Category: Class 12

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Marathi Yuvakbharati 12th Digest Chapter 4 रे थांब जरा आषाढघना Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 4 रे थांब जरा आषाढघना

12th Marathi Guide Chapter 4 रे थांब जरा आषाढघना Textbook Questions and Answers

कृती

1. अ. कारणे शोधा.

प्रश्न 1.
कवी आषाढघनाला थांबायला सांगतात, कारण …………….
उत्तर :
कवी आषाढघनाला थांबायला सांगतात; कारण आषाढघनाच्या कृपेने निर्माण झालेले निसर्गसौंदर्य त्याच्यासोबत कवींना डोळे भरून पाहायचे आहे.

प्रश्न 2.
कवीने आषाढघनाला घडीभर उघडण्यास सांगितले, कारण ……………..
उत्तर :
कवींनी आषाढघनाला घडीभर उघडण्यास सांगितले; कारण आकाशातून नवीन कोवळी हळदीच्या रंगांची उन्हे धरतीवर यावीत.

आ. खालील वर्णनासाठी कवितेत आलेले शब्द लिहा.

प्रश्न 1.

1. शेतातील हिरवीगार पिके [ ]
2. पोवळ्यांसारखी लाल कणीदार माती [ ]
3. वेळूच्या बेटांचे वर्णन करणारा शब्द [ ]
4. फुलपाखरांच्या पंखांवरील रत्नासारखे तेज दर्शवणारा शब्द [ ]

उत्तर :

1. शेतातील हिरवीगार पिके – कोमल पाचूंची शेते
2. पोवळ्यांसारखी लाल कणीदार माती – प्रवाळ माती
3. वेळूंच्या बेटांचे वर्णन करणारा शब्द – इंद्रनीळ
4. फुलपाखरांच्या पंखांवरील रत्नासारखे तेज दर्शवणारा शब्द – रत्नकळा

इ. एका शब्दात उत्तर लिहा.

प्रश्न 1.

1. रोमांचित होणारी
2. नव्याने फुलणारी
3. लाजणाऱ्या

उत्तर :

1. रोमांचित होणारी – थरारक
2. नव्याने फुलणारी – नवे फुलले
3. लाजणाऱ्या – लाजिरवाणे

ई. कृती करा.

प्रश्न 1.

उत्तर :

2. जोड्या लावा.

प्रश्न 1.

‘अ’ गट	‘ब’ गट
1. काळोखाची पीत आंसवें	अ. पाऊस उघडला तर पाण्यातील चंद्रबिंब पाहत
2. पालवींत उमलतां काजवे	आ. ओलसर वातावरणातील मिट्ट काळोखाचे दुःख अनुभवत
3. करूं दे मज हितगूज त्यांसवें	इ. वृक्षपालवीत उघडमीट करत चमकणाऱ्या काजव्यासोबत
4. निरखीत जळांतिल विधुवदना	ई. मला गुजगोष्टी करू दे

उत्तर :

‘अ’ गट	‘ब’ गट
1. काळोखाची पीत आंसवें	आ. ओलसर वातावरणातील मिट्ट काळोखाचे दुःख अनुभवत
2. पालवींत उमलतां काजवे	इ. वृक्षपालवीत उघडमीट करत चमकणाऱ्या काजव्यासोबत
3. करूं दे मज हितगूज त्यांसवें	ई. मला गुजगोष्टी करू दे
4. निरखीत जळांतिल विधुवदना	अ. पाऊस उघडला तर पाण्यातील चंद्रबिंब पाहात

3. खालील ओळींचा अर्थ लिहा.

प्रश्न 1.
कणस भरूं दे जिवस दुधानें
देठ फुलांचा अरळ मधानें
कंठ खगांचा मधु गानानें
आणीत शहारा तृणपर्णा
उत्तर :
पाऊस थांबल्यावर जराशी उघडीप होऊन कोवळे ऊन जेव्हा धरतीवर येईल, तेव्हा पौष्टिक दुधाने भरलेले कणीस दिसते. फुलांचा देठ अलवार मधाने भरलेला असतो. पक्ष्यांच्या गळ्यातली गोड किलबिल – स्वर ऐकून गवताच्या पात्यांच्या अंगावर शहारा फुललेला दिसतो.

4. काव्यसौंदर्य.

प्रश्न 1.
आश्लेषांच्या तुषारस्नानी
भिउन पिसोळी थव्याथव्यांनी
रत्नकळा उधळित माध्यान्हीं
न्हाणोत इंद्रवर्णांत वना, या ओळींतील काव्यसौंदर्य स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तर :
कवी बा. भ. बोरकर यांनी ‘रे थांब जरा आषाढघना’ या कवितेमध्ये आषाढ महिन्यात धरतीवर पडणाऱ्या पावसामुळे निसर्गसृष्टीत झालेले सौंदर्यमय बदल नादमय व ओघवत्या शब्दकळेत चित्रित केले आहेत. वरील ओळींमध्ये भिरभिरणाऱ्या फुलपाखरांच्या थव्याचे वर्णन केले आहे.

आषाढातील पाऊस थोडासा थांबल्यावर खाली येणाऱ्या कोवळ्या उन्हाने सृष्टी लख्ख झाली. आश्लेषा या पावसाळी नक्षत्रातील पाऊस पडताना त्यांच्या टपटपणाऱ्या थेंबांची आंघोळ फुलपाखरांना होत आहे. त्या थेंबाना भिऊन फुलपाखरे थव्याथव्यांनी भिरभिरत फुलांवरून रुंजी घालत आहेत. माध्यान्ही म्हणजेच भर दुपारी आपल्या रंगीबेरंगी पंखाची रत्ने प्रभाव उधळीत त्याच्या निळ्या रंगात साऱ्या रानाला जणू भिजवीत उडत आहेत.

फुलपाखरांचे अतिशय प्रत्ययकारी चित्र डोळ्यांसमोर उभे राहील, असे ओघवते वर्णन उपरोक्त ओळींत कवींनी शब्दलाघवाने केले आहे. पिसोळी’ या ग्रामीण शब्दांने फुलपाखरांचा इवला भिरभिरणारा देह डोळे दिपवणारा ठरला आहे.

5. रसग्रहण.

खालील ओळींचे रसग्रहण करा.

प्रश्न 1.
रे थांब जरा आषाढघना
बघु दे दिठि भरुन तुझी करुणा
कोमल पाचूंची ही शेतें
प्रवाळमातीमधली औतें
इंद्रनीळ वेळूची बेटे
या तुझ्याच पदविन्यासखुणा
रोमांचित ही गंध-केतकी
फुटे फुली ही सोनचंपकी
लाजुन या जाईच्या लेकी
तुज चोरुन बघती पुन्हापुन्हा
उत्तर :
आशयसौंदर्य : कवी बा. भ. बोरकर यांच्या ‘रे थांब जरा आषाढघना’ या निसर्ग कवितेतील या उपरोक्त ओळी आहेत. आषाढ महिन्यात धुवाधार पाऊस पडतो आणि सृष्टीसौंदर्य फुलून येते. या नयनरम्य दृश्याचे वर्णन करताना कवी आषाढमेघाला थोडेसे थांबून हा सौंदर्यसोहळा पाहण्याची विनवणी करीत आहेत.

काव्यसौंदर्य : आकाशात आषाढमेघ दाटून आले आहेत. त्या आषाढमेघाला उद्देशून कवी म्हणतात – हे आषाढमेघा, जरासा थांब आणि तुझ्या कृपेने नटलेले निसर्गसौंदर्य मला तुझ्यासोबत डोळे भरून पाहू दे. कोमल नाजूक पाचूंच्या रंगाची ही हिरवीगार शेते, पोवळ्याच्या लाल रंगाच्या मातीत चालणारे नांगर, ही इंद्रनील रत्नांच्या प्रभेसारखी बांबूची बेटे या सर्व तुझ्याच पाऊलखुणा आहेत. तुझ्या आगमनाने रोमांचित झालेली सुवासिक केतकी, नुकतीच उमललेली सोनचाफ्याची कळी आणि जाईच्या लाजऱ्या मुली, तुला पुन्हा पुन्हा चोरून बघत आहेत. अशी ही तू निर्माण केलेली किमया पाहा.

भाषा वैशिष्ट्ये : उपरोक्त पंक्तीमध्ये कवींनी संस्कृतप्रचुर नादमय शब्दरचना केली आहे. आषाढाच्या आगमनाने भवतालची नटलेली सृष्टी नादमय शब्दकळेत रंगवलेली आहे. विशेष म्हणजे ‘आषाढघन, केतकी, सोनचाफ्याची कळी, जाईची फुले’ यावर मानवी भावनांचे आरोपण करून कवींनी

अंत : करणाला भिडणारे सौंदर्य प्रत्ययकारी रितीने मांडले आहे. निसर्ग आणि मानव यांतील सजीव अतूट नाते लालित्यपूर्ण शब्दांत चित्रित केले आहे. ‘लाजणाऱ्या जाई नि रोमांचित होणारी केतकी’ यातला हृदय भावनावेग रसिकांच्या मनाला भिडतो. नादानुकूल गेय शब्दकळेमुळे या ओळी ओठांवर रेंगाळतात.

6. अभिव्यक्ती.

प्रश्न अ.
आषाढातील पावसाचा तुम्ही घेतलेला एखादा अनुभव शब्दबद्ध करा.
उत्तर :
आषाढाच्या पहिल्या दिवशी कवी कुलगुरू ‘कालिदास जयंतीला’ मी माझ्या गावी होतो. त्या दिवशी सकाळी सकाळी मी एकटाच गावाबाहेरच्या टेकडीवर फिरायला गेलो होतो. ‘शिवानी टेकडी’ ही खूप निसर्गरम्य आहे. माथ्यावर दाट झाडी आहे. मी झाडाखाली बसून आकाश न्याहाळत होतो. अचानक चोहोबाजूंनी काळ्या ढगांची फौज आकाशात गोळा झाली.

आभाळाची निळाई दाट जांभळ्या रंगात झाकोळून गेली, झोंबणारे गार वारे चोहोकडून अंगावर आले नि टपटप टपटप टपोर थेंब बरसू लागले. मी छत्री नेली नव्हती, त्यामुळे यथेच्छ सचैल भिजायचे मी ठरवले. आषाढ मेघांचे तुषार झेलत मी मस्तपैकी निथळत होतो. झाडांच्या फांदया घुसळत जणू झाडे झिम्मा खेळत होती. घरट्यांतले पक्षी पंखावर थेंबाचे मोती घेऊन चिडीचूप होते.

पावसाची सतार डोंगरावर गुंजत होती नि आषाढमेघ मल्हार राग गात होते. मी डोळ्यांत ते अनोखे दृश्य साठवत आत्मिक आनंद घेत होता. सडींचा तंबोरा लागला होता. मला वाटले मीपण त्या वृक्षराजीतले एक झाड आहे आणि मला आषाढमेघाचे फळ फुटले आहे. सारा आसमंत ओल्या समाधीत बुडून गेला आहे.

प्रश्न आ.
‘आषाढघनाचे आगमन झाले नाही तर…’ या विषयावर निबंध लिहा.
उत्तर :
आषाढघनाचे आगमन झाले नाही तर?
मध्यंतरी कोरोनाने अक्षरश: हैदोस घातला होता. जगातली सर्व कुटुंबे आपापल्या घरात कोंडून पडली होती. माणसाच्या गेल्या दहा हजार वर्षांच्या इतिहासात पहिल्यांदाच घडले हे. निसर्गाने माणसाला शिक्षाच द्यायला सुरुवात केली नसेल ना? गेली दहा हजार वर्षे माणूस स्वार्थासाठी निसर्गाचा ओरबाडतो आहे. पर्यावरण उद्ध्वस्त करीत आहे. त्याचा बदला तर नाही ना हा? आणखी काय काय घडणार आहे कोण जाणे! सध्याचाच ताप पाहा आधी. तापमानाचा पारा 40° ला स्पर्श करीत आहे. आता पाऊस येईल तेव्हाच गारवा. त्यातच पाऊस या वर्षी उशिरा आला तर? अरे देवा! पण तो आलाच नाही तर?आषाढघनाचे दर्शनच घडले नाही तर?

परवाच बा. भ. बोरकर यांची कविता वाचत होतो. वाचता वाचता हरखून गेलो होतो. या पावसाळ्यात जायचेच, असा आमच्या घरात बेत आखला जात होता. गावी जायला मिळाले, तर आषाढघनाने नटलेले निसर्गसौंदर्य डोळे भरून पाहता येईल. कोमल, नाजूक पाचूच्या रांगांची हिरवीगार शेते, पोवळ्याच्या रंगाची लाल माती, रत्नांच्या प्रभेसारखी बांबूची बेटे, सोनचाफा, केतकी, जाईजुई यांचे आषाढी स्पर्शाने प्रफुल्लित झालेले सौंदर्य अनुभवायला मिळेल, हे खरे आहे. पण पाऊसच नसेल तर?

आषाढ महिना हा धुवाधार पावसाचा महिना. गडगडाटासह धो धो कोसळणाऱ्या पावसाचा महिना. कधी कधी हे आषाढघन रौद्ररूप धारण करतात. गावेच्या गावे जलमय होतात. डोंगरकडे कोसळतात. घरे बुडतात. गटारे ओसंडून वाहतात. सांडपाण्याची, मलमूत्राची सर्व घाण रस्तोरस्ती पसरते. घराघरात घुसते. मुकी जनावरे बिचारी वाहून जातात. हे सर्व परिणाम किरकोळ वाटावेत, अशी भीषण संकटे समोर उभी ठाकतात. दैनंदिन जीवन कोलमडून पडते. रोगराईचे तांडव सुरू होते. पाऊस नसेल, तर हे सर्व टळेल, यात शंकाच नाही.

मात्र, पाण्याशिवाय जीवन नाही. आणि माणूस हा तर करामती प्राणी आहे. तो पाणी मिळवण्याचे मार्ग शोधू लागेल. समुद्राचे पाणी वापरण्याजोगे करण्याचे कारखाने सुरू होतील. त्यामुळे प्यायला पाणी मिळेल. काही प्रमाणात शेती होईल. पण हे जेवढ्यास तेवढेच असेल. सर्वत्र पाऊस पडत आहे. रान हिरवेगार झाले आहे. फळाफुलांनी झाडे लगडली आहेत, अशी दृश्ये कधीच आणि कुठेही दिसणार नाही. बा. भ. बोरकरांच्या कवितेतील रमणीय दृश्य हे कल्पनारम्य चित्रपटातील फॅन्टसीसारखे असेल फक्त.

समुद्रातून पाणी मिळवण्याचा उपाय तसा खूप महागडा असेल. त्यातून सर्व मानवजातीच्या सर्व गरजा भागवता येणे अशक्य होईल. उपासमार मोठ्या प्रमाणात होईल. दंगली घडतील. लुटालुटीचे प्रकार सुरू होतील. थोडकीच माणसे शिल्लक राहिली, तर ती जगूच शकणार नाहीत. इतर प्राणी त्यांना जगू देणार नाहीत. माणूस फक्त स्वत:साठी पाणी मिळवील. पण उरलेल्या प्राणिसृष्टीचे काय? ही प्राणिसृष्टी माणसांवर चाल करून येईल. वरवर वाटते तितके जीवन सोपे नसेल. माणसांचे, प्राण्यांचे मृतदेह सर्वत्र दिसू लागतील. त्यांतून कल्पनातीत रोगांची निर्मिती होईल. एकूण काय? ती सर्वनाशाकडची वाटचाल असेल.

पाऊस नसेल, तर वीजही नसेल. एका रात्रीत सर्व कारखाने थंडगार पडतील. पाणी नसल्यामुळे शेती नसेल. फळबागाईत नसेल. नेहमीच्या अन्नधान्यासाठी माणूस समुद्रातून पाणी काढील, इथपर्यंत ठीक आहे. पण अन्य अनेक पिके घेणे महाप्रचंड कठीण होईल. या परिस्थितीतून अल्प माणसांकडे काही अधिकीच्या गोष्टी असतील. बाकी प्रचंड समुदाय दारिद्र्यात खितपत राहील. त्यातून प्रचंड अराजकता माजेल. याची भाषण चित्रे रंगवण्याची गरजच नाही. अल्पकाळातच जीवसृष्टी नष्ट होईल. उरेल फक्त रखरखीत, रणरणते वाळवंट. सूर्यमालिकेतील कोणत्याच ग्रहावर जीवसृष्टी अशीच नष्ट झाली नसेल ना?

नको, नको ते प्रश्न आणि त्या दृश्यांची ती वर्णने! एकच चिरकालिक सत्य आहे. ते म्हणजे पाऊस हवा, आषाढघन बरसायला हवाच!

उपक्रम :

अ. पाच निसर्गकवितांचे संकलन करा आणि त्याचे वर्गात प्रकट वाचन करा.
आ. पावसाशी संबंधित पाठ्यपुस्तकाबाहेरील पाच कवितांचे सादरीकरण करा.

तोंडी परीक्षा.

रे थांब जरा आषाढघना’ या कवितेचे प्रकट वाचन लयीत करा.

Marathi Yuvakbharati 12th Digest Chapter 4 रे थांब जरा आषाढघना Additional Important Questions and Answers

व्याकरण

वाक्यप्रकार :

प्रश्न 1.
क्रियापदाच्या रूपानुसार पुढील वाक्यांचे प्रकार लिहा :

1. मुले शाळेत गेली. → [ ]
2. ती खिडकी लावून घे. → [ ]
3. विदयार्थ्यांनी वर्गात शांतता राखावी. → [ ]
4. मला जर सुट्टी मिळाली, तर मी गावी जाईन. → [ ]

उत्तर :

1. स्वार्थी वाक्य
2. आज्ञार्थी वाक्य
3. विध्यर्थी वाक्य
4. संकेतार्थी वाक्य

वाक्यरूपांतर :

प्रश्न 1.
कंसातील सूचनेप्रमाणे वाक्यरूपांतर करा :
1. किती गडगडाट झाला ढगांचा काल रात्री! (विधानार्थी करा.)
2. तू नियमित अभ्यास करावास. (आज्ञार्थी करा.)
उत्तर :
1. काल रात्री ढगांचा खूप गडगडाट झाला.
2. तू नियमित अभ्यास कर.

समास :

प्रश्न 1.
‘विग्रहावरून सामासिक शब्द लिहा :

1. ज्ञानरूपी अमृत/ज्ञान हेच अमृत. → [ ]
2. जिंकली आहेत इंद्रिये ज्याने असा तो. → [ ]
3. तीन कोनांचा समूह. → [ ]
4. क्रमाप्रमाणे. → [ ]

उत्तर :

1. ज्ञानामृत
2. जितेंद्रिय
3. त्रिकोण
4. यथाक्रम

प्रयोग :

पुढील वाक्यांतील प्रयोग ओळखा :

प्रश्न 1.

1. शेतकऱ्याने कणसाला मातीतून उपटले. → [ ]
2. कवी पावसाचे वर्णन करतो. → [ ]
3. केशवने गाणे गायिले. → [ ]

उत्तर :

1. भावे प्रयोग
2. कर्तरी प्रयोग
3. कर्मणी प्रयोग

अलंकार :

पुढील ओळींमधील अलंकार ओळखा :

प्रश्न 1.
1. आहे ताजमहल एक जगती तो तोच त्याच्यापरी → [ ]
2. हे नव्हे चांदणे ही तर मीरा गाते. → [ ]
उत्तर :
1. अनन्वय अलंकार
2. अपन्हुती अलंकार

रे थांब जरा आषाढघना Summary in Marathi

कवितेचा भावार्थ :

आषाढ महिन्यातील पावसामुळे चोहीकडे बहरलेल्या निसर्गसौंदर्याचा आस्वाद खुद्द आषाढमेघाने घ्यावा, अशी विनवणी करताना कवी म्हणतात – हे आषाढ मेघा, जरासा थांब. तुझ्या करुणेमुळे निर्माण केलेले सृष्टिसौंदर्य तुझ्यासह मला डोळे भरून पाहू दे. कोवळ्या नाजूक पाचूसारखी दिसणारी ही हिरवीगार शेते, पोवळ्यासारख्या लाल मातीमध्ये चालणारी नांगरणी, इंद्रनील रत्नासारखी ही बांबूची बने, हे सर्व सौंदर्य म्हणजे धरतीवर उमटलेल्या तुझ्याच पाऊलखुणा आहेत. तुझ्या आगमनाने ही सुवासिक केतकी रोमांचित झाली आहे. नव्याने फुललेली सोनचाफ्याची कळी झुलते आहे. तुला पुन्हा पुन्हा चोरून बघताना या जाईच्या मुली लाजून चूर झाल्या आहेत.

थोडीशी (न बरसता) उघडीप करून हे सूर्याचे घर उघडून खुले कर, हे आकाश स्वच्छ दिसू दे. तुझ्या जादूने नवीन कोवळे हळदीच्या रंगाचे ऊन धरतीवर येऊ दे. ताटावर झुलणारे कणसाचे दाणे तुझ्या पौष्टिक दुधाने भरू देत आणि फुलांच्या देठात अलवार कोवळा मध साठू दे. आनंदाच्या गोड गाण्याचे बोल पक्ष्यांच्या गळ्यात येऊ देत. पक्ष्यांच्या किलबिल स्वरांनी गवत पात्यांवर आनंदाचा शहारा फुलू दे.

आश्लेषा नक्षत्रातील पावसाच्या अमाप थेबांची अंघोळ करणारी फुलपाखरे थव्याथव्यांनी भिरभिरत राहू देत. भर दुपारी रत्नांची किरणे उधळीत ही एकत्र भिरभिरणारी फुलपाखरे या वनराईला निळ्या रंगात बुडवू दे.

काळोखाचे अश्रू पिऊन, ओलसर वातावरणातील मिट्ट काळोखाचे दुःख अनुभवत झाडांच्या कोवळ्या पानांतून उमललेल्या काजव्यांशी मला गुजगोष्टी करू दे. पाण्यात तरंगणाऱ्या चंद्रबिंबाचे सौंदर्य न्याहाळीत मला काजव्यांशी हितगूज करू दे.

शब्दार्थ :

1. घन – ढग, मेघ.
2. दिठी – दृष्टी, नजर.
3. करुणा – दया.
4. प्रवाळ – पोवळे; (एक लाल रत्न).
5. औत – नांगर.
6. वेळूची बेटे – बांबूचे वन, पदविन्यास
7. खुणा – पाऊलखुणा.
8. रोमांचित – शहारलेली, सुखद शहारा आलेली.
9. गंध – सुवास.
10. सोनचंपक – सोनचाफा.
11. लेकी – मुली.
12. तुज – तुला.
13. गगन – आकाश.
14. घडिभर – थोडा वेळ.
15. आसर – उघडीप, पाऊस थोडा वेळ थांबणे.
16. वासरमणी – सूर्य.
17. तव – तुझ्या.
18. किमया – जादू.
19. हळव्या – हळदीच्या पिवळ्या रंगांचे.
20. कणस – कणीस.
21. जिवस – पौष्टिक.
22. अरळ – अलवार, कोमल.
23. कंठ – गळा.
24. खग – पक्षी.
25. मधुगान – गोड, सुरेल गीत.
26. तृणपर्ण – गवताचे पाते.
27. तुषार – शिंतोडे.
28. स्नान – अंघोळ.
29. पिसोळी – फुलपाखरू.
30. रत्नकळा – रत्नाचे तेज.
31. माध्यान्ह – भर दुपार.
32. न्हाणोत – भिजवत.
33. इंद्रवर्ण – निळा रंग.
34. वन – बन, रान.
35. पीत – पिऊन.
36. आसवे – अश्रू.
37. हितगुज – मनातील गोष्ट, मनोगत.
38. त्यांसवे – त्यांच्याबरोबर.
39. निरखीत – न्याहाळत, पाहत.
40. जळ – पाणी.
41. विधुवदन – चंद्रबिंब.

टिपा :

1. आषाढ-चौथा मराठी महिना.
2. पाचू-हिरवे रत्न.
3. प्रवाळ-(लाल रंगाचे) पोवळे (रत्न).
4. इंद्रनीळ – निळ्या रंगाचे रत्न.
5. केतकी-केवड्याचे झाड (फुले).
6. चंपक, जाई-फुलांची नावे.
7. आश्लेषा-एक पावसाळी नक्षत्र.
8. पालवी-कोवळी पाने.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Marathi Yuvakbharati 12th Digest Chapter 3 आयुष्य… आनंदाचा उत्सव Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3 आयुष्य… आनंदाचा उत्सव

12th Marathi Guide Chapter 3 आयुष्य… आनंदाचा उत्सव Textbook Questions and Answers

कृती

1. अ. कृती करा.

प्रश्न अ.
कृती करा.

उत्तर :

आ. खालील विधाने योग्य की अयोग्य ते लिहा.

प्रश्न 1.

1. यश, वैभव ही आनंद अनुभवण्याची निमित्तं आहेत.
2. पैशाने आनंद विकत घेता येऊ शकतो.
3. शिकण्यातला आनंद तात्पुरता असतो.
4. यशामुळे आत्मविश्वास वाढतो.
5. ज्यात तुम्हांला खरा आनंद वाटतो, तेच काम करा.

उत्तर :

1. योग्य
2. अयोग्य
3. अयोग्य
4. योग्य
5. योग्य

इ. हे केव्हा घडेल ते लिहा.

प्रश्न 1.

1. माणसाला आनंद दुसऱ्याला वाटावासा वाटतो, जेव्हा …….
2. माणूस दु:खातून बाहेर पडत नाही, जेव्हा …….
3. आनंद हा तुमचा स्वभाव होईल, जेव्हा ……..
4. एका वेगळ्या विश्वात वावरता येतं, जेव्हा ……

उत्तर :

1. माणसाला आनंद दुसऱ्याला वाटावासा वाटतो, जेव्हा त्याच्या मनात आनंद मावेनासा होतो.
2. माणूस दु:खातून बाहेर पडत नाही, जेव्हा तो दुःखाला स्वत:च्या मनाबाहेर जाऊ देत नाही.
3. आनंद हा तुमचा स्वभाव होईल, जेव्हा आनंदातच राहायची सवय तुम्हांला पडते.
4. एका वेगळ्या विश्वात वावरता येते, जेव्हा आपण एखाद्या कलेशी दोस्ती करतो.

2. अ. खालील शब्दसमूहांचा तुम्हांला समजलेला अर्थ लिहा.

प्रश्न 1.
मनाची कवाडं-
उत्तर :
मनाची कवाडं : मनाची कवाडं म्हणजे मनाची दारे. घराचे दार उघडल्यावर आपण बाहेरच्या जगात प्रवेश करतो. घरातले विश्व चार भिंतीच्या आतले असते. ते संकुचित असते. बाहेरचे जग अफाट असते. दार आपल्याला अफाट जगात नेते. मनाची दारे उघडली, तर म्हणजे मन मोकळे ठेवले, तर आपण व्यापक जगात प्रवेश करतो.

प्रश्न 2.
आनंदाचा पाऊस-
उत्तर :
आनंदाचा पाऊस : मनात दुःख, चिंता असेल, तर आनंद मनात शिरत नाही. आनंदाचे खुल्या मनाने स्वागत करावे लागते. मन मोकळे ठेवले तर आनंद भरभरून मनात शिरतो. यालाच आनंदाचा पाऊस म्हटले आहे.

आ. खालील चौकटी पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 1.

1. आनंदाला आकर्षित करणारा – [ ]
2. शरीर आणि मन यांना जोडणारा सेतू – [ ]
3. बाहेर दाराशी घुटमळणारा – [ ]
4. आनंदाला प्रसवणारा – [ ]
5. आनंद अनुभवण्याची निमित्तं – [ ] [ ]

उत्तर :

1. आनंदाला आकर्षित करणारा – आनंद
2. शरीर आणि मन यांना जोडणारा सेतू – श्वास
3. बाहेर दाराशी घुटमळणारा – आनंद
4. आनंदाला प्रसवणारा – आनंद
5. आनंद अनुभवण्याची निमित्तं – यश वैभव

3. व्याकरण.

अ. खालील वाक्यांचा प्रकार ओळखून लिहा.

प्रश्न 1.

1. एवढं मिळवूनही मी आनंदात का नाहीये? …………………….
2. ‘गोडधोड’ हे सुद्धा पूर्णब्रह्मच असतं की! …………………….
3. आनंदासाठी मन मोकळं असावं लागतं. …………………….

उत्तर :

1. प्रश्नार्थी वाक्य
2. उद्गारार्थी वाक्य
3. विधानार्थी वाक्य.

आ. योग्य पर्याय निवडा व लिहा.

प्रश्न 1.
माणसं स्वत:चा छंद कसा विसरू शकतात? या वाक्याचे विधानार्थी वाक्य
(अ) माणसं स्वत:चा छंद नेहमी विसरतात.
(आ) माणसं स्वत:चा छंद लक्षात ठेवतात.
(इ) माणसं स्वत:चा छंद विसरू शकत नाहीत.
(ई) माणसं स्वत:चा छंद किती लक्षात ठेवतात.
उत्तर :
(इ) माणसं स्वत:चा छंद विसरू शकत नाहीत.

प्रश्न 2.
हा आनंद सर्वत्र असतो. या वाक्याचे प्रश्नार्थी वाक्य
(अ) हा आनंद कुठे नसतो?
(आ) हा आनंद कुठे असतो?
(इ) हा आनंद सर्वत्र नसतो का?
(ई) हा आनंद सर्वत्र असतो का?
उत्तर :
(अ) हा आनंद कुठे नसतो?

प्रश्न 3.
किती आतून हसतात ती! या वाक्याचे विधानार्थी वाक्य
(अ) ती आतून हसतात.
(आ) ती फार हसतात आतून.
(इ) ती आतून हसत राहतात.
(ई) ती खूप आतून हसतात.
उत्तर :
(ई) ती खूप आतून हसतात.

इ. खालील तक्ता पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 1.

उत्तर :

सामासिक शब्द	विग्रह	समासाचे नाव
झुणका भाकर	झुणका, भाकर वगैरे	समाहार द्वंद्व
सूर्यास्त	सूर्याचा अस्त	विभक्ती तत्पुरुष
अक्षरानंद	अक्षर असा आनंद	कर्मधारय
प्रतिक्षण	प्रत्येक क्षणाला	अव्ययीभाव

ई. खालील वाक्यांतील प्रयोग ओळखा व लिहा.

प्रश्न 1.

1. स्वत:च्या आवडीचे काम निवडा ………..
2. लोकांना पेढे वाटणं वेगळं ………..
3. कष्टाची भाकर गोड लागते ………..

उत्तर :

1. स्वत:च्या आवडीचे काम निवडा. कर्तरी प्रयोग
2. लोकांना पेढे वाटणं वेगळं. भावे प्रयोग
3. कष्टाची भाकर गोड लागते. कर्तरी प्रयोग

उ. ‘आनंद’ या शब्दासाठी पाठात आलेली विशेषणे शोधा व लिहा.

प्रश्न 1.
‘आनंद’ या शब्दासाठी पाठात आलेली विशेषणे शोधा व लिहा.
…………. ………… ………….. ………… …………
उत्तर :

1. खरा (आनंद)
2. आत्मिक (आनंद)
3. अनोखा (आनंद)
4. वेगळा (आनंद)
5. टिकाऊ (आनंद).

4. स्वमत.

प्रश्न अ
‘जे काम करायचचं आहे, त्यात आनंद घ्यायला शिकणं हेही शक्य असतं’, या विधानाबाबत तुमचे मत सविस्तर लिहा.
उत्तर :
शिक्षण घेताना आपण आपल्या आवडीचा विषय घेऊ शकतो, हे खरे आहे. काही वेळा आईवडिलांच्या आग्रहाला आपण बळी पडतो किंवा आपले सर्व मित्र जिकडे जातात, ती शाखा आपण निवडतो. कालांतराने आपली आपल्याला चूक उमगते. पण उशीर झालेला असतो. त्यानंतर काहीही करता येत नाही. निराश मनाने आपण शिक्षण घेतो अणि आयुष्यभर तशाच मन:स्थितीत जीवन जगत राहतो. त्यात सुख अजिबात नसते.

शिक्षणानंतर नोकरी-व्यवसाय निवडताना तसाच प्रश्न उद्भवतो. इथे मात्र आपल्याला निवड करण्याची बरीच संधी असते. या वेळी आपण आवडीचे क्षेत्र निवडायला हवे. क्षेत्र आवडीचे असल्यास आपण आनंदाने काम करू शकतो. मग काम कष्टाचे राहत नाही. आपल्या कामातून, कामाच्या कष्टातून आनंद मिळू शकतो.

मात्र इथेही एक अडचण असतेच. पण आवडीच्या विषयातील ज्ञान मिळवलेले असले, तरी नोकरी-व्यवसाय आवडीचाच मिळेल याची खात्री नसते. शिक्षण घेतलेले लाखो विद्यार्थी असतात. पण नोकऱ्या मात्र संख्येने खूप कमी असतात. त्यामुळे आपल्या आवडीची नोकरी आपल्याला मिळेल याची खात्री नसते. उपजीविका तर पार पाडायची असते. त्यामुळे मिळेल ती नोकरी स्वीकारावी लागते. अशा वेळी काय करायचे?

अशा वेळी वाट्याला आलेली नोकरी किंवा व्यवसाय आनंदाने केला पाहिजे. पण आनंदाने करायचा म्हणजे काय करायचे? कसे करायचे? तोपर्यंत आपण जे शिक्षण घेतलेले आहे, त्यातील सर्व ज्ञान, सर्व कौशल्ये पणाला लावली पाहिजेत. मग आपले काम आपल्याला अधिक जवळचे वाटू लागेल. तसेच, एवढे प्रयत्न अपुरे पडले तर आपले काम उत्तमातल्या उत्तम पद्धतीने करण्यासाठी गरज पडली, तर नवीन कौशल्ये शिकून घेतली पाहिजेत. काहीही करून आपले काम सर्वोत्कृष्ट झाले पाहिजे, असा आग्रह हवा. मग आपोआपच आपले काम सुंदर होईल. आपल्याला आनंद मिळेल आणि आपल्या कामाला प्रतिष्ठाही मिळेल.

प्रश्न आ.
‘सौंदर्य जसं पाहणाऱ्याच्या दृष्टीत असतं, तसा आनंद घेणाऱ्याच्या वृत्तीत असतो’, या विधानाबाबत तुमचे मत स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तर :
एखादी व्यक्ती काहीजणांना सुंदर दिसते. तर अन्य काहीजण ती सुंदर नाहीच, यावर पैज लावायला तयार होतात. हा व्यक्ति – व्यक्तींच्या दृष्टींतला फरक आहे. कोणत्या कारणांनी कोणती व्यक्ती कोणाला आवडेल हे काहीही सांगता येत नाही. त्याप्रमाणे कोणाला कशात आनंद मिळेल, हेही सांगता येत नाही. आनंदाच्या तऱ्हा वेगवेगळ्या असतात. प्रत्येकाचा आनंद वेगळा असतो. पोस्टाची तिकिटे किंवा नाणी गोळा करण्याचा नेहमीचा छंद असलेली माणसे आपल्याला ठाऊक असतात. पण एकाला लोकांकडची जुनी पत्रे गोळा करण्याचा छंद होता.

एकजण आठवड्यातून एकदा आसपासचा एकेक गाव पायी चालून यायचा. एकच सिनेमा एकाच महिन्यात सात-आठ वेळा पाहणारेही सापडतात. सिनेमातले सर्व संवाद त्यांना तोंडपाठ असतात. ते संवाद ते सिनेमाप्रेमी पुन्हा पुन्हा ऐकवतात. यातून त्याला कोणता आनंद मिळत असेल? यावरून एकच दिसते की, प्रत्येकाची आनंदाची ठिकाणे भिन्न असतात. आनंद शोधण्याची वृत्ती भिन्न असते.

व्यक्तिव्यक्तींमधला हा वेगळेपणा आपण लक्षात घेतला, तर समाजातील अनेक भांडणे संपतील; समाजासमोरच्या समस्यासुद्धा सुटतील. प्रत्येक व्यक्तीची प्रकृती भिन्न असते. आवडीनिवडी भिन्न असतात. हे वास्तव आपण ओळखले पाहिजे.

व्यक्तींची ही विविधता ओळखली पाहिजे. या विविधतेची बूज राखली पाहिजे. मग समाजात विविध प्रकारच्या रंगीबेरंगी वस्तू निर्माण होतील. रंगीबेरंगी घटना घडत राहतील. समाजजीवन अनेक रंगांनी बहरून जाईल.

प्रश्न इ.
‘आनंदाचं खुल्या दिलानं स्वागत करावं लागतं’, या विधानाचा तुम्हाला कळलेला अर्थ स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तर :
एखादया दिवशी आपल्याला नको असलेला माणूस भेटतो. “कशाला भेटली ही ब्याद सकाळी सकाळी!” असे आपण मनातल्या मनात म्हणतो. तरीही आपण तोंड भरून हसत स्वागत करतो. आपल्या बोलण्यात, हसण्यात खोटेपणा भरलेला असतो. हे असे बऱ्याच वेळा होते. आपण खोटेपणाने जगतो. भेटलेल्या व्यक्तीमुळे आपल्याला आनंद होतच नाही.

आनंदाचा, सुखाचा अनुभव आपल्याला मिळतच नाही; कारण आपले मन आधीच राग, द्वेष, मत्सराच्या भावनांनी भरलेले. अशा भावनांच्या वातावरणात आनंद निर्माण होऊच शकत नाही. मन ढगाळलेले असले की तेथे स्वच्छ सूर्यप्रकाश येऊच शकत नाही.

आनंदाचा, सुखाचा अनुभव मिळण्यासाठी आपले मन निर्मळ असले पाहिजे. कुत्सितपणा, द्वेष, मत्सर, हेवा असल्या कुभावनांपासून मन मुक्त हवे. जेथे कुभावनांची वस्ती असते, तेथे निर्मळपणा अशक्य असतो. निर्मळपणा असला की मन मोकळे होते. स्वच्छ होते. अशा मनातच आनंदाचा पाऊस पडतो. आपल्याला खरे सुख, खरा आनंद हवा असेल, तर मन स्वच्छ, मोकळे असले पाहिजे; कुभावनांना तिथून हाकलले पाहिजे.

आमच्या शेजारी सिद्धा नावाची बाई राहते. सिद्धाच्या मनात समोरच राहणाऱ्या अमिताविषयी दाट किल्मिषे भरलेली आहेत. अमिताविषयी बोलताना ती सर्व किल्मिषे जळमटांसारखी सिद्धाच्या तोंडून बाहेर पडतात. सिद्धा निर्मळ मनाने अमिताकडे पाहूच शकत नाही. साहजिकच अमिताच्या सहवासाचा सिद्धाचा अनुभव कधीही सुखकारक, आनंददायक नसतो.

ज्या ज्या वेळी अमिताविषयी बोलणे निघते, त्या त्या वेळी सिद्धाचे मन कडवट होते. मनात कुभावनांचे ढग घेऊन वावरण्यामुळे सिद्धाला आनंद, खराखुरा आनंद मिळूच शकत नाही. लेखकांनी ‘आनंदाच खुल्या दिलानं स्वागत करावं लागतं,’ असे म्हटले आहे, ते खरेच आहे.

प्रश्न ई.
‘प्रत्येक माणसाला आपल्या अस्तित्वाचे भान असणे अत्यंत गरजेचे आहे’, तुमचे मत लिहा.
उत्तर :
प्रत्येकाला आपल्या अस्तित्वाचे भान असणे आवश्यक आहे; हे अगदी खरे आहे. आपण हे भान बाळगत नाही. त्यामुळे आपले नुकसानही होते. आपल्या साध्या साध्या कृतींकडे लक्ष दिले, तरी हा मुद्दा लक्षात येईल. रस्ता ओलांडताना भरधाव येणाऱ्या गाड्यांना आपण लीलया चुकवत चुकवत जातो. खो-खोमध्ये किती चपळाई दाखवतो आपण! आपण सवयीने या हालचाली करतो.

त्यामुळे त्यांतली किमया आपल्या लक्षातच येत नाही. ‘चक दे इंडिया हा चित्रपट पाहताना है खूपदा लक्षात आले आहे. सर्व हालचाली करताना आपण आपल्या शरीराचा उपयोग करतो. ‘हे माझे शरीर आहे आणि या शरीराच्या आधाराने मी जगतो,’ ही भावना सतत जागी असली पाहिजे. मग आपल्या प्रत्येक हालचालीचा आपण बारकाईने विचार करू शकतो. शरीराला प्रशिक्षण देऊ शकतो. अनेकदा आपल्याला नाचण्याची लहर येते. पण पावले नीट पडत नाहीत. आपण मनातल्या मनात खटू होतो. पण शरीराची जाणीव असेल, तर नृत्यातल्या हालचाली शिकून घेता येतात. तिथेच आपली चूक होते.

खरे तर प्रत्येक पाऊल टाकताना आपण आपल्या शरीराचा डौल राखला पाहिजे. कोणाही समोर जातो, तेव्हा हेच लक्षात ठेवले पाहिजे. आपण इतरांसमोर स्वत:ला सादर करीत असतो. ते सादरीकरण सुंदर केले पाहिजे. आपल्याला लाभलेले अस्तित्व प्रत्येक क्षणाला साजरे केले पाहिजे. तर मग आपण जगण्याचा आनंद घेऊ शकतो.

अभिनेते, खेळाडू अनेक कसलेले सादरकर्ते डौलदार का दिसतात? एखादी अभिनेत्री फोटोसाठी उभी राहते, तेव्हा तीच लक्षणीय का दिसते? ही सगळी माणसे आपल्या देहाचे, आपल्या अस्तित्वाचे भान बाळगतात. आपले अस्तित्व देखणे करायचा प्रयत्न करतात. ती स्वत:च्या अस्तित्वाचा आनंद घेतात आणि दुसऱ्यांना देतातही. हेच सुख असते. त्यातच आनंद असतो.

5. अभिव्यक्ती.

प्रश्न अ.
खरा, टिकाऊ आनंद मिळवण्यासाठी करावे लागणारे प्रयत्न तुमच्या शब्दांत लिहा.
उत्तर :
टिकाऊ आनंद मिळवण्यासाठी सर्वप्रथम टाकायचे पाऊल म्हणजे स्वत:च्या शरीरावर प्रेम करणे. आपण स्वत: असे प्रेम करायचेच; पण इतरांनाही तो मार्ग शिकवायचा.

स्वत:च्या शरीरावर प्रेम करायचे म्हणजे काय करायचे? शरीर नीटनेटके, स्वच्छ व प्रसन्न राखायचे. आपल्याला पाहताच कोणालाही आनंद झाला पाहिजे. त्याला प्रसन्न वाटले पाहिजे. त्यासाठी स्वच्छतेच्या सवयी अंगी बाणवल्या पाहिजेत. आहार विचारपूर्वक घ्यायचा, व्यसने करायची नाहीत, दरोज नियमितपणे योगासने किंवा अन्य व्यायाम किंवा रोज तीन-चार किमी चालणे. कामासाठी चालणे यात मोजायचे नाही. काहीही करण्यासाठी नव्हे, तर चालण्यासाठी चालायचे. चालणे हेच काम समजायचे.

मनात ईर्षा, असूया, हेवा, मत्सर, सूड अशा कुभावना बाळगायच्या नाहीत. आपले मन या भावनांपासून दूर ठेवण्यासाठी म्हणजे चांगले होण्यासाठी स्वत: कोणत्या तरी एका क्षेत्रात, एखाद्या कौशल्यात प्रभुत्व मिळवले पाहिजे. स्वतःच्या कर्तबगारीवर विश्वास ठेवायचा. त्यामुळे अन्य कोणाहीबद्दल मनात कुभावना बाळगण्याची इच्छाच होणार नाही.

यश, वैभव मिळवण्याचा प्रयत्न करण्यात गैर काहीच नाही. मात्र यश, वैभव या गोष्टी बाह्य असतात. आत्मिक समाधानाशी संबंध नसतो. म्हणून यश, वैभव मिळाल्यावरही मन अशांत, अस्वस्थ होऊ शकते. अशा वेळी आणखी यश, आणखी वैभव यांच्या मागे न लागता आपल्याला नेमके काय हवे आहे. याचा शोध घेतला पाहिजे.

मात्र, एक गोष्ट कायम लक्षात ठेवली पाहिजे. पैशाने खरा, टिकाऊ आनंद कधीही मिळवता येत नाही. आपल्या मनाच्या सोबत राहण्यासाठी आवडेल तेच काम करायला घ्यावे. आवडेल त्या क्षेत्रात नोकरी, व्यवसाय पत्करावा. अर्थात, प्रत्येकाला स्वत:च्या आवडीप्रमाणे नोकरी, व्यवसाय मिळेलच असे नसते. अशा वेळी मिळालेले काम आवडीने केले पाहिजे.

एवढी पथ्ये प्रामाणिकपणे पाळली तर आपण खऱ्या आनंदाच्या जवळ असू.

प्रश्न आ.
तुमचे जीवन आनंदी होण्यासाठी तुम्ही काय काय कराल, ते लिहा.
उत्तर :
जीवन आनंदी होण्यासाठी आवश्यक असलेल्या अनेक गोष्टी मी करीन. त्यापैकी काही कृती शारीरिक पातळीवरील आहेत. तर काही मानसिक पातळीवरील आहेत.

शारीरिक पातळीवरील कृतींपैकी सर्वांत महत्त्वाची कृती म्हणजे स्वत:च्या शरीराची काळजी घेणे. स्वत:च्या शरीराची काळजी घेण्यासाठी प्रथम स्वत:च्या शरीरावर मनापासून प्रेम केले पाहिजे. स्वतःचे शरीर नीटनेटके, देखणे राखायचे, इतके की कोणालाही भेटल्यावर ती व्यक्ती आनंदित, प्रसन्न झाली पाहिजे. शरीर फक्त बाह्यतः सजवून ते देखणे होणार नाही. ते सतेज, सुदृढ व निरोगी राखले पाहिजे. त्या दृष्टीने मी योगासने किंवा व्यायाम सुरू करीन. नियमित व जीवनसत्त्वयुक्त आहाराचा अवलंब करीन. व्यसनांपासून चार हात दूरच राहीन.

शरीराबरोबरच मनाचे पोषण करण्यासाठी मी कलेचा आश्रय घेईन. मी अत्यंत चिकाटीने गायन, वादन, नर्तन, साहित्य, चित्रपट, नाट्य यांपैकी एका तरी कलेचा जाणतेपणाने आस्वाद घ्यायला शिकेन. शक्यतो एखादी कला आत्मसात करीन. माझी स्वत:ची बौद्धिक, शारीरिक व मानसिक क्षमता लक्षात घेऊन माझे यशाचे लक्ष्य निश्चित करीन आणि त्याचा पाठपुरावा करीन. अर्थात मला हेही ठाऊक आहे की केवळ यशामुळे उच्च पातळीवरचे मानसिक समाधान मिळू शकत नाही. साफल्याचा आनंद भौतिक यशाने पूर्णांशाने मिळत नाही. म्हणून कला क्रीडा-ज्ञान या क्षेत्रांत उच्च प्रतीचे कौशल्य मिळवायचा प्रयत्न करीन.

नोकरी-व्यवसायाच्या बाबतीत आवडीचेच क्षेत्र मिळेल असे सांगता येत नाही. मी माझ्या आवडीचे शिक्षण घेईन. आवडीच्या क्षेत्रात उपजीविकेचे साधन मिळवायचा प्रयत्न करीन. तसे नाही मिळाले, तर मिळालेले काम अत्यंत आवडीने करीन. मी घेतलेल्या शिक्षणातून मिळालेले ज्ञान माझ्या नोकरी-व्यवसायात वापरीन.

मला तर खात्रीने वाटते की माझा हा बेत यशस्वी झाला, तर मला सुखीसमाधानी आयुष्य मिळेल.

उपक्रम :

प्रस्तुत पाठात आलेल्या इंग्रजी शब्दांची यादी करा. त्यांसाठी वापरले जाणारे मराठी शब्द लिहा.

तोंडी परीक्षा.

अ. खालील वाक्प्रचारांचा अर्थ सांगून वाक्यांत उपयोग करा.

1. आभाळाकडे डोळे लावणे.
2. विसर्ग देणे.

आ. ‘माझ्या जीवनातील आनंदाचे क्षण’ या विषयावर पाच मिनिटांचे भाषण सादर करा.

Marathi Yuvakbharati 12th Digest Chapter 3 आयुष्य… आनंदाचा उत्सव Additional Important Questions and Answers

कृती करा.

प्रश्न 1.

उत्तर :

प्रश्न 2.

उत्तर :

प्रश्न 3.

उत्तर :

प्रश्न 4.

उत्तर :

पुढील चौकटी पूर्ण करा :

प्रश्न 1.

1. एक अद्भुत सत्य [ ]
2. आनंदाच्या झऱ्याच्या उगमाचे ठिकाण : [ ]
3. आनंदाच्या चक्रवाढीवर फिरणारे [ ]
4. एखादया ध्येयाने, स्वप्नाने झपाटणे [ ]

उत्तर :

1. एक अद्भुत सत्य – आपले अस्तित्व
2. आनंदाच्या झऱ्याच्या उगमाचे ठिकाण – आपले मन
3. आनंदाच्या चक्रवाढीवर फिरणारे – आयुष्याचे चक्र
4. एखादया ध्येयाने, स्वप्नाने झपाटणे – माणसाचे जगणे

प्रश्न 2.

1. मनाची कवाडं कायमची बंद करणारा [ ]
2. निरागस, आनंदी वृत्तीची [ ]
3. आनंदाची इस्टेट [ ]
4. आयुष्यभर न संपणारा [ ]
5. शहाणंसुरतं करणारा [ ]
6. कलेच्या मस्तीत जगणारे [ ]

उत्तर :

1. मनाची कवाडं कायमची बंद करणारा : – दुःखी माणूस
2. निरागस, आनंदी वृत्तीची : – लहान मुले
3. आनंदाची इस्टेट – शास्त्रीय संगीत
4. आयुष्यभर न संपणारा – शिकण्यातला आनंद
5. शहाणंसुरतं करणारा – वाचनाचा छंद
6. कलेच्या मस्तीत जगणारे – कलावंत

योग्य की अयोग्य ते लिहा :

प्रश्न 1.

1. मनावरचे ताण नाहीसे होणे हे आनंदाचे लक्षण [ ]
2. आपल्याला दृष्टी लाभली आहे, हे आपण विसरतो [ ]
3. आत्म्याच्या भाषेत गाता आले नाही तरी ऐकता येऊ शकते. [ ]
4. वाचन माणसाला शहाणे करते. [ ]

उत्तर :

1. योग्य
2. अयोग्य
3. योग्य
4. योग्य

पुढील वाक्याचा तुम्हांला समजलेला अर्थ लिहा :

प्रश्न 1.
आपल्या अस्तित्वाच्या आनंदाचं भान हवं.
उत्तर :
आपला श्वास, आपला दिवस-रात्र, सूर्योदय-सूर्यास्त वगैरेंकडे आपण लक्षपूर्वक कधी बघतच नाही. म्हणजे आपले अनुभव आपण लक्षपूर्वक घेत नाही. आपण ते सर्व गृहीतच धरतो. आपल्याला दृष्टी आहे, याचेही आपल्याला भान नसते. त्यामुळे आपल्याभोवती पसरलेल्या सुंदर सृष्टीचे आपल्याला कौतुक वाटत नाही. ही सृष्टी जिच्यामुळे आपल्याला दिसते, त्या आपल्या दृष्टीचेही आपल्याला कौतुक वाटत नाही. साहजिक आपले अस्तित्व आणि त्या अस्तित्वामुळे लाभलेला आनंद हे दोन्ही दुर्लक्षित राहतात.

चूक की बरोबर लिहा :

प्रश्न 1.
1. खरा आनंद दुसऱ्याच्या दुःखावर पोसला जात नाही. [ ]
2. खऱ्या आनंदात असलेल्या व्यक्तीला जग सुंदर दिसतं. [ ]
उत्तर :
1. बरोबर
2. बरोबर

हे केव्हा घडेल ते लिहा

प्रश्न 1.
दु:खासाठी आपण भरपूर कारणे शोधतो, जेव्हा …………..
उत्तर :
दुःखासाठी आपण भरपूर कारणे शोधतो, जेव्हा आपल्याला आनंद दयायला वेळच नसतो.

प्रश्न 2.

1. माणसे स्वत:चा छंद कधीही विसरत नाहीत, जेव्हा …………
2. तुम्ही स्वत:च्या अंत:करणात हलकेच डोकावू शकता, जेव्हा ……….
3. तुम्ही वर्तमानात जगू शकता, जेव्हा ………….

उत्तर :

1. माणसे स्वत:चा छंद कधीही विसरत नाहीत, जेव्हा त्याचा उद्देश केवळ आनंद मिळवणे हाच असतो.
2. तुम्ही स्वत:च्या अंत:करणात हलकेच डोकावू शकता, जेव्हा तुम्ही एकटे असता.
3. तुम्ही वर्तमानात जगू शकता, जेव्हा भूतकाळाची स्मृती व भविष्यकाळाची भीती या दोन्हींपासून मन मुक्त होते.

वाक्ये पूर्ण करा :

प्रश्न 1.
1. चिंता, टेन्शन यांच्या दाटीवाटीत आनंद कधीच घुसत नाही; कारण ……………..
2. लहान मुले आनंद घेण्यात तरबेज असतात; कारण ………….
उत्तर :
1. चिंता, टेन्शन यांच्या दाटीवाटीत आनंद कधीच घुसत नाही; कारण त्याला मोकळी जागा हवी असते.
2. लहान मुले आनंद घेण्यात तरबेज असतात; कारण ती निरागस व आनंदी वृत्तीची असतात.

विधाने पूर्ण करा :

प्रश्न 1.

1. आपल्याला काय हवे, हे शोधणे हेच ……..
2. कष्टाचे गोड हे अधिक गोड लागते, जर त्यात …………
3. मुळात आनंदच शून्य असेल, तर शून्याला ………..
4. आनंद जर ‘मानता’ येत असेल, तर तो …………….

उत्तर :

1. आपल्याला काय हवे, हे शोधणे हेच आपण आनंदी का नाही, या प्रश्नाचे उत्तर शोधणे होय.
2. कष्टाचे गोड हे अधिक गोड लागते, जर त्यात स्वकर्तृत्वाची गोडी मिसळली असेल.
3. मुळात आनंदच शून्य असेल, तर शून्याला कितीही मोठ्या यशाने किंवा पैशाने गुणले तरी गुणाकार शून्यच.
4. आनंद जर ‘मानता’ येत असेल, तर तो ‘मिळवण्याचा’ प्रयत्न कशाला करायचा?

अलंकार :

पुढील ओळींमधील अलंकार ओळखा :

प्रश्न 1.
1. हे हृदय नसे, परि स्थंडिल धगधगलेले → [ ]
2. काव्य अगोदर झाले नंतर जग झाले सुंदर, रामायण आधी मग झाला राम जानकीवर → [ ]
उत्तर :
1. अपन्हुती अलंकार
2. अतिशयोक्ती अलंकार

आयुष्य… आनंदाचा उत्सव Summary in Marathi

पाठ परिचय :

प्रस्तुत पाठ म्हणजे ‘मजेत जगावं कसं?’ या गाजलेल्या पुस्तकातील एक लेख आहे. जीवन आनंदात कसे जगावे, हे सांगण्याचा या लेखात लेखकांनी प्रयत्न केला आहे.

आनंद हा यांत्रिकपणे, खूप प्रयत्न करून किंवा पैसे देऊन मिळत नाही. स्वतःचे मन, अंत:करण आनंदी ठेवले पाहिजे. तरच आनंद मिळतो. स्वत:च्या मनातील सर्व किल्मिषे, सर्व नकारात्मक भाव काढून टाकले, तर मन शुद्ध होते. शुद्ध मन हाच आनंदाचा स्रोत असतो.

कला, साहित्य व निसर्गसहवास यांच्या माध्यमातून आपण स्वत:चे मन शुद्ध करू शकतो. ही क्षेत्रे आनंदाला पूरक अशी मनोवृत्ती निर्माण करतात.

शब्दार्थ :

1. शाश्वत – चिरकालिक, चिरंतन, अविनाशी.
2. कळसा – नळ लावलेली मातीची घागर.
3. निखळ – पवित्र, शुद्ध, निर्भेळ.
4. ईर्षा – चुरस, चढाओढ, हेवा.
5. असूया – द्वेष, मत्सर.
6. वैषम्य – खेद, दुःख, विषमता.
7. कवाडे – घराची किंवा खिडक्यांची दारे.
8. जडणे – सांधणे, कोंदणात बसवणे.

वाक्प्रचार व त्यांचे अर्थ :

1. आटापिटा करणे – खटाटोप करणे, खूप कष्टाने प्रयत्न करणे.
2. मनाची कवाडे बंद करणे – मन मोकळे न ठेवणे, पूर्वग्रहदूषित वृत्ती बाळगणे.
3. (एखाद्या गोष्टीत) रंगून जाणे – विलीन होण, पूर्णपणे मिसळून जाणे.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board 12th Biology Textbook Solutions Chapter 14 Ecosystems and Energy Flow Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Biology Solutions Chapter 14 Ecosystems and Energy Flow

1. Multiple choice questions

Question 1.
Which one of the following has the largest population in a food chain?
(a) Producers
(b) Primary consumers
(c) Secondary consumers
(d) Decomposers
Answer:
(a) Producers

Question 2.
The second trophic level in a lake is ……………………
(a) Phytoplankton
(b) Zooplankton
(c) Benthos
(d) Fishes
Answer:
(b) Zooplankton

Question 3.
Secondary consumers are …………………….
(a) Herbivores
(b) Producers
(c) Carnivores
(d) Autotrophs
Answer:
(c) Carnivores

Question 4.
What is the % of photosynthetically active radiation in the incident solar radiation?
(a) 100%
(b) 50%
(c) 1-5%
(d) 2-10%
Answer:
(b) 50%

Question 5.
Give the term used to express a community in its final stage of succession?
(a) End community
(b) Final community
(c) Climax community
(d) Dark community
Answer:
(c) Climax community

Question 6.
After landslide which of the following type of succession occurs?
(a) Primary
(b) Secondary
(c) Tertiary
(d) Climax
Answer:
(a) Primary

Question 7.
Which of the following is most often a limiting factor of the primary productivity in any ecosystem?
(a) Carbon
(b) Nitrogen
(c) Phosphorus
(d) Sulphur
Answer:
(c) Phosphorus

2. Very short answer question.

Question 1.
Give an example of ecosystem which shows inverted pyramid of numbers.
Answer:
Number of insects dependent on a single tree, is an example of ecosystem having inverted pyramid of numbers.

Question 2.
Give an example of ecosystem which shows inverted pyramid of biomass.
Answer:
Oceanic ecosystem has inverted pyramid of biomass.

Question 3.
Which mineral acts as limiting factor for productivity in an aquatic ecosystem?
Answer:
Phosphorus acts as limiting factor for productivity in an aquatic ecosystem.

Question 4.
Name the reservoir and sink of carbon in carbon cycle.
Answer:
Atmosphere is the reservoir of carbon cycle, while fossil fuels embedded in ocean and oceanic waters are the sink of carbon in carbon cycle.

3. Short answer questions.

Question 1.
Upright and inverted pyramid of biomass.
Answer:

Upright pyramid	Inverted pyramid
1. In upright pyramid, the number and biomass of the organisms which are at first trophic level of producers is high.	1. In inverted pyramid, the number and biomass of organisms at first trophic levels of producers is lowest.
2. The biomass goes on decreasing at each trophic level.	2. The biomass foes on increasing at each trophic level.
3. The base of the pyramid is always in large number of producers.	3. The base of pyramid is always in small numbers of producers.
4. Pyramid is always upright.	4. Pyramid is always inverted.

Question 2.
Food chain and Food web.
Answer:

Food chain	Food web
1. Food chain is the linear sequence of organisms for feeding purpose.	1. Food web is interconnections between many small food chains.
2. In food chain the flow of energy is through a single straight pathway from the lower trophic level to the higher trophic level.	2. In food web, the energy flow is interconnected through numerous food chains in the ecosystem.
3. In a food chain, members present at higher trophic level feeds on only single type of organisms.	3. In a food web, one organism can feed on multiple types of organisms.
4. Energy flow can be easily calculated in food chain.	4. Energy flow is difficult to calculate in a food web.
5. In food chain there is increased instability due to increasing number of separate and confined food chains.	5. In food web there is increased stability due to the presence of the complex food chains.
6. The whole food chain gets affected even if one group of an organism is disturbed.	6. The food web does not get disturbed by the removal of one group of organisms.
7. Member of higher trophic level depends or feed upon the single type of organisms of the lower trophic level.	7. The members of higher trophic level depend or feed upon many different types of the organism of the lower trophic level.
8. Food chain consists of only 4-6 trophic levels of different species.	8. Food web contains numerous trophic levels and also of different populations of species.
9. Competition is seen in members of same trophic level.	9. Competition is seen in members of same as well as different trophic levels.
10. Food chains are of two types: 1. Grazing food chain 2. Detritus food chain.	10. In food web there are no types.

4. Long answer questions

Question 1.
Define ecological pyramids and describe with examples, pyramids of number and biomass.
Answer:
1. Ecological Pyramids : Ecological Pyramids are the representation of relationships between different components of ecosystem at successive trophic levels.

2. Pyramid of numbers:

• Pyramid of numbers is the diagrammatic representation which shows the relationship between producers, herbivores and carnivores at successive trophic levels in terms of their numbers.
• As we go up the trophic levels, the interdependent organisms keep on reducing in their numbers.
• For example, the number of grasses are more than the number of herbivores which eat them. The number of herbivores such as rabbits would be lesser than grass but greater than the carnivores that are dependent upon the population of rabbits.
• Thus, the producers would be more than primary consumers and primary consumers would be more than secondary consumers. The top level consumers would be least in their numbers. This pyramid shows upright nature.

3. Pyramid of biomass:
(1) Pyramid of biomass are constructed by taking into consideration the different biomass in every successive trophic level.
(2) Pyramid of biomass in seas in inverted as the biomass of fishes is more than the biomass of phytoplankton.

Question 2.
What is primary productivity? Give brief description of factors that affect primary productivity.
Answer:
(1) Primary Productivity : The rate of generation of biomass in an ecosystem which is expressed in units of mass per unit surface (or volume) per unit time, for instance grams per square metre per day (g/m²/day) is called primary productivity.

(2) Primary productivity is described as gross primary productivity (GPP) and net primary productivity (NPP).

(3) The rate of production of organic matter during photosynthesis is called gross primary productivity of an ecosystem. Of this the amount of energy lost through respiration of plants is called respiratory losses.

(4) Gross primary productivity minus respiratory losses gives the net primary productivity (NPP).

(5) Net primary productivity is the available biomass for the consumption to heterotrophs (herbivores, carnivores and decomposers).

(6) Factors affecting primary productivity: Gross primary productivity (GPP) depends on the following factors:

• Plant species inhabiting a particular area.
• Variety of environmental factors such as temperature, sunlight, salinity, oxygen and carbon dioxide content, etc.
• Availability of nutrients and
• Photosynthetic capacity of plants.

Question 3.
Define decomposition and describe the processes and products of decomposition.
Answer:

1. Decomposition is the process carried out by the decomposer organisms.
2. Most of the bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi are decomposers. They convert the dead and decaying organic matter into simpler compounds. These simpler inorganic substances return back to the environment.
3. Decomposition takes place through detritus food chain. It starts from the dead organic matter. Detritus eating organisms called detritivores like earthworm, etc. breakdown the detritus into smaller fragments. Therefore, this first step of decomposition is called fragmentation.
4. Water soluble inorganic nutrients seep into the soil after fragmentation. These nutrients get precipitated as salts. Therefore, this second step of decomposition is called leaching.
5. The third step of decomposition is called catabolism. In this step, fungal and bacterial enzymes degrade the detritus into simple inorganic substances.
6. The partially decomposed organic matter is called humus which is formed by the process of humification. Humus is a dark coloured amorphous substance which is the reservoir of nutrients.
7. Humus too undergoes decomposition by bacterial action at a very slow rate and ultimately releases inorganic matter. This process is therefore called mineralization.
8. Decomposition requires oxygen in greater amount. The rate of decomposition is dependent upon the temperature and the humidity of the environment.

Question 4.
Write important features of a sedimentary cycle in an ecosystem.
Answer:

1. Reservoir of sedimentary cycles is earth’s crust.
2. The nutrients such as phosphorus which show sedimentary cycle, moves through hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere.
3. There is no respiratory release of nutrients into the atmosphere which show sedimentary cycle.
4. Natural reservoir of such nutrients are usually in the form of rocks. The rocks upon weathering release such nutrients into circulation.
5. Sedimentary cycles are very slow in their reactions.

Question 5.
Describe carbon cycle and add a note on the impact of human activities on carbon cycle.
Answer:
I. Carbon cycle:
(1) The entire carbon cycle has following basic processes viz. Photosynthesis, Respiration, Decomposition, Sedimentation and Combustion.

(2) Carbon is an important element as it forms 49% of the dry weight of all organisms. 71% of global carbon is present in the oceans. Therefore, ocean is the major reservoir of carbon. Carbon is also present in all fossil fuels. This is long term storage places or sinks for carbon which is in the form of coal, natural gas, etc.

(3) Respiration and photosynthesis are the two events that keep the carbon in cyclic circulation. During respiration, oxygen is used for combustion of carbohydrates as a result of which carbon dioxide and water are formed with the release of energy. The process of photosynthesis utilizes carbon dioxide and water vapour liberating oxygen and producing carbohydrates at the same time.

(4) Solar energy is stored in the carbon-carbon bonds of carbohydrates during photosynthesis whereas respiration releases the same stored energy.

(5) The main reservoirs for carbon dioxide are in the oceans and in rocks. Carbon dioxide is highly soluble in water and forms mild carbonic acid upon dissolving. This dissolved carbon dioxide precipitate as a solid rock or limestone which is calcium carbonate. This reaction in the seas is aided by corals and algae which in turn builds the coral reefs made up of limestone.

(6) Carbon moves through food chains. Autotrophic green plants on land and in water take up carbon dioxide and manufacture carbohydrates by the process of photosynthesis. The carbon stored in plants has three different fates, viz. liberation into atmosphere, consumption by animals upon feeding, storage in the plant till the plant dies.

(7) Animals get their carbon requirement through their food. When autotrophs are consumed, the heterotrophs obtain carbon. Carbon in animals also has three fates, viz. release back into the atmosphere in the process of respiration, release of stored carbon from the body by the action of decomposers or conversion into fossil fuels if buried intact.

(8) Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, natural gas, etc. can be mined and burned for energy purposes. This burning releases carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere.

(9) Carbon from limestone can also be released if pushed to the surfaces and slowly weathered away. Subducting and volcanic eruptions can also release the stored carbon from sediments.

II. Impact of human activities on carbon cycle:
(1) Excessive burning of fossils fuels for power plants, industrial processes and vehicular traffic, adds excessive carbon dioxide into atmosphere. When fossil fuels burn to run factories, power plants, motor vehicles, most of the carbon quickly enters the atmosphere as carbon dioxide gas.

(2) Each year, 5.5 billion tonnes of carbon is released through combustion of fossil fuels. Of this massive amount, 3.3 billion tonnes stays in the atmosphere.

(3) Rapid deforestation also increases carbon dioxide. Since plants absorb carbon dioxide for their photosynthesis, they always reduce the concentration of CO₂. But deforestation upsets this balance.

(4) Massive burning of fossil fuel for energy and transport, have significantly increased the rate of release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere which is causing global warming and resultant climate change.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board 12th Biology Textbook Solutions Chapter 13 Organisms and Populations Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Biology Solutions Chapter 13 Organisms and Populations

1. Multiple choice questions

Question 1.
Which factor of an ecosystem includes plants, animals, and microorganisms?
(a) Biotic factor
(b) Abiotic factor
(c) Direct factor
(d) Indirect factor
Answer:
(a) Biotic factor

Question 2.
An assemblage of individuals of different species living in the same habitat and having functional interactions is ……………….
(a) Biotic community
(b) Ecological niche
(c) Population
(d) Ecosystem
Answer:
(a) Biotic community

Question 3.
Association between sea anemone and Hermit crab in gastropod shell is that of ………………..
(a) Mutualism
(b) Commensalism
(c) Parasitism
(d) Amensalism
Answer:
(b) Commensalism

Question 4.
Select the statement which explains best parasitism.
(a) One species is benefited.
(b) Both the species are benefited.
(c) One species is benefited, other is not affected.
(d) One species is benefited, other is harmed.
Answer:
(d) One species is benefited, other is harmed.

Question 5.
Growth of bacteria in a newly inoculated agar plate shows ………………….
(a) exponential growth
(b) logistic growth
(c) Verhulst-Pearl logistic growth
(d) zero growth
Answer:
(c) Verhulst-Pearl logistic growth

2. Very short answer questions.

Question 1.
Define the following terms
a. Commensalism
Answer:
The interaction between two species in which one species gets benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited is called commensalism.

b. Parasitism
Answer:
The interaction between two species in which one parasitic species derives benefit from the other host species by harming it is called parasitism.

c. Camouflage
Answer:
Camouflage is the disguising colouration or behaviour to merge with the surrounding so that prey or predator can remain hidden.

Question 2.
Give one example for each
a. Mutualism
b. Interspecific competition
Answer:
a. Lichen is composed of alga (cyanobacteria) and fungus. They cannot survive independently. Their association is mutualistic alga synthesises food by photosynthesis and fungus does the absorption of moisture.

b. Leopard and lion competing for a same prey. Sheep and cow competing for grazing in the same land.

Question 3.
Name the type of association:
a. Clown fish and sea anemone
b. Crow feeding the hatchling of Koel
c. Humming birds and host flowering plants
Answer:
a. Commensalism
b. Brood parasitism
c. Mutualism

Question 4.
What is the ecological process behind the biological control method of managing with pest insects?
Answer:

1. Pest insects act as prey to predator birds or frogs.
2. The biological control method consists of releasing the predators in the farms so that they can control the pest population in the natural way.
3. This also eliminates the use of chemical pesticides.
4. Frogs are natural predators of locust, therefore the population of this hazardous insect is controlled by frogs and the produce from agricultural farm can be saved.

Protocooperation:

1. Protocooperation is a type of population interaction where two species interact with each other.
2. Both are benefited but they have no need to interact with each other.
3. They can survive and grow even in the absence of other species.
4. Therefore this interaction is purely for the gain that they receive in such type of interaction.
5. The interaction that occurs can be between different kingdoms.

3. Short answer questions.

Question 1.
How is the dormancy of seeds different from hibernation in animals?
Answer:
In dormancy seed is not showing any metabolic activities. It can come back to life if and only if it gets suitable moisture and sunlight. Hibernation is suspended state, in which metabolic reactions do take place but at a very reduced pace. Animal arouses on its own after the winter sleep is over. This arousal is spontaneous and depends upon the ambient temperature. Dormant seed does not show such change unless it is planted or thrown in to moist place.

Question 2.
If a marine fish is placed in a fresh water aquarium, will it be able to survive? Give reason.
Answer:
Marine fish has its own osmoregulation which is different from the osmoregulation seen in fresh water fish. In marine water, the ambient salinity is more than the concentration of ions in the body. But in fresh water reverse is the case. Therefore, marine fish has different machinery to cope up with high saline environment. Therefore, it cannot survive in fresh water as its osmoregulation is not possible in less saline waters.

Question 3.
How is the dormancy of seeds different from hibernation in animals?
Answer:
In dormancy seed is not showing any metabolic activities. It can come back to life if and only if it gets suitable moisture and sunlight. Hibernation is suspended state, in which metabolic reactions do take place but at a very reduced pace. Animal arouses on its own after the winter sleep is over. This arousal is spontaneous and depends upon the ambient temperature. Dormant seed does not show such change unless it is planted or thrown into moist place.

Question 4.
An orchid plant is growing on the branch of mango tree. How do you describe this interaction between the orchid and the mango tree?
Answer:

1. Orchid is an epiphyte. It gets the support from the mango tree. But it does not cause any harm to the mango tree.
2. Mango tree does not derive any benefit from this association. Therefore, this interaction is of type of commensalism.

Question 5.
Distinguish between the following:
a. Hibernation and Aestivation
Answer:

Hibernation	Aestivation
1. Hibernation is winter sleep shown by some warm-blooded and some cold-blooded animals.	1. Aestivation is the type of summer sleep, shown by cold-blooded animals.
2. It is for the whole winter.	2. It is of short duration.
3. The animals look out for the warmer place to enter into hibernation.	3. Animals search for the moist, shady and cool place to sleep.
4. Metabolic activities of hibernators slowdown in this dormant stage.	4. Metabolic activities of aestivators remain low during aestivation period.
5. Hibernation helps in maintaining the body temperature and prevents any internal body damage due to low temperatures. E.g. Bats, birds, mammals, insects, etc. show hibernation.	5. Aestivation helps in maintaining the body temperature by avoiding the excessive water loss and thus prevents any internal body damaged due to high temperatures. E.g. Bees, snails, earthworms, salamanders, frogs, earthworms, crocodiles, tortoise, etc. show aestivation.

b. Ectotherms and Endotherms
Answer:

Ectotherms	Endotherms
1. Ectotherms do not have ability to generate heat in the body.	1. Endotherms possess the ability to generate their own body heat.
2. Ectotherms depend on the environmental sources to heat their bodies. E.g sunlight.	2. Endotherms do not depend upon outside sources to generate heat.
3. Most ectotherms are confined to warmer parts of the world.	3. Endotherms inhabit coldest parts of the earth.
4. Body temperature of ectotherms fluctuate according to ambient temperature.	4. Body temperatures of endotherms remain constant and do not show fluctuations as per ambient temperatures.
5. Metabolic rate of ectotherms is low. E.g. Amphibians and reptiles.	5. Metabolic rate of endotherms is high. E.g. Mammals and birds

c. Parasitism and Mutualism
Answer:

Parasitism	Mutualism
1. Parasitism is the relationship where only one organism receive benefits, while the other is harmed in return.	1. Mutualism is the relationship where both the organisms of distinct species are benefited.
2. Parasite cannot survive without host but if the host is overexploited then parasite too dies.	2. Both the species are dependent on each other for their benefits and survival.
3. Parasitism can be facultative or obligatory.	3. Mutualism is obligatory relationship.
4. Parasitism is a negative interaction.	4. Mutualism is a positive interaction.

Question 6.
Write a short note on
a. Adaptations of desert animals
Answer:

1. Animals which are well-adapted to live in deserts are called xerocoles. These animals show adaptations for water conservation or heat tolerance.
2. These animals show low basal metabolic rate. They obtain moisture from succulent plants and rarely drink water. E.g Gazella and Oryx.
3. Desert animals like camel produce concentrated urine and dry dung.
4. Many other hot desert animals are nocturnal, seeking out shade during the day or dwelling underground in burrows.
5. Smaller animals from desert, emerge from their burrows at night.
6. Mammals living in cold deserts have developed greater insulation through warmer body fur and insulating layers of fat beneath the skin.
7. Few adaptations to desert life are unable to cool themselves by sweating so they shelter during the heat of the day. Many desert reptiles are ambush predators and often bury themselves in the sand, waiting for prey to come within range.
8. Other animals have bodies designed to save water. Scorpions and wolf spiders have a thick outer covering which reduces moisture loss. The kidneys of desert animals concentrate urine, so that they excrete less water.

b. Adaptations of plants to water scarcity
Or
Adaptations in desert plants.
Answer:

1. Thick cuticle on their leaf surfaces
2. Stomata of desert plants is sunken that is it is in deep pits to minimize loss of water through transpiration.
3. Desert plants also have a special photosynthetic pathway (CAM -Crassulacean acid metabolism) that enables their stomata to remain closed during daytime.
4. Some desert plants like Opuntia, have their leaves reduced or they are modified to spines. Loss of leaf surface helps in prevention of transpiration.
5. Photosynthetic function is taken over by the flattened stems called as phylloclade.

c. Behavioural adaptations in animals
Answer:

1. Behavioural responses to cope with variations in their environment are shown by few animals.
2. Desert lizards manage to keep their body temperature fairly constant by behavioural adaptations. They bask in the sun and absorb heat, when their body temperature drops below the comfort zone, but move into shade, when the ambient temperature starts increasing. Even snakes also show basking during winter months.
3. Since they are ectothermic, this kind of behaviour saves them from extreme temperatures.
4. Many smaller animals show burrowing behaviour to adapt to the temperature extremes.
5. Some species burrow into the sand to hide and escape from the heat.
6. Migrations shown by the birds and mammals are also behavioural responses for adapting to severe winter temperatures.

Question 7.
Define Population and Community.
Answer:
Population:
Group of organisms belonging to same species that can potentially interbreed with each other and live together in a well-defined geographical area by sharing or competing for similar resources, is called population.

Community:
Several populations of different species in a particular area makes a community.

4. Long answer questions.

Question 1.
With the help of suitable diagram, describe the logistic population growth curve.
Answer:

1. Naturally all populations of any species always have limited resources to permit exponential growth. Due to this there is always competition between individuals for limited resources. The most fit organisms succeed by survival and reproduction.
2. A given habitat has enough resources to support a maximum possible number, but beyond a particular limit the further growth is impossible.
3. This limit is called nature’s carrying capacity (K) for that species in that habitat.
4. A population growing in a habitat with limited resources show following phases in a sequential manner, (a) A lag phase (b) Phase of acceleration (c) Phase of deceleration (d) An asymptote, when the population density reaches the carrying capacity.
5. A plot of N in relation to time (t) results in a sigmoid curve. This type of population growth is called Verhulst-Pearl Logistic Growth.
6. Since resources for growth for most animal populations are finite and become limiting sooner or later, the logistic growth model is considered as a more realistic one.
7. Logistic growth thus always shows sigmoid curve.

Question 2.
Enlist and explain the important characteristics of a population.
Answer:
Important characteristics of a population are as follows:
1. Natality:

1. Natality is the birth rate of a population. Due to increased natality the population density rises.
2. Natality is a crude birth rate or specific birth rate.
3. Crude birth rate : Number of births per 1000 population/year gives crude birth rate. Crude birth rate is helpful in calculating population size.
4. Specific birth rate : Crude birth rate is relative to a specific criterion such as age. E.g. If in a pond, there were 200 carp fish and their population rises to 800. Then, taking the current population to 1000, the birth rate becomes 800/200 = 4 offspring per carp per year. This is specific birth rate.
5. Absolute Natality : The number of births under ideal conditions when there is no competition and the resources such as food and water are abundant, then it give absolute natality.
6. Realized Natality : The number of births under different environmental pressures give realized natality. Absolute natality will be always more than realized natality.

2. Mortality:

1. Mortality is the death rate of a population. It gives a measure of the number of deaths in a particular population, in proportion to the size of that population, per unit of time.
2. Mortality rate is typically expressed in deaths per 1,000 individuals per year.
   A mortality rate of 9.5 (out of 1,000) in a population of 1,000 would mean 9.5 deaths per year in that entire population or 0.95% out of the total.
3. Absolute Mortality : The number of deaths under ideal conditions when there is no competition, and all the resources such as food and water are abundant, then it gives absolute mortality.
4. Realized Mortality : The number of deaths under environmental pressures come into play gives realized mortality.
5. It must be remembered that absolute mortality will always be less than realized mortality.

3. Density:
The density of a population in a given habitat during a given period fluctuates due to changes in four basic processes, viz.

1. Natality i.e. birth rate (The number of births during a given period in the population that are added to the initial density).
2. Mortality i.e. death rate (The number of deaths in the population during a given period).
3. Immigration i.e. number of individuals of the same species that have come into the habitat from elsewhere during the time period under consideration.
4. Emigration i.e. the number of individuals of the population who left the habitat and gone elsewhere during the time period under consideration.
5. Natality and immigration increase in population density whereas mortality and emigration decrease it.

4. Sex ratio : Ratio of the number of individuals of one sex (male) to that of the other sex (female) is called sex ratio. In nature male, female ratio is always 1 : 1. This 1 : 1 ratio is called evolutionary stable strategy of ESS for each population.

5. Age distribution and age pyramid : This parameter is important for human population. Each population is composed of individuals of different ages. The age distribution is plotted for the population, the resulting structure is called an age pyramid. For making the age pyramid, the entire population is divided into three age groups as Pre-Reproductive (age 0-14 years), Reproductive (age 15-44 years) and Post-reproductive (age 45 -85+ years).

6. Growth : Growth of a population causes rise in its density. The size and density are dynamic parameters as they keep on changing with time, and various factors including food, predation pressure and adverse weather. From the density, one comes to know if the population is flourishing or declining.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Marathi Yuvakbharati 12th Digest Chapter 2 रोज मातीत Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 2 रोज मातीत

12th Marathi Guide Chapter 2 रोज मातीत Textbook Questions and Answers

कृती 

1. अ. कृती करा

प्रश्न अ.
कृती करा

उत्तर :

आ. संदर्भानुसार योग्य जोड्या लावा.

प्रश्न आ.

‘अ’ गट	‘ब’ गट
1. नाही कांदा गं जीव लावते	(अ) गोंदणाच्या हिरव्या नक्षीप्रमाणे शेत पिकाने सजवते.
2. काळ्या आईला, हिरवे गोंदते	(आ) अतोनात कष्टानंतर हिरव्या समृद्धीच्या स्वरूपात शिल्लक राहत.
3. हिरवी होऊन, मागं उरते	(इ) स्वत:चा जीवच जणू कांद्याच्या रोपाच्या रूपात लावते.

उत्तर :

‘अ’ गट	‘ब’ गट
1. नाही कांदा गं जीव लावते	(इ) स्वत:चा जीवच जणू कांद्याच्या रोपाच्या रूपात लावते.
2. काळ्या आईला, हिरवे गोंदते	(अ) गोंदणाच्या हिरव्या नक्षीप्रमाणे शेत पिकाने सजवते.
3. हिरवी होऊन, मागं उरते	(आ) अतोनात कष्टानंतर हिरव्या समृद्धीच्या स्वरूपात शिल्लक राहते.

2. खालील ओळींचा अर्थलिहा.

प्रश्न 1.
सरी-वाफ्यात, कांदं लावते
बाई लावते
नाही कांदं ग, जीव लावते
बाई लावते
उत्तर :
कष्टकरी शेतकरी स्त्री शेतमळ्यामध्ये खणलेल्या चरात कांद्याची रोपे लावते. ते कांदे नव्हतेच; जणू ती स्वत:चा जीव कांद्याच्या रोपाच्या रूपात लावते.

3. काव्यसौंदर्य.

प्रश्न अ.
‘काळ्या आईला, हिरवं गोंदते
बाई गोंदते’ या ओळींतील भावसौंदर्य स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तर :
‘रोज मातीत’ या कवितेमध्ये कवयित्री कल्पना दुधाळ यांनी दिवसरात्र शेतात राबणाऱ्या कष्टकरी शेतकरी स्त्रीचे हृदय मनोगत आर्त शब्दांत व्यक्त केले आहे.

काळ्याभोर मातीचे शेत हे शेतकरी स्त्रीचे सर्वस्व आहे. शेतातल्या धान्याने शेतकऱ्यांचे जीवन पोसले जाते. म्हणून या काळ्या शिवाराला शेतकरी स्त्री ‘आई’ असे संबोधते. लेकरांचे संगोपन करणाऱ्या आईचा दर्जा ती शेतीला देते. ती तिची ‘काळी आई’ आहे. या काळ्या मातीवर स्वत:च्या घामाचे शिंपण करून जेव्हा त्यातून हिरवेगार पीक येते. तेव्हा या काळ्या-आईचे आपण पांग फेडले, अशी शेतकऱ्यांची श्रद्धा आहे. जणू ती गोंदणाऱ्या हिरव्या नक्षीप्रमाणे शेत पिकाने सजवते.

पिकाने फुलून आलेले शिवार म्हणजे धरतीच्या अंगावरचे हिरवे गोंदण अशी हृदय कल्पना कवयित्रींनी केली आहे. स्त्रीसुलभ नितळ, प्रेमळ भावना या ओळीतून कमालीच्या साधेपणाने व्यक्त झाली आहे. शेतकरी स्त्रीच्या मनातील हृदय भाव या ओळींतून समर्पकरीत्या प्रकट झाला आहे.

प्रश्न आ.
‘नाही बेणं ग, मन दाबते
बाई दाबते
कांड्या-कांड्यांनी, संसार सांधते
बाई सांधते’ या ओळींतील विचारसौंदर्य स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तर :
कवयित्री कल्पना दुधाळ यांनी ‘रोज मातीत’ या कवितेमध्ये शेतकरी स्त्रीचे कष्टमय जीवन यथायोग्य शब्दांत चित्रित केले आहे.

शेतकरी स्त्री दिनरात शेतामधील अनेक कष्टांची कामे करते. ती जशी वाफ्याच्या सरीत कांद्याची रोपे लावते, तशी ती उसाची लागवडही करते. उसाचे पीक घेण्यासाठी आधी मातीमध्ये उसाची छोटी कांडे पेरावी लागतात. हे उसाचे बेणे रुजवणे हे जिकिरीचे व कष्टाचे काम असते. भविष्यकालीन उपजीविकेसाठी हे बेणे रोवण्याचे कष्टाचे काम ती करते. बेणे नव्हे तर ती स्वत:चे मन त्यात दाबते. स्वत:ला मातीत गाडून ती संसाराचा गाडा सावरते. अशा प्रकारे काडी-काडी जोडून ती तिचा संसार सावरते. शेतकरी स्त्री ही संसाराचा कणा आहे.

शेतकरी स्त्री जी अहोरात्र शेतात जीव ओतून काम करते, त्याचे वर्णन करताना ‘मन दाबणे’ हा वाक्यप्रयोग करून शेतकरी स्त्रीचे मनोगत समर्थपणे कवयित्रीने या ओळीत व्यक्त केले आहे. काडी-काडी जोडून संसार सांधणे यातून तिच्या अविरत कष्टाचे यथोचित चित्र साधले आहे.

4. रसग्रहण.

खालील ओळींचे रसग्रहण करा.

प्रश्न 1.
उन्हातान्हात, रोज मरते
बाई मरते
हिरवी होऊन, मागं उरते
बाई उरते
खोल विहिरीचं, पाणी शेंदते
बाई शेंदते
रोज मातीत, मी ग नांदते
बाई नांदते
उत्तर :
आशयसौंदर्य : ‘रोज मातीत’ या कवितेमध्ये कवयित्री कल्पना दुधाळ यांनी शेतकरी स्त्रीच्या कष्टाचे वर्णन यशोचित शब्दांत केले आहे. उपरोक्त ओळींमध्ये शेतात शेतकरी स्त्रीचे नांदणे कसे कष्टमय असते याचे चित्र हृदय शब्दांत केले आहे.

काव्यसौंदर्य : शेतकरी महिला आपल्या संसारासाठी शेतजमिनीत अहोरात्र खपत असते. ती वाफ्याच्या सरीने कांदा लावते. मन दाबून उसांची कांडे जमिनीत पुरते. हे कष्ट भर उन्हात, उन्हाची पर्वा न करता अविरत करीत असते. ती जमिनीत आपले आयुष्य समर्पित करते. पुढचे हिरवे स्वप्न पाहते. सुगीच्या हंगामात जेव्हा तरारलेले हिरवेगार शेत फुलते, तेव्हा जणू या हिरवेपणात तिचे कष्टच उगवून आलेले असतात. खोल विहिरीतून पोहऱ्याने ती पाणी उपसते व पिकांना पाजते. अशा प्रकारे संसार फुलवण्यासाठी शेतकरी स्त्री रोज मातीत नांदत असते.

भाषासौंदर्य : अतिशय साध्या, सोज्ज्वळ भाषेमध्ये कवितेतील शेतकरीण आपले मनोगत व्यक्त करते. तिच्या हृदयातील बोलांमधून ती सोसत असलेले कष्ट कळून येतात. तिच्या अभिव्यक्तीसाठी कवयित्रीने या कवितेत लोकगीतांसारखा सैल छंद वापरला आहे. नादयुक्त शब्दकळा हा कवितेचा घाट आहे. त्यातल्या ‘हिरवे होऊन मागे उरणे’, ‘रोज मातीत नांदणे’ या प्रतिमा काळीज हेलावून टाकणाऱ्या आहेत. या कवितेत प्रत्ययकारी शब्द रचनेतून शेतकरी स्त्रीचे कष्टमय जीवन डोळ्यांसमोर साकारत व उलगडत जाते.

5. अभिव्यक्ती.

प्रश्न अ.
शेतकरी स्त्रियांच्या कष्टमय जीवनाचे वर्णन कवितेच्या आधारे लिहा.
उत्तर :
‘रोज मातीत’ या कवितेमध्ये कवयित्री कल्पना दुधाळ यांनी शेतकरी स्त्रियांच्या कष्टमय जीवनाचे हृदयद्रावक चित्रण सार्थ शब्दांत केले आहे. कष्टकरी शेतकरी महिला शेतातल्या वाफ्यातील सरीत कांदे लावते. जीव ओतून काम करते. काळ्या मातीला हिरव्या गोंदणाने सजवते. सोन्यासारखी झेंडूची फुले तोडून, त्यांची माळ करून घरादाराला तोरण लावते.

उसाच्या पिकासाठी उसाची छोटी कांडे मातीत दाबते. जणू ती स्वत:चे मनच त्यात दाबते. काड्या-काड्या जमवून आपला संसार सांधते. उन्हातान्हात दिवसभर खपून भविष्यातले हिरवे सुगीचे स्वप्न पाहते. विहिरीचे पाणी शेंदन काढते. अशा प्रकारे अहोरात्र शेतात कष्ट करून शेतकरी स्त्री आपल्या संसारातील साऱ्या माणसांना आनंदी राखण्यासाठी झटत असते. काळ्या आईच्या कुशीत हिरवेगार पिकाचे स्वप्न पाहत मातीतच नांदत असते.

प्रश्न आ.
तुमच्या परिसरातील कष्टकरी स्त्रियांचे कुटुंबाच्या उदरनिर्वाहातील योगदान स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तर :
आमच्या इमारतीच्या समोर रस्त्याच्या पलीकडे कामगारांची वस्ती आहे. या वस्तीतील काही स्त्रिया सकाळी इमारतीच्या बांधकामात मजुरीसाठी जातात. पहाटे पहाटे आपापल्या खोपटात चुलीवर जेवण करतात. जाळाचा धूर घरभर पसरलेला असतो. त्यातही त्या आपल्या लहानग्या मुलांना जोजवत भाजी-भाकरी करीत असतात. लगबगीने सर्व आवरून पटकुरात भाकरी गुंडाळून नि छोट्यांना कमरेवर घेऊन झपाझपा मजुरीसाठी निघतात.

कष्टकरी स्त्रिया घाईघाईने कामावर मजुरीच्या ठिकाणी पोहोचतात. ठेकेदाराचा आरडाओरडा सहन करीत लहानग्याला झोळीत ठेवतात अन् मग रेतीची घमेली डोईवर घेऊन त्यांची मजुरी सुरू होते. न थकता ओझे उचलून नि शारीरिक दुखण्याकडे दुर्लक्ष करून इमानेइतबारे दिवसभर उन्हातान्हात पायऱ्यांवरून चढ-उतार करून आपले काम नेटाने करतात.

दुपारी थोडा वेळ एकत्र जमून मीठ-भाकर खाऊन तिथल्याच एखादया नळाचे पाणी पितात आणि पुन्हा झटझटून त्यांचे ओझी उचलणे सुरू होते. दिवस सरून गेल्यावर जड पावलांनी घरी परततात. मिळालेल्या रोजगारातून रात्रीच्या जेवणाचे सामान खरेदी करून घरी येतात. पुन्हा त्यांच्या वाट्याला पेटलेली चूल, रडणारे मूल व ‘आ’वासलेली भुकेली तोंडे हेच येते. काहीही तक्रार न करता निमूटपणे ही कामगार स्त्री आपल्या संसारासाठी हाडाची काडे करून जगत असते.

उपक्रम :

प्रश्न अ.
शेतकरी महिलेची मुलाखत घेण्यासाठी प्रश्नावली तयार करा.

प्रश्न आ.
यू-ट्यूबवरील कवी विठ्ठल वाघ यांची ‘तिफण’ ही कविता ऐका.

तोंडी परीक्षा.

प्रश्न अ.
प्रस्तुत कवितेचे तालासुरात सादरीकरण करा.

प्रश्न आ.
प्रस्तुत कवितेचा सारांश तुमच्या शब्दांत सांगा.

Marathi Yuvakbharati 12th Digest Chapter 2 रोज मातीत Additional Important Questions and Answers

कृती 1:

चौकटी पूर्ण करा :

प्रश्न 1.

1. हिरवं गोंदलेली जमीन → [ ]
2. फुले कोणती → [ ]
3. घरादाराला बांधलेले → [ ]
4. काड्या-काड्यांनी सांधलेला → [ ]
5. यातून पाणी शेंदते → [ ]

उत्तर :

1. हिरवं गोंदलेली जमीन → काळी आई
2. फुले कोणती → झेंडूची फुले
3. घरादाराला बांधलेले → तोरण
4. काड्या-काड्यांनी सांधलेला → संसार
5. यातून पाणी शेंदते → विहिरीतून

व्याकरण

वाक्यप्रकार :

प्रश्न 1.
वाक्याच्या आशयानुसार पुढील वाक्यांचे प्रकार लिहा :
1. काल फार पाऊस पडला. → [ ]
2. तू बाहेर केव्हा जाणार आहेस? → [ ]
उत्तर :
1. विधानार्थी वाक्य
2. प्रश्नार्थी वाक्य

वाक्यरूपांतर :

प्रश्न 1.
कंसांतील सूचनांप्रमाणे वाक्यरूपांतर करा :
1. अपमान केल्यास कुणाला राग येत नाही? (विधानार्थी करा.)
2. ही इमारत फारच उंच आहे. (उद्गारार्थी करा.)
उत्तर :
1. अपमान केल्यास प्रत्येकाला राग येतो.
2. बापरे! केवढी उंच ही इमारत!

समास :

प्रश्न 1.
पुढील सामासिक शब्दांचा विग्रह करा :
1. घरोघर → ……………..
2. अहोरात्र → ……………
उत्तर :
1. घरोघर → प्रत्येक घरी
2. अहोरात्र → (अह) दिवस आणि रात्र.

प्रयोग :

प्रश्न 1.
पुढील वाक्यांचे प्रयोग ओळखा :

1. समीर चित्र रंगवतो. → [ ]
2. कमलने बक्षीस मिळवले. → [ ]
3. सैनिकाने शत्रूला पराभूत केले. → [ ]
4. स्वाती गाणे म्हणते. → [ ]

उत्तर :

1. कर्तरी प्रयोग
2. कर्मणी प्रयोग।
3. भावे प्रयोग
4. कर्तरी प्रयोग

अलंकार :

प्रश्न 1.
पुढील उदाहरणातील उपमेय व उपमाने ओळखा :

1. ह्या आंब्यासारखा गोड आंबा हाच.
   उपमेय → [ ] उपमान → [ ]
2. नयन नव्हे हे पाकळ्या कमळाच्या.
   उपमेय → [ ] उपमान → [ ]

उत्तर :

1. उपमेय → [आंबा] उपमान → [आंबा[
2. उपमेय → [नयन] उपमान → [कमळ-पाकळ्या]

रोज मातीत Summary in Marathi

कवितेचा भावार्थ :

शेतामध्ये कष्ट उपसणाऱ्या शेतकरी स्त्रीचे मनोगत व्यक्त करताना कवयित्री म्हणतात – शेतमळ्यामध्ये रोपे पेरण्यासाठी खोदलेल्या लांबलचक चरांमध्ये मी कांदयाची रोपे लावते आहे. हे कांदे नाहीत, तर मातीमध्ये पेरलेला हा माझा जीव आहे, प्राण आहे.

या माझ्या शेतातील काळ्या मातीला मी हिरव्या रोपांच्या रंगाने गोंदते आहे. गोंदणाच्या हिरव्या नक्षीप्रमाणे शेत पिकाने सजवते. काळ्या मातीत हिरवे स्वप्न उसवते आहे. या शेतजमिनीतच माझा संसार आहे. या मातीतच मी नांदते आहे. सोन्यासारखी पिवळीधमक झेंडूची फुले तोडून मी परडीत गोळा करते. ही फुले नाहीतच; जणू माझे शरीर मी त्या देठापासून फुलांच्या रूपाने तोडते आहे.

खुडलेल्या टपोऱ्या झेंडूच्या फुलाची मी पताका करून, ती फुले माळेत गुंफून मी त्याचे तोरण घराच्या दाराला शुभचिन्ह म्हणून बांधत आहे. घरादाराचा असा उत्सव मी प्राणपणाने साजरा करते. मी या काळ्याभोर मातीत रोजची नांदत आहे, वावरत आहे.

उसाचे पीक येण्यासाठी वाफ्यातील चरात मी उसाची बारीक कांडे बियाणे म्हणून दाबून बसवते. खरे म्हटले तर ही उसांची कांडे नाहीतच, माझे मन मी त्यात दाबून बसवते आहे. मनापासून माझे मी शेतीचे काम आवडीने करते आहे.

काडी-काडी जोडून मी माझा प्रपंच सांधते आहे. म्हणजे कष्ट करून संसाराचा गाडा इमानाने स्वत:च्या हिमतीने ओढते आहे. संसारातील खस्ता खाते आहे. मी रोज या माझ्या प्रिय काळ्याशार मातीत नांदत आहे.

उन्हातान्हाची पर्वा न करता, मरणाची वेदना सहन करून मी रोज राबते आहे. जेव्हा पीक हिरवेगार होऊन काळ्या जमिनीत लहरेल, समृद्धीच्या रूपात मागे उरेन, तेव्हा या कष्टाचे फळ मला मिळेल, असा माझा ठाम विश्वास आहे. पिके हिरवीगार राहावीत व दाण्यांनी लगडावीत म्हणून मी खोल विहिरीत पोहरा टाकून पाणी उपसते व ते शेतात सोडते. अशा प्रकारे माझे हिरवे स्वप्न साकार होण्यासाठी मी दररोज या मातीत काया झिजवत आहे; कष्ट करीत आहे.

शब्दार्थ :

1. वाफा – शेतमळा.
2. नांदते – वावरते, आनंदाने स्थाईक होते.
3. देह – शरीर.
4. बेणं – बी, बियाणे, बीज.
5. सांधते – जोडते.
6. उन्हातान्हात – भर उन्हात.
7. शेंदते – (आडातील पाणी) पोहऱ्याने उपसून काढते.

टिपा :

1. सरी – रोप लावण्यासाठी खणलेले लांब चर.
2. हिरवं गोंदण – हिरव्या पिकांनी ठसवलेली (जमीन).
3. काळी आई – शेतकऱ्याची काळीभोर शेतजमीन.
4. तोरण – शुभपताकांची माळ.
5. झेंडू – एक प्रकारचे फूल.

वाक्प्रचार व त्यांचे अर्थ :

1. देह तोडणे – देह (शरीर) कष्टवणे.
2. मन दाबणे – (मातीत) मन गाढणे, मनापासून कष्ट करणे.
3. संसार सांधणे – प्रपंच सावरणे.
4. पाणी शेंदणे – रहाटाद्वारे विहिरीचे पाणी उपसणे.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Marathi Yuvakbharati 12th Digest Chapter 1 वेगवशता Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1 वेगवशता

12th Marathi Guide Chapter 1 वेगवशता Textbook Questions and Answers

कृती 

1. अ. पाठाच्या आधारे खालील चौकटी पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 1. अ
पाठाच्या आधारे खालील चौकटी पूर्ण करा.

उत्तर :

आ. कृती करा.

प्रश्न 1. आ.
कृती करा

उत्तर :

इ. कारणे शोधा व लिहा.

प्रश्न 1.
अमेरिकेतील माणसांचे जीवन वेगवान असते, कारण ………………. .
उत्तर :
अमेरिकेतील माणसांचे जीवन वेगवान असते; कारण वेगवेगळ्या ठिकाणांमधील अंतर खूपच असते आणि दरडोई वाहन उपलब्ध असते

प्रश्न 2.
लेखकांच्या मते, गरजेच्या वेळी वाहनांचा वापर करायला हवा; कारण ………………… .
उत्तर :
लेखकांच्या मते, गरजेच्या वेळी वाहनांचा वापर करायला हवा; कारण रस्त्यावर अडचणी निर्माण होणार नाहीत.

2. अ. योग्य पर्याय निवडून उत्तर लिहा.

प्रश्न 1.
जीवन अर्थ पूर्ण होईल, जर ………………….
अ. वाहन कामापुरतेच वापरले तर.
आ. वाहन आवश्यक कामासाठी वापरले तर
इ. वाहनाचा वेग आटोक्यात ठेवला तर.
ई. वरील तिन्ही गोष्टींचा अवलंब केला तर.
उत्तर :
ई. वरील तिन्ही गोष्टींचा अवलंब केला तर.

प्रश्न 2.
निसर्गविरोधी वर्तन नसणे, म्हणजे……………..
अ. स्वत:ला वाहनाशी सतत जखडून ठेवणे.
आ. वाहनाचा अतिवेग अंगीकारणे.
इ. तातडीचा भाग म्हणून कधीतरी वाहन वापरणे.
ई. गरज नसताना वाहन वापरणे.
उत्तर :
इ. तातडीचा भाग म्हणून कधीतरी वाहन वापरणे.

आ. वाहन वापरातील फरक स्पष्ट करा.

प्रश्न 1.

उत्तर :

अमेरिका	भारत
घरोघर, दरडोई वाहन उपलब्ध असते.	अंतरे कमी आहेत.
रस्ते रुंद, सरळ, निर्विघ्न व एकमार्गी	माणसे खूप आहेत.
कामांची वेगवेगळी ठिकाणे किमान शंभर मैल अंतरावर असतात.	कामे फारशी नसतात.
दूरदूरची ठिकाणे गाठण्यासाठी वेगाचा आश्रय घ्यावा लागतो.	महानगरे रेल्वेने जोडलेली आहेत.

3. खालील वाक्यांचा अर्थ सोदाहरण स्पष्ट करा.

प्रश्न अ.
यथाप्रमाण गती ही गरज आहे ; पण अप्रमाण, अवास्तव आणि अनावश्यक गती ही एक विकृती आहे.
उत्तर :
योग्य त्या प्रमाणात, आवश्यक त्या प्रमाणात वाहन वापरणे ही माणसाची गरज आहे. योग्य त्या प्रमाणात वाहन न वापरणे, अव्यवहार्य रितीने वापरणे आणि गरज नसताना वापरणे हे अनैसर्गिक आहे.

प्रश्न आ.
आरंभी माणसे वाहनांवर स्वार होतात. मग वाहने माणसांवर स्वार होतात.
उत्तर :
सुरुवातीला लोक गाडी जपून चालवतात. थोड्या काळासाठीच जपून चालवतात. मात्र हळूहळू त्यांना गाडीची चटक लागते. मग ते गरज असतानाच नव्हे, तर केवळ मौजमजा करण्यासाठीसुद्धा गाडीचा वापर करतात. हळूहळू त्यांना गाडीशिवाय कुठे जाताही येत नाही. पूर्णपणे ते गाडीवरच अवलंबून राहतात. हे सिगारेटच्या व्यसनासारखेच आहे.

सुरुवातीला फक्त एकदाच, मग फक्त एकच. असे करता करता दिवसाला एक पाकीट कधी होते हे कळतच नाही. नंतर नंतर सिगारेट मिळाली नाही तर त्या व्यक्तीचे मनःस्वास्थ्यच नाहीसे होते. सिगारेटशिवाय ती राहू शकत नाही. ती व्यक्ती सिगारेटचा गुलाम होऊन जाते. तद्वतच माणसेही गाड्यांचे गुलाम होतात. त्यांच्या वापराबाबत माणसांना कोणतेही तारतम्य राहत नाही.

प्रश्न इ.
उगाच भावविवश होऊन वेगवश होऊ नये.
उत्तर :
वाहन हे सोयीसाठी असते. ते साधन आहे. आपला वेळ व आपले श्रम वाहनामुळे वाचतात. आपली कामे भराभर होतात. वाहनाचे हे स्थान ओळखले पाहिजे. यापलीकडे आपल्या भावना गुंतवू नयेत. वाऱ्यासोबत त्याच्या वेगाने धावू लागलो तर काही क्षण आनंद मिळतो. उत्साह, उल्हास शरीरात सळसळतो. म्हणजे आपल्या भावना उचंबळून येतात. या भावनांवर आपण आरूढ झालो, तर आपला वाहनावर ताबा राहत नाही आणि अपघातांची शक्यता निर्माण होते.

आपल्या वाहनाला धडकेल का, आपल्याला जिथे वळायचे आहे तिथे वळता येईल का, त्या वेळी बाकीच्या वाहनांची स्थिती कशी असेल, त्यांच्यापैकी कोणीही स्वत:ची दिशा बदलण्याचा संभव आहे का इत्यादी अनेक बाबींचा विचार काही क्षणांत करावा लागतो. त्या अनुषंगाने सतत विचार करीत राहावे लागते. वाहन आणि वाहनाची गती यांखेरीज अन्य कोणतेही विचार मनात आणता येत नाहीत.

एकाच विचाराला जखडले गेल्यामुळे डोळ्यांवर, शरीरावर व मनावर विलक्षण ताण येतो. अपघाताची भीती मनात सावलीसारखी वावरत असते. तासन्तास तणावाखाली राहावे लागल्याने मनावर विपरीत परिणाम होतात. वाहनाचा वेग जास्त असल्यामुळे अगदी बारीकशा खड्ड्यानेसुद्धा वाहनाला हादरे बसतात. सांधे दुखतात. ते कमकुवत होतात. अशा प्रकारे वाढता वेग म्हणजे ताण, हे समीकरण तयार होते.

4. व्याकरण.

अ. समानार्थी शब्द लिहा.

प्रश्न अ.
समानार्थी शब्द लिहा.

1. निकड –
2. उचित –
3. उसंत –
4. व्यग्न –

उत्तर :

1. निकड – गरज
2. उचित – योग्य
3. उसंत – सवड
4. व्यग्र – गर्क

आ. खालील सामासिक शब्दांचा विग्रह करून समास ओळखा.

प्रश्न आ.
खालील सामासिक शब्दांचा विग्रह करून समास ओळखा.

1. ताणतणाव –
2. दरडोई –
3. यथाप्रमाण –
4. जीवनशैली –

उत्तर :

1. ताणतणाव – ताण, तणाव वगैरे → समाहार व्वंद्व
2. दरडोई – प्रत्येक डोईला → अव्ययीभाव
3. यथाप्रमाण – प्रमाणाप्रमाणे → अव्ययीभाव
4. जीवनशैली – जीवनाची शैली → विभक्ती तत्पुरुष

इ. कंसातील सूचनेनुसार वाक्यरूपांतर करा.

प्रश्न इ.
कंसातील सूचनेनुसार वाक्यरूपांतर करा.

1. आजच्या जीवनात विलक्षण वेगवानता आढळते. (उद्गारार्थी करा.)
2. आपल्याकडे कामाच्या ठिकाणाची अंतरे कमी आहेत. (नकारार्थी करा.)
3. निसर्गरम्य स्थान किंवा मंदिर पाहण्यासाठी ही माणसे का जात नाहीत? (विधानार्थी करा.)

उत्तर :

1. किती विलक्षण वेगवानता आढळते आजच्या जीवनात!
2. आपल्याकडे कामाच्या ठिकाणांची अंतरे जास्त नाहीत.
3. माणसांनी निसर्गरम्य स्थान किंवा मंदिर पाहण्यासाठी जायला हरकत नाही.

5. स्वमत.

प्रश्न अ.
‘वाहनांच्या अतिवापराने शरीर व्यापारात अडथळे निर्माण होतात’, तुमचे मत सोदाहरण स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तर :
अलीकडच्या काळात जीवन विलक्षण गतिमान झाले आहे. एकाच माणसाला अनेक कामे पार पाडावी लागतात. तीसुद्धा कमी अवधीत. कामांशी संबंधित ठिकाणी अनेक माणसांना अनेक ठिकाणी गाठावे लागते. मोठमोठी अंतरे कापावी लागतात. चालत जाऊन ही कामे करता येणे शक्य नसते. साहजिकच वाहनांचा उपयोग अपरिहार्य ठरतो.

फक्त एका-दोघांना किंवा फक्त काहीजणांनाच वाहन वापरावे लागते असे नाही. सामान्य माणसांनाही वाहन वापरणे गरजेचे होऊन बसले आहे. सतत वाहन वापरण्याचे दुष्परिणाम खूप होतात. आपण चालत चालत जाऊन कामे करतो, तेव्हा शरीराच्या सर्व प्रकारच्या हालचाली होतात. इकडे-तिकडे वळणे, खाली वाकणे, वर पाहणे, मागे पाहणे, हात वर-खाली करणे, पाय दुमडून बसणे.

पाय लांब करून बसणे, उकिडवे बसणे अशा कितीतरी लहान लहान कृतींतून शारीरिक हालचाली घडत असतात. या हालचालींमुळे शरीराच्या सगळ्याच स्नायूंना आणि सांध्यांना भरपूर व्यायाम मिळतो. शरीर लवचीक बनते. आपण या हालचाली सहजगत्या, एका लयीत करू शकतो. एक सुंदर, नैसर्गिक लय शरीराला लाभते. मात्र, सतत वाहनांचा उपयोग करावा लागल्यामुळे हालचालींना आपण मुकतो.

शरीराला लवचिकता प्राप्त होत नाही. शरीराच्या अनेक व्याधींना सुरुवात होते. दुःखे, कटकटी भोगाव्या लागतात. पैसा, वेळ खर्च होतो. दैनंदिन जीवन विस्कळीत होते. जगण्यातला आनंद नाहीसा होतो. म्हणजे आपल्या शरीर व्यापारात अनेक अडथळे निर्माण होतात.

प्रश्न आ.
‘वाढता वेग म्हणजे ताण’, याविषयी तुमचे मत सविस्तर लिहा.
उत्तर :
माणसे वाहनात बसली की ते दृश्य पाहण्यासारखे असते. सर्वजण उल्हसित मन:स्थितीत असतात. सगळ्यांच्या बोलण्याच्या कोलाहलामुळे वातावरणात आनंद भरून जातो. वाहनचालकाला हळूहळू सुरसुरी येते. तो हळूहळू वेग वाढवू लागतो. सर्वजण उत्तेजित होतात. गाडीचा वेग वाढतच जातो. मागे पडत जाणाऱ्या वाहनांकडे सगळेजण विजयी मुद्रेने पाहू लागतात.

चालक हळूहळू बेभान होतो. अन्य गाडीवाले सामान्य आहेत, कमकुवत आहेत, आपण सम्राट आहोत, अशी भावना मनातून उसळी घेऊ लागते. अशा मन:स्थितीत माणूस विवेक गमावतो. गाडी सुरक्षितपणे चालवण्यासाठी ही मन:स्थिती अनुकूल नसते. गाडी सुरक्षितपणे चालवण्यासाठी चित्त एकवटून वाहनावर केंद्रित करावे लागते. हात आणि पाय यांच्या हालचाली अचूक जुळवून घेण्यासाठी सतत मनाची तयारी ठेवावी लागते.

क्लच, ब्रेक, अक्सलरेटर, यांच्याकडे बारीक लक्ष ठेवावे लागते. त्याच वेळी पाठीमागून व बाजूने येणारी वाहने आणि आपण यांच्यात सुरक्षित अंतर ठेवण्याचा कसोशीने प्रयत्न करावा लागतो. अन्य एखादे वाहन मध्येच आडवे येईल का, आपल्या वाहनाला धडकेल का, आपल्याला जिथे वळायचे आहे तिथे वळता येईल का, त्या वेळी बाकीच्या वाहनांची स्थिती कशी असेल, त्यांच्यापैकी कोणीही स्वत:ची दिशा बदलण्याचा संभव आहे का इत्यादी अनेक बाबींचा विचार काही क्षणांत करावा लागतो.

त्या अनुषंगाने सतत विचार करीत राहावे लागते. वाहन आणि वाहनाची गती यांखेरीज अन्य कोणतेही विचार मनात आणता येत नाहीत. एकाच विचाराला जखडले गेल्यामुळे डोळ्यांवर, शरीरावर व मनावर विलक्षण ताण येतो. अपघाताची भीती मनात सावलीसारखी वावरत असते. तासन्तास तणावाखाली राहावे लागल्याने मनावर विपरीत परिणाम होतात. वाहनाचा वेग जास्त असल्यामुळे अगदी बारीकशा खड्ड्यानेसुद्धा वाहनाला हादरे बसतात. सांधे दुखतात. ते कमकुवत होतात. अशा प्रकारे वाढता वेग म्हणजे ताण, हे समीकरण तयार होते.

प्रश्न इ.
‘वाहन हे वेळ वाचवण्यासाठी असते. ते वेळ घालवण्यासाठी नसते’, हे विधान तुमच्या शब्दांत स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तर :
खरे तर प्राचीन काळापासून वाहन निर्माण करणे, हे माणसाचे स्वप्न होते. त्याच्या मनात खोलवर रुजलेले हे स्वप्न प्राचीन कथांमधून, देवदेवतांच्या कथांमधून सतत व्यक्त होत राहिले आहे. माणसाच्या मनातल्या या प्रबळ प्रेरणेतूनच वाहनाची निर्मिती झाली आहे. वेळ आणि श्रम वाचवणे हाच वाहनाच्या निर्मितीमागील हेतू आहे. अलीकडच्या काळात जीवनाचा वेग प्रचंड वाढला आहे. वेळ थोडा असतो. कामे भरपूर असतात. कामाची ठिकाणेसुद्धा दूर दूर असतात. अनेक ठिकाणी जावे लागते.

अनेक माणसांना भेटावे लागते. म्हणूनच वाहनांची निर्मिती झाली आहे. वाहनांमुळे माणसाची प्रचंड प्रगती झाली आहे. त्यामुळे वाहनाला माणसाच्या जीवनात फार मोठे स्थान मिळालेले आहे. अशी ही अत्यंत महत्त्वाची वस्तू आपल्याकडे असावी, असे सगळ्यांना वाटू लागते. माणसे धडपडून वाहने प्राप्त करतात. प्रतिष्ठा मिळवतात. पण वेळ व श्रम वाचवणे हा उद्देश मात्र त्यांच्या मनातून केव्हाच दूर होतो. वाहन हे साधन आहे.

ते आपला वेळ वाचवते यात शंकाच नाही. परंतु काहीही केले तरी किमान वेळ हा लागतोच. शून्य वेळामध्ये आपण कुठेही पोहोचू शकत नाही. वाहन ही अखेरीस एक वस्तू आहे. वस्तूला तिच्या मर्यादा असतात. हे लक्षात न घेता आपण जास्तीत जास्त वेग वाढवून कमीत कमी वेळात पोहोचण्याचा हव्यास बाळगतो. अतिवेगामुळे आपलेच नुकसान होते. अनेक शारीरिक व्याधी आपल्याला जडतात. शारीरिक क्षमता उणावते. जगण्यातला आनंद कमी होतो. हे सर्व आपण सतत लक्षात ठेवले पाहिजे.

पण हे कोणीही लक्षात घेत नाही. केवळ हौसेसाठी, गंमत-जंमत करण्यासाठी, आपल्याकडे गाडी आहे, ऐश्वर्य आहे हे दाखवण्यासाठी लोक गाडीचा उपयोग करतात. हळूहळू गाडीचे गुलाम बनतात. गाडी हे एक साधन आहे, हे आपण सतत लक्षात ठेवले पाहिजे.

प्रश्न ई.
‘वाहनाची अतिगती ही विकृती आहे’, स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तर :
वाहनाची अतिगती ही विकृती आहे, हे विधान शंभर टक्के सत्य आहे. हे विधान मला पूर्णपणे मान्य आहे. विकृती म्हणजे जे सहज नाही, नैसर्गिक नाही ते. कल्पना करा. आपल्याला चॉकलेट खूप आवडते. सर्व जगात असे किती जण आहेत, जे सकाळी, दुपारी, संध्याकाळी व रात्री आवडते म्हणून फक्त चॉकलेटच खातात? समजा एखादयाला पांढरा रंग खूप आवडतो, म्हणून तो घरातल्या सर्व माणसांना फक्त पांढऱ्या रंगाचेच कपडे घेतो. घराला पांढरा रंग देतो. अंथरुणे-पांघरुणे पांढरी, खिडक्यांचे पडदे पांढरे, भांडीकुंडी, फर्निचर पांढऱ्या रंगाचे. हे असे करणारा जगामध्ये.

एक तरी माणूस असेल का? सर्वजण पायांनी चालतात. उलटे होऊन हातांवर तोल सावरत प्रयत्नपूर्वक चालता येऊ शकते. पण अशा त-हेने नियमितपणे जाणारा एक तरी माणूस सापडेल का? जे सहज आहे, नैसर्गिक आहे तेच साधारणपणे माणूस करतो. तीच खरे तर प्रकृती असते. याच्या विरुद्ध वागणे म्हणजे विकृती होय. रोजच्या जेवणात वरण-भात आणि भाजी-पोळी असणे, घरात विविध रंगसंगती योजणे, पायांनी चालणे हे सर्व सहज, नैसर्गिक आहे.

सर्व माणसे तसेच वागतात. हाच न्याय वाहनांनासुद्धा लागू पडतो. मर्यादित वेगाने वाहन चालवत, अपघाताची शक्यता निर्माण होऊ न देता, सुरक्षितपणे, वेळेत पोहोचणे हा वाहनाने प्रवास करण्याचा हेतू असतो. हा हेतू आपण अतिवेगाचा हव्यास बाळगला नाही तरच यशस्वी होतो. म्हणून अतिवेग ही विकृती होय, हेच खरे.

6. अभिव्यक्ती.

प्रश्न अ.
रस्त्यावरील वाहतूक कोंडीत सापडल्यावर तुमची भूमिका काय असेल ते लिहा.
उत्तर :
सध्या वाहनांची प्रचंड गर्दी झाली आहे. रस्ते मात्र पूर्वीएवढेच आहेत. रस्त्यांची संख्या पूर्वीइतकीच आणि त्यांची लांबी-रुंदीसुद्धा पूर्वीइतकीच. गाड्यांची संख्या मात्र प्रचंड वाढली आहे. कमी वेळात पोहोचण्याच्या इच्छेने वाहन खरेदी केले जाते खरे; पण वाहतूक कोंडीतच तासन्तास वाया जातात. या परिस्थितीमुळे मनाचा संताप होतो. वाहन आपल्या मालकीचे असते. पण रस्ता.

आपल्या मालकीचा नसतो. मग वाहतूक कोंडीच्या ठिकाणी प्रचंड गदारोळ माजतो. प्रत्येकजण स्वत:ची गाडी वाटेल तशी पुढे दामटत राहतो. सर्व गाड्या एकमेकांच्या वाटा अडवून उभ्या राहतात. कोणीही पुढे जाऊ शकत नाही की मागे परतू शकत नाही. गाड्यांचे हॉर्न कर्कश आवाजात मोठमोठ्याने कोकलत असतात. काही जणांची भांडणे सुरू होतात. पोलीस हतबल होतात.

अशा प्रसंगात मी सापडलो तर? सर्वप्रथम हे लक्षात घेईन की परिस्थिती माझ्या नियंत्रणात नाही. मी पूर्णपणे शांत राहीन. मनाची चिडचिड होऊ देणार नाही. अस्वस्थ होणार नाही. हॉर्न तर मुळीच वाजवणार नाही. मध्ये मध्ये घुसून पुढे जाण्याचा प्रयत्न करणार नाही. तसे करणाऱ्यांना समजावून सांगण्याचा प्रयत्न करीन. कारण अशा पद्धतीने कोणीही पुढे जाऊ शकत नाही.

उलट अडचणींमध्ये भर पडण्याची शक्यता जास्त. आपण स्वतः पुढे होऊन रहदारीचे नियंत्रण करू लागलो तर लोक आपले ऐकणार नाहीत. पण आणखी एका दोघांशी बोलून दोघे-तिघे जण तिथल्या पोलीस काकांना भेटू. आमची मदत करण्याची इच्छा बोलून दाखवू. त्यांच्याशी चर्चा करून काय काय करायचे ते ठरवून घेऊ. कामांची आपापसांत वाटणी करून घेऊ आणि पोलीस काकांच्या मार्गदर्शनाखाली वाहतूक नियंत्रण सुरू करू.

प्रश्न आ.
वाहन चालवत असताना कोणती काळजी घ्यावी, ते तुमच्या शब्दांत लिहा.
उत्तर :
गाडी चालवताना काळजी घेतली आणि वाहतुकीचे नियम काटेकोरपणे पाळले तर प्रवास सुखाचा, सुरक्षित आणि कमीत कमी वेळेत पूर्ण होतो.

गाडी चालवायला बसण्यापूर्वीची पूर्वतयारी :

• प्रत्येक वेळी गाडी चालवायला बसण्यापूर्वी वाहन चालवण्याचा परवाना (ड्रायव्हिंग लायसन्स), अन्य आवश्यक कागदपत्रे (विमा, पीयुसी इत्यादी) घेतल्याची खात्री करून घ्यावी.
• टायरमधील हवा आणि गाडीतील इंधन पुरेपूर असल्याची खात्री करावी.
• गाडीतील प्रवाशांना वाहतुकीच्या सामान्य नियमांची कल्पना दयावी. आणीबाणीच्या प्रसंगी काय करावे त्याची माहिती दयावी.

प्रत्यक्ष गाडी चालवताना घ्यायची काळजी :

• गाडीवर पूर्ण लक्ष ठेवावे.
• गाडीतील प्रवाशांच्या गप्पांत सामील होऊ नये.
• गाडीचा वेग पन्नास-साठ किलोमीटरच्या पलीकडे जाऊ देऊ नये; कारण आपल्याकडील रस्ते अजूनही साठ किलोमीटरपेक्षा जास्त वेगाने जाण्यास योग्य बनवलेले नाहीत.
• जास्त वेगामुळे सतत हादरे बसतात आणि सर्वांनाच त्रास होतो. शारीरिक व्याधी जडतात. म्हणून जास्त वेगाचा मोह टाळावा.
• गाडीतील प्रवाशांना गप्पा मारण्यास बंदी घालता येत नाही. तरीही गप्पांच्या ओघात अचानक मोठ्याने ओरडणे किंवा हास्यस्फोटक विनोद करणे या गोष्टी टाळण्याच्या सूचना दयाव्यात.
• स्वत:ची लेन सोडून जाऊ नये.
• लेन बदलताना, वळण घेताना, रस्ता बदलताना खूप आधीपासून तयारी करावी. योग्य ते सिग्नल दयावेत.
• वाटेत जागोजागी लावलेल्या वाहतुकीच्या सूचनांचे काटेकोर पालन करावे.
• गाडीत धूम्रपान, मद्यपान करू नये. गाडी चालकाने तर मुळीच करू नये.

अशा प्रकारे काळजी घेतल्यास आपला प्रवास सुखाचा होतो.

उपक्रम :

‘वाहतूक नियंत्रण पोलीस कर्मचारी’ यांची अभिरूप मुलाखत तुमच्या वर्गमित्राच्या/मैत्रिणीच्या मदतीने वर्गात सादर करा.

तोंडी परीक्षा :

‘वाहतूक सुरक्षेची गरज’ या विषयावर पाच मिनिटांचे भाषण दया.

Marathi Yuvakbharati 12th Digest Chapter 1 वेगवशता Additional Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न. पुढील उतारा वाचा आणि दिलेल्या सूचनांनुसार कृती करा :

कृती 1 : (आकलन)

योग्य पर्याय निवडून उत्तर लिहा.

प्रश्न 1.
1. वाहनाचा वेग अनिवार झाला, तर …….
2. शरीर-मनावरील ताण नाहीसे होतात.
3. शरीरभर आनंदाची स्पंदने निर्माण होतात.
4. आरोग्याची हानी होते.
5. एकाच जागी तासन्तास जखडून बसण्याचे शारीरिक कौशल्य अवगत होते.
उत्तर :
4. आरोग्याची हानी होते.

पुढील वाक्यांचा अर्थ सोदाहरण स्पष्ट करा :

प्रश्न 1.
जीवन हे दशदिशांना विभागले आहे.
उत्तर :
आधुनिक काळात खूप प्रगती झाल्यामुळे माणसे पूर्वीच्या काळापेक्षा कमी वेळात जास्त कामे करतात. त्यामुळे कामांची ठिकाणे अनेक असतात. ही ठिकाणे दूर दूर पसरलेली असतात.

प्रश्न 2.
अंतरावरच्या गोष्टींशी जवळीक साधण्यासाठी दूरवर जावे लागते.
उत्तर :
अमेरिकेसारख्या देशामध्ये राहण्याची ठिकाणे, नोकरीव्यवसायाची ठिकाणे, अन्य कामाची ठिकाणे ही सर्व दूर दूर अंतरावर असतात. ही अंतरे पार करण्यासाठी खूप प्रवास करावा लागतो. भारतातील अनेक व्यक्तींची मुले अमेरिकेसारख्या दूरदूरच्या देशांमध्ये राहतात. ही सर्व माणसे एकमेकांना नियमितपणे व सहजपणे भेटू शकत नाहीत. साहजिकच अंतरामुळे त्यांच्यात दुरावा निर्माण होतो.

शकत नाही. गाड्यांचे हॉर्न कर्कश आवाजात मोठमोठ्याने कोकलत असतात. काही जणांची भांडणे सुरू होतात. पोलीस हतबल होतात. अशा प्रसंगात मी सापडलो तर? सर्वप्रथम हे लक्षात घेईन की परिस्थिती माझ्या नियंत्रणात नाही. मी पूर्णपणे शांत राहीन. मनाची चिडचिड होऊ देणार नाही. अस्वस्थ होणार नाही. हॉर्न तर मुळीच वाजवणार नाही.

मध्ये मध्ये घुसून पुढे जाण्याचा प्रयत्न करणार नाही. तसे करणाऱ्यांना समजावून सांगण्याचा प्रयत्न करीन. कारण अशा पद्धतीने कोणीही पुढे जाऊ शकत नाही. उलट अडचणींमध्ये भर पडण्याची शक्यता जास्त. आपण स्वतः पुढे होऊन रहदारीचे नियंत्रण करू लागलो तर लोक आपले ऐकणार नाहीत. पण आणखी एका दोघांशी बोलून दोघे-तिघे जण तिथल्या पोलीस काकांना भेटू. आमची मदत करण्याची इच्छा बोलून दाखवू. त्यांच्याशी चर्चा करून काय काय करायचे ते ठरवून घेऊ. कामांची आपापसांत वाटणी करून घेऊ आणि पोलीस काकांच्या मार्गदर्शनाखाली वाहतूक नियंत्रण सुरू करू.

प्रश्न 3.
रस्त्याने कोणी चालण्याऐवजी पळू लागला तर त्याचे कौतुक करावे का?
उत्तर :
रस्त्याने कोणीही चालण्याऐवजी पळू लागला, तर कोणीही कौतुक करणार नाही. रस्ते, वाटा या चालण्यासाठी असतात. माणसे सर्वसाधारणपणे जशा कृती करतात, जशी वागतात, तशी वागली तर लोकांना बरे वाटते. वेगळी वागली, तर काहीतरी विचित्र घडत आहे, असे वाटू लागते.

लिहा :

प्रश्न 1.

1. घरोघर व दरडोई वाहन उपलब्ध असलेला देश : ………….
2. वेगामुळे बेभान होणारी : ………….
3. अमेरिकन जीवनशैली ज्यांनी पत्करू नये ते : ………….
4. गाड्यांनी एकमेकांना जोडली जाणारी : ………….
5. वाहनांमुळे वाचतात : ………….
6. माणसांवर स्वार होणारी : ………….

उत्तर :

1. अमेरिका
2. माणसे
3. भारतीय
4. महानगरे
5. वेळ, श्रम
6. वाहने.

कृती करा :

प्रश्न 1.

उत्तर :

प्रश्न 2.


उत्तर :

प्रश्न 3.

उत्तर :

रिकाम्या चौकटी भरा :

प्रश्न 1.

उत्तर :

रिकाम्या जागा भरा :

प्रश्न 1.
वाई, सातारा अशा गावी वाहनाचा उपयोग होऊ शकतो, जर …
i. ………………….
ii. …………………
उत्तर :
वाई, सातारा अशा गावी वाहनाचा उपयोग होऊ शकतो, जर …
i. तातडीने शेतमळ्यावर जाण्याची वेळ आली.
ii. आपण गावाबाहेर राहत असू.

प्रश्न 2.
इतरांशी मानसिक स्पर्धा करण्यासाठी किंवा आपल्या ऐश्वर्याचे प्रदर्शन घडवण्यासाठी माणसे …..
उत्तर :
इतरांशी मानसिक स्पर्धा करण्यासाठी किंवा आपल्या ऐश्वर्याचे प्रदर्शन घडवण्यासाठी माणसे गरज नसताना कर्ज काढून वाहने खरेदी करतात.

सूचनेप्रमाणे उत्तरे लिहा : 

प्रश्न 1.
वाहनाचा वेग बेताचा हवा, असे लेखक सांगतात त्यामागील कारण लिहा.
उत्तर :
वाहनाचा वेग बेताचा हवा, असे लेखक सांगतात, त्यामागील कारण अतिघाई किंवा अतिवेग यांत कोणतेही औचित्य नसते.

प्रश्न 2.
अपघात होण्याची दोन कारणे लिहा.
उत्तर :

• वेग वाढल्यामुळे वाहनावरचा ताबा सुटणे आणि
• पुढच्या वाहनाला मागे टाकून पुढे जाण्याचा हव्यास या दोन कारणांनी अपघात होतात.

वाक्ये पूर्ण करा :

प्रश्न 1.

1. जर वाहनाचा वेग वाढला, तर …………..
2. पुढचे वाहन मागे टाकून पुढे जाण्याचा जर हव्यास बाळगला, तर …………
3. रात्री भरधाव वेगाने प्रवास करू नये; कारण ………….

उत्तर :

1. जर वाहनाचा वेग वाढला, तर त्यावरचा ताबा कमी होतो.
2. पुढचे वाहन मागे टाकून पुढे जाण्याचा जर हव्यास बाळगला, तर अपघात होतो.
3. रात्री भरधाव वेगाने प्रवास करू नये; कारण झटपट पार पडलीच पाहिजेत अशी महत्त्वाची कामे दरवेळी नसतात.

व्याकरण :

वाक्यप्रकार:

वाक्यांच्या आशयावरून वाक्यप्रकार ओळखा :

प्रश्न 1.

1. वेग हे गतीचे रूप आहे. → [ ]
2. जीवनाची ही टोके सांधणार कशी? → [ ]
3. बापरे! किती हा जीवघेणा वेग! → [ ]

उत्तर :

1. विधानार्थी वाक्य
2. प्रश्नार्थी वाक्य
3. उद्गारार्थी वाक्य

प्रश्न 2.
क्रियापदाच्या रूपांवरून वाक्यप्रकार ओळखा :

1. गतीला जेव्हा दिशा असते, तेव्हाच ती प्रगती या संज्ञेला पात्र ठरते. → [ ]
2. सुसाट गतीला आवरा. → [ ]
3. कामापुरते व कामासाठी वाहन काढावे. → [ ]
4. वाहनांच्या वेगाची चिंता वाटते. → [ ]

उत्तर :

1. संकेतार्थी वाक्य
2. आज्ञार्थी वाक्य
3. विध्यर्थी वाक्य
4. स्वार्थी वाक्य

प्रयोग ओळखा :

प्रश्न 1.

1. अचानक वेग वाढतो. → [ ]
2. माणसाने वाहन चालविले. → [ ]
3. माणसाने वेगाला आवरावे. → [ ]

उत्तर :

1. कर्तरी प्रयोग
2. कर्मणी प्रयोग
3. भावे प्रयोग

अलंकार :

पुढील अलंकार ओळखा :

प्रश्न 1.
आईसारखे दैवत आईच होय!
उत्तर :
अनन्वय अलंकार

शब्दार्थ :

1. प्रगती – जीवनाचा स्तर, दर्जा उंचावणे.
2. अगतिक – असहाय, केविलवाणे.
3. अवखळ – खट्याळ, उपद्रवी.
4. उरकणे – आटोपणे.
5. यथाप्रमाण – आवश्यक तेवढे.
6. त्वरा – घाई, जलदगती.
7. कृतकृत्य – धन्य, यशस्वी.
8. अनिवार – अतिशय.
9. भावविवश – हळवा, भावनाप्रधान.
10. यथासांग – (यथा + स + अंग) आवश्यक त्या सर्व बाजूंनी.

वाक्प्रचार व त्याचा अर्थ :

यथासांग पार पाडणे – सर्व बाजू पूर्ण करून पार पाडणे.

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 4.4 The Sign of Four Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 4.4 The Sign of Four

12th English Digest Chapter 4.4 The Sign of Four Textbook Questions and Answers

CHARACTER:

(A1)

Question (i)
Read the extract again and complete the web by highlighting the qualities of the following characters:


Answer:

Question (ii)
Describe the character of Mary Morstan from Dr. Watson’s point of view.
Answer:
From Dr. Watson’s point of view: When I first saw Mary, she was dressed simply but tastefully. I could see that she was a person of limited means. Her expression was sweet and pleasant, and I could make out that her nature was refined and sensitive. My calculations told me that she was about 27 years old. She was agitated by the mystery surrounding her life. I found her attractive, though her face did not have regular features or a beautiful complexion. Her eyes showed that she was a sympathetic person. I was much impressed by her and attracted to her.

Question (iii)
Sherlock Holmes is the leading character in the extract. Explain.
Answer:
It is Sherlock Holmes who is the detective and the leading character. Mary Morstan had come to ask his advice about a problem that she was facing. Holmes was the one who took the lead and found out about Major Sholto; it was Holmes who analysed the handwriting in the letter that Mary had received. Holmes was sharp, accurate, intelligent and methodical. He had an excellent record of solving cases, and his deductions were always correct. Watson was merely his friend who helped him and kept a record of his cases.

Question (iv)
Dr. Watson, the narrator, is one of the major characters in the novel. Illustrate.
Answer:
Dr. Watson is the narrator. He was present when the case was brought to Holmes by Mary Morstan. He is generally always with Holmes, helping him to solve cases. He accompanied Holmes whenever necessary.

He also kept a record of all the cases that Holmes was a part of. In this extract, he is present when Mary recounts her case, and he accompanies Holmes and Mary to meet the writer of the anonymous letter. (He marries Mary in the end.)

Question (v)
Holmes is always one step ahead of Dr. Watson in solving cases. Elucidate.
Answer:
Where Watson is emotional, simple and trustful, Holmes is sharp, objective and methodical. Holmes is also analytical and notices the little details which give him clues to solving a case. Watson does not, and hence is often on the wrong track. Holmes is the real detective, while Watson is merely his companion. Holmes is always ahead of Watson and solves cases which Watson is not even near to cracking.

PLOT:

(A2)

Question (i)
Arrange the sentences in correct sequence as per their occurrence in the extract.
Answer:

Jumbled Incidents	Correct Sequence
1. Holmes put a revolver in his pocket.	(a) Mary Morstan was a well-dressed young lady.
2. Holmes gave Winwood’s book ‘Martyrdom of Man’ to Dr. Watson.	(b) Mary’s father was an officer in an Indian regiment.
3. Mary received a large and lustrous pearl through the post.	(c) Mary received a large and lustrous pearl through the post.
4. Mary’s father was an officer in an Indian regiment.	(d) Holmes gave Winwood’s book ‘Martyrdom of Man’ to Dr. Watson.
5. Mary Morstan was a well-dressed young lady.	(e) Holmes put a revolver in his pocket.

(ii) Discuss the importance of the following statements from the light of the extract.

Question (a)
The trio-Holmes, Dr. Watson and Mary decide to visit Lyceum Theatre.
Answer:
Mary had received an anonymous letter asking her to be outside the Lyceum Theatre on a particular night at seven o’clock. The letter said that it would be to Mary’s advantage if she came. The letter also mentioned that she could bring two friends with her. However, she did not have any friends who could accompany her, and so she asked Holmes and Watson if they could do so. They agreed. Hence, Holmes, Dr. Watson and Mary decide to visit Lyceum Theatre. This was the first step to solving the case.

Question (b)
Mary received pearls every year on the same day.
Answer:
Major Sholto, Mary’s father’s friend, had cheated Mary’s father of his share in the Agra treasure. When he died, Major Sholto informed his son Thaddeus of this. Though Thaddeus did not have the treasure, he tried to rectify the matter to a certain extent by sending Mary a rare and expensive pearl every year, on the same day as he sent the first one.

Question (c)
Holmes carefully examined the paper given by Mary.
Answer:
Mary had found a curious paper in her father’s desk which no one could understand. Holmes deduced from the colour of the paper that it was an important document. He felt it was related in some way to the mystery on hand. Hence, he examined it carefully to get some clues which would help to solve the mystery.

SETTING:

(A3)

Question (i)
Cite various references (lines) from the extract that tell us about the time and period of the events:
Answer:

Lines	Time and period
1. He disappeared upon the 3rd of December, 1878. – nearly ten years ago.	Mary’s father had disappeared about ten years before she met Holmes and Watson on a particular day.
2. About six years ago – to be exact, upon the 4th of May, 1882 – an advertisement appeared in the Times asking for the address of Miss Mary Morstan. The same day there arrived through the post a small card-board box addressed to me, which I found to contain a very large and lustrous pearl.	Mary first received an expensive and rare pearl six years before she received an anonymous letter/before she came to meet Holmes.
3. This morning I received this letter, which you will perhaps read for yourself.	Mary receives an anonymous letter on the morning of the day on which she consults Holmes.
4. Major Sholto, of Upper Norword, late of the 34th Bombay Infantry, died upon the 28th of April, 1882. Within a week of his death Captain Morstan’s daughter receives a valuable present, which is repeated from year to year.	Mary begins to receive the pearls immediately after Major Sholto’s death.
5. At the Lyceum Theatre the crowds were already thick at the side-entrances. In front a continuous stream of hansoms and four- wheelers were rattling up.	Holmes, Watson and Mary reach the Lyceum Theatre on the evening of the day Mary receives the anonymous letter, as instructed by the writer of the letter. This was in the year 1888.
6. We had hardly done so before the driver whipped up his horse, and we plunged away at a furious pace through the foggy streets.	This happens when Holmes, Watson and Mary are taken by the driver to meet the writer of the anonymous letter, on the evening when Mary receives it.
7. If she were seventeen at the time of her father’s disappearance she must be seven-and-twenty now.	Watson, who is attracted to Mary, calculates that Mary must be twenty -seven years old in 1888 when she meets him and Holmes.
8. In the year 1878 my father, who was senior captain of his regiment, obtained twelve months’ leave and came home.	This was the time, ten years earlier, when Captain Morstan disappeared.

Question (ii)
Explain by citting references from the extract the ways the series of actions moves from London to India.
Answer:
The extract begins when Mary Morstan meets Sherlock Holmes at his house in London. They then meet Thaddeus Sholto in a rundown neighbourhood of London. Thaddeus reveals that his father Major Sholto had mistakenly killed Captain Morstan in London. They then go to Bartholomew Sholto’s house to get the treasure; however, Bartholomew is found dead.

Holmes follows Jonathan Small and Tonga, who have escaped by a steam launch, over the river Thames in London. When Small is captured, he tells them about the time he spent in India, where he was an accomplice in stealing the Agra treasure. Thus, the narration goes to India. Major Sholto and Captain Morstan were also at one time stationed in India.

Question (iii)
The extract begins when Mary Morstan meets Sherlock Holmes at his house. After that Holmes, Dr.Watson and Mary visit some places in London. Explain in detail the various places mentioned in the extract.
Answer:
Holmes, Dr.Watson and Mary were taken down the Strand, which was crowded, badly lit and humid. All kinds of people-sad, happy, old and young could be seen moving about in the dim light. Watson found it eerie and ghostlike, and he felt nervous and depressed. They then reached the Lyceum Theatre, where the crowds were pouring in.

A continuous stream of horse carriages could be seen, with stylish people getting out of them. Near the Lyceum Theatre they were met by a coachman who took them in his coach through Rochester Row and Vincent Square onto Vauxhall Bridge Road. They were on the Surrey side, on the bridge from where they got glimpses of the river Thames with lamps shining on the silent water.

The cab then took them through a maze of streets. Holmes could identify Wordsworth Road, Priory Road, Lark Hall Lane, Stockwell Place, Robert Street and Cold Harbor Lane. They were all rundown places. The cab took them further to a rather grim and shady neighbourhood with dull brick houses and cheap and showy public houses at the corner.

Holmes mentions that this was not a very fashionable or rich neighbourhood. This was followed by rows of two-storied villas each with a small front garden, and then again there were never-ending lines of new brick buildings, which were an extension of the city. The houses in the area were all dark and appeared uninhabited.

At last the cab drew up at the third house in a new terrace, which was also dark except for a light in the kitchen. However, when they knocked the door was opened instantly, and an Oriental figure of a servant clad in a yellow turban, white loose-fitting clothes, and a yellow sash stood there. It was strange to find an Oriental figure framed in the doorway of a cheap suburban house.

Question (iv)
Basically the setting of the extract is in London but it has some references of India, too. Explain how the settings of the extract contribute to the theme of the novel.
Answer:
The setting of the extract is in London, where Mary meets Holmes and Watson to explain her problem. She talks about her father being an officer in an Indian regiment. When he returned to England on leave, he called Mary to meet him at a London hotel, but disappeared mysteriously before she could do so. His only friend in London was a Major Sholto. Holmes finds that Major Sholto was also from the 34th Bombay Infantry.

Mary shows Holmes a piece of paper belonging to her father. The paper was of Indian origin, and three of the names written on it were also Indian. Holmes, Watson and Mary go to meet the anonymous letter writer at a rundown suburban house in London. Later they chase Jonathan Small and Tonga, who were trying to escape by boat on the river Thames. When Jonathan Small was captured, he spoke of being an accomplice in stealing the Agra treasure.

He was sent to the Andaman Islands, where Major Sholto and Captain Morstan were prison guards. At the end of the extract, the door of the anonymous letter writer’s house was opened by an Indian servant. His master used an Indian name to call him. Thus, we have a mingling of incidents both in London as well as in India, where the case had its roots.

Question (v)
Describe in brief the importance of the following places in the extract.
(a) London
(b) Lyceum Theatre
(c) Edinburgh
(d) Agra
(e) Andaman Islands
Answer:
(a) London: The case starts here with Mary Morstan meeting Holmes at his place in London. They go to meet Thaddeus Sholto in London. They also chase Jonathan Small and Tonga in London. Tonga is killed and Small captured. Small then narrates the entire story.

(b) Lyceum Theatre: This is the place near which the writer of the anonymous letter told Mary Morstan to reach if she wished to get justice.

(c) Edinburgh: Mary spent her childhood till she was seventeen at a boarding school in Edinburgh.

(d) Agra: When Jonathan Small was standing guard one night at the Agra fortress, he was overpowered by two Sikh troopers, who forced him to waylay a servant of a Rajah and steal a valuable fortune in pearls and jewels. This was called the ‘Agra treasure’.

(e) Andaman Islands: Jonathan Small was arrested and imprisoned on the Andaman Islands for the robbery of the Agra treasure. After 20 years, Small made a deal with John Sholto and Arthur Morstan, who were the prison guards. Sholto would recover the treasure and in return send a boat to pick up Small and the Sikhs. Sholto double-crossed both Morstan and Small and stole the treasure for himself. Small vowed vengeance and four years later escaped from the Andaman Islands with an islander named Tonga after they both killed a prison guard.

Question (vi)
Complete:
Name the places/cities in India and England which are mentioned/have appeared in the extract. Describe their importance.
Answer:

India	Importance	London	Importance
Andaman Islands	Major Sholto and Captain Morstan were stationed here and in charge of the troops; Jonathan Small was also imprisoned here.	Baker Street	The residence of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson. This was the place which Mary Morstan came to, to consult Holmes.
Agra	Jonathan Small was a gatekeeper at the Agra fortress when he was forced to be an accomplice in the theft of the Rajah’s jewels.	Langham Hotel	This was the place Mary’s father stayed at when he came to London. He invited Mary to the hotel to meet him; but disappeared before her arrival.
Bombay (Now Mumbai)	Major Sholto, and Captain Morstan were both from the regiment ‘the 34th Bombay Infantry’.	Lyceum Theatre	Mary was supposed to meet the writer of the anonymous letter or his messenger at the third pillar from the left outside the Lyceum Theatre.
–	–	River Thames	Jonathan Small, who tried to escape by boat along the river Thames, was captured. His accomplice Tonga was killed.

THEME:

(A4)

Question (i)
Write in brief the theme of the extract.
Answer:
The theme of the extract revolves round the mystery of the disappearance of Mary Morstan’s father, the receipt of expensive pearls by Mary and the mysterious letter received by her. It also involves the journey of Holmes, Watson and Mary Morstan to a strange house to meet the writer of the mysterious letter. The theme of the novel revolves around the Agra treasure.

Question (ii)
Write 4-5 sentences about the meeting of Miss Morstan with Holmes.
Answer:
Miss Morstan met Holmes and Watson at their house in Baker Street. She then discussed with them the mysterious disappearance of her father a few years earlier, the receipt of an expensive pearl every year for the past six years, and the receipt of a mysterious letter that morning asking her to meet the writer of the letter. Miss Morstan was intensely agitated and confused and did not know what to do. She showed Holmes the pearls, the boxes in which they had come and the letter. Then they planned to follow the instructions and meet the writer of the letter.

Question (iii)
Write the central idea of the given extract of the novel, “The Sign of Four”.
Answer:
The central idea is the meeting of Mary Morstan with Holmes and Watson, and her explanation of her problems. It is also about the short trip made by the three to meet I the writer of the mysterious letter. This is Watson’s first meeting with Miss Morstan and his attraction towards her.

Question (iv)
Complete the following giving reasons:
Answer:
(a) Miss Morstan plans to meet Sherlock Holmes to ask his advice about the disappearance of her father, the receipt of expensive pearls and the mysterious letter received by her.

(b) Miss Morstan gives the reference of Mrs. Cecil Forrester because Mrs. Cecil Forrester was her employer, whom Holmes had once helped to solve a domestic complication. Mrs. Forrester had been impressed by his kindness and skill.

(c) It’s a singular case because Miss Morstan’s father had come back to England and contacted her, and had seemed happy. After fixing a meeting ; with her at his hotel, he had suddenly ; disappeared and was never seen again, Even his only friend in town, Major Sholto, had not known either of his ; arrival or disappearance.

(d) Holmes needed some references to find out details about Major Sholto, who was the only friend Mary’s father had in England, and who had said that he did not know about his arrival in England.

(e) Miss Morstan received a pearl every year, when she replied to an advertisement asking for her address, adding that it would be to her advantage.

(f) The coachman confirmed that neither of Miss Morstan’s companion was a police officer because this was the condition made by the writer of the mysterious letter, whom they were going to meet.

LANGUAGE:

(A5)

(i) Elaborate the following lines in the light of the novel/extract, “The Sign of Four”:

Question (a)
“You really are an automaton – a calculating machine”.
Answer:
These words are said by Watson to Holmes when Mary Morstan had left after discussing her case. Watson is attracted to her and full of admiration for her. When he voices his admiration, Holmes says that he had not noticed if she is attractive or not. Watson is indignant and calls him a calculating machine.

Question (b)
“The letter speaks of giving her justice.”
Discuss.
Answer:
These are the words of Holmes to Watson, when they are discussing the letter that Mary Morstan has received from an unknown person. He wondered what was the ‘justice’ that the letter spoke of, and who had done ’ something wrong to Mary that she now needed justice.

Question (c)
“Our quest does not appear to take us to very fashionable regions.”
Answer:
These words are said by Holmes to Watson and Mary Morstan, when they are being driven by the coachman to some strange place. They were going through narrow streets in an unfriendly and grim neighbourhood, which had dull brick rows of houses and cheap and showy public houses at the comer. Holmes mentions that this was not a very fashionable or rich neighbourhood.

Question (ii)
Following are some dialogues of the major characters in the extract. Find out who the speaker is, his/her tone, style, significance, etc. of the dialogue.
Answer:

Dialogue	Speaker	To whom it is said	Tone, Style, Significance etc.
1.  “… you have once enabled my employer, Mrs. Cecil Forrester, to unravel a little domestic omplication. She was much impressed by your kindness and skill.”	Miss Morstan	Sherlock Holmes	Polite, cultured. Mary proves her identity, and how she came to know about Sherlock Holmes.
2. “You will, I am sure, excuse me.”	Watson	Miss Morstan and Sherlock Holmes	Polite and courteous; Watson wants to make a good impression on Miss Morstan, and doesn’t want to poke his nose if he is not wanted.
3. “Your statement is most interesting. Has anything else occurred to you?”	Sherlock Holmes	Miss Morstan	Polite tone, acknowledging the story told by Miss Morstan, and trying to get further information.
4. “Are you the parties who come with Miss Morstan?”	A coachman/  messenger sent by the letter-writer.	Sherlock Holmes and Watson	Firm but respectful; cautious and asking for affirmation; shows that the person who had invited Miss Morstan was being very cautious, and checking them out.
5. “The Sahib awaits you.”	Khitmutgar (a male servant)	Miss Morstan, Sherlock Holmes and Watson	Respectful, formal. Shows some connection with the east, especially India.

 

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 4.3 Around the World in Eighty Days Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 4.3 Around the World in Eighty Days

12th English Digest Chapter 4.3 Around the World in Eighty Days Textbook Questions and Answers

CHARACTER:

(A1)

Question (i)
One of the following is not a major character of the novel. Choose the correct one and justify.
(Select the correct one.)
(a) Phileas Fogg
(b) Aouda
(c) James Strand
(d) Jean Passepartout
Answer:
James Strand is not a major character of the novel. He was the real bank robber whom Fix was searching for.

Question (ii)
Complete the table highlighting the various traits of the major characters in the extract.
Answer:

1. Phileas Fogg	A solitary person; cared little about the opinions of others; honest, courageous, calm, honourable, proud; he had plenty of self-respect; was unselfish, non-materialistic, obstinate, generous.
2. Aouda	Grateful, loving, concerned, sincere, sweet, noble, unselfish, non-materialistic, generous.
3. Passepartout	Loyal,  faithful, grateful, loving, concerned, unselfish, repentant, conscientious.
4. Detective Fix	Dutiful, stupid, repentant, unimaginative, stubborn.

Question (iii)
Phileas Fogg is as cool as a cucumber whereas Passepartout is as crazy as a loon. Explain the statement by citing some references from the extract.
Answer:
Phileas Fogg was always cool except when he hit the detective Fix. He was cool and calm in prison. Even when he felt that he had lost the wager, he shut himself up in his house quietly without any noise. He was cool when dealing with Passepartout, and also when dealing with Aouda. He could control his emotions and appear to be expressionless. Passepartout, on the other hand was a very emotional and excitable person. He was very repentant when he realized that he could have prevented Fogg’s arrest; he was thrilled when he knew that Fogg was marrying Aouda.

He was tremendously worried about Fogg when he thought that Fogg had lost the wager. Finally, when he came to know that they had reached earlier than they had thought and there was a chance that they could reach the Reform Club in time to win the bet, he became very excited. He rushed back breathlessly to inform Fogg of the fact that it was Saturday and not Sunday.

Question (iv)
Detective Fix tried hard but could not fix the charge of robbery on Fogg. Explain the statement from the point of view of Fix.
Answer:
From the point of view of Detective Fix : Scotland Yard had given only a vague description of the man who had robbed a great sum from the bank of England. I thought that Fogg fitted the description and he was the bank robber. I put obstacles in Fogg’s path just so that I could arrest him whenever I got the warrant from England. The moment we reached Liverpool, I arrested him. However, after arresting him, I found that he was not the guilty person, and the robber had already been arrested in Edinburgh some days earlier.

Fogg was a respectable gentleman living at Saville Row. There was no proof and no evidence against him except that he had been travelling all over the world apparently without any purpose. I was sorry that I arrested him wrongly and I apologized to him.

Question (v)
Describe the character sketch of Aouda from Fogg’s point of view.
Answer:
From Fogg’s point of view: Aouda has had a very difficult time in India. She was nearly killed by her persecutors, but I, Fogg, managed to save her and bring her to England with me. She is a wonderful person and so grateful for what I did. She was even apologetic for having delayed my return – she did not think about the danger she was in from her persecutors! She is very loving. She is not at all money-minded and was ready to marry me even though I did not have a penny to my name. How many will do this? What a compassionate, kind-hearted and generous person! An admirable woman, indeed, and one whom I am proud to have as my wife.

PLOT:

(A2)

Question (i)
Arrange the incidents in correct sequence as per their occurrence in the extract.
(a) Aouda accepted Fogg’s proposal of marriage.
(b) When set free, the first thing that Fogg did was he knocked Fix down.
(c) As a part of duty, Fix arrested Fogg.
(d) At the fifty-seventh second, Fogg entered the Reform Club Saloon.
Answer:
(c) As a part of duty, Fix arrested Fogg.
(b) When set free, the first thing that Fogg did was he knocked Fix down.
(d) At the fifty-seventh second, Fogg entered the Reform Club Saloon.
(a) Aouda accepted Fogg’s proposal of marriage.

Question (ii)
There is a sudden twist in the climax of the novel. Explain by citing some lines and relevant examples from the extract.
Answer:
Fogg and the reader first think that Fogg has lost not only the wager, but also the money and honour that went with it. The following lines tell us this : ‘After having steadily traversed that long journey, overcome a hundred obstacles, braved many dangers, and still found time to do some good on his way, to fail near the goal by a sudden event which he could not have foreseen, and against which he was unarmed; it was terrible!’ The unforeseen event was his arrest and imprisonment by detective Fix, who mistakenly thought he was the bank robber.

However, the twist comes when Passepartout finds out that it is not Sunday but Saturday, and perhaps they can just make it to the Reform Club in time. Just as Fogg’s antagonists are counting the seconds to their win,, Fogg manages to reach the Club and win the wager, giving a happy and thrilling ending to the novel. The following lines tell us this : ‘At the fifty-seventh second the door of the saloon opened; and the pendulum had not beat the sixtieth second when Phileas Fogg appeared, followed by an excited crowd who had forced their way through the club doors, and in his calm voice, said, “Here I am, gentlemen!”’

Question (iii)
Which of the following is an appropriate reason for Phileas Fogg starting his journey around the world?
(a) Fellow members bet Fogg
(b) Fogg bets his fellow members
(c) Fogg wants to marry Aouda
(d) Fogg committed robbery
Ans.
(a) Fellow members bet Fogg

SETTING:

(A3)

Question (i)
Choose from the following options, the means of transport used in the novel and explain the way they help the characters.
(a) Elephant
(b) Horse
(c) Train
(d) Steamer
Answer:
Elephants, trains and steamers were used as a means of transport in the novel. They help the characters go around the world in the allotted time. After overcoming a number of obstacles, they reach London in time to win the wager.

Question (ii)
The beginning of the extract is a scene in the prison at the custom house. From there the novel moves further from one place/spot to another. Pick and explain all the places/spots where the incidents took place.
Answer:
From the prison at the custom house, Fogg and his companions go to Liverpool station to catch a train back to London, where Fogg lives and where the Reform Club is located. Once they reach London, thinking that they had lost the wager, they go to Saville Row, which is Fogg’s residence. The next location is the preacher’s house where Passepartout goes to make arrangements for Fogg’s wedding. The last location is the Reform Club, which Fogg reaches in time to win his wager.

Question (iii)
Most of the setting in the extract is in London. Explain how this is suited to the theme of the novel.
Answer:
Fogg’s residence was in London. The Reform Club, which Fogg frequented on a regular basis and where the all-important wager took place, is also in London. Fogg’s journey starts from London and ends in London. Hence, London is the central place in the novel, and thus this setting is suited to the theme.

(iv) Describe the importance of the following places in the development of the plot and behaviour of the characters.

Question (a)
Liverpool.
Answer:
Liverpool is the place where Fogg disembarks from his steamer, and from where he has to catch a train to London. Liverpool is also the place where he is arrested by Fix and thus misses his train. He arranges a special train in an attempt to reach London on time.

Question (b)
London.
Answer:
Fogg lives in London. The Reform Club, which Fogg frequented on a regular basis, is also in London. Fogg’s accepts the wager in London; his journey starts from London and ends in London. Hence, London is the central place in the novel.

Question (c)
Reform Club.
Answer:
Reform Club is the place which Fogg frequented on a regular basis. It is at the Reform Club that Fogg gets involved in an argument over an article, and where the wager with his fellow club members takes place. It is the place where Fogg was supposed to return before 8.45 p.m. on 21 December, 80 days later. It is the place where his antagonists are waiting anxiously for him, and which he reaches at practically the last second to win his wager.

Question (d)
Saville Row.
Answer:
Phileas Fogg’s residence is in Saville Row.
This is also the place where he takes Aouda.
Fogg has always stayed quietly at this place.
When he returned from his trip around the world and thought he had lost the wager, he remained there so quietly that no one even knew he had returned.

Question (e)
Edinburgh.
Answer:
Detective Fix arrested Phileas Fogg in Liverpool thinking that he was a bank robber. However, the real bank robber, James Strand, had been arrested on 17th December at Edinburgh.

Question (iv)
Select the correct options:
Find from the options, the place which are not mentioned in the extract:
(a) Bombay (Now, Mumbai)
(b) Allahabad
(c) Chennai
(d) Calcutta (Now, Kolkata)
Answer:
Allahabad, Chennai

THEME:

(A4)

Question (i)
Find and explain the significance of various exciting incidents in the extract.
Answer:
The first exciting incident was when Fogg was arrested by Detective Fix and imprisoned in the Custom House. This meant that his return to London would be delayed, for he would have missed his train.

The second exciting incident was his release. This meant that he could perhaps still reach London on time.

The third exciting incident was when he tried to organize a train to London but had problems.

The fourth exciting incident was Aouda’s marriage proposal and Fogg’s acceptance of it. This showed that Aouda was not at all materialistic and extremely grateful to Fogg for what he had done. She was willing to marry Fogg even after knowing that he was penniless.
The fifth exciting incident was when Passepartout, on reaching the clergyman’s house, discovers that it is not Sunday as they had thought but Saturday, and there was a chance that they could still win the wager. The sixth most exciting incident was Fogg’s reaching the Reform Club at the last moment and winning the wager. All the twists and turns and the climax at the end keeps the reader glued to the novel right till the end.

Question (ii)
Write 4-5 sentences on the ‘Time’ theme of the extract.
Answer:
Phileas Fogg has to go around the world in eighty days if he has to win the wager. As he and his companions struggle to do this, time foils their plans in many cases. Fogg gets arrested for no fault of his and loses precious time. He is unable to catch the train from Liverpool, and the special train he arranged too gets delayed. Fogg is afraid that he has lost the bet. However, in the end, Fogg wins the bet with seconds to spare as he gained a day when crossing the International Date Line. His journey through the time zones had gained him a day. The ultimate message is that no one can control time; time will work the way it wants to work, and humans are at its mercy.

Question (iii)
Write 4-5 sentences on the ‘Morality’ theme of the extract.
Answer:
Fogg embarks on his journey to preserve his honour and prove his worth to the men at the Reform Club. He spends nearly all of his money along the way, showing that riches are not what he is truly out for. He is honourable – when he thinks he is penniless, he does not want Aouda to marry him. Aouda, by proposing to him, shows that she is not materialistic. He forgives Passepartout his mistakes. Passepartout shows his loyalty and love for his master at every step.

In the end, when he wins the bet, he divides whatever money is left between Passepartout and Detective Fix, showing that he had no grudges against him. The writer shows that with human effort and willpower enormous obstacles can be overcome. The writer also tells us in the end that Fogg had won something more important than money, by travelling around the world. He had won a charming woman, who made him the happiest of men. The moral at the end is that love and its attainment is more important than all the challenges and money in the world.

Question (iv)
Write the central idea of the given extract of the novel, ‘Around the World in Eighty Days’.
Answer:
The central idea of the given extract is how Fogg ultimately wins the bet even though there are unexpected delays and missed trains. He had unknowingly gained a day when crossing the International Date Line, and hence he was still in time to meet the deadline. The final statement is that love and its attainment is more important than all the challenges and money in the world.

Question (v)
Justice is served/done in the end. Explain.
Answer:
Phileas Fogg is an honourable and compassionate person. He wants to win his wager of going around the world in eighty S days. He struggles against time, as well as the obstacles and delays that come his way. Finally, when he reaches Liverpool and is about to go to London to win his wager, he is arrested because he is wrongly thought to be a bank robber. Throughout this ordeal, Fogg is calm and unshakeable. Even though he thinks he has lost the wager, he does not blame anyone or lose his temper.

He tells Aouda that he cannot marry her and make her live in poverty. Justice is done unexpectedly in the end when he wins the wager. He had unknowingly gained a day when crossing the International Date Line, and hence he was still in time to meet the deadline. In the end, the writer tells us that Fogg had won something more important than money, by travelling around the world. He had won a charming woman, who made him the happiest of men. Thus, justice was done to the quiet and honourable Phileas Fogg.

LANGUAGE:

(A5)

(i) Elaborate the following quotes in the light of the extract of the novel, ‘Around the World in Eighty Days’.

Question (a)
‘Quitters never win and winners never quit’.
Answer:
Even though Fogg loses time due to being wrongly arrested and imprisoned, he makes every effort to reach London on time. He arranges a special train from Liverpool. He does not quit when he feels that there is some faint chance of a win. Later, when Passepartout discovers that it is Saturday and not Sunday, and that there is still a chance of winning, Fogg puts aside everything and rushes headlong to the Reform Club. He does not give up in spite of all the obstacles, and comes out a winner, both in winning the bet and the love of a good woman.

Question (b)
‘Time is the only solution to problems’.
Answer:
The most important theme in the extract is time. Fogg’s wager is a race against time, and his adventures illustrate repeatedly that time is fickle, and either works for or against them. In many cases, time foils their plans, when the delays build up and the train to Liverpool leaves without them. In the end, though, it is time that helps wins Fogg his bet, since they gained a day when crossing the International Date Line. The ultimate message is that no one can control time; time will work the way it wants to work, and humans are at its mercy. Time is the only solution to problems.

Question (ii)
Following are some dialogues of the major characters in the extract. Find out who the speaker is, his/her tone, style, significance, etc., of the dialogue.
Answer:

Dialogue	Speaker	Who said to Whom	Tone, Style, Significance etc.
1. “Why do you not curse me? It was my fault that-”	Passepartout	Passepartout to Phileas Fogg	Repentant; thinks himself responsible for not telling Phileas Fogg about Fix earlier
2. “If Phileas Fogg had come in the 7: 23 train, he would have got here by this time. We can, therefore, regard the bet as won.”	Andrew Stuart	Andrew Stuart to the other antagonists at the Reform Club	Nervous and anxious; the men with whom Fogg had the wager were calculating whether he would still meet the deadline.
3. “Sir-forgive me-a most-unfortunate resemblance-robber arrested three days ago-you-are free!”	Detective Fix	Detective Fix to Phileas Fogg	Repentant and apologetic for arresting Phileas Fogg when he was innocent.
4. “Will you pardon me for bringing you to England?”	Phileas Fogg	Phileas Fogg to Aouda	Proud and honourable; asking pardon from Aouda for bringing her to England on false hopes, when he has now become poor.
5. “It is for me to ask that question. You were ruined, but now you are rich again.”	Aouda	Aouda to Phileas Fogg	Honourable and dignified; says this after Fogg wins the wager, and he asks her whether she still wanted to marry him.

 

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 4.2 To Sir, with Love Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 4.2 To Sir, with Love

12th English Digest Chapter 4.2 To Sir, with Love Textbook Questions and Answers

Character:

(A1)

Question (i)
From the options given below, choose the name of the teacher and write a couple of lines from the extract in support of your answer.
(a) Denham
(b) Miss Joseph
(c) Sapiano
(d) Dale-Evans
Answer:
Dale-Evans is the teacher. The lines to support this are: The names were called Mr. Weston, Mrs. Dale-Evans, Miss Phillips. Denham and Miss Joseph led the others off the stage and the teachers took their seats.

Question (ii)
Complete the table highlighting the various traits of the major characters in the extract.

Answer:

Question (iii)
The narrator played a crucial role in bringing a significant change in the students. Discuss the statement by citing some references from the extract.
Answer:
The narrator initially had a very difficult time with the students who were disrespectful, ill- mannered and mischievous. They considered him to be an arrogant outsider, unfamiliar with the social environment in which they I have grown up. They harass him from day one; however, they come around after only a few weeks, completely changing both their hygiene and their attitudes towards one another.

This marks the success of the narrator in handling the students in a very amicable way. This is proved on the day of the half-yearly report of the Students’ Council. The narrator’s students allocate tasks in a business-like way. They present their reports confidently and clearly. They are cool and efficient in their work. They are courteous towards each other and the teachers, and they accept the verdict of the teachers. This shows the significant and crucial change brought about by the narrator in his students.

Question (iv)
Femman brought a comic relief in the Students’ Council programme. Explain with an incident.
Answer:
In order to explain a point, Fernman made a signal to someone off-stage. Two students, Welsh and Alison, appeared bearing a skeleton between them, with a sort of gallows. When this arrangement had been set up there was the skeleton hanging from a hook screwed into the top of its skull, gently revolving at the end of a cord. This brought some comic relief to the proceedings, and the students laughed uproariously.

(v) Give a brief character-sketch of –

Question (a)
Denham.
Answer:
Denham is business-like and confident while allocating tasks and fitting in the j programme. He is an important official for the function and sits confidently beside the Head. He courteously addresses the girls as ‘Miss’. While discussing P.T. and Games, he shocks the audience with his views. He is a trained boxer and does not want to do P.T. exercises which he feels are unnecessary for him. His tone is initially blunt, critical and argumentative. However, when Miss Phillips gently replies to his arguments and outwits him, he graciously and politely accepts his defeat.

Question (b)
Miss Joseph.
Answer:
Miss Joseph is business-like and confident while allocating tasks and fitting in the programme. She is an important official for the function. She sits on the stage beside Mr. Florian with composure. She also addresses the audience with confidence.

Question (c)
The Narrator.
Answer:
Ricky Braithwaite, the narrator, is a very sensitive person. He is very upset at the racism that he has to face after serving in the army. He gets a job in a school, and initially has a very difficult time with the students who are disrespectful, ill-mannered and mischievous. They harass him from day one. However, his novel and creative ideas, innovative techniques and understanding of the students’ psychology, ultimately wins their hearts.

Though he was bullied, harassed, mentally and physically tortured many times, he didn’t lose his patience and continued implementing his novel ideas and techniques that helped him to bring a significant change in his students’ lives. On the day of the half-yearly report of the Students’ Council, he is very anxious to see how they behave. When they are business-like, confident, cool and courteous, he feels proud of them.

Question (d)
Miss Dare.
Answer:
Miss Dare spoke about the problems which all humanity has to face in terms of sickness and disease, and of the advantages gained by interchange of knowledge, advice and assistance. Her contribution was something of an anticlimax after Femman’s performance, and she seemed to realise it, but continued with her speech.

Question (e)
Miss Phillips.
Answer:
Miss Phillips, whom everyone had thought to be frilly and brainless, proves while answering Denham’s questions that she is the best-informed of the three teachers on the stage. She intervenes skilfully when the other two teachers are at a loss, without embarrassing them. She speaks coolly, honestly and with authority.

She is very slightly built but she controls her class very well. She tells Denham that the whole timetable in the school was meant to help the students in the world after they left school, and doing what one was told in spite of not liking it, is part of the training. She confidently asserts that she was sure that Denham saw the importance of what she had said, and why he had to do P.T. Thus, she put ‘ Denham in his place very coolly.

Question (vi)
Compare the following characters:
Answer:
Miss Joseph and Denham:
Miss Joseph and Denham are both business-like and efficient while allocating tasks and fitting in the programme. They are important officials for the function and sit on the stage confidently beside Mr. Florian. Both address the audience with confidence.

However, Denham is blunt, critical and argumentative while discussing the P.T. exercises that everyone has to do in school. He argues with Miss Phillips, but when Miss Phillips pleasantly and coolly puts him in his place, he graciously accepts defeat. He is also courteous in his dealing with the ladies.

Miss Phillips, whom everyone had thought to be frilly and brainless, proved while answering Denham’s questions that she was the best-informed of the three teachers on the stage. She intervened skilfully when the other two teachers were at a loss, without embarrassing them. She spoke coolly, honestly and with authority.

When Denham is blunt, critical and argumentative while discussing the P.T. exercises that everyone has to do in school, she tells Denham that the whole timetable in the school was meant to help the students in the world after they left school, and doing what one was told in spite of not liking it, is part of the training. She gives her views confidently and puts Denham in his place very coolly. Denham accepts his defeat courteously.

Fernman and Miss Dare:

Fernman is clear, precise and dramatic. He keeps the audience spell-bound by his speech. Miss Dare and Fernman discuss the subject of physiology, with Fernman stealing the show by exhibiting a model of a human skeleton and stressing the class conclusion that “basically all people were the same.” Miss Dare speaks about the problems which all humanity has to face in terms of sickness and disease, and of the advantages gained by interchange of knowledge, advice and assistance.

Her contribution was something of an anticlimax after Fernman’s performance, and she seemed to realise it, but continued with her speech. Fernman was also adroit while questioning the teachers.

The narrator, a teacher, is sensitive, and upset about racism, which has affected him directly. He initially had a very difficult time with the students who were disrespectful, ill-mannered and mischievous. However, he didn’t lose his patience and continued implementing his novel ideas and techniques. This helped him to bring a significant change in his students’ lives. He is very anxious about the students and later proud of their confidence, understanding and behaviour.

The Head of the school, Mr. Florian, addressed the school on the day of the half-yearly report of the Students’ Council. He spoke about the aims and policy of the school and of the important contribution each child could make. He gave praise wherever necessary, but insisted that there was yet a great deal to be done. His remarks showed that he identified himself with the school and everyone in it. At the end he expressed his pride in all the children and his deep appreciation of their efforts.

PLOT:

(A2)

Question (i)
Arrange the incidents in correct sequence as per their occurrence in the extract.
(a) Denham was outwitted by Miss Phillips.
(b) The head of the school closed the proceedings.
(c) Denham asserted that P.T. periods were a waste of time.
(d) The slips were folded and placed in a hat.
(e) Fernman was as usual a trump card.
(f) Denham called out the names of the representatives.
(g) Students’ Council was held every year on November 15th.
Answer:
(g) Students’ Council was held every year on November 15th.
(f) Denham called out the names of the representatives.
(e) Fernman was as usual a trump card.
(d) The slips were folded and placed in a hat.
(c) Denham asserted that P.T. periods were a waste of time.
(a) Denham was outwitted by Miss Phillips.
(b) The head of the school closed the proceedings.

Question (ii)
Describe in brief the purpose of organising the half-yearly report programme of Students’ Council.
Answer:
During the half-yearly report programme of Students’ Council, each class would report, through its representatives, on the studies pursued during the half year which began after Easter. A representative was chosen for each subject. When all the classes had completed their reports a panel of teachers would be invited to occupy the stage and answer questions from the body of the hall on matters arising out of the various reports. Throughout all the reports, the emphasis was on what they understood rather than on what they were expected to learn.

Question (iii)
Write in your words the entire half- yearly report programme of Students’ Council.
Answer:
In the half-yearly report of the Students’ Council, the students report to the faculty and other students on what they have been studying thus far. The representatives of the narrator’s class spoke knowledgeably about their coursework and placed a considerable amount of emphasis on how much they had learnt about different people, cultures, customs, and the importance of international and interracial cooperation.

Miss Joseph and Denham, both students of the narrator’s class, presided over the meeting. Mr. Florian, the headmaster, addressed the meeting with a lengthy presentation. After this, one after another, each class gave a brief report of their progress, through their chosen representatives, on what they had been studying in each subject so far. A panel of teachers was then chosen to answer any questions put by the students.

The lowest class began first; the narrator’s class, being the oldest, was the last to present their report. Miss Joseph began the highest class’s proceedings by clarifying that the common theme underlying all their studies that term was the interdependency of mankind. Potter spoke in the field of math, focusing on how greater understanding in the world is fostered by the use of common weights and measures.

Miss Pegg and Jackson spoke on geography, and Miss Dare and Fernman discussed the subject of physiology, with Fernman stealing the show by exhibiting a model of a human skeleton and stressing the class conclusion that “basically all people are the same.” Miss Dodd reported on history, and Miss Joseph on domestic science. Denham created a stir by speaking on the subject of P.T. and games, complaining that the class ‘was ill-conceived and pointless.’

Mr. Weston, Mrs. Dale-Evans, and Miss Phillips were chosen at random to answer students’ questions. When Denham pursued his inquiry on the necessity of requiring all students to take P.T., Mr. Weston responded quite ridiculously, trying to bluster his way out of the subject, and offering no sensible argument. Unexpectedly, the quiet and hesitant Miss Phillips stepped in and gave a strong defence of the practice. Finally, Denham, knowing that he had been outwitted, had no choice but to respectfully accept his defeat. The narrator was immensely satisfied with the progress of the students of his class.

Question (iv)
Describe the question-answer session that took place at the end of the extract.
Answer:
The questions were mostly from the two top classes. The teachers had no briefing, and were often caught out stammering in their indecision. One of the teachers, Miss Euphemia Phillips proved to be the coolest and best informed of the three teachers on the stage. She dealt with questions put to her with honesty and with authority, and would often intervene skilfully to assist one of the others without causing embarrassment.

While Femman was skillful in his questioning, Denham was blunt in his criticism. He severely criticised the general pattern of P.T. and games. Denham was a trained boxer, and insisted that such exercises were only advantageous if practised daily and for more sustained periods; P.T. twice weekly for twenty minutes was a waste of time, he asserted.

Miss Phillips reminded the school that every subject, including P.T. and games, , had been carefully considered and fitted into the teaching timetable so that each student received maximum benefit from it. The school considered it in terms of the greatest good for the greatest number. She added, hinting at Denham, that while some were fortunate in their own fine physical development and did not really need the few meagre helpings of P.T. and games which the school could offer, there were others for whom the programme was ideally suited. It would be beyond anyone’s powers to please everybody.

She suggested that some of the older boys might even be able to help in that respect. Denham, not put off by these sugary remarks, replied that only the kids who needed it could take it, while the others could have a game of football or something, instead of doing something useless.

This was a difficult question to answer, but Miss Phillips replied pleasantly that it should be considered as much an exercise of the mind as it is of the body. The whole timetable in the school was meant to help them in the world after they left the school, and doing what one was told in spite of not liking it, was part of the training. That answer defeated Denham and he accepted his defeat gracefully.

Question (v)
Describe the discussion that took place between Miss Joseph and Denham.
(There is no discussion between Miss Joseph and Denham.)

SETTING:

(A3)

Question (i)
Identify the event that took place in the extract. Give reason/s to support your answer:
(a) Annual Sports Day on November 15th
(b) Annual Social and Cultural Gathering on November 15th
(c) Half-yearly report of Students’ Council on November 15th
(d) Farewell Programme on November 15th
Answer:
(c) Half-yearly report of Students’ Council on November 15th
The following lines support this:
The half-yearly report of the Students’ Council was on November 15th, and was one of the important days in the calendar of Greenslade School.

Question (ii)
The event in the extract was held at the Choose the correct alternative. Give reason/s to support your answer.
(a) author’s house
(b) auditorium of the school
(c) market
(d) garden
Answer:
(b) auditorium of the school
The following lines support this:
A bell was rung at 10.00 a.m. and everyone trooped into the auditorium to sit together in classes.

Question (iii)
The incidents in the extract occurred at a particular place. Explain the significance of that place in your own words.
Answer:
The extract confines itself to narrating the incidents that take place on the important day of the half-yearly report of the Students’ s Council. This report takes place in the presence of the Head of the school, the teachers and the students. It is a serious and formal programme, and the setting is the auditorium, with a stage and a formal atmosphere. This is just right.

Question (iv)
Explain how the setting of the extract contributes to the theme of the novel.
Answer:
One of the themes of the novel is the teacher- student relationship, and the change in the behaviour of the students after the narrator’s patient dealing. The narrator initially had a very difficult time with the students who were disrespectful, ill- mannered and mischievous. He finds that the students belong to a background that is not suitable for learning and for their overall development and progress.

They are in no mood to change their attitude and behaviour. The narrator, with his novel and creative ideas, innovative techniques and understanding of the students’ psychology, ultimately wins their hearts. The narrator is now anxious to see how far his teaching has been effective.

He can judge it from the behaviour and attitude of his students on the important day of the half-yearly report of the Students’ Council. This report takes place in the presence of the Head of the school, the teachers and the students. It is a serious and formal programme, and the setting of the auditorium, a stage and a formal atmosphere, is just right. The discussion and the question . and answer session also contributes to the theme.

THEME:

(A4)

Question (i)
‘When the turn of my class came I sat up anxiously’.
Explain the reasons of the narrator’s anxiety hy citing suitable references from the extract.
Answer:
The narrator initially had a very difficult time with the students who were disrespectful, ill-mannered and mischievous. They were in no mood to change their attitude and behaviour. The narrator with his novel and creative ideas, innovative techniques and understanding of the students’ psychology, ultimately wins their hearts. The narrator later grew very fond of his students and wanted them to do well in their lives. He wanted them to shine. He is now anxious to see how far his teaching has been effective.

He can judge it from their behaviour, conduct and attitude on the important day of the half-yearly report of the Students’ Council. He also wanted to see how they would express themselves and how much they had understood during the given period. The programme takes place in the presence of the Head of the school, the teachers and the students. It is a serious and formal one. Hence he sat up anxiously when the turn of his class came.

Question (ii)
Select two statements that describe the theme of the extract:
(a) Half-yearly report of the Students’ Council was not an important event for the students and teachers of school.
(b) The writer was immensely pleased to notice the progress of his students.
(c) The students showed a remarkable change in their behaviour and were progressing in all the subjects.
(d) The head of the institution was against I conducting such activities in the school.
Answer:
(b) The writer was immensely pleased to notice the progress of his students.
(c) The students showed a remarkable change in their behaviour and were j progressing in all the subjects.

Question (iii)
The relationship between the teacher and the students is highlighted in the extract. Illustrate with suitable examples from the extract.
Answer:
In the extract, the narrator describes the day on which the half-yearly report of the Students’ Council takes place. It is entirely the students’ affair; the students are given full freedom. Denham and Miss Joseph conduct the whole programme and preside over it. The students and teachers all listen attentively to the reports made by the student representatives on what they have been studying till then. At the end of the students’ presentation, three teachers are chosen at random to answer the students’ questions. They have to answer whatever questions are put to them by the students. Fernman questions them adroitly; Denham is blunt, critical and argumentative.

Two of the teachers are flustered by the questions, which they find difficult to answer. However, Miss Phillips intervenes skilfully when the other two teachers are at a loss without embarrassing them. She speaks coolly, honestly and with authority. Denham counter-questions her; she is cool and pleasant. The programme is serious, formal and frank. It is a democratic set up. There is freedom of expression, fearlessness on the part of students, honesty and analysis of issues.

Question (iv)
Explain in brief the theme of the extract.
Answer:
The theme of the extract is the student- teacher relationship and the proceedings of the half-yearly report of the Students’ Council. The extract shows the improvement in the conduct of the students, the increase in their level of confidence and courtesy. It also shows the freedom and candour in student-teacher interaction in the school.

Question (v)
Describe the atmosphere of the school described in the extract.
Answer:
In the extract, the narrator describes the day on which the half-yearly report of the Students’ Council takes place. Here, the students of the school report to the faculty and other students on what they have been studying thus far. It is entirely the students’ affair; the students conduct the whole programme and preside over it. At the end of the students’ presentation, three teachers are chosen at random to answer the students’ questions.

The programme is serious, formal and frank. The students honestly give their reports and ask questions fearlessly. The selected teachers do their best to answer the critical and blunt questions put to them. It is a democratic set up. There is freedom of expression, honesty, and analysis of issues on that day.

LANGUAGE:

(A4)

(i) Explain the following statements that enrich the language and create a powerful impact.

Question (a)
Miss Phillips is transformed into a very convincing personality.
Answer:
Miss Phillips is earlier considered as ‘frilly and brainless’; but she was the best- informed of the three teachers on the stage, She intervened skilfully when the other two I teachers were at a loss without embarrassing them. She spoke coolly, honestly and with authority. When Denham is blunt, critical and argumentative while discussing the P.T. exercises, she tells Denham that the whole timetable in the school was meant to help the students in the world after they left school, and doing what one was told in spite of not liking it, is part of the training.

She confidently asserted that she was sure that Denham saw the importance of what she had said, and why he had to do P.T. Thus, she put Denham in his place very coolly and pleasantly, and Denham accepted his defeat courteously. The teacher who was considered brainless is transformed into a s . very convincing personality at the end.

Question (b)
There are many features of language that contribute to the smooth sailing of ) the plot.
Answer:
With reference to the extract, the words used by the narrator contribute to the smooth sailing of the plot. Expressions and sentences like ‘the school showed its approval by laughing uproariously’, ‘Fernman was wonderful; he had them eating out of his hand’, ‘frilly and seemingly brainless’ ‘Miss Phillips took the reins and her stock promptly shot up a hundredfold’, ‘sugary remarks’, ‘her baby-blue eyes twinkling in her delight at this crossing of staves’, ‘this frilly, innocent-looking puss had gobbled her canary without leaving the tiniest feather’ lend beauty and interest to the writing. Apt words and expressions have been used to give the reader a compete idea of the situation. The programme has also been described clearly.

(ii) Following are some dialogues of the major characters in the extract. Find out who the speaker is, his/her tone, the style, significance etc. of the dialogues:

Question 1.
“Then why do we have to do P.T.? Why don’t they take only the kids who need it?”
Answer:
The speaker is Denham. His tone is initially blunt, critical and argumentative. He is a trained boxer and does not want to do P.T exercises which he feels are unnecessary for him. However, when Miss Phillips gently replies to his arguments and outwits him, he has the grace to accept his defeat. The blunt and critical Denham turns into a gracious loser.

Question 2.
“Let’s say it is as much an exercise of the mind as it is of the body, Denham.”
Answer:
The speaker is Miss Phillips. She answers Denham’s questions coolly, honestly and with authority. She tells him that the whole timetable in the school was meant to help the students in the world after they left school, and doing what one was told in spite of not liking it, is part of the training. She confidently asserted that she was sure that Denham saw the importance of what she had said, and why he had to do P.T. This piece of advice was not meant only for Denham but for the whole school and the reader as well.

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 4.1 History of Novel Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 4.1 History of Novel

12th English Digest Chapter 4.1 History of Novel Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Match the columns:

Question 1.
Match the columns:

A	B
1. Murasaki Shikibu	(a) Cervantes
2. Novella	(b) Bankimchandra Chattopadhyaya
3. Don Quixote	(c) Tale of Genji
4. Rajmohan’s Wife	(d) New

Answer:

A	B
1. Murasaki Shikibu	(c) Tale of Genji
2. Novella	(d) New
3. Don Quixote	(a) Cervantes
4. Rajmohan’s Wife	(b) Bankimchandra Chattopadhyaya

2. Pick out the odd element from each group:

Question (i)
Arun Joshi, Vikram Seth, Graham Greene, Kiran Nagarkar
Answer:
Graham Greene (Graham Greene was an English novelist; the others are Indian writers)

Question (ii)
Place, Period, Theme, Climate, Lifestyle
Answer:
Theme (the others are aspects of the setting)

Question (iii)
Theme, Plot, Character, Novella
Answer:
Novella (‘Novella’ is a ‘novel’; the others are the elements of a novel)

3. Complete the following statements:

Question 1.
Complete the following statements:
Answer:
(i) The two types of conflicts that the plot may have are internal (inside the mind of the character) or external (with other characters or entities).
(ii) The word ‘picaresque’ is originated from the Spanish word ‘picaro,’ which means a rogue.
(iii) The epistolary novel presents the narrative through a series of correspondence or other documents like letters or diary entries.
(iv) In the eighteenth century, the middle class could get the time for reading and discussing the novels because the spread of machines helped them in their work and could provide them with some spare time.

4. Write short notes on:

Question 1.
Write short notes on:
(i) Style of the novel
(ii) Stream of consciousness novel
(iii) Novella
(iv) Indian tradition of novels.
Answer:
(i) Style of the novel: The language and the techniques used by the author for the narration of the course of events is known as the ‘style’. An author can use extensive vocabulary and difficult phrases or he may be brief and could write only to the point or he may mix both according to the requirement of his story. He may use linguistic devices like figures of speech to make the narrative effective. All these factors decide the ‘texture’ of the narration and create an impact on the readers.

(ii) Stream of consciousness novel: The phrase ‘Stream of consciousness’ means the flow of thoughts in the minds of the characters. This phrase was coined by William James in his treatise ‘Principles of Psychology.’ (1890). In such a novel, incidents in the plot are in the sequence of their occurrence. The novelist narrates them just as they occur in the minds of the characters. Sometimes they do not make sense; but they truthfully represent the thoughts without any censoring or editing.

(iii) Novella: The word ‘Novella’ which means new is originated from the Italian word ‘novelle’. A Novella is a type of prose fiction which is shorter than a full length novel and longer than short stories. It is a well-structured yet short narrative, often satiric or realistic in tone. Novella usually focuses on one incident or issue with one or two main characters and takes place at a single location. Given below are some of the famous novellas in English:

1. ‘The Heart of Darkness’ by Joseph Conrad
2. ‘The Turn of the Screw’ by Henry James
3. ‘Billy Budd’ by Hermann Melville
4. ‘Death in Venice’ by Thomas Mann
5. ‘Seize The Day’ by Saul Bellow
6. ‘Pearl’ by John Steinbeck

(iv) Indian tradition of novels: Indians have also played a major role in the writing of English Novels. ‘Rajmohan’s Wife’, by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyaya was the first novel in English written by an Indian. The period after that is marked by a few more navels written by Indian writers. These novels were based on either nationalistic virtues or social issues. Mulkraj Anand, R.K. Narayan and Raja Rao were the major trio who prevailed in the period after that.

Novelists like Anita Desai, Nayantara Sahgal, Arun Joshi and Manohar Malgaonkar changed the current of Indian English novel through their works. Amitav Ghosh, Vikram Seth and Upamanyu Chatterjee improved upon the Indian novel in English by adding new features to it. In recent years, Indian novelists like Salman Rushdie, Arvind Adiga, Arundhati Roy, Kiran Desai and Kiran Nagarkar have come into the limelight. The tradition of the Indian English novel has undergone a vital change since its birth and has undoubtedly a very bright future.

Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 4.1 History of Novel Additional Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Pick out the statements that are False. Rewrite them correctly:
1. Setting describes the behaviour of the characters in the story.
2. The main character in the story is referred to as the ‘novella’.
3. The struggle between the opposite forces in the story is called ‘conflict.’
4. Theme is the central idea in the novel which can be expressed in a nutshell.
5. The plot and character are affected due to the setting.
6. ‘Plot’ is the narrative style of the author.
Answer:
False statements:
1. Setting describes the behaviour of the characters in the story.
2. The main character in the story is referred to as the ‘novella’.
6. ‘Plot’ is the narrative style of the author.

Corrected statements:
1. Characterization describes the behaviour of the characters in the story.
2. The main character in the story is referred to as the ‘protagonist’.
6. Plot is the course of events that make up the theme.

Question 2.
Rewrite the following statements in chronological order:
1. Mulkraj Anand, R.K. Narayan and Raja Rao were the major trio who prevailed in the period after that.
2. The novel originated as the literary form in England.
3. Indian novelists like Arvind Adiga, Arundhati Roy and Kiran Desai have dazzled with their writing.
4. Many stalwart novelists such as Charles Dickens, Walter Scott became famous.
Answer:
2. The novel originated as the literary form in England.
4. Many stalwart novelists such as Charles Dickens, Walter Scott became famous.
1. Mulkraj Anand, R.K. Narayan and Raja Rao were the major trio who prevailed in the period after that.
3. Indian novelists like Arvind Adiga, Arundhati Roy and Kiran Desai have dazzled with their writing.

Question 3.
List the types of novels.
Answer:
The types of novels are: Realistic
Novel, Picaresque Novel, Historical
Novel, Epistolary Novel, Gothic Novel, Autobiographical Novel, Allegorical Novel, Utopian/Dystopian Novel, Psychological Novel, Stream of Consciousness Novel, Bildungsroman Novel.

Question 4.
Choose the correct options from the brackets and fill in the blanks :
Answer:
1. The characters in the Realistic novel interact with other characters and undergo plausible and everyday experiences. (Realistic/Utopian)
2. A Picaresque novel narrates the adventures of the protagonist, who is an eccentric or a disreputable person, in an episodic form. (Picaresque/Realistic)
3. The Dystopian novel is about an imaginary community or society possessing the ideal qualities. (Dystopian/Picaresque)
4. In the Stream of Consciousness novel, the novelist narrates the character’s thoughts as they enter the mind of the character. (Stream of Consciousness/ Utopian)
5. The Bildungsroman novel is a fictional biography or autobiography which is concerned with the growth of the protagonist’s mind, spirit and character from childhood to adulthood. (Bildungsroman/Gothic)
6. The Gothic novel includes terror, mystery, horror, thriller, supernatural, doom, death or decay or haunted buildings. (Dystopian/Gothic)

Glossary:

1. genre – a style, especially in the arts, that involves a particular set of characteristics,
2. embellishing – decorating.
3. adopted – followed,
4. precursor – something that happened or existed before another thing,
5. profoundly – deeply,
6. elite – upper class.
7. aspirations – ambitions, desires,
8. encompass – include,
9. plenteous – plentiful,
10. stalwart – (here) a person who has achieved great recognition and appreciation,
11. innovative – new and original,
12. pageant – a colourful or impressive procession of people.
13. ameliorate – to make something better,
14. dazzling – shining.
15. satiric – sharp or sarcastic.
16. interweaving – combining; twisting together,
17. thumbnail sketch – brief description,
18. antagonist – a person who is opposed to the hero,
19. laconic – short and crisp.
20. plausible – believable,
21. eccentric – peculiar; crazy; out-of-the-way.
22. disreputable – not respectable.
23. speculative – unproven, unreal,
24. extraterrestrial – of or from outside the earth or its atmosphere.
25. amateur – inexperienced; unprofessional.