Category: Class 11

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 2.5 Nose Versus Eyes Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 2.5 Nose Versus Eyes

11th English Digest Chapter 2.5 Nose Versus Eyes Textbook Questions and Answers

Question (i)
Complete the web with the help of adjectives used to describe eyes and nose in all respects.

Answer:

Question (ii)
Given below are some words from legal terminology used in court affairs. Discuss and complete the table accordingly.
Answer:

Legal Terminology	Description
Affidavit	A written document confirmed by oath or affirmation for use as evidence in court.
Argument	A series of reasons given for or against a matter under discussion intended to convince the listener.
Consent	Voluntarily agree to the proposal.
Counsel	A person who gives advice on legal matters.
Judgement	Decision of the court to solve a controversy and determination of the rights and obligations of the parties concerned.
Trial	A judicial examination and determination of facts and legal issues arising between the parties to a civil or criminal action.
Verdict	The formal decision issued by a jury on matters submitted to the jury by the judge.
Contempt of Court	Offense of being disobedient or disrespectful to a court of law.
Notice	Information, usually in writing in all legal proceedings.
Stay Order	The act of temporarily stopping a judicial proceeding through the order of court.

Question (iii)
Name the five sensory organs and provide phrases / idioms / proverbs related to them.
Answer:
The five sensory organs are: eyes, ears, nose, skin and tongue.
The five senses are: sight, hearing, smell, touch, taste.

Phrases / Idioms / Proverbs:
(a) To turn a deaf ear (refuse to listen) / Lend an ear (to listen to)
(b) Beauty lies in the eyes of a beholder, (different people have different opinion)
(c) Pay through your nose (pay a lot of money) / Under the nose (directly in front of someone)
(d) Tongue in cheek (not serious) / Bite your tongue (to take back something that you have said.)
(e) Hand in glove (working together, often to do something dishonest) / Put your finger on something (to find out something correctly) / A thick skin (ability to ignore criticism)

(A1)

(i) State whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.

Question (a)
Nose can use spectacles.
Answer:
False. Nose cannot use the spectacles, the spectacles uses the Nose to hold them in place.

Question (b)
Eyes have to be shut when the Nose wears/puts on spectacles.
Answer:
False. Though this is the verdict of the judge, but this defeats the basic purpose of the existence of the Eyes.

Question (c)
The Ear was appointed as a judge.
Answer:
True

Question (d)
Eyes cannot use spectacles.
Answer:
False. Spectacles are meant for the Eyes for providing ability to see since it is a sensory organ.

Question (ii)
Match the following expressions given in Column ‘A’ with their interpretations in Column ‘B’

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
1. While Chief Baron Ear sat to balance the law.	(a) Eyes are refrained from using the spectacles.
2. They are made with straddle as wide as the ridge of the Nose is	(b) The responsibility of giving verdict rested on the shoulders of the hearing organ.
3. That whenever the Nose put his spectacles on, by daylight or candlelight – Eyes shoul*d be shut	(c) Spectacles are meant for none other than the Nose.
4. So his lordship decreed with a grave solemn tone, decisive and clear, without one if or but	(d) The judge delivered a firm verdict without any doubt.

Answer:

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
1. While Chief Baron Ear sat to balance the law.	(b) The responsibility of giving verdict rested on the shoulders of the hearing organ.
2. They are made with straddle as wide as the ridge of the Nose is	(c) Spectacles are meant for none other than the Nose.
3. That whenever the Nose put his spectacles on, by daylight or candlelight – Eyes shoul*d be shut	(a) Eyes are refrained from using the spectacles.
4. So his lordship decreed with a grave solemn tone, decisive and clear, without one if or but	(d) The judge delivered a firm verdict without any doubt.

(A2)

Question (i)
The tongue justifies the possession of the spectacles on behalf of the nose. Pick up the expressions from the poem that argue in favour of the Nose and complete the following web diagram.
Answer:

Question (ii)
Comment on the following characters depicted in the poem, in a sentence or phrase.
Answer:

On the Nose	On the Eyes
(a) Nose strongly put his point to be the owner of the spectacles.	(a) Eyes could not convince the lawyer to present his case and make him the winner.
(b) He could present his case to the lawyer convincingly so that the lawyer can confidently fight his case.	(b) Eyes accepted the verdict against him Meekly.

Question (iii)
‘Lend thy ears to all but few thy tongue …’ is a famous quote by William Shakespeare. Justify.
Answer:
If one wants to appear intelligent, one should develop the habit of listening carefully without speaking much. One should listen attentively to all but needs to decide who should one talk to and where to stop. It is better to receive all the information before expressing an opinion. Then the decision will be considerate and thoughtful and not a hasty one.

(A3)

Question 1.
Pick out examples of Inversion from the poem.
Answer:
1. Inversion:

1. ‘Between Nose and Eyes a strange contest arose’.
The order of words are changed for poetic effect.
The proper order is ‘A strange contest arose between Nose and Eyes’.
2. ‘But what were his arguments few people know’
The proper order is : ‘Few people know what were his arguments’.
3. That the visage or countenance had not a Nose, Pray who would, or who could, wear spectacles then?’
The proper order is: Tray that then?’

2. Simile

1. ‘Designed to sit close to it, just like a saddle’.
Direct comparison between the spectacles and the saddle.
2. ‘For the court did not think they were equally wise’.
Direct comparison between the two argument of the lawyer.

3. Alliteration

1. To which the said spectacles ought to belong-’ sound of ‘s’ is repeated.
2. ‘Eyes should be shut’. – sound of ‘s’ is repeated.

4. Metonymy

1. ‘and a wig full of learning’

Change of name, ‘wig full of learning’ is actually ‘head full of learning’. The two things are separable and their connection is external.

5. Interrogation

‘Pray who would, or who could, wear spectacles then?’
It is a question where no answer is expected by the speaker.

6. Metaphor
‘While Chief Baron Eat sat to balance the laws’.
Indirect comparison between a powerful person like Baron with Ear.

7. Anticlimax
That the visage or countenance had not a Nose pray who would, or who could, wear spectacles then?’
Ideas are arranged in the descending order of importance.

8. Oxymoron
‘By daylight or candlelight’ – two opposite words are placed side by side to enhance the effect.

(A4)

Question (i)
Justify the verdict delivered in the poem.
Answer:
I can support my answer with the help of the following suitable arguments:
1. It is a well-known fact for years that the Nose holds the spectacles.
2. The spectacles are designed in such a way that it can sit on the Nose perfectly. The sections of the Nose and
the parts of the spectacles to fit on them, are in absolute harmony.
3. A face without a nose will never be able to wear the spectacles.

Question (ii)
Compose a poem of two lines of your own on any sensory organ.
Answer:
Eyes that see everything and ears that hear,
Need to have the patience and strength to bear.

Question (iii)
Imagine that you are a lawyer defending the case of the Eyes in court. Present your counter statement in support of your client.
Answer:
My Lord, my points in support of my client Eyes are:

1. Eyes are given by the God Almighty for seeing and the basic purpose of the spectacles is to give a clear vision.
2. Nose is serving the secondary purpose of holding the spectacles, but the primary purpose of seeing is served by the presence of the Eyes, one of the sensory organs.
3. I agree that without Nose, the spectacles would not have been worn or placed properly. But, without eyes, the spectacles would not have been needed.
4. If for the sake of putting on the spectacles on the Nose, the eyes are shut, the world will be absolutely dark for the spectacle wearer.

(A5)

Question (i)
Write the appreciation of the poem.
Answer:
William Cowper, the English poet, well-known for composing hymns, deviated from his usual topic and presented Nose versus Eyes, an interesting and uncommon subject on a courtroom drama of a dispute between the Nose and the Eyes about the ownership of the spectacles.

The title makes no bones about the disagreement between the Nose and the Eyes by using the word ‘versus’ and directly involves the readers in the context of the poem. The poet sarcastically refers to the contest as ‘strange’ but makes it sound very obvious about the position of the spectacles.

All the formalities of the courtroom were fulfilled with quite precision. The Tongue, which is used for speaking, was assigned the job of the lawyer so that he could defend his client wisely with valid arguments. The Tongue did his job perfectly with the help of intelligent reasoning in favour of the Nose for being the legitimate owner of the spectacles. He went to the extent of saying that in absence of a Nose, there was no way one could wear the spectacles.

Here, the poet brought the surprise element of the poem by making the same lawyer change side and represent the other disputant, the Eyes. But the learned judge, the all-powerful Ear, even after being very attentive and prudent, could not make head or tail of the arguments in favour of the Eyes. So, he had to come to a decision to give the official order in favour of the Nose, in a serious tone without having any hesitation in mind.

He also pronounced a verdict for the Eyes to keep themselves shut whenever the spectacles are worn. The poem is a satire on the judicial system and the poet made his comments very obvious by using expressions like ‘a wig full of learning’. He has personified various sensory organs, which are very essential in a courtroom, to bring out how the futility of the judiciary can lead to major harm. For creating humour, he has used the language and the background of a courtroom which also has made the poem an interesting read.

Like an allegory, where a story or poem is used to reveal a hidden meaning, this poem also can be interpreted to have a moral. All the imaginary characters point out to the moral values needed for the judiciary. The same lawyer speaks in favour of both the rivals and the deliberate attempt to present vague arguments for the second client add to the element of humour but it also hints at the justice that is denied. The deliberate use of words to protect the dignity of the judge, who actually does not do justice, is the poet’s way of pointing finger at misuse of such an important service.

The first reaction of the reader will be having a good laugh while reading the poem. But the deeper meaning of the need for morality in the judicial system definitely makes the poem thought-provoking.

Question (ii)
Write the summary of the poem.
Answer:
Refer Synopsis.

(A6) Project:

Read different stories about intelligent ministers of kings, whose judgements helped to bring about law and order in society. For example, Birbal, Tenalirama etc. Write 5 such stories in your notebook.

Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 2.5 Nose Versus Eyes Additional Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Give reasons for the dispute between the Nose and the Eyes.
Answer:
The dispute arose because both the Nose and the Eyes have important roles to play for the spectacles. The eyes use the spectacles to see the things and the Nose holds the spectacles to keep them in place. But unfortunately, both of them were not ready to accept the usefulness of each other for the spectacles and each was supposed to serve its own purpose. So, the dispute arose.

Question 2.
The poem gives close resemblance to human life. The images used in the poem describe human tendencies. Find such examples/tendencies.
Answer:
The human tendencies are:

1. to create unnecessary dispute without accepting the obvious fact – ‘To which the said spectacles ought to belong.’
2. To be unreasonable, just to prove one’s point and be a winner. One does not even need to know the validity of the argument – ‘That the Nose had spectacles always in war’.
3. Quickly shift the side even after knowing that it can cause a big damage – ‘He pleaded again in behalf of the Eyes’.
4. To pass a judgement without considering the adverse effect it can lead to – ‘By daylight or candlelight – Eyes should be shut’.

Comprehension

Global Understanding:

Question 1.
Complete the web.

Answer:

Inference/ Interpretative / Analysis

Question 1.
How does the lawyer Tongue defend the case of Nose?
Answer:
The lawyer Tongue feels that the Nose deserves the sole right over the ownership of the spectacles as it has been used to wear the spectacles from time immemorial. He also argues that the spectacles are made in such a way that they perfectly fit on the nose. He tries to make his argument stronger by saying that in the absence of the nose on the face, it will be impossible to wear the spectacles.

Personal Response:

Question 1.
Do you support the poet’s satire presentation of the judicial system? Explain.
Answer:
To a large extent, I support the poet since the courtroom drama is a common sight in our country as well. People do not hesitate to resort to lies just to win a case and many a times the judiciary turns blind eyes and a deaf ear to all those untruths. But this cannot be generalized. There is always two sides of a coin and an honest verdict may be rare, but possible to achieve.

Poetic Device:

Question 1.
Name and explain the figure of speech in the following line.
While Chief Baron Ear sat to balance the laws’.
Answer:
Metaphor: Indirect comparison between a powerful person like Baron with Ear.

Creativity:

Question 1.
Compose the funny poem of two lines with or without a rhyme scheme, on ‘The Spectacles’.
Answer:
Oh spectacles! when will you leave me?
Don’t fit on my flat nose, however useful you can be.

Appreciation:

Question 1.
Write an appreciation of the extract with the help of the following points. (100 – 150 words)

• About the extract
• Theme and significance
• Poetic style, language, poetic devices
• Inspirational message
• Your opinion and critical evaluation of the extract

Answer:
This extract sarcastically prevents the defense of the lawyer Tongue, for his client Nose as the lawful owner of the spectacles. All the formalities of the courtroom are fulfilled carefully. The lawyer presents his arguments in favour of his client Nose with precision. He places his points in front of the judge Ear judiciously saying that the Nose has been designed to hold the spectacles properly and without the existence of the nose, wearing the spectacles will be impossible.

The poem is a satire on the judicial system and the sensory organs are personified to bring out the theme i.e., fertility of the judiciary can lead to major harm. This extract is also like an allegory where all the imaginary characters hint at the moral values needed in the judiciary system. The humorous presentation of the drama in the courtroom in order to point out an important issue like honesty in the judiciary system makes the extract interesting to me.

Glossary:

1. straddle – extension on both sides
2. ridge – a long, narrow or projected part of a body: the ridge of the nose
3. intended – expected to be
4. dispute – disagreement, clash
5. spectacles – glasses used for clear vision
6. wig – a special covering for the head made of artificial hair worn by the judges,
7. Baron – a powerful person,
8. discerning – showing good judgement,
9. amounts to – becomes,
10. straddle – extend across both sides,
11. ridge – an edge,
12. saddle – a low part of ridge between two high points, sit with a raised ridge,
13. visage or countenance – face,
14. condemn – express disapproval of,
15. decreed – an official order that has the force of law,
16. Solemn – formal and dignified.

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 2.4 Upon Westminster Bridge Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 2.4 Upon Westminster Bridge

11th English Digest Chapter 2.4 Upon Westminster Bridge Textbook Questions and Answers

Question (i)
A bridge connects people at either side of a river or valleys in cities or villages. Discuss the importance of a bridge to both the cities and the villages.
Answer:

Cities	Villages
1. Transportation	1. Transportation
2. Medical and educational facilities can be used effectively by the people from both sides.	2. Availability of more lands will be possible if two villages are connected.
3. Employment opportunities will increase by locating industries away from the residents to safeguard people’s health.	3. Water can be shared and used judiciously by the farmers on both sides of the bridge.

Question (ii)
Building a bridge needs careful planning. Think about what goes on before the actual construction begins.
Answer:

1. 1. Proper planning
   2. Get the plan approved by the authority
   3. Draw design
   4. Selection of a capable and qualified builder
   5. Availability of funds

Question (iii)
You might have visited a bridge. Complete the web describing the sights you could see from the bridge.

Answer:

(A1)

Question 1.
For preparing questions based on the poem, overall understanding of the poem is a must. Prepare a set of five questions.
Answer:
(a) What is the name of the bridge?
(b) Who is a ‘dull’ soul?
(c) What is the time of the day?
(d) How does London look form Westminster Bridge?
(e) What are the man-made constructions?
(f) Why does the sky look bright and glittering?
(g) How is the river flowing?
(h) How do the houses appear?
(i) Why does the poet feel so amazed?
(j) Why does the poet address God?

(A2)

(i) Choose the correct alternative for the given lines. Focus on the inference of the poet.

Question (a)
‘Earth has not anything to show more fair’:
The line means –
1. The poet thinks that the place was not so good.
2. The poet thinks that there is another place which is more beautiful than this.
3. The poet thinks that there is no place on the earth which is as beautiful as this one.
Answer:
The poet thinks that there is no place on the earth which is as beautiful as this one.

Question (b)
‘Dull would he be of soul who could pass by’
The line means –
1. One can walk over the bridge and ignore the surrounding beauty.
2. One can halt at the place to enjoy the beauty.
3. Anyone with an appreciative mind would not be able to ignore the beauty.
Answer:
Anyone with an appreciative mind would not be able to ignore the beauty.

Question (ii)
‘Earth has not anything to show more fair.’
This line expresses the poet’s feelings. The sight he saw from the bridge is beautiful. There are a few more lines similar to the above. Find them and discuss what they express.
Answer:
(a) ‘Earth has not anything to show more fair:
Dull would he be of soul who could pass by
A sight so touching in its majesty:’
The poet appreciates the fairness and majestic appearance of the sight he sees in front of him.

(b) ‘Dull would he be of soul who could pass by’
The poet is so confident of the beauty of the sight that he feels only a ‘dull soul’ is capable of missing the splendour of the sight.

(c) ‘This city now doth, like a garment, wear.’
This line vividly shows how the poet sees the city as a lady who is constantly changing the attire.

(d) ‘All bright and glittering in the smokeless air’
The beauty of the morning, according to the poet, is so breathtaking because pollution has not yet spread its ugly wing over the city.

(e) ‘The river glideth at his own sweet will’
The poet personifies the river by giving it its own will to move smoothly to co-operate with the calm nature.

(f) ‘Never did sun more beautifully steep
In his first splendour, valley, rock, or hill;’
The poet feels that the beauty of London early in the morning even surpasses the beauty he has experienced in valley, rock or hill.

Question (iii)
The poem creates a delightful picture of the city, rich in its natural beauty. Pick out the lines from the poem which give the pictorial effect to the poem. Write it in your own words,
Answer:
(a) A sight so touching in its majesty
The grandness of the scene touches the nature lover poet.
(b) ‘This city now doth, like a garment, wear’.
The beauty of the city in the morning is so unexpected to the poet that he picturises the city wearing a different attire.
(c) ‘The beauty of the morning; silent, bare’
The reader can feel the calmness of the city along with the poet.
(d) ‘All bright and glittering in the smokeless air’
The beauty of the morning is so apparent because of the pollution-free air which makes the sun look brighter.
(e) ‘The river glideth at his own sweet will’
The smooth flow of the river can be visualized.
(f) ‘And all that mighty heart is lying still’
The busy city is lying silent early in the morning.

(A3)

Question 1.
Find out words and phrases which describe the following.
Answer:

sight	touching in it’s majesty
air	smokeless
river	glideth at his own sweet will
house	seems asleep
morning	silent, bare
sun	bright, glittering

(A4)

Question 1.
Read the line.
Answer:
1. Simile – ‘This city now doth, like a garment wear’.
Direct comparison between the manner in which the beauty of the city in the morning settles over the city to a garment on a body.

2. Metaphor – ‘all that mighty heart is lying still’
The city is represented by metaphor of the heart.
‘the very houses seem asleep’
Indirect comparison of houses to a creature that sleeps.
‘Dull would he be of soul who could pass by’
Indirect reference to a person whose soul has been worn out by time and experience.

3. Inversion – ‘Dull would he be of soul who could pass by.’
The order of words are changed for poetic effect.
Ne’er saw I, never felt, a calm, so deep!
The order of words are changed for poetic effect.

4. Personification – ‘This city now doth, like a garment, wear’
The city is personified.
‘Never did sun more beautifully steep / In his first splendour, valley, rock, or hill”
The sun is personified
‘The river glideth at his own sweet will’
The river is personified
. ‘the very houses seem asleep’
The houses are personified.
‘all that mighty heart is lying still’
The city is personified by giving it a heart.

5. Hyperbole – “Earth has not anything to show more fair’
No sight is more beautiful than the view from the Westminster bridge — An exaggerated statement ‘Dull would he be of soul who could pass by’
The sentence has been exaggerated for poetic effect ‘Never did sun more beautifully steep’
The sentence has been exaggerated for poetic effect.

6. Paradox – ‘A sight so touching in it’s majesty’
A contradictory statement because a touching sight is intimate and personal but a majestic sight is grand and public.
‘The beauty of the morning; silent, bare’
A confusing statement since the city is soaked in beauty, but is ‘bare’
‘all that mighty heart is lying still’
A paradoxical statement of the ‘mighty hearts’ lying inactive – the poet presents the final image of tranquility and silence.

7. Transferred epithet –
‘And all that mighty heart is lying still’
The epithet ‘mighty’ is transferred from the people to the city.

8. Apostrophe – ‘Dear God!…’ The poet addresses God, the creator of all beauty upon earth to express his sincere gratitude.

Question (iii)
The poem is a Petrarchan Sonnet. Complete the given table by giving examples from the poem.
Answer:

Features	Examples / Lines
Objects used	sky, sun, fields, river, air, houses
Praise / blames	bright, glittering, smokeless, calm ‘The river glideth at his own sweet will’, ‘the very houses seem asleep’.
Metaphor	Refer the Poetic Device Section
Simile	Refer the Poetic Device Section
Personification	Refer the Poetic Device Section
Number of Lines	Fourteen
Rhyme-Scheme	abbaabba cdcdcd

Question (iv)
Write 5 lines about the place where you reside and what makes you feel proud about it.
Answer:
I stay in Mumbai, the maximum city. My city is always buzzing with activities and that makes it one of the liveliest cities in the world as it is very often said, ‘Mumbai never sleeps’. I love everything about Mumbai, but what I enjoy the most is to sit at Marine Drive, watching the majestic Arabian sea. Mumbai street foods like vada pav, pav bhaji, etc., are mouth-watering. Who can ignore Mumbai’s Film Industry popularly known as ‘Bollywood’. Critics may take about Mumbai traffic, pollution etc., but I am in awe of ‘Aamchi Mumbai’.

(A5)

Question (i)
There is a common belief that cities have always flourished only after human intrusion over nature. Write a speech expressing your opinion about it.
Answer:
Respected dignitaries on the dias, the judges and my dear friends, A very good afternoon to all of you. Today, I am going to talk about ‘Flourishing of cities because of human intrusion over nature.’

The other day’ I read a news report about a leopard entering the IIT Campus at Powai and was sitting at the door of an apartment. It is scary indeed! But have we ever thought why this animal has to come out of his natural habitat to enter into human territory? Yes, you have guessed right. We have intruded in the animal’s territory. We have built beautiful houses for ourselves amidst a natural surrounding but with all modern amenities. In the process, we have snatched from the wild animals their places for survival.

Friends, I do agree, modern cities have lost to offer. We are making bigger cities but are aware of the fact that we are getting disconnected from nature. And this reduced access to nature is causing enormous amount of problems, the major among them are diseases, mental strain, etc. The kids, who do not have enough time and space to lead a natural life are the worst victims.

Cities are flourishing but friends, how many megacities have been formed without disturbing the nature? This is due to absolute irresponsible in action to environmental problems. You and I are totally unconcerned about the intrusion in the world of nature. But, still there is no reason to lose hope.

Of course there are remedies, but we need to learn to appreciate nature first. Buildings need to have sufficient number of windows to allow fresh air and light, rooftop gardens, creation of spaces within and around the building to touch, smell and nurture plants. But all these require thoughtful planning of the cities where peaceful co-existence with nature is possible. For this we need to be sensitive towards the ecosystem, public health and sympathetic towards animal population.

I hope, in a short span of time, I have been able to make you all think about a serious problem of the modern world. I thank all the authorities for giving me a chance to talk on a topic so close to my heart and I am also grateful to all of you for your patient hearing.

Question (ii)
Compose a poem on an imaginary village. Try to maintain the rhyme-scheme of the first four lines of the poem given to you,
Answer:
Settled on the bank of river,
Like a queen,
Is my beautiful village,
Full of bushes green.
The river flows,
In zig zag course.
The village belles carry water,
From their only source.
Their giggle and chat,
Fill the open air.
Mix with children chanting numbers,
In schools, loud and clear.

Question (iii)
Write an appreciation of the sonnet.
Answer:
William Wordsworth, one of the most famous romantic poet, a great lover of nature, wrote the poem ‘Upon Westminster Bridge’ while crossing over the famous bridge on the Thames river, with his sister, to go out of town.

The title of the poem is significant as it directly takes the readers to the place where the poet is inspired by the beauty of London city early in the morning. It immediately connects the readers with the content of the poem.

The theme of the poem is basically to admire the peace and calmness all around the city of London at dawn before the busy city wakes up to its daily routine activities. The skyline of the city is clearly visible and is glittering in bright sunlight as the morning is absolutely pollution free. To make the impression of the city at that moment clearer to the readers, the poet compares it to a lady who has currently changed her attire. There is a remarkable balance between nature and man-made structures like ships, domes, theatres, temples and co-existence has made the London landscape to be at its best.

The poet is awe-struck as he is not familiar with the scene. So he is confident to make a comment about a dull person who only can think of missing this chance of enjoyment and leave it for some other time. For Wordsworth, he is enjoying to his heart’s content the breathtaking beauty which is even more attractive than valley, rock or hill, the natural landscape which he has enjoyed so far. The sleeping city appears majestic as he is not used to seeing London this way. Even the river is flowing on its own will as if there is no one to disturb it’s moment.

The poem is a petrarchan sonnet, having fourteen lines which are divided in two sections. Octave, which is first eight lines and sestet, the last six lines. The octave presents in detail the city of London at dawn, its specialty seen by the poet at that time of the day and the co-existence of nature with man-made constructions so beautifully lit up by the bright and glittering sunlight. In sestet, the overflowing emotion of disbelief for the calmness of the sleeping city is expressed with so much of praise that it goes to the extent of exaggeration.

The 9th Line, ‘Never did sun more beautifully steep…’ is called ‘Volta’ where the poet gives reason for his – awe and wonder. The poet uses the traditional rhyme-scheme of a petrarchan sonnet — abbaabba, cdcdcd.

The poem is a descriptive one where the poet uses his sense of sight and flair for expression to present a panoramic view of London. The simplicity and frankness of the language that is devoid of any lofty idea, make the poem pleasant.

The poem is a momentary expression of the poet’s description of the finer details of what he sees, feels, thinks at particular time of the day. It appears more beautiful because of the clarity in nature. Perhaps, on a gloomy day with overcast sky, this beauty would not have worked wonders for the poet. Fair weather brings out the inspirational awakening to the poet and he could easily pass it on the readers.

Question (iv)
Write a summary of the sonnet. Refer to the earlier poems for the points
to be covered for writing the summary.
Answer:
Refer Synopis.

Question (v)
While building a bridge, a group of people come together. They are architects, designers, engineers, officers, masons, politicians, building material suppliers, carpenters, etc. Write about the qualifications of these people. Choose any career from the list above and complete the table.
Answer:

Your choice of career/careers	Skill / Qualification
1. Architect	(a) 1. Master’s degree in Architecture
	2. Drawing design ideas
	3. Imaginative and creative thinking
	4. Ability to assess problems critically.
2. Civil Engineer	(b) 1. Bachelor’s degree in civil engineering
	2. Skilled in maths and physics
	3. Map – reading
	4. Reviewing blue print
	5. Design techniques
	6. Computer-aided design software

(A6) Project:

Question 1.
Given below are a few famous bridges in India. Find out more information about them and write in your notebook.
(a) The Howrah Bridge
(b) Laxman Zhula
(c) Pamban Bridge
(d) Worli Sea Link

Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 2.4 Upon Westminster Bridge Additional Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
The garment is compared with –
Answer:
The garment is compared with the beauty of the city of London early in the morning.

Question 2.
The morning looks beautiful because –
Answer:
The morning looks beautiful because of the calmness and peaceful atmosphere of the dawn in London city which is so soothing to the eye. Even the man-made structures along with the green fields, valleys and rocks and hills look very bright and glittering with the sunlight that falls directly on them in the absence of fog and smoke in the air. The river also flows smoothly on its own will.

Question 3.
Guess the meaning of ‘glideth’.
Answer:
‘Glideth’ is an archaic word meaning ‘moves smoothly’.

Question 4.
Guess what is referred to as ‘Mighty Heart.’
Answer:
‘Mighty Heart’ is a direct reference to the significance of the city of London which is big, powerful and man-made. The city is ‘Mighty’ when the citizens are active. But, to the poet, it appears to be asleep as it is calm and quiet at dawn. Now it is inactive and the serenity of nature has dominated its busy activities.

Comprehension:

Global Understanding:

Question 1.
Prepare a set of eight questions needed for the overall understanding of the poem.
Answer:

1. Who is a ‘dull’ soul?
2. What is the time of the day?
3. How does London look from Westminster Bridge?
4. What are the man-made constructions?
5. Why does the sky look bright and glittering?
6. How is the river flowing?
7. How do the houses appear?
8. Why does the poet address God?

Inference / Interpretative / Analysis

Question 1.
Explain ‘smokeless air’.
Answer:
The city of London is a busy city with lots of activities going on throughout the day. The poet could not believe the existence of clear sky which is hardly seen in London because of pollution. But he was standing on the Westmi

Personal Response:

Question 1.
How does your city/village look early in the morning?
Answer:
I am an early riser and that is why I am familiar with the early morning scenes in my city. Dawn is the only time I can enjoy pollution-free air, breathe deeply and can have a good look at the magnificent skyline with the rising sun peeping out. But the experience is short-lived.

Poetic Device:

Question 1.
Pick an example of Inversion from the extract and explain it.
Answer:
1. Example: ‘Dull would he be of soul who could pass by.’
Explanation: The order of words are changed for poetic effect.
2. Example: Ne’er saw I, never felt, a calm, so deep!
Explanation: The order of words are changed for poetic effect.

Creativity:

Question 1.
Compose poem of lines on ‘Nature’ using a rhyme scheme abba.
Answer:
Nature is our well-wisher, our friend.
Love it, enjoy it, protect it,
Be responsible not to pollute it a bit,
Nurture thy nature, all problems will end.”

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 2.3 There is Another Sky Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 2.3 There is Another Sky

11th English Digest Chapter 2.3 There is Another Sky Textbook Questions and Answers

Question (i)
Life is an amalgam of happy and sad moments. Think of such moments in your life, pair with your classmate and share both the aspects of life.
Answer:

Happy moments	Sad moments
1. Winning the first prize in a competition	(a) Losing your mobile, bicycle or wallet
2. from sickness	(b) Falling sick
3. for a picnic	(c) Fight / Misunderstanding with best friend

Question (ii)
Find proverbs, idioms or phrases of similar meaning to the one given and fill them in the circles given below:

Answer:

Question (iii)
When we look at the sky, we find several objects. They stand for something or the other. Complete the following table by finding the significance of the given objects. (Answers are given directly)
Answer:

Celestial Bodies	Association
1. The Sun	(a) Power, heat, energy, commitment, etc.
2. The Moon	(b) Beauty, eclipse, brightness, luminary, crescent, etc.
3. The Rainbow	(c) Colour, arch, rain, dreams, etc.
4. The Stars	(d) Glittering, twinkling, celebrity, ratings, etc.

Question (iv)
Colours mentioned in the hexagons given below, are associated with something or the other. Dissuss and fill in the blanks.

Answer:

(A1)

Question (i)
Imagine your younger sister is not paying attention to her studies and is seen wasting time playing games on her cell-phone. Suggest some ways that will help her to concentrate on her studies and overcome her bad habit.
Answer:
My dear sister, these days I hardly see you studying. Most of the time you are busy with your mobile, either playing games or sending WhatsApp messages. You are lost in the world of your cell-phone. Is it fair ? Ask yourself whether you are doing the right thing. I understand, you are living in an age where the cell-phones are the latest craze. But, I think, you are grown up enough to decide what is good for you. You must learn to draw the line, ‘This far and no further.’

I suggest, you make a timetable for yourself, giving enough time for all your subjects, according to your own level of difficulties. That will definitely give you some time to relax and play games on your cell-phone. Excess of anything is bad.

Your eye-sight need to be protected also. Balancing things in life is an art and you must realise the importance of studies in life. I am always there to help you so that you can comfortably manage your studies along with your time for relaxation.

Question (ii)
You have noticed that many of your classmates are not interested in outdoor games or participating in co-curricular activities. Discuss some ways in which they will be encouraged to participate in activities.
Answer:
Dear friend, as the General Secretary of the Cultural Forum, I have observed that many of you are not interested in taking part in extra curricular activities, both intra-collegiate and inter-collegiate. I am also concerned that even the outdoor sports are being neglected. I think, it is the high time to talk to you.

Friends, I know the importance of studies at this stage of your life. But extra-curricular activities need to go hand in hand with the curriculum since they help in our all-round development. They give us opportunities to showcase our non academic abilities which are equally important in the big competitive world. Not only do they boost our confidence but they also help to enhance our theoretical knowledge.

Unfortunately, we are caught in a rat race to establish ourselves in life. Extra-curricular activities give us a lot of exposure, speech fluency, teach us time management, help us develop sense of responsibility and, according to me, most importantly broadens our horizon by giving us courage to come out of our systems.

About outdoor sports, I think, we all have heard the proverb, ‘A healthy mind in a healthy body’. Co-operation, team work, discipline, fellow-feeling, follow the instructions of the captain, personality development along with the improved health-the list is endless to talk about the benefits of outdoor sports. Moreover, there are practical benefits like opportunities of getting admission in colleges, jobs through sports quota, channel to represent your country in the national and international competitions, earning recognition through awards.

Friends, I can go on talking about the extra-curricular activities and sports because I, myself is a beneficiary of all these advantages. I hope, all of you will take part in large numbers in extra-curricular activities as well as make an attempt to develop an interest in sports. All the best to all of you.

(A2)

Question (i)
Complete the web, highlighting the sad and gloomy aspects of life mentioned in the first part of the poem.

Answer:

Question (ii)
The poet encourages her brother in the second part of the poem by telling him about the brighter
side of life. Make a list of the expressions in the poem that mean encouragement.
(a) Brighter garden
(b) …………………….
(c) …………………….
Answer:
(a) Brighter garden
(b) Unfading flowers
(c) Bright bee hum

Question (iii)
The poet has described two different shades of human feelings by using imagery of various forces of Nature in the poem. Pick out the terms or phrases that describe them. Complete the table given below.
Answer:

Nature	Feelings
Faded forests	Sad/gloomy
Unfading flowers	Excitement
Silent fields	Loneliness
Evergreen leaf	Freshness
Bright bee	Being active
Serene sky	Calmness/peace
frost	pain/suffering

Question (iv)
The poem expresses feelings of serenity. Pick out expressions from the above poem that express the same…..
Answer:
(a) ‘There is another sky/Ever serene and fair,
(b) “And there is another sunshine….”
(c) “a little forest,/whose leaf is ever green,”
(d) “Unfading flowers….”

Question (v)
Compare and contrast the two opposing human feelings as expressed by the poet.
Answer:
It was possible that the poet’s brother who has staying in a different place, must have complained of sadness. The poet’s response to that was to invite him to ‘my garden’ where there was brightness forever. She deliberately used contrasting images of depression and joy from the nature to encourage and inspire her brother who was down with hopelessness. As against, silent, lonely fields, fading flowers and darkness she presented peaceful sky, bright sunshine, unfading flowers, buzzing bees, forests with evergreen leaves.

All these images represented the human feelings in two opposite worlds. The poet’s world might be an imaginary place but they could create positivity in a depressed mind.

(A3)

Question 1.
‘Never mind faded forests, Austin’. The word ‘faded’ means to become dim or faint. The word describes the forests that have become faint or dim in appearance. Now go through the poem again and complete the table.
Answer:

Describing Word	Object	Explanation
1. faded	forests	The forests have become faint or dim in appearance.
2. silent	fields	The fields are lonely.
3. unfading	flowers	The unfading flowers never fade with time as if they are in paradise.
4. bright	Bee	The bee is happy and active expressing its hopefulness.

(A4)

Question 1.
‘I hear the bright bee hum.’ The poet has used the word ‘hum’ that indicates the sound made by the bee. This is an example of Onomatopoeia.
The poet has used different figures of speech like alliteration, inversion and hyperbole in the poem. Identify them and pick out the lines accordingly.
(i) ‘I hear the bright bee hum’- The figure of speech is Onomatopoeia. The poet has used the word “hum” to indicate the sound made by the bee.

(ii) Metaphor:
‘There is another sky’ – Here the poet indirectly compares ‘another sky’ with ‘another place’ indicating ‘there is another place for you.’

(iii) Hyperbole:
In its unfading flowers’ – The poet makes use of an exaggerated statement. Flowers do fade with time.

(iv) Alliteration:
(a) ‘faded forest’ — Here, the sound of the letter ‘t’ is repeated for poetic effect.
(b) ‘bright bee’ – Here, the sound of the letter ‘b’ is repeated for poetic effect.

(v) Inversion:
(a) ‘where not a frost has been’
The word order is changed for poetic effect.
(b) ‘Prithee, my brother/into my garden come!’
The word order is changed for poetic effect.

(vi) Repetition:
(a) ‘There is another sky …./And there is another sunshine’.
– Expressions are repeated to show the possible alternative, arrangement.
(b) ‘Never mind faded forests, Austin,/Never mind silent fields…’
– Expressions are repeated to emphasise the poet’s intention.
(c) ‘Here is a little forest,…./ Here is a brighter garden’.
The expressions are repeated to provide hope.

(vii) Litotes : ‘Where not a frost has been’.
– A negative word ‘not’ is used in the statement to emphasize a strong positive feeling. ‘Not a frost’ is absolutely frost free.

(A5)

Question 1.
Imagine your friend is a table tennis champion who has won the semi-final in the inter-collegiate championship. Due to over confidence, she neither practises nor does she take her opponent seriously. This may result in her losing the final. Suggest some ways to make her aware of the importance of hard work and regular practice.
Answer:
Dear Sushama, congratulations on winning the semi final of the inter collegiate table tennis championship! But I never see you practicing and preparing yourself mentally and physically for the finals. I am really worried. Are you so confident of your success that you don’t even bother to attend your regular practice sessions? You must be knowing, ‘Practice makes a man perfect’. The other day I was watching the final match of Wimbledon Tennis Competition and it was amazing how the finalist Roger Federer, at the age of 37, was doing so much of hard work to win the long rallies.

Some of the strikes were excellent and this must be the result of his rigorous practice. These are legends and you must learn from them. There is no short cut to success and hard work always pays. You must take out enough time for practice to boost your confidence for the final match. Don’t take things easy and look down upon your opponent. Do it now-start regular practices. All the best!

(A6)

Question (i)
Use the following points and write an appreciation of the poem :

• About the poem, poet and title
• Theme
• Poetic style, language, poetic devices used in the poem
• Special features
• Message/values/morals in the poem
• Your opinion about the poem

Answer:
She assured him not to worry since she could suggest another place, most probably their own home where they had shared many lovely moments. This poem is a sonnet comprising of fourteen lines. Like a typical Petrarchan sonnet,the first eight lines called octave, hint at a problem or express an emotional tension. The last six lines called sestet, try to resolve the problem by relieving the tension. The poem also brings out the poet’s love for nature and here the sonnet resembles. Shakespeare’s sonnets which also has glorified nature.

Central Metaphor for the entire poem is the central symbol of sky which can be blue, dark and different for different persons. But ‘There is another sky/Ever serene and fair,’’-for all and that is the sky of paradise which is blissful. Here the poet means the sky and the places around a person’s own home which will always appear comfortable.

It is possible to resort to one’s own home in the moments of weakness, frustrations and confusions. Emily’s call into this ideal world of home makes us believe that such a world really exists. That makes the poem appear so special to the readers.

The message that the poet tried to convey was that one might change home or hometown, but the place called ‘home’ would never change and that was her purpose of using the expression ‘evergreen’ to convince the readers about eternal existence of one’s own comfortable home. Thus, Emily’s undying love for her brother, Austin who was troubled by some problems, came out through her showcasing all the brightness around the place she was recommending where her brother could life under a light that never faded.

The short poem, ‘There is Another Sky’ in just two stanza, has makes us understand the importance of home where are loved ones will be the bright sunlight in every situation of our life. Emily’s way of giving solace to her brother impress me the most, as, I believe, compression and warmth can always help a troubled person by giving strength. Emily’s brother Austin also has admitted that his sister’s words has been very supportive for him by allowing him to enter into her garden of happiness and joy.

Question (ii)
Writs a summary of the poem with the help of the points given below:

• Title
• Introductory paragraph (about the poem/ type/nature/tone)
• Main body (central idea/gist of the poem)
• Conclusion/ opinions/views/appeal.

Answer:
Refer synopsis

Question (iii)
Let’s compose a poem. Two lines are given. Add two of your own. There is another sky,
Ever serene and fair.
Answer:
There is another sky,
Ever serene and fair.
There is no darkness anywhere,
As colourful butterflies dance on flowers everywhere.

Question (iv)
Given below is a poem ‘Blue Sky’ by Mark Hastings. Imagine a poem of a similar kind by replacing the word blue. You can add any colour or object of your choice and write a poem of four lines. For example replace ‘blue’ with
1. Starry sky above me
2. Cloudy sky above me
Answer:
Bright sky above me,
Fills me with happiness and glee,
Seeing the starry sky above me,
No darkness as far as I can see.

(A7)

Question 1.
Write a letter to your younger sibling making her aware of various manmade and natural disasters and encourage her to join all the programmes, campaigns, drives etc. in school or in your locality.
Answer:
ABC Apartments,
Flat No. 4/2/1,
Ghatkopar (East),
Mumbai.
30th July, 2019.

Dear Richa,

How are you? I am writing to you after a long time. I read an article on the flood in Assam and thought of talking to you about such disasters which are natural as well as partially man-made.

Natural disasters like flood, earthquake, etc., happen quite often these days. Televisions and newspapers are flooded with such kind of reports. Sometimes, we really do not have anything to do to control natural disasters and we are puppets in the hands of nature. I still shudder to think of all those frightful pictures of the killer flood of Kerala.

But it is not uncommon that man-made disasters create havoc. In Mumbai, we quite often hear of buildings collapsing, killing so many people. These are dilapidated buildings which have got the warnings from the authority. People ignore those cautions and continue to stay in such buildings. There is no point in repenting later.

Keeping gas cylinders open is a very common example of fire due to human negligence. Who can forget about Mumbai deluge in 2005? We might be very small at that time, but we have heard stories about the disaster and the man-made cause of it. Mithi river got choked because of irresponsible throwing of non-biodegradable plastics? Have we really learnt from our mistakes?

I want to advise you to join the NSS or NCC unit of your college and participate in all their activities to create awareness among people, educate them to handle natural as well as man-made disasters. The authorities will do their job. But, we, as responsible citizens need to contribute our services in our own way. Basic humanity comes above everything and I am sure, you will take part actively in the campaigns and drives oganized by your college. At the same time, please don’t neglect your studies. You have to learn to balance your social work with your studies.

We are all fine here. Do write to me.
Yours lovingly,
Shanta

(A8)

Question 1.
The poem describes the beauty of Nature. Make a list of careers that are related to Nature, environment and forest
Answer:

1. Forest Department – (Forest officer, Ranger etc.)
2. Geologist
3. Wild-life Photographer
4. Environmental Lawyer
5. nvironmental Engineer
6. Botanist
7. Zoologist

(A9)

Project:

Question 1.
‘The Road Not Taken’ (Robert Frost) and ‘O Captain My Captain’ (Walt Whitman) are inspirational poems. Search these poems on the internet and write down your opinion about the poems in your notebook.

Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 2.3 There is Another Sky Additional Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
The poet is addressing the poem to –
Answer:
The poet is addressing the poem to her brother, Austin who has been going through a state of confusion and depression in life at a place away from home. The poet is trying to encourage him by pointing on the existence of another evergreen and always filled with sunshine universe.

Question 2.
The poet says ‘another sky’. Guess the meaning.
Answer:
‘Another sky’ is a metaphorical reference to ‘another place’ where a sky with brighter colour is waiting for her brother to provide him joy and hope. The image of ‘another sky’ is the image of an ideal world, the paradise, which, apparently has been a great support for her depressed brother.

Question 3.
The poet depicts a different ‘garden’. Discuss.
Answer:
The ‘brighter garden’ that the poet depicted was a place where the flowers were always blooming, the playful bees were humming in happiness. The use of comparative degree (brighter) showed the purpose of the poet to present a world that was in total contrast to the gloomy and dark place where her brother was suffering alone. She assured her brother, through this poem, that the ‘brighter garden’ did not have any withered lower, silent fields or frost that represented sadness and pain.

Comprehension:

Global Understanding:

Question 1.
Complete the table by matching human feelings with the things of Nature.
Answer:

Human feelings	Nature
1. Loneliness	silent fields
2. Freshness	evergreen leaf
3. Being active	bright bee
4. Calmness/peace	serene sky

Interference / Interpretative / Analysis:

Question 1.
How did the poet compare and contrast ‘there’ and ‘here’? Why did he do so?
Answer:
The poet wanted her brother to understand the existence of a better place than ‘there’ where he was suffering. She requested him to come ‘here’ where he could have a brighter life. The combination of ‘there’ and ‘here’ is expressed by the poet deliberately to create an assurance in the mind of her troubled brother, of the existence of a heavenly place which might be their home. The poem is an invitation for the brother to come from ‘there’ to ‘here’ to have a peaceful life.

Personal Response:

Question 1.
Do you support the poet’s way of handling the situation? Justify your answer.
Answer:
Yes, I feel, the poet’s assurance of the existence of a better place, will definitely support her brother a lot. A person who is suffering, words of hope are always inspiring and can do wonders. The poet, a loving sister, shows very cleverly the alternative to her brother who has the option to go to a brighter place, that is their home. This types of encouragements can definitely make a person stronger to take a decision.

Poetic devices:

Question 1.
Find out an example of Hyperbole from the poem and explain it.
Answer:
‘In its unfading flowers’ – The poet makes use of an exaggerated statement. Flowers do fade with time.

Creativity:

Question 1.
Compose a poem in appreciation of your ‘home’ using the words,, paradise, warmth, comfort, alone.
Use a rhyme – scheme.
Answer:
My home is the best place, my paradise.
It always welcomes me with warmth and affection.
In my sad moments, my home is my comfort zone,
I don’t feel lonely, never feel alone.

Glossary:

1. hum – make a low; steady continuous sound;
2. prithee – (no longer in everyday use, archaic word)
3. please (used to convey a polite request),
4. serene – peaceful, calm,
5. Austin – Emily’s younger brother,
6. frost – When temperature is below 0°C a thin layer of ice forms on the ground and other surfaces,
7. unfading – bright; colourful.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board 11th Biology Textbook Solutions Chapter 10 Animal Tissue Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Biology Solutions Chapter 10 Animal Tissue

1. Choose the correct option

Question (A)
The study of structure and arrangement of tissue is called _______.
(a) anatomy
(b) histology
(c) microbiology
(d) morphology
Answer:
(b) histology

Question (B)
_______ is a gland which is both exocrine and endocrine.
(a) Sebaceous
(b) Mammary
(c) Pancreas
(d) Pituitary
Answer:
(c) Pancreas

Question (C)
_______ cell junction is mediated by integrin.
(a) Gap
(b) Hemidesmosomes
(c) Desmosomes
(d) Adherens
Answer:
(b) Hemidesmosomes

Question (D)
The protein found in cartilage is _______ .
(a) ossein
(b) haemoglobin
(c) chondrin
(d) renin
Answer:
(c) chondrin

Question (E)
Find the odd one out.
(a) Thyroid gland
(b) Pituitary gland
(c) Adrenal gland
(d) Salivary gland
Answer:
(d) Salivary gland

2. Answer the following questions

Question (A)
Identify and name the type of tissues in the following:

1. Inner lining of the intestine
2. Heart wall
3. Skin
4. Nerve cord
5. Inner lining of the buccal cavity

Answer:

1. Epithelial tissue (Columnar epithelium)
2. Cardiac muscles (Muscular tissue)
3. Epithelial tissue (Stratified epithelium)
4. Nervous tissue
5. Epithelial tissue (Ciliated epithelium)

Question (B)
Why do animals in cold regions have a layer of fat below their skin?
Answer:
1. In adipose tissues, fats are stored in the form of droplets.
2. The adipose tissue acts as good insulator and helps retain heat in the body. This helps in survival of animals in the colder regions. Hence, animals in cold regions have a layer of fat below their skin.

Question (C)
What enables the ear pinna to be folded and twisted while the nose tip can’t be twisted?
Answer:
1. The ear pinna (outer ear) is made up of a thin plate of elastic cartilage and is connected to the surrounding.
2. The nose tip is made up of elastic cartilage. However, several bones and cartilage make up the bony- cartilaginous framework of the nose.
Hence, even though the tip of the nose is made up of elastic cartilage, it cannot be twisted like the ear pinna due to presence of bony-cartilaginous framework.

Question (D)
Sharad touched a hot plate by mistake and took away his hand quickly. Can you recognize the tissue and its type responsible for it?
Answer:
1. Nervous and muscular tissues are responsible for this action
2. Nervous tissue recognizes the stimuli whereas muscular tissue allows responding to the stimuli.

Question (E)
Priya got injured in an accident and hurt her long bone and later on she was also diagnosed with anaemia. What could be the probable reason?
Answer:
1. The centre of long bones (diaphysis) contains bone marrow, which is a site of production of blood cells (red blood cells).
2. Any severe injury to the bone marrow can affect rate of haematopoiesis (formation of blood cells).
3. A low count of erythrocytes (red blood cells) is characterised as anaemia. Hence, an injury to Priya’s long bone might have resulted in anaemia.

Question (F)
Supriya stepped out into the bright street from a cinema theatre. In response, her eye pupil shrunk. Identify the muscle responsible for the same.
Answer:
Smooth muscles (Involuntary muscles) are responsible for shrinking of eye pupil.

3. Answer the following questions

Question (A)
What is cell junction? Describe different types of cell junctions.
Answer:
1. Cell junctions: The epithelial cells are connected to each other laterally as well as to the basement
membrane by junctional complexes called cell junctions.
2. The different types of cell junctions are as follows:
a. Gap Junctions (GJs): These are intercellular connections that allow the passage of ions and small molecules between cells as well as exchange of chemical messages between cells.
b. Adherens Junctions (AJs): They are involved in various signalling pathways and transcriptional regulations.
c. Desmosomes (Ds): They provide mechanical strength to epithelial tissue, cardiac muscles and meninges.
d. Hemidesmosomes (HDs): They allow the cells to strongly adhere to the underlying basement membrane. These junctions help maintain tissue homeostasis by signalling.
e. Tight junctions (TJs): These junctions maintain cell polarity, prevent lateral diffusion of proteins and ions.

Question (B)
Describe in brief about areolar connective tissue with the help of suitable diagram.
Answer:
Areolar tissue is a loose connective tissue found under the skin, between muscles, bones, around organs, blood vessels and peritoneum. It is composed of fibres and cells.
The matrix of areolar tissues contains two types of fibres i.e. white fibres and yellow fibres.
a. White fibres: They are made up of collagen and give tensile strength to the tissue.
b. Yellow fibres: They are made up of elastin and are elastic in nature.
The four different types of cells present in this tissue are as follows:
a. Fibroblast: Large flat cells having branching processes. They produce fibres as well as polysaccharides that form the ground substance or matrix of the tissue.
b. Mast cells: Oval cells that secrete heparin and histamine.
c. Macrophages: Amoeboid, phagocytic cells.
d. Adipocytes (Fat cells): These cells store fat and have eccentric nucleus.

Question (C)
Describe the structure of multipolar neuron.
Answer:
A neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous tissue. A neuron is made up of cyton or cell body and cytoplasmic extensions or processes.
1. Cyton:
The cyton or cell body contains granular cytoplasm called neuroplasm and a centrally placed nucleus. The neuroplasm contains mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, RER and Nissl’s granules.
2. Cytoplasmic extensions or processes:
(a) Dendron: They are short, unbranched processes.
The fine branches of a dendron are called dendrites.
Dendrites carry an impulse towards the cyton.

(b) Axon: It is a single, elongated and cylindrical process.

1. The axon is bound by the axolemma.
2. The protoplasm or axoplasm contains large number of mitochondria and neurofibrils.
3. The axon is enclosed in a fatty sheath called the myelin sheath and the outer covering of the myelin sheath is the neurilemma. Both the myelin sheath and the neurilemma are parts of the Schwann cell.
4. The myelin sheath is absent at intervals along the axon at the Node of Ranvier.
5. The fine branching structure at the end of the axon (terminal arborization) is called telodendron.

Question (D)
How to differentiate the skeletal and the smooth muscles based on their nucleus?
Answer:
Skeletal muscles contain nucleus arranged at periphery. Striated or smooth muscles are with centrally placed single large oval nucleus therefore, skeletal and smooth muscle fibres can be identified.

Question 4.
Complete the following table.
Answer:

Cell / Tissue / Muscles	Functions
1. Cardiac muscles	Cardiac muscles bring about contraction and relaxation of heart
2. Tendons	Connect skeletal muscles to bones
3. Chondroblast cells	Produce and maintain cartilage matrix
4. Mast cells	Secrete heparin and histamine

Question 5.
Match the following.

‘A’ Group	B’ Group
1. Muscle	(a) Perichondrium
2. Bone	(b) Sarcolemma
3. Nerve cell	(c) Periosteum
4. Cartilage	(d) Neurilemma

Answer:

‘A’ Group	B’ Group
1. Muscle	(c) Periosteum
2. Bone	(a) Perichondrium
3. Nerve cell	(b) Sarcolemma
4. Cartilage	(d) Neurilemma

Practical / Project:

Question 1.
To study the different tissues with the help of permanent slides in your college laboratory.
Answer:
Students may observe permanent slides of different tissues like epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue and nervous tissue slides in laboratory.
[Students are expected to perform this activity on their own.]

Question 2.
Collect the information about the exercise to keep muscles healthy and strong.
Answer:

1. Muscles become stronger when we are physically active.
2. Physical activities like walking, jogging, lifting weights, playing tennis, climbing stairs, jumping, and dancing are good ways to exercise our muscles.
3. Apart from this, swimming and biking can also be considered as good workouts for muscles.
4. Different kinds of activities, work different muscles. Hence, it is essential to perform various types of physical activities.
5. Also, activities that increase our breath rate, help in exercising our heart muscle as well.
   [Students are expected to collect more information on their own.]

11th Biology Digest Chapter 10 Animal Tissue Intext Questions and Answers

Can you recall? (Textbook Page No. 116)

What is tissue?
Answer:
A group of cells having the same origin, same structure and same function is called ‘tissue’.

Do you know? (Textbook Page No. 116)

Number of cells in human body.
Answer:
There are about 100 trillion of 200 different types of cells in the human body.

Can you tell? (Textbook Page No. 119)

Explain basic structure of epithelial tissue and mention its types.
Answer:
The characteristics of epithelial tissues are as follows:

1. Epithelial tissue forms a covering on inner and outer surface of body and organs.
2. The cells of this tissue are compactly arranged with little intercellular matrix.
3. The cells rest on a non-cellular basement membrane.
4. The epithelial cells are polygonal, cuboidal or columnar in shape.
5. A single nucleus is present at the centre or at the base of the cell.
6. The tissue is avascular and has a good regeneration capacity.
7. The major function of the epithelial tissue is protection. It also helps in absorption, transport, filtration and secretion.

The different types of epithelial tissues are as follows:
1. Simple epithelium: Epithelial tissue made up of single layer of cells is known as simple epithelium. Simple epithelium is further classified into:
a. Squamous Epithelium
b. Cuboidal Epithelium
c. Columnar Epithelium
d. Ciliated Epithelium
e. Glandular Epithelium
f. Sensory epithelium
g- Germinal epithelium

2. Compound epithelium: Epithelium composed of several layers is called compound epithelium. Compound epithelium is further classified into:
a. Stratified epithelium
b. Transitional epithelium

Epithelial tissue has good capacity of regeneration. Give reason.
Answer:
Epithelial tissue rests on a basement membrane which acts as a scaffolding on which epithelium can grow and regenerate after injuries.

Can you recall? (Textbook Page No. 116)

Where is squamous epithelium located?
Answer:
Location: It is present in blood vessels, alveoli, coelom, etc.

Can you tell? (Textbook Page No. 119)

Write a note on glandular epithelium.
Answer:
Structure:
1. The cells of the glandular epithelium can be columnar, cuboidal or pyramidal in shape.
2. The nucleus of these cells is large and situated towards the base.
3. Secretory granules are present in the cell cytoplasm.
4. Glands consist of glandular epithelium. The glands may be either unicellular (goblet cells of intestine) or multicellular (salivary gland), depending on the number of cells.
5. Types: Depending on the mode of secretion, multicellular glands can be further classified as duct bearing glands (exocrine glands) ad ductless glands (endocrine glands).
a. Exocrine glands: These glands pour their secretions at a specific site. e.g. salivary gland, sweat gland, etc.
b. Endocrine glands: These glands release their secretions directly into the blood stream, e.g. thyroid gland, pituitary gland, etc.
6. Function: Glandular epithelium secretes mucus to trap the dust particles, lubricate the inner surface of respiratory and digestive tracts, secrete enzymes and hormones, etc.
Heterocrine glands
1. Heterocrine glands or composite glands have both exocrine and endocrine function.
2. Pancreas is called a heterocrine gland because it secretes the hormone insulin into blood which is an endocrine function and enzymes into digestive tract which is an exocrine function.

Use your brain power? (Textbook Page No. 118)

When do the transitional cells change their shape?
Answer:
Transitional cells change their shape depending on the degree of distention (stretch) needed. As the tissue stretches, the transitional cells start changing shape from round and globular to thin and flat.

Can you tell? (Textbook Page No. 119)

How do cell junctions help in functioning of epithelial tissue?
Answer:
1. Cell junctions: The epithelial cells are connected to each other laterally as well as to the basement
membrane by junctional complexes called cell junctions.
2. The different types of cell junctions are as follows:
a. Gap Junctions (GJs): These are intercellular connections that allow the passage of ions and small molecules between cells as well as exchange of chemical messages between cells.
b. Adherens Junctions (AJs): They are involved in various signalling pathways and transcriptional regulations.
c. Desmosomes (Ds): They provide mechanical strength to epithelial tissue, cardiac muscles and meninges.
d. Hemidesmosomes (HDs): They allow the cells to strongly adhere to the underlying basement membrane. These junctions help maintain tissue homeostasis by signalling.
e. Tight junctions (TJs): These junctions maintain cell polarity, prevent lateral diffusion of proteins and junctions.

Can you tell? (Textbook Page No. 122)

Give reason.
As we grow old, cartilage becomes rigid.
Answer:
Calcified cartilage is a type of cartilage that becomes rigid due to deposition of salts in the matrix. This reduces the flexibility of joints in old age and cartilage becomes rigid.

Can you recall? (Textbook Page No. 116)

Enlist functions of bone.
Answer:
Bones support and protect different organs and help in movement.

Can you tell? (Textbook Page No. 122)

(i) Give reason. Bone is stronger than cartilage.
Answer:
a. Bone is rigid, non-pliable, dense connective tissue characterised by the hard matrix called ossein (made up of calcium salt hydroxyapatite). An outer tough membrane called periosteum encloses the matrix. The matrix is arranged in the form of concentric layers called lamellae. Bones are well vascularized and possess blood vessels and nerves that pierce through the periosteum,
b. Cartilage is a pliable supportive connective tissue. On comparison with bones, cartilage is thin, avascular and flexible. In cartilage, a sheath of collagenous fibres called perichondrium encloses the matrix.
Hence, a bone is stronger than a cartilage.

(ii) Explain histological structure of mammalian bone.
Answer:
a. The bone is characterised by hard matrix called ossein which is made up of mineral salt hydroxy apatite (Ca₁₀ (P0₄)₆ (OH)₂).
b. An outer tough membrane called periosteum encloses the matrix.
c. Blood vessels and nerves pierce through the periosteum.
d. The matrix is arranged in the form of concentric layers called lamellae.
e. Each lamella contains fluid filled cavities called lacunae from which fine canals called canaliculi radiate.
f. The canaliculi of adjacent lamellae connect with each other as they traverse through the matrix.
g. Active bone cells called osteoblasts and inactive bone cells called osteocytes are present in the
lacunae.
h. The mammalian bone shows the peculiar haversian system.
i. The haversian canal encloses an artery, vein and nerves.

Can you recall? (Textbook Page No. 122)

How can exercise improve your muscular system?
Answer:
1. Exercise can improve both muscular strength and stamina endurance.
2. Exercises are commonly grouped into two types depending on the effect they have on the body:
a. Aerobic exercises: such as cycling, walking, and running. They increase muscular endurance and cardiovascular health, etc.
b. Anaerobic exercises: such as weight training or sprinting, increase muscle strength, etc.
3. Anaerobic exercies: It comprises brief periods of physical exertion and high-intensity, strength-training activities.
Anaerobic exercise is a physical exercise intense enough to cause lactate to form.
It is used by athletes to promote strength, speed and power; and by body builders to build muscle mass.

Can you recall? (Textbook Page No. 122)

How many skeletal muscles are present in human body?
Answer:
There are over 650 named skeletal muscles in the human body.

Can you tell? (Textbook Page No. 125)

Differentiate between medullated and non-medullated fibre.
Answer:

Medullated fibre	Non – Medullated fibre
1. Medullary sheath is present around the axon hence also known as Myelinated nerve fibre.	Medullary sheath is absent hence also known as Non-myelinated nerve fibre.
2. They have nodes of Ranvier at regular intervals.	They do not have nodes of Ranvier.
3. Saltatory conduction takes place in medullated nerve fibres.	Saltatory conduction is not seen in non-medullated nerve fibre.
4. These nerve fibres conduct the nerve impulse faster.	These nerve fibres conduct nerve impulse at slow rate.
5. These fibres appear white in colour due to an insulating fatty layer (myelin sheath).	These fibres appear grey in colour due to absence of fatty layer.
6. Schwann cell of this nerve fibre secrete myelin sheath.	Schwann cell of this nerve fibre does not secrete myelin sheath.
7. Cranial nerves of vertebrates are medullated.	Nerves of autonomous nervous system are non-

Internet is my friend. (Textbook Page No. 125)

Learn about transmission of impulse from one neuron to another.
Answer:

1. A nerve impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another through junctions called synapses.
2. A synapse is formed by the membranes of a pre-synaptic neuron and a post-synaptic neuron, which may or may not be separated by a gap called synaptic cleft.
3. There are two types of synapses, namely, electrical synapses and chemical synapses.
4. Electrical synapses: The membranes of pre- and post-synaptic neurons are in very close proximity.
   Thus, electrical current can flow directly from one neuron into the other across these synapses.
   Impulse transmission across an electrical synapse is faster.
5. Chemical synapse: The membranes of the pre- and post-synaptic neurons are separated by a fluid- filled space called synaptic cleft.
6. Chemicals called neurotransmitters are involved in the transmission of impulses at these synapses.
7. The axon terminals contain vesicles filled with these neurotransmitters.
8. When an impulse arrives at the axon terminal, it stimulates the movement of the synaptic vesicles towards the membrane where they fuse with the plasma membrane and release their neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.
9. The released neurotransmitters bind to their specific receptors, present on the post-synaptic membrane.
10. This binding opens ion channels and allows the entry of ions which can generate a new potential in the post-synaptic neuron.

[Students are expected to refer the given information and collect more information from the internet.]
[Note: Students can scan the adjacent QR code to get conceptual clarity with the aid of a relevant video ]

Observe and Discuss (Textbook Page No. 125)

Explain the structure of nerve.

Answer:

1. Each spinal nerve consists of many axons and contains layers of protective connective tissue coverings.
2. Axons are enclosed in a fatty sheath called myelin sheath.
3. Individual axons within a nerve are wrapped in an endoneurium (innermost layer).
4. Groups of axons with their endoneurium are arranged in bundles called fascicles.
5. Each fascicle is wrapped in perineurium (middle layer).
6. The outermost covering over the entire nerve is the epineurium. The epineurium extends between fascicles.
7. Many blood vessels nourish the nerve and are present within the perineurium and epineurium.
   [Source: Tortora. G, Derrickson. B. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. 11th Edition.]

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board 11th Chemistry Textbook Solutions Chapter 5 Chemical Bonding Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Chemistry Solutions Chapter 5 Chemical Bonding

1. Select and write the most appropriate alternatives from the given choices.

Question A.
Which molecule is linear?
a. SO₃
b. CO₂
c. H₂S
d. Cl₂O
Answer:
b. CO₂

Question B.
When the following bond types are listed in decreasing order of strength (strongest first). Which is the correct order?
a. covalent > hydrogen > van der waals
b. covalent > vander waal’s > hydrogen
c. hydrogen > covalent > vander waal’s
d. vander waal’s > hydrogen > covalent.
Answer:
a. covalent > hydrogen > van der waals

Question C.
Valence Shell Electron Pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory is used to predict which of the following :
a. energy levels in an atom
b. the shapes of molecules and ions.
c. the electron negetivities of elements.
d. the type of bonding in compounds.
Answer:
b. the shapes of molecules and ions.

Question D.
Which of the following is true for CO₂?

	C=O bond	CO2 molecule
A	polar	non-polar
B	non-polar	polar
C	polar	polar
D	non-polar	non-polar

Answer:

	C=O bond	CO2 molecule
A	polar	non-polar

Question E.
Which O₂ molecule is pargmagnetic. It is explained on the basis of :
a. Hybridisation
b. VBT
c. MOT
d. VSEPR
Answer:
c. MOT

Question F.
The angle between two covalent bonds is minimum in:
a CH₄
b. C₂H₂
c. NH₃
d. H₂O
Answer:
d. H₂O

2. Draw

Question A.
Lewis dot diagrams for the folowing
a. Hydrogen (H₂)
b. Water (H₂O)
c. Carbon dioxide (CO₂)
d. Methane (CH₄)
e. Lithium Fluoride (LiF)
Answer:

[Note: H atom in H₂ and Li atom in LiF attain the configuration of helium (a duplet of electrons).]

Question B.
Diagram for bonding in ethene with sp² Hybridisation.
Answer:

Question C.
Lewis electron dot structures of
a. HF
b. C₂H₆
c. C₂H₄
d. CF₃Cl
e. SO₂
Answer:

Question D.
Draw orbital diagrams of
a. Fluorine molecule
b. Hydrogen fluoride molecule
Answer:
a.

b.

3. Answer the following questions

Question A.
Distinguish between sigma and pi bond.
Answer:

σ (sigma) bond	π (pi) bond
1. It is formed when atomic orbitals overlap along internuclear axis.	1. It is formed when atomic orbitals overlap side-ways (laterally).
2. Electron density is high along the axis of the molecule (i.e., internuclear axis).	2. Electron density is zero along the axis of the molecule (i.e., internuclear axis).
3. In the formation of sigma bond, the extent of overlap is greater, hence, more energy is released.	3. In the formation of pi bond, the extent of overlap is less, hence, less energy is released.
4. It is a strong bond.	4. It is a weak bond.
5. Formation of sigma bonds involves s-s, s-p, p-p overlap and overlap between hybrid orbitals.	5. Formation of pi bonds involves p-p or d-d overlap. The overlap between hybrid orbitals is not involved.

Question B.
Display electron distribution around the oxygen atom in water molecule and state shape of the molecule, also write H-O-H bond angle.
Answer:
Electron distribution around oxygen atom in water molecule:
Shape of water molecule: Angular or V shaped H-O-H bond angle = 104°35′

Question C.
State octet rule. Explain its inadequecies with respect to
a. Incomplete octet
b. Expanded octet
Answer:
Statement: During the formation of chemical bond, atom loses, gains or shares electrons so that its outermost orbit (valence shell) contains eight electrons. Therefore, the atom attains the nearest inert gas electronic configuration.

a. Molecules with incomplete octet: e.g. BF₃, BeCl₂, LiCl
In these covalent molecules, the atoms B, Be and Li have less than eight electrons in their valence shell but these molecules are stable.
Li in LiCl has only two electrons, Be in BeCl₂ has four electrons while B in BF₃ has six electrons in the valence shell.

b. Molecules with expanded octet: Some molecules like SF₆, PCl₅, H₂SO₄ have more than eight electrons around the central atom.

Question D.
Explain in brief with one example:
a. Ionic bond
b. covalent bond
c. co-ordinate bond
Answer:
a. Formation of calcium chloride (CaCl₂):
i. The electronic configurations of calcium and chlorine are:
Na (Z = 11): 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² or (2, 8, 8, 2)
Cl (Z = 17): 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁵ or (2, 8, 7)
ii. Calcium has two electrons in its valence shell. It has tendency to lose two electrons to acquire the electronic configuration of the nearest inert gas, argon (2, 8, 8).
iii. Chlorine has seven electrons in its valence shell. It has tendency to gain one electron and thereby acquire the electronic configuration of the nearest inert gas, argon (2, 8, 8).
iv. During the combination of calcium and chlorine atoms, the calcium atom transfers its valence electrons to two chlorine atoms.
v. Calcium atom changes into Ca²⁺ ion while the two chlorine atoms change into two Cl^– ions. These ions are held together by strong electrostatic force of attraction.
vi. The formation of ionic bond(s) between Ca and Cl can be shown as follows:

b. Formation of Cl₂ molecule:
i. The electronic configuration of Cl atom is [Ne] 3s² 3p⁵.
ii. It needs one more electron to complete its valence shell.
iii. When two chlorine atoms approach each other at a certain internuclear distance, they share their valence electrons. In the process, both the atoms attain the valence shell of octet of nearest noble gas, argon.
iv. The shared pair of electrons belongs equally to both the chlorine atoms. The two atoms are said to be linked by a single covalent bond and a Cl₂ molecule is formed.

c. co-ordinate bond:
i. A coordinate bond is a type of covalent bond where both of the electrons that form the bond originate from the same atom
ii. An atom with a lone pair of electrons (non-bonding pair of electrons) is capable of forming a coordinate bond.
iii. For example, reaction of ammonia with boron trifluoride: Before the reaction, nitrogen (N) in ammonia has eight valence electrons, including a lone pair of electrons. Boron (B) in boron trifluoride has only six valence electrons, so it is two electrons short of an octet. The two unpaired electrons form a bond between nitrogen and boron, resulting in complete octets for both atoms. A coordinate bond is represented by an arrow. The direction of the arrow indicates that the electrons are moving from nitrogen to boron. Thus, ammonia forms a coordinate bond with boron trifluoride.

iv. Once formed, a coordinate covalent bond is the same as any other covalent bond.

Question E.
Give reasons for need of Hybridisation.
Answer:
The concept of hybridization was introduced because the valence bond theory failed to explain the following points:
i. Valencies of certain elements:
The maximum number of covalent bonds which an atom can form equals the number of unpaired electrons present in its valence shell. However, valence bond theory failed to explain how beryllium, boron and carbon forms two, three and four covalent bonds respectively.
a. Beryllium: The electronic configuration of beryllium is 1s² 2s². The expected valency is zero (as there is no unpaired electron) but the observed valency is 2 as in BeCl₂.
b. Boron: The electronic configuration of boron is 1s² 2s² \(2 \mathrm{p}_{\mathrm{x}}^{1}\). The valency is expected to be 1 but it is 3 as in BF₃.
c. Carbon: The electronic configuration of carbon is 1s² 2s² \(2 \mathrm{p}_{\mathrm{x}}^{1}\) \(2 \mathrm{p}_{\mathrm{y}}^{1}\) . The valency is expected to be 2, but observed valency is 4 as in CH₄.

ii. The shapes and geometry of certain molecules:
The valence bond theory cannot explain shapes, geometries and bond angles in certain molecules,
e.g. a. Tetrahedral shape of methane molecule.
b. Bond angles in molecules like NH₃ (107°18′) and H₂O (104°35′).
However, the valency of the above elements and the observe structural properties of the above molecules can be explained by the concept of hybridization. These are the reasons for need of the concept of hybridization.

Question F.
Explain geometry of methane molecule on the basis of Hybridisation.
Answer:
Formation of methane (CH₄) molecule on the basis of sp³ hybridization:
i. Methane molecule (CH₄) has one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms.
ii. The ground state electronic configuration of C (Z = 6) is 1s² \(2 \mathrm{p}_{\mathrm{x}}^{1}\) \(2 \mathrm{p}_{\mathrm{y}}^{1}\) \(2 \mathrm{p}_{\mathrm{z}}^{1}\);
Electronic configuration of carbon:

iii. In order to form four equivalent bonds with hydrogen, the 2s and 2p orbitals of C-atom undergo sp³ hybridization.
iv. One electron from the 2s orbital of carbon atom is excited to the 2pz orbital. Then the four orbitals 2s, px, py and pz mix and recast to form four new sp³ hybrid orbitals having same shape and equal energy. They are maximum apart and have tetrahedral geometry with H-C-H bond angle of 109°28′. Each hybrid orbital contains one unpaired electron.
v. Each of these sp³ hybrid orbitals with one electron overlap axially with the 1s orbital of hydrogen atom to form one C-H sigma bond. Thus, in CH₄ molecule, there are four C-H bonds formed by the sp³-s overlap.
Diagram:

Question G.
In Ammonia molecule the bond angle is 107°18 and in water molecule it is 104°35′, although in both the central atoms are sp³ hybridized Explain.
Answer:
i. The ammonia molecule has sp³ hybridization. The expected bond angle is 109°28′. But the actual bond angle is 107°28′. It is due to the following reasons.

• One lone pair and three bond pairs are present in ammonia molecule.
• The strength of lone pair-bond pair repulsion is much higher than that of bond pair-bond pair repulsion.
• Due to these repulsions, there is a small decrease in bond angle (~2°) from 109°28′ to 107°18′.

ii. The water molecule has sp³ hybridization. The expected bond angle is 109°28′. But the actual bond angle is 104°35′. It is due to the following reasons.

• Two lone pairs and two bond pairs are present in water molecule.
• The decreasing order of the repulsion is Lone pair-Lone pair > Lone pair-Bond pair > Bond pair-Bond pair.
• Due to these repulsions, there is a small decrease in bond angle (~5°) from 109°28′ to 104°35′.

Question H.
Give reasons for:
a. Sigma (σ) bond is stronger than Pi (π) bond.
b. HF is a polar molecule
c. Carbon is a tetravalent in nature.
Answer:
a. i. The strength of the bond depends on the extent of overlap of the orbitals. Greater the overlap, stronger is the bond.
ii. A sigma bond is formed by the coaxial overlap of the atomic orbitals which are oriented along the internuclear axis, hence the extent of overlap is maximum.
iii. A pi bond is formed by the lateral overlap of the atomic orbitals which are oriented perpendicular to the internuclear axis, hence the extent of orbital overlapping in side wise manner is less.
Hence, sigma bond is stronger than pi bond.

b. i. When a covalent bond is formed between two atoms of different elements that have different electronegativities, the shared electron pair does not remain at the centre. The electron pair is pulled towards the more electronegative atom resulting in the separation of charges.
ii. In H-F, fluorine is more electronegative than hydrogen. Therefore, the shared electron pair is pulled towards fluorine and fluorine acquires partial -ve charge and simultaneously hydrogen acquires partial +ve charge. This gives rise to dipole and H-F bond becomes polar. Hence, H-F is a polar molecule.

c. The electronic configuration of carbon is:
1s² 2s² 2p_x¹ 2p_y¹
One electron from ‘2s’ orbital is promoted to the empty ‘2p’ orbital.
Thus, in excited state, carbon has four half-filled orbitals.

Hence, carbon can form 4 bonds and is tetravalent in nature.

Question I.
Which type of hybridization is present in ammonia molecule? Write the geometry and bond angle present in ammonia.
Answer:
The type of hybridization present in ammonia (NH₃) molecule is sp³.
Geometry of ammonia molecule is pyramidal or distorted tetrahedral.
Bond angle in ammonia molecule is 107°18′.

Question J.
Identify the type of orbital overlap present in
a. H₂
b. F₂
c. H-F molecule.
Explain diagramatically.
Answer:
i. s-s σ overlap:
a. The overlap between two half-filled s orbitals of two different atoms containing unpaired electrons with opposite spins is called s-s overlap.
e.g. Formation of H₂ molecule by s-s overlap:
Hydrogen atom (Z = 1) has electronic configuration: 1s¹. The 1s¹ orbitais of two hydrogen atoms overlap along the internuclear axis to form a σ bond between the atoms in H₂ molecule.
b. Diagram:

ii. p-p σ overlap:
a. This type of overlap takes place when two p orbitals from different atoms overlap along the internuclear axis.
e.g. Formation of F₂ molecule by p-p overlap:
Fluorine atom (Z = 9) has electronic configuration 1s² 2s² \(2 \mathrm{p}_{\mathrm{x}}^{2}\) \(2 \mathrm{p}_{\mathrm{y}}^{2}\) \(2 \mathrm{p}_{\mathrm{z}}^{2}\).
During the formation of F₂ molecule, half-filled 2p_z orbital of one F atom overlaps with similar half-filled 2p_z orbital containing electron with opposite spin of another F atom axially and a p-p σ bond is formed.
b. Diagram:

iii. s-p σ overlap:
a. In this type of overlap one half filled s orbital of one atom and one half filled p orbital of another orbital overlap along the internuclear axis.
e.g. Formation of HF molecule by s-p overlap:
Hydrogen atom (Z = 1) has electronic configuration: 1s¹ and fluorine atom (Z = 9) has electronic configuration 1s² 2s² \(2 \mathrm{p}_{\mathrm{x}}^{2}\) \(2 \mathrm{p}_{\mathrm{y}}^{2}\) \(2 \mathrm{p}_{\mathrm{z}}^{2}\). During the formation of HF molecule, half-filled Is orbital of hydrogen atom overlaps coaxially with half-filled 2p_z orbital of fluorine atom with opposite electron spin and an s-p σ bond is formed.
b. Diagram:

Question K.
F-Be-F is a liner molecule but H-O-H is angular. Explain.
Answer:
i. In the BeF₂ molecule, the central beryllium atom undergoes sp hybridization giving rise to two sp hybridized orbitals placed diagonally opposite with an angle of 180°. Thus, F-Be-F is a linear molecule.

ii. In the H₂O molecule, the central oxygen atom undergoes sp³ hybridization giving rise to four sp³ hybridized orbitals directed towards four comers of a tetrahedron. There are two lone pairs of electrons in two of the sp³ hybrid orbitals of oxygen. The lone pair-lone pair repulsion distorts the structure. Hence, H-O-H is angular or V-shaped.

Question L.
BF₃ molecule is planar but NH₃ pyramidal. Explain.
Answer:
i. In the BF₃ molecule, the central boron atom undergoes sp² hybridization giving rise to three sp² hybridized orbitals directed towards three comers of an equilateral triangle. Thus, the geometry is trigonal planar.

ii. In the NH₃ molecule, the central nitrogen atom undergoes sp³ hybridization giving rise to four sp³ hybridized orbitals directed towards four comers of a tetrahedron. The expected geometry of NH₃ molecule is regular tetrahedral with bond angle 109°28′. There is one lone pair of electrons in one of the sp³ hybrid orbitals of nitrogen. The lone pair-bond pair repulsion distorts the bond angle. Hence, the structure of NH₃ is distorted and it has pyramidal geometry.

Question M.
In case of bond formation in Acetylene molecule :
a. How many covalend bonds are formed ?
b. State number of sigma and pi bonds formed.
c. Name the type of Hybridisation.
Answer:
a. In acetylene molecule, there are five covalent bonds.
b. In acetylene molecule, there are three sigma bonds and two pi bonds.
c. In acetylene molecule, each carbon atom undergoes sp hybridization.

Question N.
Define :
a. Bond Enthalpy
b. Bond Length
Answer:
a. Bond Enthalpy:
Bond enthalpy is defined as the amount of energy required to break one mole of a bond of one type, present between two atoms in a gaseous state.

b. Bond Length:
Bond length is defined as the equilibrium distance between the nuclei of two covalently bonded atoms in a molecule.

Question O.
Predict the shape and bond angles in the following molecules:
a. CF₄
b. NF₃
c. HCN
d. H₂S
Answer:
a. CF₄: There are four bond pairs on the central atom. Hence, shape of CF₄ is tetrahedral and F-C-F bond angle is 109° 28′.
b. NF₃: There are three bond pairs and one lone pair on the central atom. Hence, shape of NF₃ is trigonal pyramidal and F-N-F bond angle is less than 109° 28′.
c. HCN: There are two bond pairs on the central atom. Hence, shape of HCN is linear and H-C-N bond angle is 180°.
d. H₂S: There are two bond pairs and two lone pairs on the central atom. Hence, shape of H₂S is bent or V-shaped and H-S-H bond angle is slightly less than 109° 28′.

4. Using data from the Table, answer the following :

a. What happens to the bond length when unsaturation increases?
b. Which is the most stable compound?
c. Indicate the relation between bond strength and Bond enthalpy.
d. Comment on overall relation between Bond length, Bond Enthalpy and Bond strength and stability.
Answer:
a. When unsaturation increases, the bond length decreases.
b. The stable compound is ethyne (C₂H₂).
c. Bond strength ∝ Bond enthalpy
Larger the bond enthalpy, stronger is the bond.
d. As bond length decreases, bond enthalpy, bond strength and stability increase.

5. Complete the flow chart

Answer:

6. Complete the following Table

Answer:

7. Answer in one sentence:

Question A.
Indicate the factor on which stalility of ionic compound is measured?
Answer:
The stability of an ionic compound is measured by the amount of energy released during lattice formation.

Question B.
Arrange the following compounds on the basis of lattice energies in decreasing (descending) order: BeF₂, AlCl₃, LiCl, CaCl₂, NaCl.
Answer:
AlCl₃ > BeF₂ > CaCl₂ > LiCl > NaCl

Question C.
Give the total number of electrons around sulphur (S) in SF₆ compound.
Answer:
The total number of electrons around sulphur (S) in SF₆ is 12.

Question D.
Covalant bond is directional in nature. Justify.
Answer:
Covalent bond is formed by the overlap of two half-filled atomic orbitals. The atomic orbitals are oriented in specific directions in space (except s-orbital which is spherical). Hence, covalent bond is directional in nature.

Question E.
What are the interacting forces present during formation of a molecule of a compound ?
Answer:
a. Forces of attraction: The nucleus of one atom attracts the electrons of the other atom and vice-versa.
b. Forces of repulsion: The electron of one atom repels the electron of the other atom and vice-versa (as electrons are negatively charged). There is repulsion between the two nuclei (as the nuclei are positively charged).

Question F.
Give the type of overlap by which pi (π) bond is formed.
Answer:
The type of overlap by which pi (π) bond is formed is p-p lateral overlap.

Question G .
Mention the steps involved in Hybridization.
Answer:
The steps involved in hybridization are:

• formation of the excited state and
• mixing and recasting of orbitals.

Question H.
Write the formula to calculate bond order of molecule.
Answer:
Bond order of a molecule = \(\frac{\mathrm{N}_{\mathrm{b}}-\mathrm{N}_{\mathrm{a}}}{2}\)
where, N_b is the number of electrons present in bonding MOs and N_a is the number of electrons present in antibonding MOs.

Question I.
Why is O₂ molecule paramagnetic?
Answer:
The electronic configuration of O₂ molecule is (σ1s)² (σ*1s)² (σ2s)² (σ*2s)² (σ2p_z)² (π2p_x)² (π2p_y)² (π*2p_x)¹ (π*2p_y)¹
Since the oxygen molecule contains two unpaired electrons, it is paramagnetic.

Question J.
What do you mean by formal charge ? Explain its significance with the help of suitable example.
Answer:
Formal charge is the charge assigned to an atom in a molecule, assuming that all electrons are shared equally between atoms, regardless of their relative electronegativities.

Structure (I):

Structure (II):

Structure (III):

While determining the best Lewis structure per molecule, the structure is chosen such that the formal charge is as close to zero as possible. The structure having the lowest formal charge has the lowest energy.

In structure (I), the formal charge on each atom is 0 while in structures (II) and (III) formal charge on carbon is 0 while oxygens have formal charge -1 or +1. Hence, the possible structure with the lowest energy will be structure (I). Thus, formal charges help in the selection of the lowest energy structure from a number of possible Lewis structures for a given species.

11th Chemistry Digest Chapter 5 Chemical Bonding Intext Questions and Answers

(Textbook Page No. 55)

Question 1.
Why are atoms held together in chemical compounds?
Answer:
Atoms are held together in chemical compounds due to chemical bonds.

Question 2.
How are chemical bonds formed between two atoms?
Answer:
There are two ways of formation of chemical bonds:

1. by loss and gain of electrons
2. by sharing a pair of electrons between the two atoms.

In either process of formation of chemical bond, each atom attains a stable noble gas electronic configuration.

Question 3.
Which electrons are involved in the formation of chemical bonds?
Answer:
The electrons present in the outermost shell of an atom are involved in the formation of a chemical bond.

Internet my friend (Textbook Page No. 55)

Question 1.
Search more atoms, which complete their octet during chemical combinations.
Answer:
In compounds like KCl, MgCl₂, CaO, NaF, etc, the constituent atoms complete their octet by lose or gain of electrons.
e.g. K → K⁺ + e^–
Cl + e^– → Cl^–
K⁺ + Cl^– → KCl
[Note: Students are expected to search more atoms on their own.]

Use your brainpower. (Textbook Page No. 60)

Question 1.
Which atom in \(\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}\) will have formal charge +1?
Answer:
In \(\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}\), nitrogen atom (N) will have formal charge of+1.

Use your brainpower. (Textbook Page No. 61)

Question 1.
How many electrons will be around I in the compound IF₇?
Answer:
Lewis structure of IF₇ is:

In IF₇, iodine (I) atom will be surrounded by 14 electrons.

Question 2.
Why is H₂ stable even though it never satisfies the octet rule?
Answer:
The valence shell configuration of hydrogen atom is 1s¹. Two hydrogen atoms approach each other and share their valence electrons. By having two electrons in its valence shell, H atom attains the nearest noble gas configuration of He. H₂ molecule attains stability due to duplet formation. Hence, H₂ is stable even though it never satisfies the octet rule.

(Textbook Page No. 64)

Question 1.
Lowering of energy takes during bond formation. How does this happen?
Answer:
i. When two combining atoms approach each other to form a covalent bond, the following interacting forces come into play.

• Forces of attraction: The nucleus of one atom attracts the electrons of the other atom and vice-versa.
• Forces of repulsion: The electron of one atom repels the electron of the other atom and vice-versa (as electrons are negatively charged). There is repulsion between the two nuclei (as the nuclei are positively charged).

ii. The balance between attractive and repulsive forces decide whether the bond will be formed or not.
iii. When the magnitude of attractive forces is more than the magnitude of repulsive forces, the energy of the system decreases and a covalent bond is formed.
iv. When the magnitude of repulsive forces becomes more than that of attraction, the total energy of the system increases, and a covalent bond is not formed.
Hence, lowering of energy takes during bond formation.

Can you tell? (TextBook Page No. 76)

Question 1.
Which molecules are polar?
H-I, H-O-H, H-Br, Br₂, N₂, I₂, NH₃
Answer:
i. H-I: Polar
ii. H-O-H: Polar
iii. H-Br: Polar
iv. Br₂: Nonpolar
v. N₂: Nonpolar
vi. I₂: Nonpolar
vii. NH₃: Polar

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board 11th Chemistry Textbook Solutions Chapter 4 Structure of Atom Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Chemistry Solutions Chapter 4 Structure of Atom

1. Choose the correct option.

Question A.
The energy difference between the shells goes on ……….. when moved away from the nucleus.
a. Increasing
b. decreasing
c. equalizing
d. static
Answer:
b. decreasing

Question B.
The value of Plank’s constant is
a. 6.626× 10^-34 Js
b. 6.023× 10^-24 Js
c. 1.667 × 10^-28 Js
d. 6.626× 10^-28 Js
Answer:
a. 6.626× 10^-34 Js

Question C.
p-orbitals are ……. in shape.
a. spherical
b. dumbbell
c. double dumbbell
d. diagonal
Answer:
b. dumbbell

Question D.
“No two electrons in the same atoms can have an identical set of four quantum numbers”. This statement is known as
a. Pauli’s exclusion principle
b. Hund’s rule
c. Aufbau rule
d. Heisenberg uncertainty principle
Answer:
a. Pauli’s exclusion principle

Question E.
Principal Quantum number describes
a. shape of orbital
b. size of the orbital
c. spin of electron
d. orientation of in the orbital electron cloud
Answer:
b. size of the orbital

2. Make the pairs:

	A		B
a.	Neutrons	i.	six electrons
b.	p-orbital	ii.	-1.6 × 10-19 C
c.	charge on electron	iii.	Ultraviolet region
d.	Lyman series	iv.	Chadwick

Answer:
a – iv,
b – i,
c – ii,
d – iii

3. Complete the following information about the isotopes in the chart given below :

(Hint: Refer to Periodic Table if required)
Answer:

4. Match the following :

Answer:
a – iv,
b – iii,
c – ii,
d – i

5. Answer in one sentence :

Question A.
If an element ‘X’ has mass number 11 and it has 6 neutrons, then write its representation.
Answer:
The representation of the given element is \({ }_{5}^{11} \mathrm{X}\).

Question B.
Name the element that shows simplest emission spectrum.
Answer:
The element that shows simplest emission spectrum is hydrogen.

Question C.
State Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
Answer:
Heisenberg uncertainty principle states that “It is impossible to determine simultaneously, the exact position and exact momentum (or velocity) of an electron”.

Question D.
Give the names of quantum numbers.
Answer:
The four quantum numbers are: principal quantum number (n), azimuthal or subsidiary quantum number (l), magnetic quantum number (m_l) and electron spin quantum number (m_s).

Question E.
Identify from the following the isoelectronic species:
Ne, O^2-, Na⁺ OR Ar, Cl^2-, K⁺
Answer:
Atoms and ions having the same number of electrons are isoelectronic.

Species	No. of electrons
Ne	10
O2-	8 + 2 = 10
Na+	11 – 1 = 10
Ar	18
Cl2-	17 + 2 = 19
K+	19 – 1 = 18

Hence, Ne, O^2-, Na⁺ are isoelectronic species.

6. Answer the following questions.

Question A.
Differentiate between Isotopes and Isobars.
Answer:

No.	Isotopes	Isobars
i.	Isotopes are atoms of same element.	Isobars are atoms of different elements.
ii.	They have same atomic number but different atomic mass number.	They have same atomic mass number but different atomic numbers.
iii.	They have same number of protons but different number of neutrons.	They have different number of protons and neutrons.
iv.	They have same number of electrons.	They have different number of electrons.
V.	They occupy same position in the modem periodic table.	They occupy different positions in the modem periodic table.
vi.	They have similar chemical properties.	They have different chemical properties.
e.g.	\({ }_{6}^{12} \mathrm{C}\) and \({ }_{6}^{14} \mathrm{C}\)	\({ }_{6}^{14} \mathrm{C}\) and \({ }_{7}^{14} \mathrm{~N}\)

Question B.
Define the terms:
i. Isotones
ii. Isoelectronic species
iii. Electronic configuration
Answer:
i. Isotones: Isotones are defined as the atoms of different elements having same number of neutrons in their nuclei. e.g. \({ }_{5}^{11} \mathrm{B}\) and \({ }_{6}^{12} \mathrm{C}\) having 6 neutrons each are isotones.

ii. Isoelectronic species:
soelectronic species are defined as atoms and ions having the same number of electrons.
e. g. Ar, Ca²⁺ and K⁺ containing 18 electrons each.

iii. Electronic configuration:
Electronic configuration of an atom is defined as the distribution of its electrons in orbitals.

Question C.
State and explain Pauli’s exclusion principle.
Answer:
Pauli’s exclusion principle:
i. Statement: “No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers”. OR “Only two electrons can occupy the same orbital and they must have opposite spins. ”
ii. The capacity of an orbital to accommodate electrons is decided by Pauli’s exclusion principle.
iii. According to this principle, for an electron belonging to the same orbital, the spin quantum number must be different since the other three quantum numbers are the same.
iv. The spin quantum number can have two values: +\(\frac {1}{2}\) and –\(\frac {1}{2}\).
v. Example, consider helium (He) atom with electronic configuration 1 s².
For the two electrons in Is orbital, the four quantum numbers are as follows:
Electron number Quantum number Set of values of quantum numbers

Thus, in an atom, any two electrons can have the same three quantum numbers, but the fourth quantum number must be different.
vi. This leads to the conclusion that an orbital can accommodate maximum of two electrons and if it has two electrons, they must have opposite spin.

Question D.
State Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity with suitable example.
Answer:
Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity:
i. Statement: “Pairing of electrons in the orbitals belonging to the same subshell does not occur unless each orbital belonging to that subshell has got one electron each.”
ii. Example, according to Hund’s rule, each of the three-degenerate p-orbitals must get one electron of parallel spin before any one of them receives the second electron of opposite spin. Therefore, the configuration of four electrons occupying p-orbitals is represented as

iii. As a result of Hund’s rule, the atom with fully filled and half-filled set of degenerate orbitals has extra stability.

Question E.
Write the drawbacks of Rutherford’s model of an atom.
Answer:
Drawbacks of Rutherford’s model of an atom:
i. Rutherford’s model of an atom resembles the solar system with the nucleus playing the role of the massive sun and the electrons are lighter planets. Thus, according to this model, electrons having negative charge revolve in various orbits around the nucleus. However, the electrons revolving about the nucleus in fixed orbits pose a problem. Such orbital motion is an accelerated motion accompanied by a continuous change in the velocity of electron as noticed from the continuously changing direction. According to Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetic radiation, accelerated charged particles would emit electromagnetic radiation. Hence, an electron revolving around the nucleus should continuously emit radiation and lose equivalent energy. As a result, the orbit would shrink continuously and the electron would come closer to the nucleus by following a spiral path. It would ultimately fall into the nucleus. Thus, Rutherford’s model has an intrinsic instability of atom. However, real atoms are stable.

ii. Rutherford’s model of an atom does not describe the distribution of electrons around the nucleus and their energies.

Question F.
Write postulates of Bohr’s Theory of hydrogen atom.
Answer:
Postulates of Bohr’s theory of hydrogen atom:
i. The electron in the hydrogen atom can move around the nucleus in one of the many possible circular paths of fixed radius and energy. These paths are called orbits, stationary states or allowed energy states. These orbits are arranged concentrically around the nucleus in an increasing order of energy.

ii. The energy of an electron in the orbit does not change with time. However, the electron will move from a lower stationary state to a higher stationary state if and when the required amount of energy is absorbed by the electron. Energy is emitted when electron moves from a higher stationary state to a lower stationary state. The energy change does not take place in a continuous manner.

iii. The frequency of radiation absorbed or emitted when transition occurs between two stationary states that differ in energy by ΔE is given by the following expression:
ν = \(\frac{\Delta E}{h}=\frac{E_{2}-E_{1}}{h}\) ………….(1)
Where E₁ and E₂ are the energies of the lower and higher allowed energy states respectively. This expression is commonly known as Bohr’s frequency rule.

iv. The angular momeñtum of an electron in a given stationary state can be expressed as mvr = n × h/2π
where, n 1,2, 3
Thus, an electron can move only in those orbits for which its angular momentum is integral multiple of h/2π.
Thus, only certain fixed orbits are allowed.

Question G.
Mention demerits of Bohr’s Atomic model.
Answer:
Demerits of Bohr’s atomic model:

• Bohr’s atomic model (theory) failed to account for finer details of the atomic spectrum of hydrogen as observed in sophisticated spectroscopic experiments.
• Bohr’s atomic model (theory) was unable to explain the spectrum of atoms other than hydrogen.
• Bohr’s atomic model (theory) could not explain the splitting of spectral lines in the presence of a magnetic field (Zeeman effect) or electric field (Stark effect).
• Bohr’s atomic model (theory) failed to explain the ability of atoms to form molecules by chemical bonds.

Question H.
State the order of filling atomic orbitals following Aufbau principle.
Answer:
Aufbau principle:
i. Aufbau principle gives the sequence in which various orbitals are filled with electrons.
ii. In the ground state of an atom, the orbitals are filled with electrons based on increasing order of energies of orbitals, Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity.
iii. Increasing order of energies of orbitals:

• Orbitals are filled in order of increasing value of (n + l)
• In cases where the two orbitals have same value of (n + l), the orbital with lower value of n is filled first.

iv. The increasing order of energy of different orbitals in a multi-electron atom is:
1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s < 4f < 5d < 6p < 7s and so on.

Question I.
Explain the anomalous behavior of copper and chromium.
Answer:
i. Copper:

• Copper (Cu) has atomic number 29.
• Its expected electronic configuration is 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d⁹.
• The 3d orbital is neither half-filled nor fully filled. Hence, it has less stability.
• Due to interelectronic repulsion forces, one 4s electron enters into 3d orbital. This makes 3d orbital completely filled and 4s orbital half-filled which gives extra stability and the electronic configuration of Cu becomes, 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s¹ 3d¹⁰.

ii. Chromium:

• Chromium (Cr) has atomic number 24.
• Its expected electronic configuration is 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s²3d⁴.
• The 3d orbital is less stable as it is not half-filled.
• Due to inter electronic repulsion forces, one 4s electron enters into 3d orbital. This makes 4s and 3d orbitals half-filled which gives extra stability and the electronic configuration of Cr becomes, 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s¹ 3d⁵.

Question J.
Write orbital notations for electrons in orbitals with the following quantum numbers.
a. n = 2, l =1
b. n = 4, l = 2
c. n = 3, l = 2
Answer:
i. 2p
ii. 4d
iii. 3d

Question K.
Write electronic configurations of Fe, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺
Answer:

Species	Orbital notation
Fe	1s2 2s2 2p63s2 3p6 4s2 3d6 OR [Ar] 4s2 3d6
Fe2+	Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 OR [Ar] 3d6
Fe3+	1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 OR [Ar] 3d5

Question L.
Write condensed orbital notation of electonic configuration of the following elements:
a. Lithium (Z = 3)
b. Carbon (Z=6)
c. Oxygen (Z = 8)
d. Silicon (Z = 14)
e. Chlorine (Z = 17)
f. Calcium (Z = 20)
Answer:

No.	Element	Condensed orbital notation
i.	Lithium (Z = 3)	[He] 2s1
ii.	Carbon (Z = 6)	[He] 2s2 2p2
iii.	Oxygen (Z = 8)	[He] 2s2 2p4
iv.	Silicon (Z = 14)	[Ne] 3s2 3p2
v.	Chlorine (Z = 17)	[Ne] 3s2 3p5
vi.	Calcium (Z = 20)	[Ar] 4s2

Question M.
Draw shapes of 2s and 2p orbitals.
Answer:
2s orbital:

2p orbital:

Question N.
Explain in brief, the significance of azimuthal quantum number.
Answer:
Azimuthal quantum number (l):

• Azimuthal quantum number is also known as subsidiary quantum number and is represented by letter l.
• It represents the subshell to which the electron belongs. It also defines the shape of the orbital that is occupied by the electron.
• Its value depends upon the value of principal quantum number ‘n’. It can have only positive values between 0 and (n – 1).
• Atomic orbitals with the same value of ‘n’ but different values of ‘l’ constitute a subshell belonging to the shell for the given ‘n’ The azimuthal quantum number gives the number of subshells in a principal shell. The subshells have l to be 0, 1, 2,3 … which are represented by symbols s, p, d, f, … respectively.

Question O.
If n = 3, what are the quantum number l and m_l?
Answer:
: For a given n, l = 0 to (n – 1) and for given l, m_l = -l……, 0…….. + l
Therefore, the possible values of l and m_l for n = 3 are:

Question P.
The electronic configuration of oxygen is written as 1s² 2s² 2p_x² 2p_y¹ 2p_z¹ and not as 1s² 2s² 2p_x² 2p_y² 2p_z⁰. Explain.
Answer:

• According to Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity “Pairing of electrons in the orbitals belonging to the same subshell does not occur unless each orbital belonging to that subshell has got one electron each.”
• Oxygen has 8 electrons. The first two electrons will pair up in the Is orbital, the next two electrons will pair up in the 2s orbital and this leaves 4 electrons, which must be placed in the 2p orbitals.
• Each of the three degenerate p-orbitals must get one electron of parallel spin before any one of them receives the second electron of opposite spin. Therefore, two p orbitals have one electron each and one p-orbital will have two electrons.

Thus, the electronic configuration of oxygen is written as 1s² 2s² 2p_x² 2p_y¹ 2p_z¹ and not as 1s² 2s² 2p_x² 2p_y² 2p_z⁰.

Question Q.
Write note on ‘Principal Quantum number.
Answer:
Principal quantum number (n):
i. Principal quantum number indicates the principal shell or main energy level to which the electron belongs.
ii. It is denoted by ‘n’ and is a positive integer with values 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ….
iii. A set of atomic orbitals with given value of ‘n’ constitutes a single shell. These shells are also represented by the letters K, L, M, N, etc.
iv. With increase of ‘n’, the number of allowed orbitals in that shell increases and is given by n².
v. The allowed orbitals in the first four shells are given below:

vi. As the value of ‘n’ increases, the distance of the shell from the nucleus increases and the size of the shell increases. Its energy also goes on increasing.

Question R.
Using concept of quantum numbers, calculate the maximum numbers of electrons present in the ‘M’ shell. Give their distribution in shells, subshells and orbitals.
Answer:
i. Each main shell contains a maximum of 2n² electrons.
For ‘M’ shell, n = 3.
Therefore, the maximum numbers of electrons present in the ‘M’ shell = 2 × (3)² = 18.

ii. The distribution of these electrons in shells, subshells and orbitals can be given as follows:

Note: Orbital distribution in the first four shells:

Question S.
Indicate the number of unpaired electrons in :
a. Si (Z = 14)
b. Cr (Z = 24)
Answer:
i. . Si (Z = 14): 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p²
Orbital diagram:

Number of unpaired electrons = 2

ii. Cr (Z = 24): 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s¹ 3d⁵
Orbital diagram:

Number of unpaired electrons = 6

Question T.
An atom of an element contains 29 electrons and 35 neutrons. Deduce-
a. the number of protons
b. the electronic configuration of that element.
Answer:
a. In an atom, number of protons is equal to number of electrons.
The given atom contains 29 electrons.
∴ Number of protons = 29

b. The electronic configuration of an atom of an element containing 29 electrons is:
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s¹ 3d¹⁰
[Note: Given element is copper (Cu) with Z = 29]

11th Chemistry Digest Chapter 4 Structure of Atom Intext Questions and Answers

Can you recall? (Textbook Page No. 35)

Question i.
What is the smallest unit of matter?
Answer:
The smallest unit of matter is atom.

Question ii.
What is the difference between molecules of an element and those of a compound?
Answer:
The molecules of an element are made of atoms of same element while the molecules of a compound are made of atoms of different elements.

Question iii.
Does an atom have any internal structure or is it indivisible?
Answer:
Yes, an atom has internal structure. Different subatomic particles such as protons, electrons and neutrons constitute an atom. So, it is divisible.

Question iv.
Which particle was identified by J. J. Thomson in the cathode ray tube experiment?
Answer:
Electron was identified by J.J. Thomson in the cathode ray tube experiment.

Question v.
Which part of an atom was discovered by Ernest Rutherford from the experiment of scattering of α-particles by gold foil?
Answer:
Nucleus of an atom was discovered by Ernest Rutherford from the experiment of scattering of α-particles by gold foil.

Just Think (Textbook Page No. 41)

Question 1.
What does the negative sign of electron energy convey?
Answer:
Negative sign for the energy of an electron in any orbit in a hydrogen atom indicates that the energy of the electron in the atom is lower than the energy of a free electron at rest. A free-electron at rest is an electron that is infinitely far away from the nucleus and is assigned the energy value of zero.

As the electron gets close to the nucleus, value of ‘n’ decreases and E_n becomes large in absolute value and more negative. The negative sign corresponds to attractive forces between electron and nucleus.

Internet my friend (Textbook Page No. 44)

Question 1.
Collect information about the structure of atom.
Answer:
Students can use links given below as references and collect information about structure of atom on their own.
https://www.livescience.com/65427-fundamental-elementary-particles.html http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Ar-Bo/Atomic-Structure.html
https://www.thoughtco.com/basic-model-of-the-atom-603799

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board 11th Chemistry Textbook Solutions Chapter 3 Basic Analytical Techniques Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 11th Chemistry Solutions Chapter 3 Basic Analytical Techniques

1. Choose the correct option

Question A.
Which of the following methods can be used to separate two compounds with different solubilities in the same solvent?
a. Fractional crystallization
b. Crystallization
c. Distillation
d. Solvent extraction
Answer:
a. Fractional crystallization

Question B.
Which of the following techniques is used for the separation of glycerol from soap in the soap industry?
a. Distillation under reduced pressure
b. Fractional distillation
c. Filtration
d. Crystallization
Answer:
a. Distillation under reduced pressure

Question C.
Which technique is widely used in industry to separate components of the mixture and also to purify them?
a. Steam distillation
b. Chromatography
c. Solvent extraction
d. Filtration
Answer:
b. Chromatography

Question D.
A mixture of acetone and benzene can be separated by the following method :
a. Simple distillation
b. Fractional distillation
c. Distillation under reduced pressure
d. Sublimation
Answer:
b. Fractional distillation

Question E.
Colourless components on chromatogram can not be observed by the following :
a. Using UV light
b. Using iodine chamber
c. Using the spraying reagent
d. Using infrared light
Answer:
d. Using infrared light

2. Answer the following

Question A.
Which of the following techniques is used for purification of solid organic compounds?
a. Crystallisation
b. Distillation
Answer:
Solid (crude/impure) organic compounds can be purified by crystallization.

Question B.
What do you understand by the terms
a. residue
b. filtrate.
Answer:
a. Residue: In the process of filtration, the insoluble (undissolved) impurities which remain on the filter paper are called residue.

b. Filtrate: In the process of filtration, the liquid which pass through the filter paper and collected in the beaker is called filtrate.

Question C.
Why is a condenser used in distillation process?
Answer:
In the process of distillation, a liquid is converted into its vapour and the vapour is then condensed back to liquid on cooling. The condenser has a jacket with two outlets through which water is circulated. Hence, to provide efficient cooling, a condenser is used.

Question D.
Why is paper moistened before filtration?
Answer:
Before filtration, filter paper is moistened with appropriate solvent to ensure that it sticks to the funnel and does not let the air to pass through the leaks.

Question E.
What is the stationary phase in Paper Chromatography?
Answer:
Paper chromatography is a type of partition chromatography in which a special quality paper, namely Whatman paper 1 is used. The water trapped in the fibres of the paper acts as stationary phase.

Question F.
What will happen if the upper outlet of the condenser is connected to the tap instead of the lower outlet?
Answer:

• If water enters through upper outlet of condenser, the water will quickly flow down under the influence of gravity. This allows only a small section of the condenser to be cooled enough.
• If water enters through lower outlet of condenser, the entire condenser will be filled with water before it leaves out providing maximum cooling to the condenser. This results in maximum recovery of purified liquid.

Hence, water must be allowed to enter through lower outlet of condenser during distillation process.

Question G.
Give names of two materials used as stationary phase in chromatography.
Answer:

1. Alumina
2. Silica gel

Question H.
Which properties of solvents are useful for solvent extraction?
Answer:

• Organic compound must be more soluble in the organic solvent, than in water.
• Solvent should be immiscible with water and be able to form two distinct layers.

Question I.
Why should spotting of mixture be done above the level of mobile phase ?
Answer:

• If spotting of a mixture is done at the level of mobile phase, then solvent will come in contact with the sample spot.
• Sample spot will dissolve in the mobile phase and its components will move all over the plate resulting in no distinct separation.

Hence, spotting of mixture should be done above the level of mobile phase.

Question J.
Define : a. Stationary phase b. Saturated solution
Answer:
a. Stationary phase:
Stationary phase is a solid or a liquid supported on a solid which remains fixed in a place and on which different solutes are adsorbed to a different extent.

b. Saturated solution:
A saturated solution is a solution which cannot dissolve additional quantity of a solute.

Question K.
What is the difference between simple distillation and fractional distillation?
Answer:

No.	Simple distillation	Fractional distillation
i.	If in a mixture the difference in boiling points of two liquids is appreciable/large, they are separated from each other using the simple distillation.	If in a mixture the difference in boiling points of two liquids is not appreciable/large, they are separated from each other using the fractional distillation.
ii.	Simple distillation assembly is used.	fractionating column is fitted in distillation assembly.
e.g.	Mixture of acetone (b.p. 329 K) and water (b.p. 373 K) can be separated by this method.	Mixture of acetone (b.p. 329 K) and methanol (b.p. 337.7 K) can be separated by this method.

Question L.
Define a. Solvent extraction
b. Distillation.
Answer:
a. Solvent extraction:
Solvent extraction is a method used to separate an organic compound present in an aqueous solution, by shaking it with a suitable organic solvent in which the compound is more soluble than water.

b. Distillation:
The process in which liquid is converted into its vapour phase at its boiling point and the vapour is then condensed back to liquid on cooling is known as distillation.

Question M.
List the properties of solvents which make them suitable for crystallization.
Answer:
The solvent to be used for crystallization should have following properties:

• The compound to be crystallized should be least or sparingly soluble in the solvent at room temperature but highly soluble at high temperature.
• Solvent should not react chemically with the compound to be purified.
• Solvent should be volatile so that it can be removed easily.

Question N.
Name the different types of Chromatography and explain the principles underlying them.
Answer:
Depending on the nature of the stationary phase i.e., whether it is a solid or a liquid, chromatography is classified into adsorption chromatography and partition chromatography.
i. Adsorption chromatography: This technique is based on the principle of differential adsorption. Different solutes are adsorbed on an adsorbent to different extent.

Adsorption chromatography is further classified into two types:

1. Column chromatography
2. Thin-layer chromatography

ii. Partition chromatography: This technique is based on continuous differential partitioning of components of a mixture between stationary and mobile phases. For example, paper chromatography

Question O.
Why do we see bands separating in column chromatography?
Answer:

• In column chromatography, the solutes get adsorbed on the stationary phase and depending on the degree to which they are adsorbed, they get separated from each other.
• The component which is readily adsorbed are retained on the column and others move down the column to various distances forming distinct bands.

Hence, we see bands separating in column chromatography.

Question P.
How do you visualize colourless compounds after separation in TLC and Paper Chromatography?
Answer:
i. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC): If components are colourless but have the property of fluorescence then they can be visualized under UV light, or the plate can be kept in a chamber containing a few iodine crystals. The iodine vapours are adsorbed by the components and the spots appear brown. Also, spraying agent like ninhydrin can also be used (for amino acids).

ii. Paper Chromatography: The spots of the separated colourless components may be observed either under ultra-violet light or by the use of an appropriate spraying agent.

Question Q.
Compare TLC and Paper Chromatography techniques.
Answer:

Chromatography technique	TLC	Paper chromatography
Principle	It is based on the principle of differential adsorption. Different solutes are adsorbed on an adsorbent to different extent.	It is based on continuous differential partitioning of components of a mixture between stationary and mobile phases.
Stationary phase	Solid (adsorbent like silica gel or alumina over a glass plate)	Liquid (water trapped in the fibres of a Paper)
Mobile phase	Liquid (single solvent/mixture of solvents)	Liquid (single solvent/mixture of solvents)
Visualization of components of a mixture	Similar to TLC the coloured components are visible as coloured spots and the colourless components are observed under UV light or using a spraying agent.

3. Label the diagram and explain the process in your words.

Answer:
When filtration is carried out using a vacuum pump it is called filtration under suction. It is a faster and more efficient technique than simple filtration. The diagram is as follows:

ii. Procedure:

• The assembly for filtration under suction consists of a thick wall conical flask with a sidearm (Buchner flask).
• The flask is connected to a safety bottle by rubber tube through the side arm.
• Buchner funnel (a special porcelain funnel with a porous circular bottom) is fitted on the conical flask with the help of a rubber cork.
• A circular filter paper of correct size is placed on the circular porous bottom of the Buchner funnel and the funnel is placed on the flask.
• Filter paper is moistened with a few drops of water or solvent.
• Suction is created by starting the pump and filtration is carried out.

iii. Crystals are collected on the filter paper and filtrate in the flask.

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 1.4 Pillars of Democracy Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1.4 Pillars of Democracy

11th English Digest Chapter 1.4 Pillars of Democracy Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Discuss with your partner and choose the correct alternative.

Question (i)
‘Government of the people, by the people and for the people, shall not perish from the earth’. This famous statement is made by –
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Nelson Mandela
(c) Abraham Lincoln
(d) Dalai Lama
Answer:
Abraham Lincoln

Question (ii)
A system where the government is elected and ruled by people is called —
(a) Bureaucracy
(b) Aristocracy
(c) Democracy
(d) Autocracy
Answer:
Democracy

Question (iii)
A democratic country is governed by, its –
(a) Military
(b) Police
(c) Politicians
(d) Constitution
Answer:
Constitution

2.

Question (i)
The trinity of democracy comprises of three principles. Complete the web to show the trinity of democracy.

Answer:

Question (ii)
Match the following.

 

A	B
1. Constitution	(a) It is the freedom to go where you want, do what you want etc.
2. Liberty	(b) It is the state of being equal, especially in status, rights or opportunities.
3. Equality	(c) It is the sense of common brotherhood.
4. Fraternity	(d) It is an aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organization or other type of entity and commonly determine how that entity is to be governed.

Answer:

A	B
1. Constitution	(d) It is an aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organization or other type of entity and commonly determine how that entity is to be governed.
2. Liberty	(a) It is the freedom to go where you want, do what you want etc.
3. Equality	(b) It is the state of being equal, especially in status, rights or opportunities.
4. Fraternity	(c) It is the sense of common brotherhood.

Question (iii)
Explain the pillars of a democratic nation. Make list of obstacles that are a threat to the progress of a nation.
Answer:
The pillars of a democratic nation are:
1. Legislative: In a democratic nation, the people of the country elect their representatives that govern a state or a country.
2. Executives: Executives, as the name suggests, are in-charge of putting the laws made by the legislatives in effect.
3. Judiciary: The job of the judiciary is to keep a check on the laws made by the legislative and their execution or fulfillment by the executives without disturbing the fundamental rights of the citizens of the country.
4. Press: All types of media have a responsibility of reaching to the people all over the country, the works of the legislatives and the executive and their basic duty is to be unbiased.

Major obstacles that are threats to the progress of a nation are:

1. Caste and religion-based politics.
2. Disrespect for the constitution values.
3. Absence of universal education which makes people unaware of their basic rights and duties.
4. Huge gap between haves and have-nots- lack of qualitative resources to the poor.
5. Constant threat of the attack of enemy countries.

(A1)

Question (i)
State weather the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statement.

1. There is nothing wrong in being grateful to great men.
2. Hero-worship leads to dictatorship.
3. Liberty cannot be divorced from equality.
4. One man one vote and one vote one value.
5. Fraternity means common sense.

Answer:

1. True
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. False.

Fraternity means a sense of common brotherhood The correct statement is – Fraternity means a sense of common brotherhood.

Question (ii)
Complete the web with information from the speech of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

Answer:

(A2)

Question (i)
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar has cited the quotes by John Stuart Mill and Daniel O’Connell. Write down 4 to 5 lines for each of them.
Answer:
(i) John Stuart Mill was an English philosopher and economist who was considered to be the most powerful British thinker of the 19th Century. Mill’s philosophy concentrates on establishing standards for the relationship between authority and liberty. It also advocates freedom of speech, freedom to pursue taste as long as they do not harm others and the freedom to unite without being forced and harming anybody. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar agreed with Stuart Mill’s views on social liberty where people should have the right to have a say in the governments decision.

(ii) Daniel O’Connell who was often referred to as ‘The Liberator’ was an Irish political leader in the first half of the 19th Century. His philosophy has inspired leaders all over the world including Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King. He advocated mass political participation and was very much against idealizing somebody at the cost of ones own honour, chastity or liberty. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar felt that this Principle of Refraining from hero-worship propagated by Daniel O’Connell is badly needed in India and he agreed with Daniel who felt such kind of loyalty was actually slavery.

Question (ii)
Make a list of steps that you feel are essential to unite the people of different caste, religions and languages in India.
Answer:
India is a progressive nation but the directions of dividing India according to caste, religions and languages have still kept her handicapped. The possible remedies, I feel, to cure India from these diseases to make her stable and secure may be:
(i) Education for all irrespective of not only caste, creed, religion but also of gender.
(ii) Creation of job opportunities according to one’s abilities.
(iii) Provision for reservation to depend on the financial condition rather than caste or religion.
(iv) Creation of public welfare policies according to the need of the people of all communities and thus maintaining uniformity as well as equality in all matters.

(iii) Write your views/opinion in brief on the following topics.

Question (a)
We must always cast our vote.
Answer:
Voting is one of the fundamental duties of the citizen of a country. We have no right to criticize the works of the government if we abstain from voting which gives us a chance to choose suitable representative to govern the country. Our constitution has given the common man an important power and responsibility to select the right persons to take the country forward on the right path. We are supposed to discharge this duty judiciously.

Question (b)
Liberty, equality and fraternity lead to an ideal nation.
Answer:
The terms ‘Liberty, Equality, Fraternity’ were the mottos of French revolution. Liberty represents freedom and Indian constitution has specified various kinds of freedom for Indian citizens. Euqality stands for having equal law for all irrespective of caste, creed, gender or religion. Fraternity is associated with brotherhood among all communities of people sharing common interest and purpose. An ideal nation is recognized by the maintenance of an atmosphere of peace in all spheres of life. If the principles of liberty, equality and fraternity are followed responsibly by the people of the country as well as the leaders governing them, the prosperity of the nation is assured.

Question (c)
Steps to be taken to eradicate inequality.
Answer:
Inequality is a curse that can lead any nation to its doom. Inequality creates dissatisfaction and unrest among people who feel deprived. Some possible steps to eradicate inequality can be:
(a) Remove poverty by reducing unequal distribution of resources and equal access to the opportunities as far as possible.

(b) Advocate gender equality by preventing female foeticide and making provision for girls’ education and preventing early marriage.

(c) Investing in employment-oriented education for all, creating employment readiness among youth and institutions for skill development need to be encouraged.

(d) Ensuring that all groups and communities can express their voice without fear. But the groups and communities also need to be responsible to avoid loss of lives, damage of public properties while expressing their grievances.

(e) Strictly eliminate caste discrimination which is still pervasive and is causing a serious threat to the progress of the country. To make the above steps successful is the joint responsibility of the government and the people of the country.

Question (d)
Role of youth in creating awareness.
Answer:
Youths are the backbones of the society and that gives them the responsibility to act as catalysts for creating social awareness. Empowerment of the youth is one of the ways to fulfill the policies of good governance.

The social welfare units in the schools and colleges, NCC, NSS, etc., should be made more active and need to be made a part and parcel of the curriculum so that a large number of young minds are materialized to eradicate social evils like illiteracy, insanitation, superstitions, corruption. They can organize various cultural programmes like street plays, musical programmes with social messages, posters as well as powerpoint presentations.

They can set examples by fighting against various kinds of pollution with steps like quitting smoking, propagating against loud music, cleanliness, saving water. “Charity begins at home” thus, they need to bring about the change in their own habits and behaviour to create social awareness.

(A3)

Question (i)
Complete the following table.
Answer:

Word	Type	Synonym	Antonym
observe	Verb	notice, discern, detect, mark	ignore, overlook
abandoned	Adjective	deserted, dumped, forsaken, dropped	adopted, defended, supported
grateful	Adjective	appreciative, thankful	ungrateful, thankless, inappreciative
initiative	Noun	action, drive, enterprise	apathy, idleness, laziness, in difference
peril	Noun Verb	danger, risk, hazard, threat endanger, risk	protection, certainty, safety protect, save
separation	Noun	division, break-up, split, parting	Connection, association, union

2. Homograph: Homograph is a word spelt and pronounced like another word but with a different meaning.

(A4)

(i) Frame Wh-question to get the underlined parts of the following sentences as answers.

Question (a)
In politics we will be recognizing the principle of ‘one man one vote’ and ‘one vote one value’.
Answer:
Which principles will we be recognizing in politics?

Question (b)
The politically minded Indians preferred the expression ‘the Indian Nation’.
Answer:
Which expression did the politically-minded Indians prefer?

Question (c)
Fraternity means a sense of common brotherhood of all Indians.
Answer:
What does fraternity mean?

(A5)

Write speeches on the following topics.

Question 1.
Duties of an Ideal Citizen.
Answer:
Respected chief guest Dr. Ashok Pillai, our Principal Dr. Pradeep Sanghvi, teachers and my dear friends,

Good Evening ! I am Mayank Gala, a member of the NSS unit of our college. It is indeed a matter of pride for me to share my views on the topic ‘Duties of an Ideal Citizen.’ in front of an august gathering. ‘Duties of an ideal citizen’ according to me, has become a necessity for everyone to be aware of in the present situation of our country.

The first question that comes to my mind at this moment is “Who is an ideal citizen?” Is it a person who is honest, knows his responsibilities and values, respects others needs, is conscious of taking care of the environment and thus contributing to the society in general making it a better place to stay? , Yes, an ideal citizen ideally should have all these qualities.

I personally feel that an ideal citizen should not consider his duties as obligations and fulfill them on his own urge. If all of us make a sincere effort to carry on with our jobs, the society is bound to prosper. Since we all are members of the society, to make it exemplary is our duty. We need to remember this at every step we take in our lives and things will fall into their own places.

Here, I can give some examples which all of us can do easily. I know that there are big words like trustworthiness, honesty, courtesy, respecting the rights of others as well as laws, and these are the personal traits of an ideal citizen. But I want to give you a simple list of things which all of us can follow easily.

My list begins with a simple task of not littering the environment, followed by, conserving water, encouraging greenery in our housing societies, wearing helmets and also encouraging our pillons to wear one, maintaining dignity of all the communities and last but not the least, paying taxes on time.

Of course, the list will be longer than this. But “well begun is half done”. And the most important things, I remind all of us again that the “charity begins at home” So, let’s start!

I thank the organizers to give me an opportunity to talk to all of you. I am also grateful to each and every person in the audience for their patient hearing. I am convinced that we can fullfill our dreams of having an ideal society.

Thank you !

Question 2.
Merits of Democracy
Answer:
Respected judges and my dear friends,
I am Sandeep Agarwal wishing all of you a very good afternoon.

Today, I am going to talk on ‘Merits of Democracy’ I am sure, we all remember the definition Abraham Lincoln gave of democracy that it is “Government of the people, for the people and by the people”. In short, I can say that democracy is rule of the people.

So, what can be the merits of the rule of the people? The first merit that immediately comes to my mind is that recognizes the strength of people’s will which is expressed through their elected representatives sitting in the Parliament.

A true democracy limits the power of these representatives and they have to strictly follow the constitution which again cannot be altered or amended except through right procedural process. This is, I feel, the merit of democracy, where every effort is made to prevent the accumulation of power in the hands of any particular individual.

This leads us to the fact that the foremost demand of democracy is free and fair election. Every voter not only has access to the voting machine but secrecy of his vote has to be strictly maintained. Liberty, equality, fraternity are the three pillars of a good democracy and in a proper democratic situation it must be followed religiously.

Unless these principles are sincerely maintained, how will people who are an integral part of democracy, get assurance of safety, security as well as courage to express their views/ problems freely? Here comes the win of democracy over dictatorship where people do not have freedom of speech.

The role of unbiased press and then freedom of expression are urgent necessities so that they can reach a large number of people’s opinion to the government to judge the pros and cons of their decisions. The Parliament proceedings should be open to the public so that they can see how their elected representatives are behaving. In a true democracy, the people have the power of rejecting their representatives and that is their best safeguard.

But, I am sure you will all agree with me that no electoral system can be fool-proof and perfect democracy can be found in the utopia of poets and dreamers. We have to be satisfied with the nearest maintenance of the sanctity of democracy. Democracy is an evolutionary process. So, it is not wrong on our part to expect the scope for modification and change in the light of experience.

In conclusion, I request all of you to keep your hopes and expectations alive not only to have a true democracy in our country but to maintain its merits also. I thank our Cultural Forum team for giving me the opportunity to speak in front of an august audience. Thank you for your patient hearing !

Question 3.
Advantages of Education
Answer:
Respected judges and my dear friends,

Good afternoon! I am Deepak Shah and my topic for today’s elocution competition is ‘Advantages of Education’.

As I was thinking about the topic, two immediate questions that came to mind are, “How and when does education begin? Does it start when a child goes to school or learn alphabet? Looking around, I get a strong ’NO’ as answer. I believe, education begins with the Mother’s encouraging work, father’s words of praise and approval, sibling’s sympathy, help and sometimes fights even, with the gathering of flowers from the garden, with the chirping of the birds and last but not the least in the company of friends. Thus, the child learns to feel, observe, receive and remember as his mind opens out.

The ultimate aim of education, I know, everyone will agree, is to develop all the faculties of a person- physical, mental or moral. Education needs to help a person to be true to his own self as Shakespeare said, “To thy own self, be true.” Book-bound education limits a person. Rabindranath Tagore showed us the way at Shantiniketan how education would make a complete personality.

The true objective of education is to train the mind , to build confidence, to judge the good and bad of the things. I feel, the least advantage of education is to create the right temperament needed at the right time. I must include here the need for physical education since “A sound mind can only exist in a sound body” The harmony among mental, physical and moral learning can only supply the proper benefits of education.

To talk about the advantages of education, standing in front of so many educators, is not a small task. This has been possible because of my teachers who have been facilitators of giving me confidence to go ahead with my aspirations. This has been the advantage of my education, I believe and I salute my teachers for that.

I thank the judges, the Cultural forum team once again and all my dear friends and teachers sitting in the audience for their patient hearing which gave me the courage to present my views.

Question 4.
Equality : A Blessing
Answer:
Respected dignitaries on the dais, our honourable guests, my teachers and my dear friends,

Good afternoon to you all ! I am Deepali Doshi who is fortunate to be selected as one of the speakers to represent our college for the seminar organized by our college on the topic ‘Equality : A Blessing’.

‘Equality : A Blessing’ – one of the topics which is very close to my heart. From my childhood, I have enjoyed the situation of ‘no discrimination’ at home by my parents. I always thought of this as a natural things to happen.

I grew up and faced the big world. I started understanding the value and necessity of equal opportunity in the society. How a person uses that opportunity depends on his/her capabilities and the situations he/she faces in life. Ideally, equality means that all citizens are equal before the law, allowed to exercise the franchise, are entitled to fulfill equal rights and duties prescribed in the constitution. That leads to a levelling process which is definitely a blessing.

I must admit here, equality needs to be maintained at various levels like having social equality, political equality, economic equality and of course equality of opportunity and education. Social equality is an urgency for peaceful co-existence as it refers to the absence of discrimination of caste, creed, colour, clans, groups and classes.

Who can deny the benefits of this? Political equality gives access to all citizens similar political rights. We the people of India have the benefits of Universal Adult Franchise which gives us the right to elect our representatives to run the government the way we deserve it.

Economic equality is a dream-like situation where each citizen is provided equal opportunity to make economic progress. Practically, that seems difficult but a responsible government definitely makes an attempt to fulfill it to a large extent. Equal right to education is the birthright of every citizen. I know, everybody in this hall will say in unison with me, ‘Education is the great equalizer… opening doors of opportunity for all.’

I have tried to talk about various equalities and the ideal situations to provide them. But the toughest job is to make equality, a blessing in real life, though each one of us wishes for it. To make it a reality is the joint responsibility of the government and we, the people.

I enjoyed talking to such an alert and responsible audience. Thank you for all your patient hearing.

Question 5.
Freedom of Speech
Answer:
Respected judges, my teachers and my dear friends,

Good Evening ! I am Pooja Banerji. I am going to talk on ‘Freedom of Speech’.
‘Freedom of speech’ is an oft-quoted expression these days. Everyday wants to enjoy this freedom but in the process, knowingly or may be unknowingly, disturbs the peace in the society.

If freedom of speech is so powerful that it is capable of disturbing the peace in an otherwise stable society, then let me find out the answers to the questions like, “What is freedom of speech and what is the ideal situation to use this freedom?” I am sure, we all are bothered by these questions often because many times, some utterances in the name of freedom of speech, spread like wild fire, making the situations go out of hand.

We know that the constitution of India provides this fundamental right to the general public as well as the media to express their ideas and opinions freely. Like India, this right is provided by some other countries also but with some limitations.

But can’t freedom of speech be used positively? Constructive criticism is always welcome and is also needed to keep a person or the government under check since all activities are closely monitored.

With freedom comes responsibility. This license should not be misused to excite others and invite unwanted problems. When we get to enjoy the rights we need to respect it so that it does not spoil the peace and harmony of the society. These days, a common practice of spreading half-truths has become rampant just to create sensation. This, in the name of freedom of speech, causes serious harm and self-discipline, according to me, is the only remedy.

All good things have their positives and negatives and one should know how the use of them should not become liabilities. I want to conclude with a request to everyone that basic humanity should not be forgotten in the pretext of using the fundamental rights of freedom of speech. I join Tracy Morgan to tell all of you, “We have freedom of speech but you got to watch what you say”.

Thank you all for allowing my freedom of speech and giving it a patient hearing.

Question 6.
Unity in Diversity
Answer:
Respected judges, my teachers and my dear friends,

Good Morning ! I am Gauri Arora and I am fortunate that I have been assigned the job of talking on a topic, ‘Unity in Diversity’.

For the inter-collegiate elocution competition organized by our college. Here I am standing on the podium of a hall which is self-explanatory of ‘Unity in Diversity’. We can see very clearly that people of different religious beliefs, may be caste and creeds, languages, cultures , dresses, and diverse lifestyles as well as eating habits are harmoniously sitting under one roof.

‘Unity in Diversity’ is an expression which is frequently referred to when one talks of India. We, the Indians, are children of one mother, Mother India and that unites us on the principle of brotherhood. I am sure, my friends sitting over there, have ever bothered about caste, religion, social status of the person sitting next to them. That is, in other words, we can call national integration, in the true sense of the term.

India has won its freedom from the British rule of 200 years and the freedom fighters never bothered about their diversities. They all had one mantra in life and that was to free Mother India from the shackles of British rule.

We carry on that tradition after so many years of our independence. India is the land of festivals irrespective of culture, language, rituals, faiths, we are lost in the celebration forgetting completely the existence of our own origin.

One may ask, “How is it possible in the midst of so many diversities?” My answer to such questions will be “Its possible because we respect our togetherness. How can we forget the benefits of safeguarding this unity? It protects our heritage and in the process attracts tourism. The foreigners feel amased with the existence of so many traditions, cuisines, clothings, languages and of course the diverse gifts of Mother Nature.

I feel, the biggest benefit of ‘Unity in Diversity’ is the protection of human rights of all. This gives the citizens confidence of having safety at workplace and automatically encourages healthy teamwork that ultimately leads to progress.

Every coin has two sides, so has the principle of unity. It is an utopian idea to think that there is no social tension because of these diversities. But they can be tactfully handled by the authorities for getting global recognition and most importantly safety and security of our nation.

We all know the age-old saying, ‘United we stand, Divided we fall’ Today, my dear young friends, I am quoting J.K. Rowling, the creator of Harry Potter, “ we are only as strong as we are united, as weak as we are divided” I am sure you all believe her and take it as a maxim to protect the principle of ‘Unity and Diversity’ which is so unique for our country. I want to express my gratitude to Cultural Forum for selecting me to talk on a topic so close to my heart.

Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 1.4 Pillars of Democracy Additional Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Discuss hero-worship by citing some examples.
Answer:
Hero-worship is to have exclusive admiration for someone which may lead to bias. The admirer refuses to believe that the hero might have any imperfection. The hero is idolized. It happens with film stars, sportsmen, politicians and sometimes with religious gurus.

Question 2.
‘Fraternity leads to social stability’ – Explain the statement.
Answer:
Fraternity is a common bond or feeling of unity among people. It automatically gives rise to the concept of togetherness of all cast, creed and religion. For a society to be stable, these are the basic necessities. In a vast country like India, it is definitely a tough job to maintain such feelings, but it has to be observed for the progress of the country. India, being a country of diverse communities, social stability is an essential ingredient for keeping the country safe and secure.

Question 3.
Find some words starting with ‘Anti’ like ‘Anti-social’
Answer:

1. Anti-climax
2. Anti-pathy
3. Anti-thesis
4. Anti-dote
5. Anti-virus
6. Anti-hero

Comprehension

Read the extract and complete the activities given below.

Global Understanding:

Question 1.
Supply information from the passage.
Answer:
1. When there was no way left for constitutional methods for achieving economic and social objectives, there was a great deal of justification for unconstitutional methods.
2. There is nothing wrong in being grateful to great men who have rendered lifelong services to the
country.

Question 2.
Choose the correct statements which are the themes of the passage.
(i) This passage talks about the dangers of inequality.
(ii) This passage talks about the importance of equality and fraternity.
(iii) In this passage Dr. Ambedkar supported Bhakti in politics.
(iv) Dr. Ambedkar is pained to see the denial of ‘One Man One Value’.
Answer:
(ii) This passage talks about the importance of equality and fraternity.
(iv) Dr. Ambedkar is pained to see the denial of ‘One Man One Value’.

State whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statement.

Question (i)
The people of America did not think that they were a nation.
Answer:
True

Question (ii)
The laity accepted the word ‘nation’ wholeheartedly.
Answer:
False – So many objections were raised by the laity to the word ‘nation’.

Question (iii)
Politically-minded Indian were in favour of the expression ‘the people of India’.
Answer:
False – Politically-minded Indians resented the expression ‘the people of India’.

Question (iv)
According to Dr. Ambedkar, it is necessary to realize the importance of becoming a nation.
Answer:
True

Complex Factual

Question 1.
What are the two things necessary to maintain democracy?
Answer:
The first thing that is needed to maintaihn democracy is to follow constitutional methods of achieving our social and economic objectives. The second thing which is of utmost importance to safeguard our democracy is not to lay our liberties even at the feet of a great man blindly.

Question 2.
What are the contradictions Dr. Ambedkar was worried about ?
Answer:
Dr. Ambedkar was worried about the contradictions of equality and fraternity. He was concerned about equality in politics but the possible inequality in our social and economic life. For him, fraternity might be a good concept but it was difficult to achieve.

Question 3.
What according to Dr. Ambedkar, was the problem of India becoming a ‘nation’? What was his suggestion to overcome the problem?
Answer:
According to Dr. Ambedkar, a nation divided into several thousands of castes, was one of the biggest problems of India becoming a nation. His suggestion was the realization of this fact as early as possible and think of ways and means to realize that goal.

Inference / Interpretation / Analysis

Question 1.
Mention the threats of hero-worship in Indian politics.
Answer:
Hero-worship plays a huge negative role in Indian politics. By excessive admiration for a person, the people of India tend to sacrifice their liberties at the feet of the person whom they admire. This can lead to misuse of power by exercising unconstitutional methods and encroaching upon people’s freedom.

Question 2.
Dr. Ambedkar was worried about inequality because –
(i) It will lead democracy to danger.
(ii) Long-standing inequality may be the cause of rebellion among the people.
OR
Explain.
‘Fraternity is a different thing to achieve’.
Answer:
India is a vast country with diverse cultures. Expecting brotherhood among all is not easy since there might be differences of opinions. But for the greater interest of the well-being of Mother India, this unity is desirable. Dr. Ambedkar also felt that was the right path to travel.

Personal Response:

Question 1.
Give an example of hero worship that you have come across in Indian politics.
Answer:
Electing the popular actors and actresses with landslide majority is a common hero-worship observed in most parts of India. The actors enjoy certain level of admiration which helps them win key portfolios enabling them to subvert key institution.

Question 2.
Explain your views on hero-worship.
Answer:
I am not against hero-worship. In life, one can have an idol/hero whom one tries to follow to reach one’s goal but too much of anything is bad and I am against excessive hero-worship which leads to biased idolizing.

Question 3.
Do you think India as a democracy is a successful nation. Explain.
Answer:
India as a democratic nation is indeed successful though there are certain elements which come in the way obstructing the smooth functioning of the government. Such elements are regionalism, casteism and fanaticism.

Language Study:

Question (i)
We must hold fast to constitutional methods. (Rewrite using a modal auxiliary showing ‘necessity )
Answer:
We need to hold fast to constitutional methods.

Question (ii)
There is nothing wrong in being grateful to great men. (Use infinitive)
Answer:
There is nothing wrong to be grateful to great men.

Question (i)
On the 26th January 1950, we are going to enter into a life of contradictions.
(Frame a Wh-question to get the underlined part of the sentence as answer.)
Answer:
What are we going to enter into on the 26th January, 1950?

Question (ii)
In politics, we will have equality. (Pick up the preposition and say its purpose)
Answer:
In-Inside something

Question (iii)
We are cherishing a great delusion. (Begin the sentence with ‘A great delusion…’and rewrite)
Answer:
A great delusion is being cherished by us.

Question (iv)
We shall realize the necessity of becoming a nation. (Use ‘that’ and rewrite as a complex sentence) Answer:
We shall realize that it is necessary to become a nation.

Vocabulary:

Question 1.
Match the words in column ‘A’ with their synonyms in column ‘B’.

Words (A)	Synonyms (B)
1. Anarchy	(a) Contribute
2. Render	(b) Purity
3. Chastity	(c) Disorder
4. Hero worship	(d) Excessive admiration

Answer:

Words (A)	Synonyms (B)
Anarchy	(c) Disorder
Render	(a) Contribute
Chastity	(b) Purity
Hero worship	(d) Excessive admiration

Question 2.
Make a list of meanings of all the homographs that are found in the text
Answer:

(ii) Example of Homograph
match, might, letter, fly, fine, leaves, left, right, ring, spring, state, well.

Question 3.
Give synonyms of the following.

1. Contradiction
2. Solidarity
3. Salvation
4. Degradation

Answer:

1. Situation in opposition
2. harmony to one another
3. liberation
4. deterioration

Question 4.
Find out the word from the passage which means –
1. rites prescribed for public worship
2. unity or agreement of feeling
Answer:
1. liturgy
2. solidarity

Grammar:

Frame Wh-question to get the underlined parts of the following sentences as answers.

Question 1.
Make sentences of your own with the following prepositions.
Answer:
(i) in, into, inside
I live in Mumbai / the flowers will bloom in spring.
The frog jumped into the well.
The jacket was inside the cupboard.

(ii) on, onto, above, over
The duster was on the teacher’s desk.
The child scattered all his toys onto the floor.
We were driving over the expressway.
My friend lives just above my apartment.

(iii) beside, besides
Ramu sits beside his best friend in the classroom.
Besides being learned, the gentleman is a good human being.

(iv) for, from, since
My grandparents will stay only for three hours.
My grandparents have been waiting since morning.
My grandparents have been waiting from 10 o’ clock.

(v) to, towards
I was going to school. (Definite destination)
I was going towards school. (May be somewhere near the school)

(vi) down, below, under, beneath, underneath,
The mountaineers came down safely.
The temperature never went below 40°C.
The scenes under the sea were very well filmed.
My mother kept my football kit safely beneath the cot. (Usually used in formal language)
You can search your slippers underneath the sofa. (Casually used)

(vii) between, among, amongst
She was sitting between two of us.
I distributed the chocolates among all my friends, (more commonly used)
My sister was the topper amongst the girls, (less common than ‘among’)

Glossary:

1. abandoned – left
2. salvation – saving from sin (Christian belief)
3. eventual – ultimate
4. contradiction – situation / ideas in opposition
5. solidarity – like-mindedness / harmony to one another
6. eminent – distinguished / renowned
7. divine – a cleric / clergyman
8. on the spur of the movement (phr) – without thinking and planning
9. resented – disliked/be displeased
10. antipathy – hostility / opposition
11. Grammar of Anarchy – a state of disorder due to the absence of non-recognition of controlling system
12. rendered – contributed, made available
13. chastity – purity, modesty
14. hero-worship – excessive admiration for somebody
15. degradation – cause something to become worse in quality
16. peril – danger, risk
17. triennial – the 300th anniversary
18. liturgy – rites prescribed for public worship
19. laity – members of a religious community
20. delusion – a mistaken idea or opinion
21. anti-national – the prefix ‘anti’ in anti-national expresses opposition to something.

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 1.3 The Call of the Soil Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1.3 The Call of the Soil

11th English Digest Chapter 1.3 The Call of the Soil Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Complete the following sentences.
Answer:

1. Before eating apples brought from the market, I wash and peel them off to stay away from any sort of contamination as far as possible.
2. In a farmer’s market, we find rice, pulses, vegetables, fruits, dairy items, eggs, etc.
3. Food adulteration means an addition of another substance to a food which may result in the loss of actual quality of food and its natural composition.
4. Organic food is grown by using fertilizers made with natural ingredients, renewable resources and conservation of soil and water.
5. Organic fertilizer means a type of fertilizer derived from animal matter, human and animal excreta (manure) and vegetable matter, that is, compost and crop residues.

Question 2.
Complete the following web diagram.

Answer:

Question 3.
Find out from your grandparents or parents the names of vegetables and fruits they had eaten in their childhood and mention how the vegetables and fruits are different from the ones today.
Answer:

Name of the vegetable or fruit	Shape	Colour	Taste
Mango	Oblong	Yellow / Green	earlier (a) naturally ripened	now (i) artificially ripened
Cauliflower	Round	White with green leaves	(b) mostly available in winter and was very tasty	(ii) we get it throughout the year, but the taste is definitely worse than those available in winter
Apple	Round	Red / Green	(c) used to grow in natural environment and was safely given to sick people	(iii) One pays more to buy the organic varieties which are supposed to be pesticides-free and so good for health

Question 4.
Discuss the difference between conventional farming and organic farming.
Answer:

Conventional Farming	Organic Farming
(a) Relies on chemical intervention	(i) Depends on natural principles
(b) Farmers use synthetic and genetically modified organisms to kill pests and maximize output	(ii) No artificial ingredient or preservative is used and they are minimally processed to maintain the integrity of food
(c) Harms health and environment	(iii) Claimed to be healthier farm system

(A1)

(i) Read the extract and state whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.

Question (a)
Growing in abundance is more important than the quality of the crop.
Answer:
False. The quality of the crop is more important than growing in abundance a lesser variety of crop.

Question (b)
The author wanted to grow the desi variety of rice.
Answer:
True

Question (c)
The author did not succeed in finding Kasbai.
Answer:
False. The author was successful in finding Kasbai from an Adivasi woman at Boripada, a remote village.

Question (d)
The aroma of the ‘desi’ rice would spread around the village.
Answer:
True

Question (e)
Newer hybrid crops have a great appetite for chemicals.
Answer:
True

Question (f)
The author is an example of‘reverse migration’.
Answer:
True (‘Reverse Migration’ is a new trend of shifting from bigger cities to nearby smaller towns or suburbs)

Question (ii)
Complete the flow chart.

Answer:

Question (iii)
Read the text and All in the blanks.
Answer:
(a) The author wanted to grow organic moong.
(b) Moru Dada wanted to spray pesticides on the moong crop.
(c) Baban’s father and some elders mentioned the name of Kasbai.
(d) “Hybrids need more water, fertilizers and pesticides”, said Devu Handa.
(e) The author bought ten kilos of rice from an Adivasi woman who lived in the remote hills.

(A2)

Question (i)
List the reactions of the agricultural officer to the author’s inquiry about Kasbai rice seeds.
Answer:
(a) He had not heard of Kasbai.
(b) He felt that the villagers were fooling the author.
(c) He mentioned the names of the latest hybrids and also offered to give him some, free of cost.

Question (ii)
Note down Devu Handa’s fond memories of Kasbai.
Answer:
Devu Handa’s fond memories of Kasbai are as follows:

• 0It needs no protection from rain
• It has an alluring aroma
• It has no hunger for chemicals like fertilizers and pesticides

(A3)

Question (i)
The writer says he grew “an awful lot of moong”. Explain the word ‘awful’ in this sentence.
Answer:
“An awful lot” is an Idiom meaning ‘a very large amount’. Everyone known to the writer did not expect a good yield of moong since he refused to spray any chemical on the plants. In spite of that, Nature did her job and the writer could get three hundred kilograms of moong which was not only ‘awful’, that means ‘large number’ but also a confidence-builder for a first-timer.

Question (ii)
The word scent is different from its synonyms aroma, fragrance or perfume. Explain how the word ‘scent’ in the subtitle ‘A Scent of Rice’, has a deeper meaning than ‘perfume’ or ‘fragrance’. Pick phrases having a similar meaning from the following:
Answer:
(i) The word ‘Scent’ in the subtitle ‘Scent of Rice’ has a deeper meaning than its usual meaning of‘fragrance’ or ‘perfume’ in the context of the text and for the author because he was trying to revive the tradition of Kasbai rice which everyone agreed had an alluring aroma. The modern farmers are forgetting conventions and have fallen a prey to hybrids. The natural ‘scent’, that is ‘flavour’ of Kasbai had drawn the writer towards real India, unspoilt by progress. The ‘scent’ was largely responsible for his quest.

(ii) Phrases
(a) In pursuit of : a quest in order to achieve something
(b) To smell a rat: to believe something wrong is happening
(c) To be keen : interested in some activity one often does and enjoys
(d) On the trail of: Trying to find someone or something by getting information about it
(e) To feel under the water : feel emotionally overwhelmed The phrases having a similar meaning of ‘A Scent of Rice’ are:
(i) In pursuit of
(ii) On the trail of

(A4)

Question 1.
She muttered in reply and we looked at Jeevan for a quick interpretation.

(A5)

Question (i)
Give reason why the text is against ‘Planting and growing more crop a year seems to be progress by normal standards.’
Answer:
Definitely planting and growing more crops a year need to be the target of the farmers but that should not be done at the cost of health hazards due to spraying of chemicals on the plants, using hybrid seeds and most importantly, forgetting our own tradition. Progress is always welcome but it should go hand in hand with safety of health and environment, importance of tradition and sentiment and last but not the least care for the rich biodiversity of our land.

Question (ii)
Describe in 150 words your experience similar to the writer’s when you pursued something and reached your goal.
Answer:
I believe “A man without an aim is like a ship without a radar”. I have been taught from my childhood to set a goal for myself. The choice of my ambition was left to me only and I was never forced to do anything.

I had multiple interests like playing football, drawing / painting and also writing about my various experiences. I started writing blogs on different social topics of my interest as well as of my own experiences in multiple walks of life. Gradually, after getting positive responses to my blogs, I got the confidence of writing short stories which were quite well accepted too by my friends and relatives. That gave me immense faith to choose writing as my profession.

One day, I saw an advertisement of ‘Crossword’ bookstore asking young writers to take part in a story-writing competition. About forty stories will be published as a book titled “ I want to be an author” without thinking twice, I took part in the competition and the rest is history. Today, I am one of those forty-one young story-tellers.

Question (iii)
The writer goes in search of an invaluable indigenous variety of seeds. List three reasons for the importance of keeping records of our indigenous agricultural practices.
Answer:
The reasons for the importance of keeping records of our indigenous agricultural practices are:
(i) (a) Reducing environmental stress by channelling water from mountain peaks to areas of demand and this practice has been going on for centuries.
(b) Using natural fertilizers made from cow dung, cow urine, evaporated cane juice of raw sugar and water to save sick plants. This practice has been mentioned in the vedas.
(ii) Traditional techniques like crop rotation, erosion prevention, systematic use of composts and manures lead to natural agricultural practices and promise better yields.
(iii) (a) Chemical fertilizers lead to degraded soil condition, deterioration in the health of quality of crops and livestock.
(b) Organic agriculture combined with tradition, innovation and science, benefits the health of the soil, people and the environment.

Question (iv)
Write a blog in about 100 to 150 words on organic farming.
Answer:
Organic Farming – A Blessing or Curse

Early 20th century saw the birth of organic farming which is an alternative to agricultural system in reaction to rapidly changing farming practices. It encourages the use of naturally occurring substances and strictly prohibits synthetic substances. Organic farming allows organically made fertilizers like compost manure, green manure and bone meal manure. Though they do not stop the use of some naturally occurring pesticides but synthetic fertilizers and pesticides are strongly prohibited. They are in favour of techniques like crop rotation, biological pest control, mixed cropping and nurturing insect killers.

Organic farming methods are internationally regulated since it has proved advantageous for health and food safety, food security, soil fertility and most importantly sustainability and biodiversity. That is why, the demand for organic farming has been steadily growing and is being encouraged all over the world. Organic farmers believe that agriculture was practised for thousands of years without the use of chemicals. If it was possible then, nothing should be impossible now.

Question (v)
Write a short paragraph in about 120 words, to be used as Counter-View for the following topic. ‘Buy a bigger cloth for your coat’.
View Section:
(a) We cannot survive by the dictum ‘Cut your cloth according to your coat’ in today’s world.
(b) In the modern world we should ‘Think Big’
(c) Think of increasing your income instead of reducing your needs.
(d) We cannot deny ourselves, what the new world offers us.
Answer:
Counter-view:
Today’s world is full of attractions. But we need to he careful about spending according to our means. We have to be prudent (wise) enough to save for the rainy days so that we don’t have to beg or borrow during emergency. It is, of course, essential to think big but at the same time over-ambition should not lead us to a point of no-return.

We should be well-aware of our capabilities and try to reach our goal judiciously instead of foolishly increasing our demands. We must make “slow but steady wins the race”, the motto of our life. Even if the new world has lots of offer, we must develop the quality of patience to wait for the right thing to come at the right time.

Question (vi)
‘Organic farming is the need of the time’. Write your views in favour and against the statement.
Answer:

Views	Counter-views
1. Reduced exposure to pesticides and chemicals since natural fertilizers are used.	(a) Some organic pesticides can actually have a worse environmental impact, contrary to the popular belief.
2. One pays more for organic food but it is worth for a healthier diet.	(b) Organic products are costlier since production per unit is less than conventional farming.
3. Better effect on the environment by reducing global warming.	(c) Organic farming may reduce global warming but because of more use of land, this practice is not sustainable with a growing world population.
4. Organic food has better taste and more nutrition since they are given more time to develop and are not pumped with artificial things.	(d) Organic food generally gets spoilt faster since no preservatives are used to maintain their freshness and mishanding of products may deprive the market of their availability.

Question (vii)
Appeal your classmate to say ‘No to Junk Food’. Write an appeal to prefer organic food over junk food.
Answer:
Attention! Attention! Attention!

My Dear Friends

Do you know what you’re putting in your mouth? You surely know, you are what you eat.

I’m here to advise you not to use your stomach as a trash can! Please Say ‘No’ To Junk Food.
But, what is a junk food? They’re all your favourites – yes, they are ! French fries, chicken nuggets, nachos, taco burgers, chips, chocolates, pizzas, cakes – Ah! all are mouth-watering, aren’t they? But they are also slow-poisoning us everyday causing obesity, various liver diseases, diabetes, blood pressure at a very young age — the list is long but the choice is yours!

Remember: Healthy organic foods bless us but junk foods mess us. Junk food which is rich in calories, fat, sugar and salt are yummier, I do agree with you. But are you ready to take such a big risk of spoiling your health and youth? Eat fresh, local and seasonal food because ‘health is wealth’, my dear friends!

Friends, you must eat to live and not live to eat. Let’s all have a healthy mind in a healthy body. It is my call, your call – our call!

(A6)

Projects:

Question (i)
Plant the seed of a flower or fruit of your choice in a pot or in your garden. Note its growth every day and maintain a diary recording its progress.

Question (ii)
Find out more career opportunities in the field of agriculture, organic farming, sales, storage, distribution and marketing research.

Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 1.3 The Call of the Soil Additional Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Find words related to agriculture,
Answer:
The words related to agriculture are:

1. foliage of moong
2. pods
3. crop
4. land
5. farming
6. plant
7. sow
8. season
9. seeds
10. tractor
11. plough
12. leaves
13. bloom
14. field
15. ground
16. pesticide
17. yield
18. chemicals
19. farm
20. harvest
21. fertile
22. hybrids
23. fertilizers
24. farmers
25. rice

Question 2.
The writer disagreed with Moru Dada because –
Answer:
The writer disagreed with Moru Dada because he suggested the use of some pesticides on the plants. The author was absolutely clear in his mind not to use any chemical which will be harmful for the soil, the plants and ultimately for human health. But for Moru Dada and his friends who were used to the conventional farming, this decision of the author was unthinkable.

Question 3.
The writer wanted to grow the traditional variety of rice because –
Answer:
1. It did not need very high variety of fertilizers
2. This variety is quite strong and is able to resist pests.

Question 4.
The write almost gave up hope of finding the desi variety of rice because –
Answer:
1. In spite of his regular visits to the villages around in search of a good desi variety, he was not successful,
2. Most of the farmers, especially the younger generation, in and around the village of Peth had switched over to hybrids and looked down upon the ‘desi’ variety, as they called the local scented variety of rice.

Question 5.
Mention the varieties of rice from the passage, “Most of the farmers…disappeared”
Answer:

1. Kasbai – local long-grained scented variety
2. Basmati – more aromatic than Kasbai
3. Hybrids – the latest craze of the farmers.

Question 6.
List ways in which the Government officer cooperated with the author.
Answer:
1. The agricultural officer felt that the villagers were fooling the author as they had no rice by the name ‘Kasbai’ and offered to give him some latest hybrid seeds free of cost for a trial.
2. The officer-in-charge of Adivasi Mahamandal at Kasa informed the author that he remembered buying Kasbai rice a few years ago.
3. The second gentleman definitely had more knowledge of rice which he shared with the author.

Question 7.
Find synonyms of the word ‘insipid’.
Answer:
The synonyms of ‘insipid’ are:

• tasteless
• flavourless
• bland

Comprehension:

Read the extract and complete the activities given below.

Global Understanding:

Question 1.
Pick out the sentences that are true.
(i) The author thought that he would have some time to get familiar with farming.
(ii) Moru Dada was not at all sure about sowing moong in that season.
(iii) The moong seeds were brought from Gujarat.
(iv) The author did not own the land where he started farming.
Answer:
(i) True
(iii) True

Question 2.
State the advantages of the varieties as you find them in the extract.
Answer:

Variety	Advantages
1. Hybrid varieties	Short duration crop so can have two crops a year
2. Traditional Rice	Good quality rice with alluring aroma

Question 3.
Match the pairs to complete the sentences / phrases in A with the alternatives in B.

‘A’	‘B’
1. Tales of Kasbai	(a) was enlightening
2. Visit to agricultural officer	(b) made us more determined to get it
3. Ex-sarpanch	(c) devu Handa
4. Hybrid	(d) insipid

Answer:

‘A’	‘B’
1. Tales of Kasbai	(b) made us more determined to get it
2. Visit to agricultural officer	(a) was enlightening
3. x-sarpanch	(c) devu Handa
4. Hybrid	(d) insipid

Say whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statement.

Question 1.
The old woman weighed 10 kg of rice and gave it to the author.
Answer:
False. The old woman did not have a weighing scale.

Question 2.
The author and his friend did not know the local dialect very well.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
The people at Boripada village were well-aware of the modern way of farming.
Answer:
False. The people at Boripada never heard of hybrids, fertilizers or pesticides.

Question 4.
The old woman was unhappy to get the price of the rice.
Answer:
False. She was very happy and nodded her head with a smile of approval.

Complex Factual:

Question 1.
Supply Information from the passage,
1. I stood in the middle of lush green field of _______ and _______ .
2. Around me were rows of _______ and below a dense _____ .
Answer:
1. Moong (green gram), looked around me
2. Chikoo trees, foliage of moong

Question 2.
Mention any two changes that have occurred in farming of rice.
Answer:
1. Most of the farmers in and around the village of Peth had switched over to hybrids.
2. Kasbai which is a traditional long grained rice variety with distinct aroma being a long duration crop is not preferred by the farmers.

Question 3.
Mention any two difficulties that the author faced in tracing Kasbai.
Answer:
1. The Agricultural officer didn’t know Kasbai existed. So he couldn’t help the author in procuring it.
2. He couldn’t get the seeds as farmers resorted to hybrid varieties which gave quick yield.

Question 4.
The only people who still grew Kasbai rice were –
Answer:
The adivasis in a hamlet at the foothills of the mountains in the village Asarvari.

Question 5.
Each year they had to increase the quantity of urea and pesticides as –
Answer:
The hybrid varieties had insatiable appetite for chemicals and fertilizers.

Question 6.
How was the old lady’s world unspoilt by progress?
Answer:
The old lady, who, according to the write, represents real people of India, holding on to the biodiversity of Indian land. They have been able to do this as they have never heard of hybrids, fertilizers or pesticides.

Inference / Interpretation / Analysis

Question 1.
Explain.
“I was grateful to have taken Moru’s advice”
Answer:
The author was not sure about planting moong in that season as he wanted to get familiar with the process of farming. But Moru Dada insisted that the season was right for planting moong seeds. He was right and the author was thankful for listening to his advice since he had a good harvest of moong.

Complete the following sentence.

Question 1.
The author decided to not plant hybrids because –
Answer:
The hybrid had given him low yield the previous year.

Question 2.
The seeds of Kasbai wasn’t easily available because –
Answer:
It is a long duration crop and farmers could grow two crops in that duration.

Question 3.
A visit to agricultural officer was not useful.
Answer:
The agricultural officer had not heard of the traditional long duration varieties of rice. He was aware of only the hybrid varieties that gave quick yield. So visiting the agricultural office was not useful.

Question 4.
People didn’t grow Kasbai.
Answer:
The market didn’t recognize Kasbai anymore as a variety of rice, it had lost its popularity. If they grew it they wouldn’t be able to sell it. So people didn’t grow it.

Question 5.
Write a small paragraph on the new shift to hybrid plants.
Answer:
With advent of irrigation farmers have resorted to new hybrid varieties of rice. The long duration crops are now replaced by short duration hybrids as they can plant two crops in one year. The traditional varieties have lost its existence as it requires more duration for its harvest and also will attract cattle for its pleasant aroma unlike the hybrid crops.

Question 6.
Interpret the statement: “It was difficult to keep a straight face …”
Answer:
The author was very happy to know that the old lady had Kasbai rice with her. He was unsuccessful in his search for this particular aromatic rice for months and suddenly this revelation from the old lady was very exciting for him. But he had to control his feeling since the lady had not given him the seed till then.

Question 7.
Guess why the old lady nodded her head in approval.
Answer:
The old lady did not have any clue how much to ask for a basketful of seeds which she had given to the writer. She, even did not have a weighing scale to know how much she had given. But the author gave her hundred rupees which probably she did not hope for. She happily accepted the money which might be unexpected but was definitely welcomed by her.

Personal Response

Question 1.
Name any two reasons for destruction of foliage in India today.
Answer:
Reason 1: The trees are cut to clear the land for construction of buildings.
Reason 2: The growing industries also demand deforestation.

Question 2.
Frame any four questions that you would ask a farmer if you interview him.
Answer:

1. What do you usually grow in your farm,
2. What are the challenges you face while pursuing farming as your sole occupation,
3. What do you do on a daily basis?
4. What sprays do you use?

Question 3.
Mention any four rice varieties that you have heard of.
Answer:
There are many varieties of rice in India. The most common types rice and parboiled rice. are white rice, basmati rice, emperor’s.

Question 4.
According to you how can we develop sustainability in Agriculture.
Answer:
The sustainability can be attained by the following practices.

1. Rotating crops
2. Planting cover crops
3. Applying integrated pest management
4. Embracing diversity

Question 5.
Why do you think, the author was grateful to the old lady who was ‘unspoilt by progress’?
Answer:
I think, progress has its pros and cons. It is true that we cannot sit idle when the world is progressing by leaps and bounds. But we need to recognise the adverse (ill) effects of ‘progress’ and keep them away as much as possible. That is why, the author was delighted to see the old lady who had carefully kept the tradition alive by preserving the seeds of Kasbai rice.

Language Study

Question 1.
The author thought that he would have some time for farming.
(Rewrite using the Infinitive of the underlined gerund)
Answer:
The author thought that he would have some time to farm.

Question 2.
I was trying to figure out how we should go about it.
(Place the modal auxiliary with another showing obligation)
Answer:
I was trying to figure out how we must go about it.

Question 3.
The hybrid had given him low yield the previous year.
Answer:
The hybrid had not given him high yield the previous year.

Question 4.
Kasbai is a traditional long grained rice variety.
Answer:
Kasbai is a traditional long grained rice variety, Isn’t it?

Question 5.
The entire area would have this heady aroma. (Rewrite in past perfect tense)
Answer:
The entire area had this heady aroma.

Question 6.
His eyes turned dreamy as he drifted to the past. (Make it compound sentence)
Answer:
His eyes turned dreamy and he drifted to the past.

Question 7.
“If my field alone has Kasbai it will be a treat for the cattle.” He explained
(Rewrite in reported speech)
Answer:
He explained that if his field alone had Kasbai it would be a treat for the cattle.

Question 8.
The only people who still grew it were the adivasis. (Rewrite removing ‘who’)
Answer:
Only the adivasis still grew it.

Question 9.
Her world was unspoilt by ‘Progress’.
Answer:
Progress did not spoil her world.

Question 10.
She nodded her head in approval.
Answer:
She nodded her head as she had approved.

Vocabulary

Question 1.
Match the words in column ‘A’ with their synonyms in column ‘B’.

Words (A)	Synonyms (B)
1. Foliage	(a) Careful
2. Gingerly	(b) Moist
3. lush	(c) Leaves of a tree
4. dump	(d) Thick

Answer:

Words (A)	Synonyms (B)
1. Foliage	(c) Leaves of a tree
2. Gingerly	(a) Careful
3. lush	(d) Thick
4. dump	(b) Moist

Question 2.
Write antonyms of the words from the given extract:

1. Appear
2. Wise
3. Short duration
4. Modern

Answer:

1. Disappear
2. Crazy
3. Long duration
4. Traditional

Question 3.
From one word for:
1. mixed varieties
2. a different type of something
Answer:
1. hybrids
2. aroma
3. variety

Question 4.
From the odd words from each group of words.

1. Reminisce, Remember, Think, Speak.
2. Mourn, Wail, Delight, Lament.
3. Appeasable, Insatiable, Satisfiable, Satiable.
4. City, Hamlet, Town, Village.

Answer:

1. Speak
2. Delight
3. Insatiable
4. City

Question 5.
Match the words in column ‘A’ with their synonyms in column ‘B’.

Column‘A’	Column ‘B’
(a) biodiversity	1. chemical used to kill harmful insects
(b) hybrid	2. plant food
(c) pesticide	3. existence of wide variety of plants and animals on earth
(d) fertilizers	4. mixed-breed

Answer:

Column‘A’	Column ‘B’
(a) biodiversity	3. existence of wide variety of plants and animals on earth
(b) hybrid	4. mixed-breed
(c) pesticide	1. chemical used to kill
(d) fertilizers	2. plant food

Grammar:

Question 1.
Find out some simple, complex and compound sentences from the text.
Answer:
(i) Simple Sentences

• At that point, I could not have asked for anything more.
• Moru Dada rented his tractor to plough the land.
• We started to look for a good variety of traditional rice.
• The officer-in-charge here had more knowledge of rice.

(ii) Complex Sentences

• Kasbai is a traditional long-grained rice variety which has a distinct aroma.
• My bare feet were muddy as I walked around gingerly.
• We were clear that we would not use any chemicals.
• Even when there were flash floods in the sixties, Kasbai had stood its ground.

(iii) Compound Sentences.

• They just grew their rice and ate what they got.
• It was just before sunrise and the sky was turning a bright orange.
• I made a quick trip to Surat and bought around 10 kilograms of moong.
• Nature did her job and she needed no bribes.

Question 2.
List of subordinating conjunctions.
Answer:
All wh-words like, who, what, when, whom, where, why, how though / although unless since, as, that, because, while, whereas before, whichever, whoever, after etc., are subordinating conjunctions.

Glossary:

1. lush – dense / thick
2. damp – wettish / moist
3. dense – thickest
4. pods – shells
5. exhilarated – very happy
6. plough – cultivate
7. thrilled – excited
8. hibiscus – a type of flower
9. yield – amount produced
10. convincing – persuasive
11. fertile – productive / rich
12. morale – confidence
13. booster – uplift / encouragement
14. hybrids – mixed breeds
15. aroma – scent / smell
16. pleasantries – polite talks
17. tremble – shiver / shake
18. alluring – attractive / fascinating
19. fall in line (phr) – agree
20. rued – regretted bitterly
21. hamlet – small village
22. ditches – watercourses / canals /drains
23. scrambling – climbing / moving with difficulty
24. gravels – pebbles / stones
25. wrinkled – covered with lines
26. muttered – whispered/spoke in an undertone
27. scowled – looked angrily
28. nestling – naturally / pleasantly located house
29. hustle and bustle (phr) – excited activities
30. biodiversity – all the varieties of life on earth, their communities
31. habitat fuzz – a soft covering

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 1.2 On To The Summit: We Reach The Top Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1.2 On To The Summit: We Reach The Top

11th English Digest Chapter 1.2 On To The Summit: We Reach The Top Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Complete the web of different activities related to climbing.

Answer:

Question 2.
There are certain prerequisites for Mountaineering. With reference to the following points develop a short dialogue between you and your friend about mountaineering.

Answer:

• Ashish: Hey Mayank ! when is your next plan for mountaineering?
• Mayank: Yes, I am planning for some days in September – October. Are you interested in joining?
• Ashish: Yes, I am. But I’m not very confident.
• Mayank: Then we will go to Mount Kilimanjaro to start with. But before that you must begin with small practices like walking, stair climbing and may be uphill hiking a bit.
• Ashish: What are the usual equipments that we need? You must be having most of them?
• Mayank: Honestly speaking, we need a lot of equipments and yes, I have some. But let’s visit a mountaineering equipment shop one day to get an idea of the latest ones, convenient as well as inexpensive. I have the basic ones like tent, headlight, map, compass, cap, jackets, gloves, sunscreen, lip balm, etc.
• Ashish: Oh ! You have quite a lot. Let’s visit the shop tomorrow.
• Mayank: But you need to talk to a fitness expert to get the guidance because a fit climber spends less energy. He will suggest what type of fitness regime we should follow as well as can recommend a good trainer.
• Ashish: Yes, I know. Mental and physical fitness are the main ingredients for the success of a mountaineer. Tomorrow, I’ll come to your place and we’ll plan everything. We have to start as soon as possible.
• Mayank: You are most welcome. See you tomorrow.

Question 3.
Discuss various hazards and risks that a mountaineer/ trekker has to face in an expedition.
Answer:
The hazards and risks for a mountaineer/trekker may be:

1. Bad visibility caused by bad weather (mist, rain, snow) or darkness is a major hazard.
2. Snow and ice can make a simple path a very dangerous one, especially if there is a steep drop off near by.
3. Rock fall is a common mishap during heavy snow and rain.
4. Lightning can cause a major problem at some places.
5. Flash floods due to storm might be risky.
6. A mountaineer cannot ignore rain and wind. Rain makes the path towards upward climbing slippery and a strong wind can cause loss of balance of a mountaineer, making climbing impossible.
7. Hypothermia, that is, lowering of the body’s natural temperature to 32° C due to wet clothing and heat loss because of strong wind, can be a big hindrance. If it is not treated immediately, severe hypothermia may occur leading to fatalities.
8. Heat exhaustion and dehydration are very common problems because of difficult physical work.
9. Timely care should be taken by pouring water on the victim to avoid heatstroke. The patient should be urgently given cold water mixed with a small amount of salt and sugar to refresh him.

(A1)

Question 1.
Summarize, in your own words, the highly risky and dangerous journey of Tenzing and Hillary from the base to the top of Mount Everest.
Answer:
Tenzing and Hillary were well-informed about the flat side of the summit, its steep rise, rocky and snowy sides too. It was decided that Tenzing would lead the mission followed by Hillary in the beginning and this position would be alternated. They would be tied together by a rope. They started early from camp nine. Tenzing carried the flags of Britain, the United Nations, Nepal and India to be put on the top of Mount Everest.

They steadily climbed for an hour and faced the difficulties of steep rocks on the west side. The last fifty feet to the top was made easier by their togetherness and they officially announced that without making any attempts to take the credit for conquering Mt. Everest first. Four flags were put by Tenzing wearing the red scarf gifted by his friend. Both of them stayed safely at the top for fifteen minutes.

(A2)

Question (i)
Complete the web highlighting the feelings/emotions of Tenzing after reaching the summit.

Answer:

Question (ii)
Explain the qualities of Tenzing Norgay. Pick lines that show his unique qualities.
Answer:

Qualities	Lines
1. Patriotic	I told Colonel Hunt that I was carrying the Indian flag with me and I would like it to be on the top with other flags.
2. Unselfish	Our main thought was that both of us reached the top.
3. Non-controversial	We will not take part in any controversy.
4. ratitude	My first thought on reaching the top was a sense of gratitude to God.

Question (iii)
Write down the significance of the following in the context of‘On to the Summit*.
(a) Red Scarf
(b) Husiar
(c) Kerosene Flavoured Tea
(d) Ice Axe
(e) Anchor
Answer:
(a) Red Scarf: The red scarf was given to Tenzing by his good friend Lambert who was the leader of the Swiss Expedition of 1952. This scarf reminded Tenzing of their successful mission, a year ago and rejuvenated him to feel fit, energetic, and excited for the completion of another mission.

(b) Husiar: This code-mixing makes Tenzing’s knowledge about mountaineering clearer to the readers. Both Tenzing and Hillary did not take it easy while climbing down. After successful completion, they were not over-confident and were fully aware of the technique and caution needed for the downward journey.

(c) Kerosene Flavored Tea: This tea was brought by C.W.F. Noyce for Tenzing and Hillary from camp eight and he had to do a lot of climbing up and down for that. Some amount of Kerosene got mixed with the tea as it was made in a hurry. Tenzing did not make Mr. Noyce feel guilty as both the mountaineers were grateful for getting hot tea at a time when they needed it the most. The gentleman had taken so much trouble to serve them tea and they were not bothered about its flavour.

(d) Ice Axe: Tenzing used his ice-axe to tie one end of the four flags of Britain, the United Nations and Nepal and the other end was held up by him. Hillary took his pictures holding all the flags up. But he needed his ice-axe for climbing down. So he had to remove his ice-axe and buried one end of the flags in the snow on the slope down below and other end in the ice on the top. Obviously, they fell down but Tenzing had no choice but to remove his ice-axe.

(e) Anchor: An anchor is a person who is strong and reliable. He makes people feel safe and confident. In mountaineering, the man who follows while climbing has a difficult job both in climbing up and climbing down. Tenzing and Hillary decided to alternate this job of anchoring so that the person leading feel safer. This proved that their expedition was a team-work where both shared the responsibility of being the anchor in order to have a successful mission.

(A3)

Question (i)
Add suitable suffixes (- tion, ly, – ment, – ous) and prefixes (un, il, im) to the words given below. Answer:

Word	Prefix	Suffix
absolute	–	absolutely
fulfill	unfulfill	fulfillment
determine	–	determination
danger	–	dangerous
tight	untight	tightly
clear	unclear	clearly
sure	unsure	surely
legal	illegal	legally
legitimate	illegitimate	legitimately
possible	impossible	possibly

(ii) Fill appropriate letters in the blank space to get a past participle form of a word. Use the word as adjective in your own sentence.

Question (a)
s _ g n _ d
Answer:
signed – The advocate took all the signed documents to the court.

Question (b)
p _ _ z _ d
Answer:
prized – My grandmother’s diary is a prized possession for me.

Question (c)
f _ _t_ene_
Answer:
flattened – On the highway we were in great trouble due to the flattened tyre.

Question (d)
b _ i _ e _
Answer:
boiled – My sister loves to eat boiled egg.

(iii) Spot the error in the following sentences.

Question (i)
I was not afraid for die that day.
Answer:
I was not afraid to die that day.

Question (ii)
Tenzing and Hillary made on pact at the office of PM of Nepal.
Answer:
Tenzing and Hillary made a pact in the office of PM of Nepal.

Question (iii)
I has to bring my ice axe down with me.
Answer:
I had to bring my ice axe down with me.

Question (iv)
Tenzing have spent a night with Camp Eight.
Answer:
Tenzing had spent a night at Camp Eight.

Question (v)
Pact was signed from Tenzing and Hillary.
Answer:
A pact was signed between Tenzing and Hillary.

Question (vi)
I and Hillary were in no mood of talking.
Answer:
Hillarv and I were in no mood for any talking.

(A4)

Question 1.
In passive voice the doer is the objeet and the job accomplished is the subject. The verb of passive voice is formed by using the correct form of verb ‘to be’ or verb ‘to have’ + past participle of the main verb. Construct the passive voice of the following sentences accordingly.
Answer:

Active Voice	Passive Voice
(i) We have done it.	(i) It has been done by us.
(ii) We made a pact.	(ii) A pact was made by us.
(iii) I offered silent prayer in my heart.	(iii) Silent prayer in my heart was offered by me.
(iv) Colonel Hunt gave me three flags.	(iv) Three flags were given to me by Colonel Hunt.
(v) I was carrying the Indian flag.	(v) The Indian flag was being carried by me.
(vi) I took photographs of Tenzing holding aloft the flags.	(vi) Photographs of Tenzing holding aloft the flags were taken by me.
(vii) I remembered him.	(vii) He was remembered by me.
(viii) We spent the night at Camp Eight.	(viii) The night was spent at Camp Eight by us.

(A5)

Question (i)
Write in short about any adventure sport that you like and the risk involved in it.
Answer:
I like Bunjee-jumping a lot and have taken part in it at Lonavala. Bungee-jumping, I am sure, many of you, know that it is an activity where the participant jumps from a tall structure but he is obviously connected to a large elastic cord. It is thrilling and one needs a lot of courage to take part in it since a number of risks are involved in it.

Most common injuries are fracture, strains, sprains, bruising, chronic stress features. But the most dangerous risk is acute head injuries. Lots of precautions are being taken by the organizers but one needs to think whether it is worth taking such risks just for the sake of adventure.

Question (ii)
Give your opinion: whether we should or should not participate in adventure sports because –
Answer:
Every coin has two sides, so do adventure sports. Adventure sports do have some benefits.
They are as follows:
1. Boost self-confidence.
2. Stay mentally sharp.
3. Help to cope with challenges in life.
4. Spark the desire to explore.

However, the negative aspects of adventure sports can be quite disturbing.
1. They can cause serious health issues.
2. They are obviously very dangerous.
3. Regular safety precautions may not be stringently followed to prevent life threatening injuries.
It depends on the individual to assess his/her own character traits as well as the pros and cons of the sport, to come to the final decision to take part in any adventure sports with proper training.

Question (iii)
Tenzing and Hillary created history by reaching the summit of Mt. Everest. There are many mountains in Maharashtra where one can fancy his or her chances of climbing them. Imagine that you have climbed a mountain and are immensely thrilled and excited. Write a letter to your friend about it.
Answer:
XYZ,
ABC Apartment,
Flat No. 4, 29th Road,
Shivaji Nagar, Pune
11th July, 2019

Dear Manav,

How are you? I am writing to you after a long time. These days I feel so lazy to write letters, thanks to modern technologies. But today, I am very excited. I went on my first trek last week and I wanted to share with you the details of my trekking experience.

You obviously know, Maharashtra lies amidst the Western Ghats and it welcomes the rains to the beautiful ranges of the Sahayadris. Last week my close friends and I decided to go to Lonavala and from there to Lohagad Fort for trekking, which is for the beginners. We were told that Lohagad Fort trek was not very difficult. We could reach up to the fort to witness some of the most spectacular views in the Lonavala trekking region.

It took us about three to four hours to reach the summit. I must admit that the initial fear was there. But after reaching the peak and seeing the magnificent view all around, we felt that it was worth going there.

Something I must tell you here before I forget. My elder brother Deepak has joined as an executive in a good company and he was my money-bag this time. I felt so, fortunate. Coming back to my expedition, the descent was easier as we were all in a jovial mood for completing the mission (to me, it was a mission only, my first trek) successfully. We have taken beautiful photographs of the surroundings which is breathtakingly beautiful. The waterfalls, lakes, streams, rock-climbing patches, hillocks all around are real wonders of Mother Earth.

When are you planning to come to Pune? I’m eagerly waiting for showing you the photographs. How are Uncle and Aunty. Give them my regards.

Yours lovingly,
XYZ

Question (iv)
You are the college representative and your Principal has assigned you the task of writing a letter to the Divisional Officer, Satpuda Mountain Ranges, Nagpur, seeking permission for the mountaineering expedition to be organized by your college.
Answer:
Harshad Kale
College Representative
XYZ College of Arts and Commerce,
Ghatkopar (East),
Mumbai – 400 077
11th July, 2019

Divisional Officer,
Satpuda Mountain Range,
Nagpur

Subject: Permission for the mountaineering expedition to be organized by our college.

Respected Sir/Madam,

I am Harshad Kale, the College Representative of XYZ College of Arts and Commerce. On behalf of my Principal Dr. Sunil Patil I would request you to grant me the permission for organizing the mountaineering expedition.

I would like to inform you that NCC Unit of our college has planned for the mountaineering expedition from 25th to 30th July. The students who are selected for taking part are all expert trekkers and they will be accompanied by experienced mountaineers as well as our Professors who go regularly for trekking. Our Principal has instructed to arrange for all precautionary measures and is personally taking care of all arrangements.

We shall be obliged if you kindly permit us to carry on the expedition. Awaiting your positive response.

Thanking you,
Yours Sincerely Harshad Kale

Enclosed:
(a) Copy of the expedition programme.
(b) Letter of permission from Principal Dr. Sunil Patil

Question (v)
Convert the above letter into an e-mail format.
Answer:
To: abc@gmail.com
Cc: qrs@gmail.com
Bcc: (non-visible email ids)
Subject: Permission for organising mountaineering expedition

Respected Sir/Madam,

This is Harshad Kale, the representative of XYZ college of Arts and Commerce. On behalf of my teachers and Principal, I request you to grant me the permission for organising a mountaineering expedition planned by our college NCC unit from 25th to 30th July, 2019.

We shall be obliged if you permit us to organize the above mentioned expedition. I have attached the expedition programme for your kind perusal.

Awaiting your positive reply.
Thanks and regards,
Harshad Kale
XYZ College of Arts and Commerce,
Expedition programme [×]
Permission letter (Principal) [×]

Comparisons:

1. Look at the sentences given below. Find out which one is correct. If the sentence is wrong give reasons.

Question (i)
Sunita is the quieter of four sisters.
Answer:
The above sentence is wrong.
Reason: When more than two nouns are compared superlative adjective should be used, i.e., quitest

Question (ii)
Sunita is the quietest of the four sisters.
(iii) Anil’s computer is more new than mine.
Answer:
The above sentence is wrong.
Reason: ‘More new’ is the wrong form of comparative degree of the adjective ‘new’.

Question (iv)
Anil’s computer is newer than mine.
(v) I have the wonderfullest mother in the world
Answer:
The above sentence is wrong.
Reason: ‘wonderfullest’ is the wrong form of superlative degree of the adjective ‘wonderful’.

Question (vi)
I have the most wonderful mother in the world.
(vii) Aditi is more carefuller than Mary.
Answer:
The above sentence is wrong.
Reason: ‘More carefuller’ is the wrong form of comparative degree of ‘careful’.
(viii) Aditi is more careful than Mary.

Look at the following sentences and observe the changes in the three sentences. Note your responses.

Question (a)
Atul is not as bright as Milind in studies.
Answer:
Positive

Question (b)
The dining room is brighter than the kitchen.
Answer:
Comparitive

Question (c)
Anne is the brightest girl in class.
Answer:
Superlative

(A7)

Project:

Go to your college library or surf the internet for names of various mountaineers who have successfully climbed Mt. Everest. Write in your notebook about their struggles, the interesting anecdotes they have shared, their failures and the message that we get from their lives. Submit them to your teacher.

Yuvakbharati English 11th Digest Chapter 1.2 On To The Summit Additional Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Give reasons for the ‘rope’ being called a symbol.
Answer:
The rope that tied the two mountaineers, Hillary and Tenzing, together,was referred to as a ‘symbol’ by Tenzing because he always felt that climbing was a teamwork for them. Success, risks, hard work and failure be shared by both as two of them were tied together to fulfill an ambition which was full of hazards. They were aware of the risks involved in their mission and in all those situations, the rope would be between them as a symbol of their togetherness.

Question 2.
Discuss in pairs about any controversy in which you haive got embroiled. Also speak of your experience to the class.
Answer:
Controversies are parts and parcels of our lives and most of the times they are man-made. It happened with me also when I made an innocent comment about one of my classmates. There was a lot of hue and cry about these comments as it was reported by adding fuel to it. But I decided to talk to my classmate and the matter was resolved amicably.

Question 3.
List the ways in which Tenzing Norgay celebrates on reaching the top.
Answer:
1. Tenzing and Hillary embraced each other saying “We have done it.”
2. Tenzing showed his gratitude to God by praying silently for the fulfillment of his desire of climbing the Everest after having failed six times. His offerings were biscuits, candy and a little blue pencil which his daughter Nima had requested him to put on the top of the mountain.
3. Hillary took the photograph of Tenzing holding aloft the flags of Great Britain, Nepal, the United Nations and India.

Comprehension:

Read the extract and complete the activities given below.

Global Understanding:

Question 1.
Complete the web on climbing the summit by Tenzing and Hillary.
Answer:

Question 2.
Rewrite the given sentences in their order of occurrence.
1. I ate some biscuits and offered some to Hillary.
2. I wore the red scarf given to me by my friend, all the way up the mountain from Darjeeling.
3. I offered a silent prayer to God in my heart.
4. At the summit I felt absolutely fit.
5. My daughter Nima gave me a blue pencil, one of her prized possessions, to put at the summit as her offering to God.
Answer:
3. I offered a silent prayer to God in my heart.
5. My daughter Nima gave me a blue pencil, one of her prized possessions, to put at the summit as her offering to God.
1. I ate some biscuits and offered some to Hillary.
2. I wore the red scarf given to me by my friend, ah the way up the mountain from Darjeeling.
4. At the summit I felt absolutely fit.

Complex Factual:

Question 1.
Why didn’t it matter for Tenzing to be the first one to reach the summit?
Answer:
Both Tenzing and Hillary were not thinking of being the first to reach the summit since climbing took all their attention. Their main thought was that one could not do that job alone and only a difference of one thousand feet could decide the position which could be found by the person coming behind.

Question 2.
Why didn’t Tenzing feel tired after reaching the summit?
Answer:
After reaching the summit Tenzing felt exhilarated. He forget about the tiredness. His first thought was a sense of gratitude to god who had blessed him with the fulfillment of his desire after having failed six time.

Inference / Interpretation / Analysis

Question 1.
Explain.
“The rope was a symbol”
Answer:
The rope was a symbol of togetherness of Hillary and Tenzing as it was used to tie them, one following the other. It was also the proof that climbing the summit of Mt. Everest needed a teamwork and the two members of their team respected and considered each other important.

Question 2.
Explain.
“He gave me a big smile, showing that he understood.”
Answer:
Hillary smiled because he understood the emotion of Tenzing. The blue pencil was given to Tenzing by his youngest daughter, Nima, and it was one of her prized possessions. She parted with it with the expectation that her father would conquer the summit and the offering of the blue pencil was her way of showing gratefulness to God. Her father would fulfill her wish.

Personal Response

Question 1.
Pick up one sentence to show one quality of Tenzing that you have appreciated the most in his story. Explain your answer.
Answer:
The sentence “What does it matter whether I reached the top first or Hillary?” shows the unselfish character of Tenzing. He had the opportunity to claim that he reached the summit first as he was walking first and Hillary was behind him. But he did not take the credit as he knew it was a team work. Accomplishing the job was more important than taking credit for it.

Question 2.
Mention some of the benefits of trekking trips organized by colleges for the students.
Answer:

1. The students get more exposure and experience.
2. They get close to nature.
3. They learn to handle adverse situations.

Language Study

Question (i)
You have many more important worries. (Change the degree)
Answer:
This worry is not as important as many other worries you have.

Question (ii)
Most of the time the rope was loose. (Make negative)
Answer:
Most of the time the rope was not tight.

Question (iii)
My mind was absolutely clear. (Use past perfect tense and rewrite)
Answer:
My mind had been absolutely clear.

Question (iv)
My first thought on reaching the top was a sense of gratitude to God. (Use ‘When’ and rewrite)
Answer:
When I reached the top, my first thought was a sense of gratitude to God.

Vocabulary:

Question 1.
Add suffixes to convert the following verbs into nouns.

1. confirm
2. know
3. near
4. move

Answer:

1. confirmation
2. knowledge
3. nearness
4. movement

Question 2.
Give one word for:
1. satisfy one’s thirst
2. very happy and excited
Answer:
1. quench
2. exhilaration

Glossary:

1. anchor – support / production
2. steep – high / sharp
3. expedition – mission
4. incline – slope
5. taut – tightly
6. bulky – large
7. descent – going down / coming down
8. spared – saved
9. flushed – glowed
10. alternated – changing places
11. sloping – slanting up or down
12. summit – the highest point of a hill or mountain
13. controversy – prolonged public disagreement or heated discussion
14. pact – a formal agreement between individuals or parties
15. ridge – a long narrow piece of raised land
16. embrace – hug, hold (someone) closely in one’s arms
17. accord – agreement, be harmonious or consistent with
18. quench – satisfy one’s thirst
19. exhilarated – very happy and excited
20. gale – strong wind
21. apparently – as far as one knows or one can see.