidation number of S) + 4 × (-2) = 0
∴ Oxidation number of S + 2 – 8 = 0
∴ Oxidation number of S in H₂SO₄ = +6

ii. HNO₃
Oxidation number of H = +1
Oxidation number of O = -2
HNO₃ is a neutral molecule.
∴ Sum of the oxidation numbers of all atoms of HNO₃ = 0
∴ (Oxidation number of H) + (Oxidation number of N) + 3 × (Oxidation number of O) = 0
∴ (+1) + (Oxidation number of N) + 3 × (-2) = 0
∴ Oxidation number of N + 1 – 6 = 0
∴ Oxidation number of N in HNO₃ = +5

iii. H₃PO₃
Oxidation number of O = -2
Oxidation number of H = +1
H₃PO₃ is a neutral molecule.
∴ Sum of the oxidation numbers of all atoms = 0
∴ 3 × (Oxidation number of H) + (Oxidation number of P) + 3 × (Oxidation number of O) = 0
∴ 3 × (+1) + (Oxidation number of P) + 3 × (-2) = 0
∴ Oxidation number of P + 3 – 6 = 0
Oxidation number of P is H₃PO₃ = +3

iv. K₂C₂O₄
Oxidation number of K = +1
Oxidation number of O = -2
K₂C₂O₄ is a neutral molecule.
∴ Sum of the oxidation number of all atoms = 0
∴ 2 × (Oxidation number of K) + 2 × (Oxidation number of C) + 4 × (Oxidation number of O) = 0
∴ 2 × (+1) + 2 × (Oxidation number of C) + 4 × (-2) = 0
∴ 2 × (Oxidation number of C) + 2 – 8 = 0
∴ 2 × (Oxidation number of C) = + 6
∴ Oxidation number of C = +\(\frac {6}{2}\)
∴ Oxidation number of C in K₂C₂O₄ = +3

v. H₂S₄O₆
Oxidation number of H = +1
Oxidation number of O = -2
H₂S₄O₆ is a neutral molecule.
∴ Sum of the oxidation numbers of all atoms = 0
∴ 2 × (Oxidation number of H) + 4 × (Oxidation number of S) + 6 × (Oxidation number of O) = 0
∴ 2 × (+1) + 4 × (Oxidation number of S) + 6 × (-2) = 0
∴ 4 × (Oxidation number of S) + 2 – 12 = 0
∴ 4 × (Oxidation number of S) = + 10
∴ Oxidation number of S = +\(\frac {10}{4}\)
∴ Oxidation number of S in H₂S₄O₆ = +2.5

vi. Cr₂O₇^2-
Oxidation of O = -2
Cr₂O₇^2- is an ionic species.
∴ Sum of the oxidation numbers of all atoms = – 2
∴ 2 × (Oxidation number of Cr) + 7 × (Oxidation number of O) = -2
∴ 2 × (Oxidation number of Cr) + 7 × (-2) = – 2
∴ 2 × (Oxidation number of Cr) – 14 = – 2
∴ 2 × (Oxidation number of Cr) = – 2 + 14
∴ Oxidation number of Cr = +\(\frac {12}{2}\)
∴ Oxidation number of Cr in Cr₂O₇^2- = +6

vii. NaH₂PO₄
Oxidation number of Na = +1
Oxidation number of H = +1
Oxidation number of O = -2
NaH₂PO₄ is a neutral molecule
Sum of the oxidation numbers of all atoms = 0
(Oxidation number of Na) + 2 × (Oxidation number of H) + (Oxidation number of P) + 4 × (Oxidation number of O) = 0
(+1) + 2 × (+1) + (Oxidation number of P) + 4 × (-2) = 0
(Oxidation number of P) + 3 – 8 = 0
Oxidation number of P in NaH₂PO₄ = +5

Question D.
Justify that the following reactions are redox reaction; identify the species oxidized/reduced, which acts as an oxidant and which act as a reductant.
a. 2Cu₂O_(s) + Cu₂S_(s) → 6Cu_(s) + SO_2(g)
b. HF_(aq) + OH^–_(aq) → H₂O_(l) + F^–_(aq)
c. I_2(aq) + 2 S₂O₃^2-_(aq) → S₄O₆^2-_(aq) + 2I^–_(aq)
Answer:
i. 2Cu₂O_(s) + Cu₂S_(s) → 6Cu_(s) + SO_2(g)
a. Write oxidation number of all the atoms of reactants and products.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Redox Reactions 3
b. Identify the species that undergoes change in oxidation number.

c. The oxidation number of S increases from -2 to +4 and that of Cu decreases from +1 to 0. Because oxidation number of one species increases and that of the other decreases, the reaction is a redox reaction.
d. The oxidation number of S increases by loss of electrons and therefore, S is a reducing agent and it itself is oxidised. On the other hand, the oxidation number of Cu decreases by gain of electrons and therefore, Cu is an oxidising agent and itself is reduced.

Result:

The given reaction is a redox reaction.
Oxidant/oxidising agents (Reduced species): Cu₂O/ Cu₂S
Reductant/reducing agent (Oxidised species): Cu₂S

[Note: Cu in both Cu₂O and Cu₂S undergoes reduction. Hence, both Cu₂O and Cu₂S can be termed as oxidising agents in the given reaction.]

ii. HF_(aq) + OH^–_(aq) → H₂O_(l) + F^–_(aq)
a. Write oxidation number of all the atoms of reactants and products.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Redox Reactions 5
b. Since, the oxidation numbers of all the species remain same, this is NOT a redox reaction. Result:
The given reaction is NOT a redox reaction.

iii. I_2(aq) + 2 S₂O₃^2-_(aq) → S₄O₆^2-_(aq) + 2I^–_(aq)
a. Write oxidation number of all the atoms of reactants and products.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Redox Reactions 6
b. Identify the species that undergoes change in oxidation number.

c. The oxidation number of S increases from +2 to +2.5 and that of I decreases from 0 to -1. Because oxidation number of one species increases and that of the other decreases, the reaction is a redox reaction.
d. The oxidation number of S increases by loss of electrons and therefore, S is a reducing agent and itself is oxidised. On the other hand, the oxidation number of I decreases by gain of electrons and therefore, I is an oxidising agent and itself is reduced.

Result:

The given reaction is a redox reaction.
Oxidant/oxidising agent (Reduced species): I₂
Reductant/reducing agent (Oxidised species): S₂O₃^2-

Question E.
What is oxidation? Which one of the following pairs of species is in its oxidized state ?
a. Mg / Mg²⁺
b. Cu / Cu²⁺
c. O₂ / O^2-
d. Cl₂ / Cl^–
Answer:
a. Mg / Mg²⁺
Here, Mg loses two electrons to form Mg²⁺ ion.
\(\mathrm{Mg}_{(\mathrm{s})} \longrightarrow \mathrm{Mg}_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{2+}+2 \mathrm{e}^{-}\)
Hence, Mg / Mg²⁺ is an oxidized state.

b. Cu/Cu²⁺
Here, Cu loses two electrons to form Cu²⁺ ion.
\(\mathrm{Cu}_{(\mathrm{s})} \longrightarrow \mathrm{Cu}_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{2+}+2 \mathrm{e}^{-}\)
Hence, Cu/Cu²⁺ is in an oxidized state.

c. O₂ / O^2-
Here, each O gains two electrons to form O^2- ion.
\(\mathrm{O}_{2(\mathrm{~g})}+4 \mathrm{e}^{-} \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{O}_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{2-}\)
Hence, O₂ / O^2- is in a reduced state.

d. Cl₂ / Cl^–
Here, each Cl gains one electron to form Cl^– ion.
\(\mathrm{Cl}_{2(\mathrm{~g})}+2 \mathrm{e}^{-} \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{Cl}_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{-}\)
Hence, Cl₂ / Cl^– is in a reduced state.

Question F.
Justify the following reaction as redox reaction.
2 Na_2(s) + S_(s) → Na₂S_(s)
Find out the oxidizing and reducing agents.
Answer:
i. Redox reaction can be described as electron transfer as shown below:
2Na_(s) + S_(s) → 2Na⁺ + S^2-
ii. Charge development suggests that each sodium atom loses one electron to form Na⁺ and sulphur atom gains two electrons to form S^2-. This can be represented as follows:
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Redox Reactions 8
iii. When Na is oxidised to Na₂S, the neutral Na atom loses electrons to form Na⁺ in Na₂S while the elemental sulphur gains electrons and forms S^2- in Na₂S.
iv. Each of the above steps represents a half reaction which involves electron transfer (loss or gain).
v. Sum of these two half reactions or the overall reaction is a redox reaction.
vi. Oxidising agent is an electron acceptor and hence, S is an oxidising agent. Reducing agent is an electron donor and hence, Na is a reducing agent.

Question G.
Provide the stock notation for the following compounds : HAuCl₄, Tl₂O, FeO, Fe₂O₃, MnO and CuO.
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Redox Reactions 9

Question H.
Assign oxidation number to each atom in the following species.
a. Cr(OH)₄^–
b. Na₂S₂O₃
c. H₃BO₃
Answer:
i. Cr(OH)₄^–
Oxidation number of O = -2
Oxidation number of H = +1
Cr(OH)₄^– is an ionic species.
∴ Sum of the oxidation numbers of all atoms = – 1
∴ Oxidation number of Cr + 4 × (Oxidation number of O) + 4 × (Oxidation number of H) = – 1
∴ Oxidation number of Cr + 4 × (-2) + 4 × (+1) = – 1
∴ Oxidation number of Cr – 8 + 4 = – 1
∴ Oxidation number of Cr – 4 = – 1 –
∴ Oxidation number of Cr = – 1 + 4
∴ Oxidation number of Cr in Cr(OH)₄^– = +3

ii. Na₂S₂O₃
Oxidation number of Na = +1
Oxidation number of O = -2
Na₂S₂O₃ is a neutral molecule.
∴ Sum of the oxidation numbers of all atoms = 0
∴ 2 × (Oxidation number of Na) + 2 × (Oxidation number of S) + 3 × (Oxidation number of O) = 0
∴ 2 × (+1) + 2 × (Oxidation number of S) + 3 × (-2) = 0
∴ 2 × (Oxidation number of S) + 2 – 6 = 0
∴ 2 × (Oxidation number of S) = + 4
∴ Oxidation number of S = +\(\frac {4}{2}\)
∴ Oxidation number of S in Na₂S₂O₃ = +2

iii. H₃BO₃
Oxidation number of H = +1
Oxidation number of O = -2
H₃BO₃ is a neutral molecule.
∴ Sum of the oxidation numbers of all atoms = 0
∴ 3 × (Oxidation number of H) + (Oxidation number of B) + 3 × (Oxidation number of O) = 0
∴ 3 × (+1) + (Oxidation number of B) + 3 × (-2) = 0
∴ Oxidation number of B + 3 – 6 = 0
∴ Oxidation number of B in H₃BO₃ = +3

Question I.
Which of the following redox couple is stronger oxidizing agent ?
a. Cl₂ (E⁰ = 1.36 V) and Br₂ (E⁰ = 1.09 V)
b. \(\mathrm{MnO}_{4}^{\Theta}\) (E0 = 1.51 V) and \(\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7}^{2 \Theta}\) (E⁰ = 1.33 V)
Answer:
a. Cl₂ has a larger positive value of E⁰ than Br₂. Thus, Cl₂ is a stronger oxidizing agent than Br₂.
b. \(\mathrm{MnO}_{4}^{\Theta}\) has larger positive value of E⁰ than \(\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7}^{2 \Theta}\). Thus, \(\mathrm{MnO}_{4}^{\Theta}\) is stronger oxidizing agent than \(\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7}^{2 \Theta}\)

Question J.
Which of the following redox couple is stronger reducing agent ?
a. Li (E⁰ = – 3.05 V) and Mg(E⁰ = – 2.36 V)
b. Zn(E⁰ = – 0.76 V) and Fe(E⁰ = – 0.44 V)
Answer:
a. Li has a larger negative value of E⁰ than Mg. Thus, Li is a stronger reducing agent than Mg.
b. Zn has a larger negative value of E⁰ than Fe. Thus, Zn is a stronger reducing agent than Fe.

4. Balance the reactions/equations :

Question A.
Balance the following reactions by oxidation number method
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Redox Reactions 10
Answer:
i. \(\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7(\mathrm{aq})}^{2-}+\mathrm{SO}_{3(\mathrm{aq})}^{2-} \longrightarrow \mathrm{Cr}_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{3+}+\mathrm{SO}_{4(\mathrm{aq})}^{2-} \quad(\text { acidic })\)
Step 1: Write skeletal equation and balance the elements other than O and H.
\(\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7(a q)}^{2-}+\mathrm{SO}_{3(a)}^{2-} \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{Cr}_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{3+}+\mathrm{SO}_{4(\mathrm{aq})}^{2-}\)
Step 2: Assign oxidation number to Cr and S. Calculate the increase and decrease in the oxidation number and make them equal.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Redox Reactions 11
To make the net increase and decrease equal, we must take 3 atoms of S and 2 atoms of Cr. (There are already 2 Cr atoms.)
Step 3: Balance ‘O’ atoms by adding 4H₂O to the right-hand side.
\(\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7(\mathrm{aq})}^{2-}+3 \mathrm{SO}_{3(\mathrm{aq})}^{2-} \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{Cr}_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{3+}+3 \mathrm{SO}_{4(\mathrm{aq})}^{2-}+4 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{(l)}\)
Step 4: The medium is acidic. To make the charges and hydrogen atoms on the two sides equal, add 8H on the left-hand side.
\(\mathrm{Cr}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7(\mathrm{aq})}^{2-}+3 \mathrm{SO}_{3(\mathrm{aq})}^{2-}+8 \mathrm{H}_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{+} \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{Cr}_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{3+}+3 \mathrm{SO}_{4(\mathrm{aq})}^{2-}+4 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{(l)}\)
Step 5: Check two sides for balance of atoms and charges.
Hence, balanced equation:

ii. \(\mathrm{MnO}_{4(\mathrm{aq})}^{-}+\mathrm{Br}_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{-} \longrightarrow \mathrm{MnO}_{2(\mathrm{~s})}+\mathrm{BrO}_{3}^{-}{(a q)} \quad \text { (basic) }\)
Step 1: Write skeletal equation and balance the elements other than O and H.
\(\mathrm{MnO}_{4(\mathrm{aq})}^{-}+\mathrm{Br}_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{-} \longrightarrow \mathrm{MnO}_{2(\mathrm{~s})}+\mathrm{BrO}_{3}^{-}{ }_{(\mathrm{aq})}\)
Step 2: Assign oxidation number to Mn and Br. Calculate the increase and decrease in the oxidation number and make them equal.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Redox Reactions 13
To make the net increase and decrease equal, we must take 2 atoms of Mn.
\(2 \mathrm{MnO}_{4(\mathrm{aq})}^{-}+\mathrm{Br}_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{-} \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{MnO}_{2(\mathrm{~s})}+\mathrm{BrO}_{3(\mathrm{aq})}^{-}\)
Step 3: Balance ‘O’ atoms by adding H₂O to the right-hand side.
\(2 \mathrm{MnO}_{4(a q)}^{-}+\mathrm{Br}_{(2 q)}^{-} \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{MnO}_{2(\mathrm{~s})}+\mathrm{BrO}_{3 \text { (aq) }}^{-}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{(l)}\)
Step 4: The medium is basic. To make the charges and hydrogen atoms on the two sides equal, add 2H⁺ on the left-hand side.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Redox Reactions 14

iii. H₂SO_4(aq) + C_(s) → CO_2(g) + SO_2(g) + H₂O_(l) (acidic)
Step 1: Write skeletal equation and balance the elements other than O and H.
H₂SO_4(aq) + C_(s) → CO_2(g) + SO_2(g) + H₂O_(l)
Step 2: Assign oxidation number to S and C. Calculate the increase and decrease in the oxidation number and make them equal.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Redox Reactions 15

To make the net increase and decrease equal, we must take 2 atoms of S.
2H₂SO_4(aq) + C_(s) → CO_2(g) + 2SO_2(g) + H₂O_(l)
Step 3: Balance ‘O’ atoms by adding H2O to the right-hand side.
2H₂SO_4(aq) + C_(s) → CO_2(g) + 2SO_2(g) + H₂O_(l) + H₂O_(l)
Step 4: The medium is acidic. There is no charge on either side. Hydrogen atoms are equal on both side.
2H₂SO_4(aq) + C_(s) → CO₂ + 2SO_2(g) + H₂O_(l)
Step 5: Check two sides for balance of atoms and charges.
Hence, balanced equation: 2H₂SO_4(aq) + C_(s) → CO_2(g) + 2SO_2(g) + H₂O_(l)

iv. \(\mathrm{Bi}(\mathrm{OH})_{3(\mathrm{~s})}+\mathrm{Sn}(\mathrm{OH})_{3(\mathrm{aq})}^{-} \longrightarrow \mathrm{Bi}_{(\mathrm{s})}+\mathrm{Sn}(\mathrm{OH})_{6(\mathrm{aq})}^{2-}\) (basic)
Step 1: Write skeletal equation and balance the elements other than O and H.
\(\mathrm{Bi}(\mathrm{OH})_{3(\mathrm{~s})}+\mathrm{Sn}(\mathrm{OH})_{3(\mathrm{aq})}^{-} \longrightarrow \mathrm{Bi}_{(\mathrm{s})}+\mathrm{Sn}(\mathrm{OH})_{6(\mathrm{aq})}^{2-}\)
Step 2: Assign oxidation numbers to Bi and Sn. Calculate the increase and decrease in the oxidation number and make them equal.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Redox Reactions 17
To make the net increase and decrease equal, we must take 3 atoms of Sn and 2 atoms of Bi.

Step 4: The medium is basic. To make hydrogen atoms on the two sides equal, add 3W on the right-hand side.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Redox Reactions 19

Question B.
Balance the following redox equation by half reaction method
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Redox Reactions 20
Answer:
i. H₂C₂O_4(aq) + \(\mathrm{MnO}_{4(a q)}^{-}\) → CO_2(g) + \(\mathrm{Mn}_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{2+}\)
Step 1: Write unbalanced equation for the redox reaction. Assign oxidation number to all the atoms in reactants and products. Divide the equation into two half equations.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Redox Reactions 21

Step 2: Balance the atoms except O and H in each half equation. Balance half equation for O atoms by adding 4H₂O to the right side of reduction half equation.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Redox Reactions 22

Step 3: Balance H atoms by adding H⁺ ions to the side with less H. Hence, add 2H⁺ ions to the right side of oxidation half equation and 8H⁺ ions to the left side of reduction half equation.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Redox Reactions 23

Step 4: Now add 2 electrons to the right side of oxidation half equation and 5 electrons to the left side of reduction half equation to balance the charges.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Redox Reactions 24

Step 5: Multiply oxidation half equation by 5 and reduction half equation by 2 to equalize number of electrons in two half equations. Then add two half equation.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Redox Reactions 25

ii. \(\mathrm{Bi}(\mathrm{OH})_{3(\mathrm{~s})}+\mathrm{SnO}_{2(\mathrm{aq})}^{2-} \longrightarrow \mathrm{SnO}_{3(\mathrm{aq})}^{2-}+\mathrm{Bi}_{(\mathrm{s})}\)
Step 1: Write unbalanced equation for the redox reaction. Assign oxidation number to all the atoms in reactants and products. Divide the equation into two half equations.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Redox Reactions 26
Step 2: Balance half equations for O atoms by adding H₂O to the side with less O atoms. Add 1H₂O to left side of oxidation half equation and 3H₂O to the right side of reduction half equation.

Step 3: Balance H atoms by adding H⁺ ions to the side with less H. Hence, add 2H⁺ ions to the right side of oxidation half equation and 3H⁺ ions to the left side of reduction half equation.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Redox Reactions 28
Step 4: Now add 2 electrons to the right side of oxidation half equation and 3 electrons to the left side of reduction half equation to balance the charges.

Step 5: Multiply oxidation half equation by 3 reduction half equation by 2 to equalize number of electrons in two half equations. Then add two half equation.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Redox Reactions 30
Reaction occurs in basic medium. However, H⁺ ions cancel out and the reaction is balanced. Hence, no need to add OH^– ions. The equation is balanced in terms of number of atoms and the charges.
Hence, balanced equation:

5. Complete the following table :

Assign oxidation number to the underlined species and write Stock notation of compound

Compound	Oxidation number	Stock notation
AuCl₃	……………..	……………..
SnCl₂	……………..	……………..
\(\underline{\mathrm{V}}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7}^{4-}\)	……………..	……………..
\(\underline{\mathrm{Pt}} \mathrm{Cl}_{6}^{2-}\)	……………..	……………..
H₃AsO₃	……………..	……………..

Answer:

Compound	Oxidation number	Stock notation
AuCl₃	+3	Au(III)Cl₃
SnCl₂	+2	Sn(II)Cl₂
\(\underline{\mathrm{V}}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7}^{4-}\)	+5	V₂(V)\(\mathrm{O}_{7}^{4-}\)
\(\underline{\mathrm{Pt}} \mathrm{Cl}_{6}^{2-}\)	+4	Pt(IV)\(\mathrm{Cl}_{6}^{2-}\)
H₃AsO₃	+3	H₃As(III)O₃

11th Chemistry Digest Chapter 6 Redox Reactions Intext Questions and Answers

Can you tell? (Textbook Page No. 81)

Question i.
Why does cut apple turn brown when exposed to air?
Answer:
Cut apple turns brown when exposed to air because polyphenols are released. These polyphenols undergo oxidation in the presence of air and impart brown colour.

Question ii.
Why does old car bumper change colour?
Answer:
Car bumper is made of iron which undergoes rusting over a period of time. Hence, old car bumper changes colour.

Question iii.
Why do new batteries become useless after some days?
Answer:
Batteries generate electricity by redox reactions. Once the chemicals taking part in redox reaction are used up, the battery cannot generate power. Hence, new batteries become useless after some days.

Can you recall? (Textbook Page No. 81)

Question i.
What is combustion reaction?
Answer:
Combustion is a process in which a substance combines with oxygen.

Question ii.
Write an equation for combustion of methane.
Answer:
Combustion of methane: CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O + Heat + Light

Question iii.
What is the driving force behind reactions of elements?
Answer:
The ability of element to combine with other element or the ability of element to replace other element in compound is the driving force behind the reactions. This may involve formation of precipitates, formation of water, release of gas, etc.

Try this. (Textbook Page No. 82)

Question 1.
Complete the following table of displacement reactions. Identify oxidising and reducing agents involved.

Reactants	Products
Zn_(s) + ————_(aq)	————-_(aq) + Cu_(s)
Cu_(s) + 2Ag⁺_(aq)	—————– + ————–
———– + ————-	\( \mathrm{Co}_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{2+}\) + Ni_(s)

Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Redox Reactions 32

Try this (Textbook Page No. 88)

Question 1.
Classify the following unbalanced half equations as oxidation and reduction.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Redox Reactions 33
Answer:

Maharashtra Board Class 11 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 4.2 The Rising of the Moon

June 19, 2024

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 4.2 The Rising of the Moon Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 4.2 The Rising of the Moon

11th English Digest Chapter 4.2 The Rising of the Moon Textbook Questions and Answers

(A1)

Question 1.
There are some dialogues which are short, but quite effective. They give us enjoyment and add beauty to the main story. Find some more from the text. (Answers are given directly in bold)
Maharashtra Board Class 11 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 4.2 The Rising of the Moon 1
Answer:

(A2)

Theme

Comment on the given statement after reading the given dialogue.

Question (a)
“And if we get him itself, nothing but abuse on our heads for it from the people, and may be from our own relations”.
Answer:
We don’t think of our society at large. If we catch the prisoner, Irish people will abuse us. They expect us to cooperate with the patriots as they are our own people. If we do not catch the escaped prisoner, the British Government will abuse us. In any case if we catch the prisoner or do not catch anyhow we are the one who are going to be abused.

Question (b)
“It’s a pity some honest man not to be better of that”.
Answer:
It was a good opportunity for the sergeant to show his honesty to the Britishers. He wanted to catch the escaped prisoner and also to get the reward.

Question (c)
“I wouldn’t be in your shoes if he reward me ten times as much. People generally fall victim to incentives. Some people stick to values”.
Answer:
Those who stick to values and are not templed at all, are the people of principles. Such people don’t betray anyone. They are very brave and loyal.

Question (d)
“But when I saw a man in trouble, I could never help trying to set him out of it. It’s human to help others”.
Answer:
The sergeant was alone in the dangerous dark night. The man wanted to help the sergeant to keep a watch. He told the sergeant that he would help him in his task and would not demand any share in the reward that the sergeant gets for catching the escaped prisoner.

Question (ii)
The priorities of the sergeant are shifted. Complete the given table by using the given clues.
Answer:

Priorities of the Sergeant in the beginning	Priorities at the end of the play
Law and duty	patriotism
To Catch the escaped prisoner	Sympathised the prisoner

Question (iii)
Find the sentence from the play selected to the given points.
Answer:
a. Loyalty in Irish nationalism.

(a) “May be Sergeant, you’ll be on the side of the country yet”.
(b) “I have my duties and I know them”.
(c) “I am in the force”.
(d) “We have to do our duty in the force”.

b. Tension between different loyalties.

(a) “It’s little we get but abuse from the people, and no choice but to obey our orders”.
(b) ‘You won’t betray me… the friend of Granuaile”.
(c) “May be Sergeant, it comes into your head sometimes, in spite of your belt and your tunic, that it might have been as well for you to have followed Granuaile”.
(d) “Stop that that’s no song to be singing in these times”.

(A5)

The description of the character is given below. Identify the character from the play. Find some sentences which support your choice.

Question (a)
He is a brave but irresponsible person.
Answer:
The character is sergeant.
(Brave) (a) “I don’t want it. Bring it with you, He is irresponsible”.
(b) Sergeant (after a pause) – no one.

Question (b)
He is a major character. He dominates the story.
Answer:
The character is the man. ,
(Major) (a) “I know well the man you are waiting for”.
(Dominate) (b) “Will you let me pass or must I make you let me?”

Question (c)
He is smart as well as brave.
Answer:
The character is the man.
(Smart) (a) “Back to the town isn’t it?”
(Brave) (b) “You need’nt ask me who I am, that placard will tell you”.

Question (d)
He is the centre of the play.
Answer:
The character is sergeant.
(a) “Am I as great a fool as I think I am?”
(b) “Indeed it’s a hard thing to be in the force, out at night and no thanks for it, for all the danger we’re in. And it’s little we get but abuse from the people, and no choice but to obey our orders, and never asked when a man is sent into danger”.

Question (e)
He is obedient and simple.
Answer:
The answer is the policeman B.
(Obedient) (a) “You bade us to come back here and keep watch with you”.
(Simple) (b) ‘You might want it. There are clouds coming up and you have the darkness of the night before you.”

Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 4.2 The Rising of the Moon Additional Important Questions and Answers

Character Analysis:

Question 1.
Write your opinion about the man and the sergeant.
Answer:
The sergeant plays an important character and grips the audience’s attention. He is basicallyan Irish man, however, his duty requires him to serve the British and go against his own country. In the beginning of the play, he is in need of money. He is eager to arrest the prisoner who has escaped the gaol and get the reward of hundred pounds. He is seen as a loyal police officer under the British Government. His words, “The whole country depends on us to keep law and order”, is inspiring. However, his character undergoes a change as the play proceeds.

He develops arrogance and begins to argue with the ragged man. When the ragged man begins to sing patriotic ballads, the sergeant’s behaviour suddenly turns patriotic and reminds him of the days when he used to indulge in freeing Ireland from the chains of the Britishers. Towards the end of the play we see the sacrificing behaviour of the sergeant as he sacrifices his reward and promotion by not arresting the prisoner. He is shown to be less intelligent than the ragged man but soft-hearted. However, he then asks himself, “I wonder, now, am I as great a fool as I think I am?” As audience, we can term him foolish but also call him a great patriot.

On the other hand, the ragged man in the play is having heroic qualities as he is smart and a passionate lover of his country. He introduces himself as a ballad singer and also touches the heart of the police officer by singing love and patriotic ballads. He is so perfect in making-up his identity that the policeman (sergeant) cannot suspect him until he reveals his identity. He intelligently brings out stories from the sergeant which proves his wittiness.

He succeeds in bringing out the feelings of patriotism from the sergeant, turns himself into a friend of the sergeant and escapes safely from being imprisoned again. But before escaping, he expresses gratitude to the sergeant with a note of optimism. He promises him to pay back his good turn. He is optimistic and tells that a day will surely come that Ireland will be free from the British rules.

Reference To Context:

Comment on the given statement after reading the given dialogue.

Question 1.
The man tries to enforce the sergeant in favour of the criminal.
Answer:
The man tries to enforce the sergeant in favour of the criminal by repetedly saying, “Never mind. I’m going. I wouldn’t be in your shoes if the reward was ten times as much”.

Thought-Provoking Questions:

Question 1.
The man and the sergeant need each other’s support. Find such examples.
Answer:
On that dark night, while keeping a watch, the man and the sergeant needed each other’s support. The man told the sergeant that he had seen the escaped criminal at his own place. Describing the criminal the man told that there wasn’t any weapon he didn’t know the use of. He also told that the escaped criminal was a strong and muscular man.

This description created fear in the mind of the sergeant and he actually needed the support of the man. The man also needed the sergeant’s support. He had planned to escape from the place which was not possible without the help of the sergeant. Thus the man and the sergeant both needed each other’s support.

Question 2.
Find out the reason of the man for staying at the place.
Answer:
The ballad singer, as the ragged man introduces himself in the play, is actually the escaped prisoner. Using his intelligence he however tries to stay with the sergeant because he knows that the police are in search of him to put him back into custody. The hour is not safe for him to move and therefore he engages himself with the sergeant so that the other policemen do not doubt him and he can make a move when the time is safe.

Question 3.
Write about the persuasive approach of the man.
Answer:
The man (the escaped prisoner) introduced himself as a ballad singer. He started singing ballads to persuade the sergeant in believing his identity. He also told the sergeant that he was so poor that he would earn money by singing ballads and would arrange for his supper. The man was dominating enough as he stuck to the place in spite of repeated warnings of the sergeant to go away from the place.

Question 4.
Find the life of a singer that is mentioned in the play.
Answer:
The man introduces himself as a poor ballad singer who sings patriotic ballads for the sailors to earn himself a living.

Question 5.
The wavelength of the man and the sergeant goes together. Find the evidences from the text.
Answer:
The wavelength of the man and sergeant goes together, this can be proved when the sergeant is eager find the escaped prisoner for a hundred pounds and a promotion on the basis of which he can support his family in a better way. On the other hand, the man introduces himself as a ballad singer who sings patriotic ballads to the sailors to earh living. In the other part of the act, the ragged man proves his patriotism by hiding his identity of prisoner belonging to Ireland. As the play comes to an end, the sergeant allows the man to escape in spite of knowing that he is the prisoner they were in search of. This is because the ragged man belongs to Ireland, the nation the sergeant used to belong, in his youth.

Question 6.
Discussion about patriotic songs goes on. Find the points from the text.
Answer:
On the dark night while keeping a watch,the man sings patriotic songs to which the sergeant says, “Stop that that’s no song to be singing in these times”. The man then explains to the sergeant that he was only singing to keep his heart up. The sergeant sympathetically says, “Well, you can sing if it gives you more courage”.However, when the man continues to sing the sergeant corrects the lyrics. They also further discuss about ‘Granuaile’.

Question 7.
The sergeant’s reaction surprises the audience. Write your opinion. .
Answer:
In the begining of the play, the sergeant was loyal to the British Government. As the play unfolds we find that the man has successfully brought about a change in the mind of the sergeant. He has aroused patriotism in the sergeant. The sergeant now lets go the prisoner easily. This surprises the audience. The change from the loyal British sergeant into the man with patriotism in the mind is drastic and surprising for the readers.

Question 8.
The sergeant supports the man by misguiding his comrades. Write your views.
Answer:
The sergeant was the loyal British servant. He wanted to catch the escaped prisoner for a reward. As the play unfolded the man who introduced himself as a ballad singer brought about changes in the mind of the sergeant. During their discussion the man arouse patriotism in his mind and reminded him of his youth when he had joined a group of patriots. The sergeant was torn between his duty and his nation. But finally patriotism won and the sergeant helped the man to escape. He misguided his assistants in order to let the prisoner escape easily.

Glossary:

lonesome – lonely, without any company
quay – wooden or metal platform projecting into the water for loading and unloading of ships
sergeant – a police officer ranking below an inspector
placard – a sign for public display, either posted on the wall or carried during a demonstration
gaol – jail
kelp – a large brown seaweed that typically has long, tough stalk
assize – The court which sat at intervals in each country of England and Wales to administer the civil and
criminal law
plaid – a type of woolen cloth
shuffles – move/walk by dragging one’s feet
barrack – police accommodation
queer – strange
to keep one’s heart up – to keep oneself happy
tunic – a loose garment
pike – an infantry weapon with a pointed steel or iron head on a long wooden shaft.

Maharashtra Board Class 11 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 4.1 History of English Drama

June 19, 2024

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 4.1 History of English Drama Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 4.1 History of English Drama

11th English Digest Chapter 4.1 History of English Drama Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Name any four periods of History of British drama.

Question 1.
Name any four periods of History of British drama.
Answer:
The four periods of History of British drama are:

Medieval Period or Early Period (11th to 15th Century)
Renaissance Period (16th to 17th Century)
Restoration Period (1660 onwards)
Victorian Period (1837 to 1901)

2. List the four elements of drama.

Question 1.
List the four elements of drama.
Answer:
The four elements of drama are:

Plot
Characters
Theme
Stage directions

3. State a type of drama each from any four periods of history.

Question 1.
State a type of drama each from any four periods of history.
Answer:

(Morality) Medieval period – Everyman (1490)
(Comedy) Renaissance Period – A Midsummer Night’s Dream (1595)
(Tragedy) Restoration Period – All for Love (1677)
(19th Century Morality) Victorian Period – An Enemy of the People (1882)

4. Compare the features of comedy and tragedy.

Question 1.
Compare the features of comedy and tragedy.
Answer:

Comedy	Tragedy
1. Comedy is a humorous story with a happy ending.	1. A tragedy is a serious story with a sad ending.
2. Characters in comedy are ordinary people from day to day life.	2. Characters in tragedy are royal personages, extraordinary and with divine qualities.
3. Comedy reveals truth in humourous way.	3. Tragedy reveals truth in realistic way.
4. Comedy gives emotional relief through laughter. E.g. As You Like It, A Midsummer Night’s Dream	4. Tragedy brings purgation through arousing pity and fear in the mind of audience. E.g. Hamlet, King Lear…

5. State the difference between poetry and drama.

Question 1.
State the difference between poetry and drama.
Answer:

Drama	Poetry
1. Drama is a composition, normally in prose, telling a story and intended to be represented by actors imitating the characters and speaking the dialogue.	1. Poetry is a verse or a poetic presentation for recitation than performance.
2. Drama is presentation in acts and scenes and dialogues.	2. Poetry is presented in the form of stanzas and recited in rhyme and rhythm.
3. Drama is factual and realistic in its theme and message.	3. Poetry is imaginative and visualizes the experience or scenario.
4. Drama consists of a beginning, middle and end. It’s complete in itself. E.g. Pygmalion by Georgr Bernard Shaw.	4. Poetry doesn’t bother to be compact. It is beyond time, place and reason. E.g. Ozymandias by the poet P. B. Shelley.

6. State the difference between drama and novel.

Question 1.
State the difference between drama and novel.
Answer:

Drama	Novel
1. Drama is a composition, normally in prose, telling a story and intended to be represented by actors imitating the characters and speaking the dialogue.	1. Novel is written in basic prose style and it is only for armchair reading not for performance.
2. Drama is a presentation in acts and scenes and dialogues.	2. Novel is a presentation of the events in the form of paragraphs.
3. Drama is a performance, so the characters are the mouthpieces of the dramatists.	3. Novel is a prose narrative, so the narrator plays important role in describing the characters and their actions.
4. Dialogue is the most essential element of drama and is a greater exposure for the characters. E.g. As You Like It by Shakespeare.	4. Although novels sometimes have dialogues, it is not a necessary part of the structure like it is for drama. E.g. Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen..

7. Define drama.

Question 1.
Define drama.
Answer:
Drama is a Greek word meaning ‘act’ or ‘deed’. The Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle used this term in a very influential treatise called the Poetics. In this text, Aristotle classified different forms of poetry according to basic features he thought could be commonly recognized in their composition.

8. Explain the term plot.

Question 1.
Explain the term plot.
Answer:
Plot is a logically developed chain of the events in a narrative. The events are arranged in such a way that the whole drama becomes an action. The plot of drama has six stages – Exposition, Conflict, Rising Action, Climax, Falling Action and Denouement or Ending. In short, Aristotle called plot as ‘a complete action’ and it means a plot consists of beginning, middle and end. The plot of a drama may be simple or complex.

9. Differentiate between characters and characterization.

Question 1.
Differentiate between characters and characterization.
Answer:
A character is a person, an animal, or a supernatural power performing action drama or any literary work. The dramatists create the characters as per their intentions and needs. The characters which are used to represent a particular trait or quality are stock or static characters. The characters which change and have varied angle are called round or dynamic characters.

On the other hand, characterization is an art and the techniques a dramatist or a writer used to create and develop characters. The dramatists take every effort to bring the characters to life by establishing their relation with the characters. In short, characterization is the process through which the dramatists try to reveal the characters and their personal qualities.

10. Enlist a few reasons for watching a drama live on the stage.

Question 1.
Enlist a few reasons for watching a drama live on the stage.
Answer:
The reasons for watching a drama live on the stage are:

Live drama involves real people on real stage giving real experience to the audience.
It boosts our literary knowledge and develops our understanding of drama.
It has greater impact on our perspective towards life and helps to form objective approach.
It helps us to present our views and respect others views. It guides us to take proper decisions in life.
It gives direct purgation of our emotions and builds our confidence.

Maharashtra Board Class 11 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 2.6 The Planners

June 19, 2024

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 2.6 The Planners Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 2.6 The Planners

11th English Digest Chapter 2.6 The Planners Textbook Questions and Answers

Question (i)
You have heard the proverb, ‘Plan your work, work your plan.’ It means –
(a) Planning of the work is important.
(b) Without planning work cannot be accomplished.
(c) Make planning and work according to that plan.
(d) Planning and work are two sides of same coin.
Answer:
(c) Make planning and work according to that plan.

Question (ii)
Choose the proper alternatives from the statements given below which would explain why town planning is essential-
(a) To develop the city according to the guidelines.
(b) To get the ‘Best City Award’.
(c) To attract the tourists.
(d) To use and develop the land available in the city for the interest of the citizens.
Answer:
(a) To develop the city according to the guidelines.
(d) To use and develop the land available in the city for the interest of the citizens.

Question (iii)
Given below are various professions in column ‘A’ and in column ‘B’ the nature of work in respective professions. Match the columns.

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
1. Anaesthetist	(a) Specialist in the treatment of problems concerning the position of teeth and jaws.
2. Pharmacist	(b) A person who designs buildings and supervises the process of constructing them.
3. Orthodentist	(c) A person who is in charge of a newspaper or of a part of a newspaper.
4. Dermitologist	(d) The medical study of the skin and its diseases.
5. Architect	(e) A person who has been trained to prepare medicines and sell them to public.
6. Chartered Accountant	(f) A person whose job is to give drugs which make the person not to feel pain especially in preparation for a medical operation.
7. Editor	(g) A person who is engaged in the profession of accounting and examining the statements and records of accounts.

Answer:

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
1. Anaesthetist	(f) A person whose job is to give drugs which make the person not to feel pain especially in preparation for a medical operation.
2. Pharmacist	(e) A person who has been trained to prepare medicines and sell them to public.
3. Orthodentist	(a) Specialist in the treatment of problems concerning the position of teeth and jaws.
4. Dermitologist	(d) The medical study of the skin and its diseases.
5. Architect	(b) A person who designs buildings and supervises the process of constructing them.
6. Chartered Accountant	(g) A person who is engaged in the profession of accounting and examining the statements and records of accounts.
7. Editor	(c) A person who is in charge of a newspaper or of a part of a newspaper.

(A1)

Question 1.
Complete the web about the activities the planners do.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 2.6 The Planners 1
Answer:

(A2)

State whether the following statements are true or false.

Question (a)
Planners plan to construct buildings wherever they find place.
Answer:
True

Question (b)
Planners take public consent for the alterations they make in the old structures of the city.
Answer:
False. The planners do not take consent of the public but hypnotise them to agree by the show of wealth and prosperity.

Question (c)
Planners are concerned about the environment of the area.
Answer:
False. The planners are not at all concerned about the environmental degradation problem as beauty of the nature is replaced by mathematical precision of constructing buildings.

Question (d)
Planners make their plans mathematically perfect, at the same time they calculate their profit.
Answer:
True

Question (e)
Planners deliberately find drawbacks in the old city planning.
Answer:
True

Question (f)
The newly planned city looks modern and amazingly beautiful.
Answer:
True

Question (g)
Planners paint beautiful pictures of the upcoming changes in the city which charm the citizens.
Answer:
True

Question (h)
Planners make tactful changes so that citizens do not recognise the familiar landmarks.
Answer:
True

(A3)

Question 1.
Read the expression:
‘the blueprint of our past’s tomorrow’. Consider in a group why the poet has not mentioned ‘the present’. It is because of the planners who have possessed our ‘present’ in order to change ‘our past’ into the ‘future’ they desire. Go through the poem and write the lines which support this thought.
Answer:

They erase the flaws, the blemishes of the past.
Knock off useless blocks with dental dexterity.
All gaps are plugged with gleaming gold.
The country wears perfect rows of shining teeth.
So history is new again.
The blueprint of our past’s tomorrow.

(A4)

Question 1.
The term ‘Anaesthesia’ in the poem means – ‘The planner gives beautiful pictures of the new modern city’. Now find out what is Amnesia and Hypnosis in the given context.
Answer:
1. Amnesia: partial or total loss of memory . The planners make people forget even their glorious past by showcasing the glamour of new constructions.
2. Hypnosis: A trance like state of mind when a person’s thoughts can be influenced by someone else. The planners may be controlling the society by hypnosis so that they easily agree to the planner’s ideas of change.

(A5)

Question 1.
Pick up the statement which aptly depict the theme of the poem.
Answer:

In the poem the speaker memorises the past.
In ‘The Planners’, the poet describes the unstoppable force of modernisation.
The poet talks about the replacement of natural environment by the concrete jungle.

(A6)

Question 1.
The tone of the poet is sarcastic. When he writes ‘All spaces are gridded filled with permutations of possibilities’ he intends to indicate the efforts made by the planner to exploit every available piece of land without any consideration of harming nature or violating attachments of people to places. Make pairs/groups and find out some more sarcastic lines having the same effect.
Answer:
1. All hang in the grace of mathematics.
– The planners’ precision is sarcastically referred to as “the grace of mathematics”.
2. “They erase the flaws / the blemishes of the past, knock off/useless blocks with dental dexterity/All gaps are plugged/with gleaming gold/The country wears perfect rows/of shining teeth.
– The entire second stanza is full of sarcasm where the planner is compared to a dentist who acts with precision to extract a damaged teeth as the planners are destroying ancient structures because of their faulty constructions. According to them, three old constructions are useless and should be replaced by shining buildings as a rotten teeth is extracted and the gap is filled with a shining tooth.
3. Anaesthesia, amnesia, hypnosis.
– The poet is convinced that the common people have lost their ability to protest as they are suffering from forgetfulness, have the anaesthetic effect of numbness and hypnotised by the glamour. The sarcasm is very apparent.

(A7)

Question (i)
Write the appreciation of the poem.
Answer:
The poet, Boey Kim Chang, a Singapore – born Australian poet, is pained to see the developments all around him, which in the name of modernization, is encroaching into nature and destroying the heritage with a lot of precision.

The planners have not been given any specific identity. They are mentioned in the poem as “They” but their work is very minutely scrutinized to present them as powerful people who can easily fulfill their purpose because they have the financial strength to manipulate all voices against them. But, according to the poet, they do their job with a lot of planning and their work is also logically designed. They are not bothered to save the nature as their only concern is the maximum utilization of space.

The accuracy of the planners has been sarcastically compared to a dentist who can identify the rotten tooth easily, extracts it and fills up the gap with the shining tooth. The person concerned is happy to get a new set of teeth and comfortably forgets the past. The same process is applied by the planners to rewrite history by destroying the past, and replacing it with the glamorous new construction.

The people are so mesmerized by the new-found charm that they are in a state of trance to have the amnesia of forgetting what has been replaced. The replaced beauty is tactfully presented by the planners to have an anaesthetic effect on them. Like the archaeologists, the planners also drill but their purpose is not to search glory or history, but destroy the soul of the past.

The poet refuses to resort to any creativity such a situation since he does not consciously want to stain the present by messing up with the blue print of the so – called advancement. He may be suggesting that the change is in the hands of the people and they need to act the way they want to see the future.

The poem has no particular rhyme-scheme as the poet’s thoughts flow freely to express his emotions on the depletion of nature and burying of the past. The short lines in the beginning, “They Plan”. “They build”, without directly referring who “They” are, the poet sets the planners apart from the readers. But the poem is full of sarcasm against the planners to express the poet’s displeasure. He has used a number of figures of speech to create an awareness among the readers.

The poem brings out a strong nostalgic emotion of the poet and his thoughts are moving around to search for the existence of natural beauty or glorious past. That is why, the lines of the poem are irregularly arranged – some lines run into the next, not like the precision of the planners. These irregularities have got an appeal to the readers because sometimes imperfections also appear perfect.

Question (ii)
Write the summary of the poem.
Answer:
Refer the synopsis.

(A8)

Question 1.
Read the first and second stanza of the poem. We understand that the poet wants to suggest the powerful dominance of the planners who shape the town according to their selfish desires. Make a list of such expressions. You may begin with –
Answer:

All the spaces are gridded, filled with permutations of possibilities.
They have the means.
They have it all so it will not hurt.
Anaesthesia, amnesia, hypnosis.
They build and will not stop.
The piling will not stop.

(A9)

Question 1.
Explain the extended metaphor related with dentistry in the poem. Give suggestions to protect our national heritage monuments.
Answer:
The planners are indirectly compared to the dentists. The past is having flaws like rotten teeth and it has to be removed with precision as a dentist does with perfection. The planners get rid of the ancient structure and fill up the gap with glamorous building. The dentist also removes the damaged tooth and replaces it with a shining one so that the person is happy with a row of shining teeth. The planners satisfy the people with modern constructions so that they do not complain of heritage structures.

Extension of ‘dentistry’ metaphor is the medical term used ‘Anesthesia, amnesia, hypnosis’. Anaesthesia is ‘ a medical procedure that nums to give relief from pain as it leads to loss of consciousness like it happens in operation, sleeper hypnosis giving a trance like state. The planners have these effects on the people and it is indirectly mentioned by the poet.

My suggestions to protect our national heritage movements are:

Regularly take part in the cleanliness drive organised by government or private institutions.
Be a part of the NSS unit of the college and create an awareness among the people not to scribble anything on the monuments and not to litter the monument premises.
Celebrities can campaign through TV or Cinema to safeguard our national monuments.
The Puja Pandals can be modelled on national monuments so that people can see their beauty, the hard work for their construction and be motivated not to spoil it.
Pollution spoils our national monuments as it has happened with the Tajmahal. So, industrial growth has to be completely stopped in the vicinity of the monument and care should be taken that they are at safe distance.

(A10)

Question 1.
Complete the following table.
Answer:

Figures of Speech	Line of the Poem	Explanation
1. Personification	(a) the sky surrenders	1. The sky is imagined to act like human beings.
2. Alliteration	(b) with gleaming gold	2. the sound of ‘g’ is repeated for sonorous effect.
3. Oxymoron	(c) Past’s tomorrow (d) The history is new again	3. two words of opposite meaning for the same thing/person are placed side by side to enhance the effect.
4. (1) Metaphor	(e) The country wears perfect rows of shining teeth	4. Indirect comparison of shining buildings of the country with rows of shining teeth.
(2) Extended Metaphor	(f) Anesthesia, Amnesia, Hypnosis	5. the numbness, the forgetfulness, the trance of the people is indirectly compared to the doctor or dentist’s process of treatment.
5. Paradox	(g) The history is new again	6. apparently absurd sentence but may be really true.
6. Personification	(h) The country wears perfect rows of shining teeth	7. the country is personified.
	(i) the sea draws back/and the skies surrender	8. Sea and Sky are personified.
7. Hyperbole	(j) The country means perfect rows of shining teeth	9. an exaggerated statement.
8. Irony	(k) But my heart would not bleed poetry	10. Apparent determination not to mourn is ironic the natural meaning of the expression is the opposite of what is intended to express.
9. Litotes	(l) Not a single drop to stain the blueprint of our past’s tomorrow	11. Apparently a negative sentence beginning with ‘Not’ is used as a strong positive feeling of the poet’s noninterference in the ongoing process.

(A11)

Question 1.
Compose four lines expressing the grief of having lost nature due to modernisation.
Answer:
Where is the blue sky, where is the green garden?
Skyscrapers have eaten them all.
Everything is modern, comfort scattered everywhere,
But alas! are we happier in the absence of nature?

(A12)

Question 1.
Imagine that a person who has returned to his native place after long time is talking to his old friend about the changes that have taken place in the village. Write a dialogue between two friends who have become nostalgic about their old village.
Answer:
Santosh: Hi Suman! I haven’t seen you for quite sometime.
Suman: Yes, Santosh, I was not there in Mumbai. I had been to our village to spend time with my grandparents.
Santosh: Oh! how nice! You have spent your vacation by giving company to your grandparents.
Suman: Yes, I really had good times with them. Not only that I remembered all those days when you and I used to live in the village. I visited the places we used to spend time together-the football ground, the bank of the river, the fields where we used to climb trees. What a pleasant time we had!
Santosh: Really ! I miss all those days. Here, we hardly get vacant places. All are filled with high rise buildings. How sad!
Suman: But Santosh, if you go to our village now, you’ll be surprised to see the changes that have taken place. There are lots of developments. You will not see anybody collecting water from the wells. Lots of tube wells have been installed and there is provision for water through pipes in some areas, thanks to the development scheme of the Panchayat. The village is shining with electric lights you’ll hardly see any house with oil lamps.

The best thing I found was the cleanliness drive taken by the authorities. Not only do most of the houses have their own toilets, but the public toilets are also very clean. I am really very impressed. But in spite of all these, I missed our old village where we, friends, had spent our innocent childhood.
Santosh: Yes, I have read about are these developments and I am happy for my village which is my root. I am so attached to our native place that even the glamour of the city life cannot impress me so much.
Suman: I feel, we have spent the best part of our lives there. As a well wishes of my village, I welcome all the changes. But at any cost, I do not want anything to replace the naturalness. Thankfully, our village still has the freshness of air. I could breathe comfortably which I experience rarely in a city. Why don’t we plan to visit our native place together?
Santosh: That’s a brilliant idea. I am feeling so nostalgic after hearing everything from you that I’m tempted to go in our next vacation.
Suman: We’ll sit together and plan it nicely. I’ve to leave now. Bye !
Santosh: Bye !

(A13)

Question (i)
Write in short about at least five cities in India that are considered to be the most developed cities.

Question (ii)
Your examinations are only two months ahead. Plan your schedule of studies and write in your notebook.

Question (iii)
Read ‘The City Planners’ by Margaret Atwood.

Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 2.6 The Planners Additional Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
The space has been gridded by –
Answer:
The space has been gridded by all possible plans so that it is tightly packed to its full potentiality.

Question 2.
Many times the word ‘they’ is used in the poem. Explain the use of‘they’ in this context.
Answer:
“They” are the planners who have not been given any specific identity in the poem but there are all informations to prove that they are powerful people who cannot be stopped. They plan urbanization policy very meticulously and can easily convince people to accept the changes. This may be poet’s way of distancing himself to show how he is protesting the fact that the people are blindly supporting.

Comprehension:

Global Understanding:

State whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statement.

Question (i)
The dentist removes all the teeth to set a new row of teeth.
Answer:
False. The dentist only removes the rotting, useless teeth.

Question (ii)
Mathematics spoil the connection between the buildings and roads.
Answer:
False. Mathematics help in the alignment of buildings and roads, with precision.

Question (iii)
Planners take care of the nature before constructing.
Answer:
False. Planners have no concern for the nature and treat it mercilessly while constructing.

Question (iv)
With the help of ‘Anaesthesia, amnesia, hypnosis,’ the planners can easily convince the people.
Answer:
True

Interference / Interpretative / Analysis

Question 1.
Why did the poet mention about the job of the dentist?
Answer:
The poet sarcastically compares the job of the dentist with the town-planners. The precision with which the dentist extracts the rotten teeth and replaces them with the shining ones to make his patient happy, the planners are also removing all ancient constructions with rows of new structures so that people do not complain. In this process, the planners are tactfully erasing the tradition to promote modernization.

Personal Response:

Question 1.
Mention two evils of modernisation that bother you.
Answer:
1. Indiscriminate cutting of trees bother me a lot since it creates ecological imbalance, inadequate rainfall, global warming etc.
2. Increase of the number of vehicles is a matter of deep concern for me. The roads are becoming unbelievably bad, pollutions creating smog, health hazards worry me a lot.

Poetic Device:

Question 1.
Name and explain the figure of speech in the following line.
“The country wears perfect rows / of shining teeth”.
Answer:
Personification: The country is given the human quality of having teeth.

Creativity:

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks with lines of your own along with the lines from the poem.
1. They have the means
2. So history is new again.
Answer:
1. They have the means.
They can easily showcase prosperity.
2. So history is new again
Charmed by glamour, nobody missed the past.

Appreciation:

Question 1.
Write an appreciation of the extract with the help of the following points (100-150 words).

About the extract
Theme and significance
Poetic style, language, poetic devices
Inspirational message
Your opinion and critical evaluation of the extract

Answer:
The poet Boey Kim Chang, a Singapore – born Australian poet is pained to see the destruction of nature in the name of modernization. He points finger at the city-planners by referring them as “they” and in the process distances himself from them. He hints that these are powerful people who bring the changes with mathematical precision and the public is hypnotised to accept the charges without any protest. The public is happy with the glamour of modernization like a dental patient feels happy to get a new set of teeth replacing the rotten ones by an expert dentist.

The extract is written in free verse to give vent to the flow of the thought of the poet smoothly. The extract is sarcastically presented with the help of a number of figures of speech like personification, alliteration, metaphor. The poet laments the destruction of the ancient and the nature. The lines are irregular but these imperfections appear perfect to me because of the emotional appeal of the poet.

Poetic Devices:

Question 1.
Read the expression ‘permutation of possibility’. The consonant sound ‘P’ at beginning of the successive words creates sonorous effect. This is an example of Alliteration. Find out more examples of Alliteration from the poem.
Answer:
Examples of Alliteration
1. “Permutations of possibilities”
– the sound of ‘p’ at the beginning of the successive words creates sonorous effect.
2.“the skies surrender”
– sound of ‘s’ is repeated
3. – “dental dexterity
– sound of ‘d’ is repeated
4. – “gleaming gold”
– sound of ‘g’ is repeated
5. -“Anaesthesia, amnesia….”
– sound of ‘a’ is repeated.

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