Category: Class 12

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 1.3 The Cop and the Anthem Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1.3 The Cop and the Anthem

12th English Digest Chapter 1.3 The Cop and the Anthem Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Suppose you have gone to a place where the winter season is very severe. Discuss with your partner the ways in which you would protect yourself in the cold climate. (The answer is given and underlined.)

Answer:

Question 2.
When you see a cop approaching, you feel either ‘relieved’ or ‘scared’. Discuss with your partner and write down the situations when you feel ‘relieved’ or ‘scared’.
Answer:
Relieved:
(a) You are walking alone in a dark street.
(b) There is a fight taking place near you.
(c) A group of rough-looking people are coming towards you on a lonely road.
Scared:
(a) You are riding a bike without a valid driving licence.
(b) You have broken a traffic signal.
(c) You have been involved in a fight.

Question 3.
Discuss some of the motivating things that can change a person’s life :
Answer:
(a) Listening to an inspiring speech
(b) Reading motivating books and biographies of great people
(c) Reading epics and religious books
(d) Observing successful/happy people or watching biopics of their lives.

(A1)

Question (i)
Discuss with your partner and find out the different ways in which Soapy tried ; to get arrested. The first one is given.
Answer:
(a) Tried to enter a luxurious cafe.
(b) Threw a stone and broke a shop window.
(c) Ate heartily at a restaurant and then said he had no money.
(d) Shouted and howled and raved and danced on the sidewalk.
(e) Stole an umbrella.

Question (ii)
Describe the atmosphere when Soapy reached near the Church.
Answer:
(a) A soft light glowed through the violet-stained window.
(b) Sweet music drifted out of the quaint, old church.
(c) There was a full, radiant moon, and few vehicles and pedestrians.
(d) Sparrows twittered sleepily in the eaves.

(A2)

Question (i)
Read the story and match the incidents given in Column A with the consequences given in Column B.

Answer:

1. Soapy tried to enter a cafe – Strong and ready hands of the head waiter turned him around.
2. Soapy broke a glass window – The cop ran after another man.
3. Two waiters pitched Soapy on the callous pavement – He stood up slowly beating the i dust from his clothes.
4. Soapy heard the anthem being played in the Church – Suddenly a wonderful change came in his heart.
5. Cop arrests Soapy for hanging around. – Dream of turning around in life was shattered.

Question (ii)
Give reasons and complete the following: (The answers are given directly and underlined.)
Answer:
(a) Soapy had confidence in himself because he was shaven, his coat was trim and he had a neat, black bow. The portion of him that showed above the table looked respectable and would raise no doubt in the waiter’s mind.
(b) The head waiter of the luxurious cafe did not allow Soapy to enter because he saw Soapy’s tattered trousers and old, worn out shoes, and knew that Soapy would not have money to pay for a meal.
(c) The cop did not arrest Soapy for breaking the glass window because Soapy was standing calmly and talking to him. The policeman felt that men who smash glass windows do not remain to chat with the police.
(d) The cop did not arrest Soapy for shouting and dancing because it was the time of celebrations for the local college boys. They were generally noisy but harmless, and he had been told by his superiors to let them be.

(iii) Pick out the lines from the text which show that:

Question (a)
Soapy wants to enter the cafe for two reasons.
Answer:
1. A roasted mallard duck, thought Soapy, would be about the thing with a bottle of wine and then some cheese, a cup of coffee and a cigar.
2. The meat would leave him filled and happy for the journey to his winter island.

Question (b)
Soapy was afraid that he won’t be able to enter the prison.
Answer:
It seemed that his route to the coveted island was not to be an easy one. Some other way of entering the limbo must be devised.

Question (c)
Soapy was not caught by the cop for throwing stones at the glass.
Answer:
1. The policeman refused to accept Soapy even as a clue.
2. The policeman saw a man half-way down the block running to catch a car. With drawn club he joined in the pursuit.

Question (d)
Soapy actually did not want the umbrella.
Answer:
He hurled the umbrella angrily into the excavation.

Question (e)
Listening to the anthem, Soapy remembered his good old days.
Answer:
He had known it well in the days when his life contained such things as mothers and roses and ambitions and friends and immaculate thoughts and collars.

Question (iv)
‘He would make a man of himself again’ – The word ‘man’ in the sentence means ……………….. .
Answer:
‘He would make a man of himself again’ – The word ‘man’ in the sentence means a responsible and worthy human being.

Question (v)
Soapy’s earlier life was much different from his present life. Complete the table to show this contrast. One is done for you.

Answer:

Earlier life	Present life
(a) contained friends and roses	(a) unworthy desires
(b) eager ambitions	(b) dead hopes, degraded days
(c) clean thoughts and clothes	(c) wrecked faculties and base motives

Question (vi)
After listening to the sweet and solemn organ notes, Soapy decides to:
Answer:
1. pull himself out of the mire, conquer the evil that had enslaved him and make a man of himself again
2. resurrect his old eager ambitions and pursue them without faltering
3. go into the roaring downtown district and find work

Question (vii)
Write an incident in which you did something wrong and repented for it later. Give reasons.
Answer:
A lady who stayed in my building used to shout at me for playing noisily under her window. One day, she shouted at me as usual from her window and went inside. I suddenly got angry and threw a stone at her window. The stone hit the glass which broke. I heard a loud shout of pain and ran away. I later came to know that she had been badly injured by the shattered glass. I repented for what I had done. Though I did not tell her that I was the culprit, I was very good to her after that.

(A3)

Question (i)
O’Henry has used different words to indicate prison where Soapy wants to reach. Make a list of those words from the extract.
Answer:
the island

Question (ii)
Find out the words used for the ‘degraded state of Soapy’.
Answer:

1. the pit into which he had tumbled
2. the degraded days
3. unworthy desires
4. dead hopes
5. wrecked faculties
6. base motives
7. mire
8. evil that had enslaved him.

Question (iii)
The specific meaning of word ‘anthem’ in the content of the story is:
Answer:
Anthem – a rousing or uplifting song.

(A4)

Question (i)
Convert the following sentences into the negative without changing their meanings:
(a) The policeman refused to accept Soapy even as a clue.
(b) Soapy drifted along, twice unsuccessful.
(c) Soapy stopped his unavailing racket.
(d) The island seemed very far away.
(e) The island seemed an unattainable Arcadia.
Answer:
(a) The policeman did not accept Soapy even as a clue.
(b) Soapy drifted along, twice not successful.
(c) Soapy stopped his racket which was not successful.
(d) The island seemed not at all near.
(e) The island seemed an Arcadia which was not attainable.

Question (ii)
Convert the following sentences into the affirmative without changing their meanings :
(a) Men who smash windows do not remain to chat with the police.
(b) On the opposite side of the street was a restaurant of no great pretensions.
(c) Why don’t you call a cop?
(d) Noisy; but no harm.
(e) They seemed to regard him as a King who could do no wrong.
Answer:
(a) Men who smash windows refrain from remaining to chat with the police.
(b) On the opposite side of the street was a very ordinary restaurant.
(c) Please call a cop.
(d) Noisy; but harmless.
(e) They seemed to regard him as a King who was always right.

(A5)

Question (i)
‘Forgiveness is often better than punishment’. Write two paragraphs – one for and another against this notion.
Answer:
1. To err is human, to forgive is divine.

We all make mistakes. Nobody is perfect. That is why we are human. However, mistakes should be forgiven if there is sufficient repentance. Forgiveness will make the guilty person feel ashamed of his conduct and he will not repeat it. It is easy to punish but very difficult to forgive someone. It needs a big heart and a lot of kindness. If we punish the guilty person we will only make him more defiant. If punishing someone could have solved the problem, criminals who have been jailed would never have repeated the crime. But this is not found to be so. Just as God forgives us our mistakes, we should forgive others their mistakes too.

2. Punishment is the only answer

Forgiveness may work in certain cases, but there are hardened criminals who will not respond to forgiveness. They will only be stopped by punishment. If a person has murdered another in cold blood, will he improve by forgiveness? Never. He has to be punished severely so that he does not repeat it and society feels safe.

People only fear punishment. It can be easily seen at traffic signals – if there is no policeman to punish you, most people will break the signal. Then there will be chaos. If there is no punishment and no prisons, people will do whatever they want – rob, kill, etc. – and go off freely. No, in a society where it is not possible to expect everyone to have high values, punishment for misdeeds is the only solution.

Question (ii)
You are the class representative and you have been asked by the Principal to conduct an interview of a cop. Frame 8-10 questions with the help of the following points, give introduction and conclusion.

• reasons for joining the department
• special trainings
• developing the skill to identify and locate criminals
• dealing with criminals
• achievements and awards

Answer:
Good morning, Mr. Pawar. Congratulations on your excellent work in finding the bank robbers. May I ask you a few questions about your life? Thank you.

1. When did you join the police department?
2. Which examinations did you have to clear for the post?
3. What were your reasons for joining the department?
4. Did you have to go through any special training sessions?
5. What type of criminals do you come across most in this area-thieves, killers, molesters,
   etc?
6. How do you identify or locate criminals?
7. Once you catch the culprit-say a thief-how do you deal with him?
8. Can you tell me something about your achievements and awards?
9. How can you motivate others to join the force?
10. Any message to college students?

Thank you, Sir, for sparing the time for this interview. It will be published in our school magazine. Good day.

(A6)

Question (i)
Make a list of jobs which would give you an opportunity to help the society or serve the country. Also mention the different ways in which they can be beneficial to the people and also the country,

Question (ii)
Go to your school/college library and read some other stories by O’Henry like, ‘The Gift of the Magi’, ‘The Last Leaf and ‘After Twenty years’. Write the stories in short in your notebook.

Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 1.3 The Cop and the Anthem Additional Important Questions and Answers

Read the extract and complete the activities given below:

Global Understanding:

Question 1.
Name the following:
Answer:

1. This is where Soapy stopped at a luxurious cafe
2. This had been a gift to Soapy: a neat, black bow
3. This is what Soapy wanted to eat: a roasted mallard duck, some cheese a bottle of wine, a cup of coffee
4. This is what Soapy wanted to drink: Soapy’s tattered
5. This is what the head waiter noticed:trousers and old shoes
6. This is where Soapy was left by the head: on the sidewalk

Question 1.
Write if the following sentences are True or False. Correct the False sentences:
1. Soapy broke the glass of the shop window.
2. Nobody heard the breaking of the window.
3. The policeman chased Soapy.
4. Soapy did not run away from the place.
5. The restaurant Soapy entered was an ordinary one.
6. The policeman ate beefsteak, flapjacks, doughnuts and pie.
Answer:
True sentences:
1. Soapy broke the glass of the shop window.
4. Soapy did not run away from the place.
5. The restaurant Soapy entered was an ordinary one.

False sentences:
2. Nobody heard the breaking of the window.
3. The policeman chased Soapy.
6. The policeman ate beefsteak, flapjacks, doughnuts and pie.

Corrected sentences:
1. A policeman as well as some people heard the breaking of the window.
2. The policeman chased a man running to catch a car.
3. Soapy ate beefsteak, flapjacks, doughnuts and pie.

Question 2.
Complete the table:
(The answers is given directly and underlined.)
Answer:

The Words	mo said	To whom
1. Noisy, but no harm	A policeman	A citizen
2. I took it.	Soapy	The umbrella man
3. You know how these mistakes occur.	The umbrella man	Soapy
4. Of course it’s mine!	Soapy	The umbrella man
5. We’ve instructions to let them be.	A policeman	A citizen
6. I hope you’ll excuse me.	The umbrella man	Soapy

Question 3.
Rearrange the following sentences according to their occurrence in the extract:

1. Soapy decided to go into the downtown district and find work.
2. A policeman caught Soapy’s arm.
3. Soapy saw a quaint old church.
4. Soapy’s ears caught sweet music.

Answer:

1. Soapy saw a quaint old church.
2. Soapy’s ears caught sweet music.
3. Soapy decided to go into the downtown district and find work.
4. A policeman caught Soapy’s arm.

Question 4.
Complete the following:
(The answers are given directly and underlined.)
Answer:

1. A soft light glowed through one violet-stained window.
2. Soapy came to a standstill on an unusually quiet corner.
3. Soapy stood without moving near the iron fence listening to the anthem that the organist played.
4. Soapy planned to resurrect his old eager ambitions.

Answer the following in a few words each:

Question 1.
Who was lighting a cigar?
Answer:
A well-dressed man

Question 2.
Who twirled his club?
Answer:
A policeman

Question 3.
Who grabbed the umbrella?
Answer:
Soapy

Question 4.
Whom did the policeman help?
Answer:
A tall blonde

Complex Factual:

Question 1.
Give reasons and complete the following:
(The answers are given directly and underlined.)
Answer:
Soapy was disgusted with the policeman because he refused to accept that Soapy had broken the window, and he rushed off to chase another man.

Question 2.
Complete the web:
(The answers are given directly and underlined.)
Answer:

Question 3.
Describe Soapy’s behaviour on the sidewalk.
Answer:
On the sidewalk Soapy began to yell drunken meaningless things at the top of his harsh voice. He danced, howled, spoke wildly and made a big disturbance.

Question 4.
Describe the wonderful change in Soapy’s soul.
Answer:
After listening to the anthem, Soapy remembers his earlier life, and is horrified to realize that he has indeed become a degraded person. He decides to pull himself out of the pit into which he has fallen and make a man of himself again. He determines to bring back to his life his old eager ambitions and pursue them. He makes up his mind to take up a job.

Question 5.
Describe the end of the story in your own words.
Answer:
Initially Soapy had felt that he would like to pass the winter months in prison, and he makes several efforts to get himself arrested. The notes of anthem transform him from within and he decides to give up his evil ways and become a man again. He resolves to work hard. At that very moment, ironically, a policeman arrests him for loitering and he is sent to prison for three months. Soapy faces the irony of fate as the moment he realizes that real freedom lies in a virtuous life, he is taken into confinement.

Question 6.
Complete the following:
Soapy was angry because ………..
Answer:
Soapy was angry because when he wanted to fall into the clutches of the policemen. In order to be arrested, they seemed to regard him as a king who could do nothing wrong.

Inference/Interpretation/Analysis:

Question 1.
Complete the following:
(The answers are given directly and underlined.)
Answer:
Soapy took a stone because he wanted to break the glass of the shop window. This would result in a policeman arresting him for this act, and he would be imprisoned for the winter, which was exactly what he wanted.

Discuss the hidden meaning in the expressions/sentences.

Question 1.
It catered to large appetites and modest purses.
Answer:
The restaurant prepared food for ordinary workers who had large appetites but very little money.

Question 2.
He told the waiter the fact that the minutest coin and himself were total strangers.
Answer:
He told the waiter that he did not have any money.

Question 3.
A voice like butter cakes and an eye like the cherry in the Manhattan cocktail.
Answer:
A very smooth voice and a hard, stony eye (a tough person).

Question 4.
Discuss the meaning in the context:
He caught at the immediate straw of ‘disorderly conduct’.
Answer:
Soapy wanted to be arrested by a policeman and imprisoned. However, his efforts towards this end had been unsuccessful, and he was worried that he would continue to be unsuccessful. When he suddenly came upon a policeman lounging in front of a theatre, an idea struck him. He felt that if he shouted and screamed and made a lot of noise, he would be arrested for behaving in a dangerous and disturbing way in public, and would be imprisoned, which was what he wanted.

Question 5.
Complete the following:
(The answer is given directly and underlined.)
Answer:
Soapy was angry because even after he had stolen a man’s umbrella, the man did not report him to the police, but instead apologized and said that perhaps he (the umbrella man) had made a mistake.

Question 6.
The umbrella man did not call a policeman. Give reasons for this.
Answer:
The umbrella man had himself probably stolen the umbrella from somewhere. When Soapy picked up the umbrella, the man first thought that he could get it back. But when Soapy spoke about calling a policeman, the man thought that the umbrella was actually Soapy’s, and Soapy would hand him over to the police. Hence, he apologized quickly and walked away without calling a policeman.

Personal Response:

Question 1.
Give your opinion about Soapy’s desire to enter prison.
Answer:
I find it very strange that a person can actually want to enter prison, whatever be the reason. At least, from what I know of prisons, they are terrible places, and one has a very difficult time there. However, Soapy has obviously been to prison before, and probably enjoys the free food and protection from the winter that he gets there.

Question 2.
Have you ever bought/eaten something and then found that you did not have enough money to pay for it? Describe your feeling at that time.
Answer:
Yes, it happened to me once. I went to a mall and bought a jacket for myself. I had been looking at a lot of jackets and I got confused with the prices. Finally, when the cashier was making the bill, I found that the jacket I had chosen was very expensive and I did not have enough money to pay for it. I was very embarrassed to tell the cashier this, but I had to. He gave me an angry look.

Question 3.
Have you ever stolen/wanted to steal anything? Narrate in brief.
Answer:
Yes, when I was about 12 years old, I stole my friend’s remote-controlled toy car, which his uncle had sent him from abroad. It was a beautiful car. However, when I was playing with it at home my mother saw me, and she made me return the car. I later felt very ashamed of myself, but fortunately my friend forgave me.

Language Study.

Question 1.
If only he could reach a table in the restaurant unsuspected, success would be his.
(Rewrite using ‘unless’.)
Answer:
Unless he could reach a table in the restaurant unsuspected, success would not be his.

Question 2.
One dollar for the cigar would be enough.
(Add a question tag.)
Answer:
One dollar for the cigar would be enough, wouldn’t it?

Question 3.
Some other way of entering the limbo must be devised.
(Use an infinitive in place of a gerund.)
Answer:
Some other way to enter the limbo must be devised.

Question 4.
He had set his silk umbrella by the door on entering. (Rewrite using the verb form of the underlined word.)
Answer:
He had set his silk umbrella by the door when he entered.

Question 5.
At length Soapy reached one of the avenues to the east. (Rewrite using another adverb phrase with the same meaning as the underlined phrase.)
Answer:
After a long time Soapy reached one of the avenues to the east.

Question 6.
On an unusually quiet corner, Soapy came to a standstill. (Rewrite using ‘that’.)
Answer:
Soapy came to a standstill on a corner that was unusually quiet.

Vocabulary:

Question 1.
Guess the meaning of the following in the context:
1. winter island
2. eye fell upon
Answer:
1. winter island – prison.
2. eye fell upon – saw or noticed.

Question 2.
O’Henry has used different words to indicate prison, where Soapy wants to reach. Make a list of those words from the extract.
Answer:

1. winter island
2. coveted island
3. limbo

Question 3.
Make sentences using the following words/expressions :
1. eye fell upon
2. strolled
Answer:
1. My eye fell upon the clock, and I sat up with shock.
2. Seema strolled along the beach, enjoying the breeze.

Question 4.
Guess the meaning of:

1. napery
2. betook
3. brass buttons

Answer:

1. napery – table linen.
2. betook – to cause oneself to go.
3. brass buttons – the police.

Question 5.
O’Henry has used different words to indicate prison where Soapy wants to reach. Make a list of those words from the extract:
Answer:
the island

Question 6.
Fill in the blanks with the correct nouns from the extract:

1. friendly
2. electric
3. large
4. callous

Answer:

1. friendly voice
2. electric lights
3. large appetites
4. callous pavement

Question 7.
O’Henry has used different words to indicate prison where Soapy wants to reach. Make a list of those words from the extract.
Answer:
the island, Arcadia

Question 8.
Pick out four verbs in the simple past tense from the extract.
Answer:
danced, howled, raved, disturbed

Question 9.
Match the words in Column A with the meanings in Column B :
Answer:

1. disconsolate – very unhappy
2. sauntered – walked in a relaxed manner
3. raved – spoke wildly
4. rendered – made

Non-Textual Grammar

Do as directed:

Question 1.
Shivani found a small box and dropped her bangles inside.
(Rewrite the sentence, beginning ‘Finding …)
Answer:
Finding a small box, Shivani dropped her bangles inside.

Question 2.
Sunlight from the window made her black hair appear brown. (Rewrite using ‘that’.)
Answer:
Sunlight that came from the window made her black hair appear brown.

Question 3.
On the day the school closed for the summer, no student was more delighted than Rithik.
(Change the degree.)
Answer:
1. On the day the school closed for the summer, Rithik was the most delighted student. – Superlative degree
2. On the day the school closed for the summer, Rithik was more delighted than any other student. – Comparative degree

Spot the error in the following sentences and rewrite them correctly:

Question 1.
There is room for much boxes in this cupboard.
Answer:
There is room for many boxes in this cupboard.

Question 2.
If I requires help for him in public places, I was not embarrassed to seek it from people around.
Answer:
If I required help for him in public places, I was not embarrassed to seek it from people around.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board 12th Biology Textbook Solutions Chapter 9 Control and Co-ordination Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Biology Solutions Chapter 9 Control and Co-ordination

1. Multiple choice questions

Question 1.
The nervous system of mammals uses both electrical and chemical means to send signals via neurons. Which part of the neuron receives impulse?
(a) Axon
(b) Dendron
(c) Nodes of Ranvier
(d) Neurilemma
Answer:
(b) Dendron

Question 2.
……………. is a neurotransmitter.
(a) ADH
(b) Acetyl CoA
(c) Acetyl choline
(d) Inositol
Answer:
(c) Acetyl choline

Question 3.
The supporting cells that produce myelin sheath in the PNS are …………….
(a) Oligodendrocytes
(b) Satellite cells
(c) Astrocytes
(d) Schwann cells
Answer:
(d) Schwann cells

Question 4.
A collection of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS is called …………….
(a) tract
(b) nucleus
(c) nerve
(d) ganglion
Answer:
(d) ganglion

Question 5.
Receptors for protein hormones are located …………….
(a) in cytoplasm
(b) on cell surface
(c) in nucleus
(d) on Golgi complex
Answer:
(b) on cell surface

Question 6.
If parathyroid gland of man Eire removed, the specific result will be …………….
(a) onset of aging
(b) disturbance of Ca⁺⁺
(c) onset of myxoedema
(d) elevation of blood pressure
Answer:
(b) disturbance of Ca⁺⁺

Question 7.
Hormone thyroxine, adrenaline and non¬adrenaline are formed from ……………
(a) Glycine
(b) Arginine
(c) Ornithine
(d) Tyrosine
Answer:
(d) Tyrosine

Question 8.
Pheromones are chemical messengers produced by animals and released outside the body. The odour of these substance affects …………….
(a) skin colour
(b) excretion
(c) digestion
(d) behaviour
Answer:
(d) behaviour

Question 9.
Which one of the following is a set of discrete endocrine gland?
(a) Salivary glands, thyroid, adrenal, ovary
(b) Adrenal, testis, ovary, liver
(c) Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, thymus
(d) Pituitary, pancreas, adrenal, thymus
Answer:
(c) Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, thymus

Question 10.
After ovulation, Graafian follicle changes into …………….
(a) corpus luteum
(b) corpus albicans
(c) corpus spongiosum
(d) corpus callosum
Answer:
(a) corpus luteum

Question 11.
Which one of the following pairs correctly matches a hormone with a disease resulting from its deficiency?
(a) Parathyroid hormone – Diabetes insipidus
(b) Luteinising hormone – Diabetes mellitus
(c) Insulin – Hyperglycaemia
(d) Thyroxine – Tetany
Answer:
(c) Insulin – Hyperglycaemia

Question 12.
……………. is in direct contact of brain in humans.
(a) Cranium
(b) Dura mater
(c) Arachnoid
(d) Pia mater
Answer:
(d) Pia mater

2. Very very short answer questions.

Question 1.
What is the function of red nucleus?
Answer:
Red nucleus plays an important role in controlling posture and muscle tone, modifying some motor activities and motor coordination.

Question 2.
What is the importance of corpora quadrigemina?
Answer:
Corpora quadrigemina consists of 4 solid rounded structures, viz. superior and inferior colliculi. Superior colliculi control visual reflexes while inferior colliculi control auditory reflexes.

Question 3.
What does the cerebellum of brain control?
Answer:
Cerebellum of brain is an important centre which maintains equilibrium of body, posture, balancing orientation, moderation of voluntary movements and maintenance of muscle tone.

Question 4.
Name the three ear ossicles.
Answer:
Malleus [hammer], incus [anvil] and stapes [stirrup].

Question 5.
Name the anti abortion hormone.
Answer:
Progesterone.

Question 6.
Name an organ which acts as temporary endocrine gland.
Answer:
Placenta. Corpus luteum in ovary.

Question 7.
Name the type of hormones which bind to the DNA and alter the gene expression.
Answer:
Steroid hormones.

Question 8.
What is the cause of abnormal elongation of long bones of arms and legs and of lower jaw.
Answer:
Hypersecretion of growth hormones in adults causes abnormal elongation of long bones of arms and legs and of lower jaw i.e. acromegaly.

Question 9.
Name the hormone secreted by the pineal gland.
Answer:
Melatonin.

Question 10.
Which endocrine gland plays important, role in improving immunity?
Answer:
The endocrine gland, thymus plays an important role in improving immunity.

3. Match the organism with the type of nervous system found in them.

Column A	Column B
(1) Neurons	(a) Earthworm
(2) Ladder type	(b) Hydra
(3) Ganglion	(c) Flatworm
(4) Nerve net	(d) Human

Answer:

Column A	Column B
(1) Neurons	(d) Human
(2) Ladder type	(c) Flatworm
(3) Ganglion	(a) Earthworm
(4) Nerve net	(b) Hydra

4. Very short answer questions.

Question 1.
Describe the endocrine role of islets of Langerhans.
OR
Islets of Langerhans.
Answer:
Endocrine cells of pancreas form groups of cells called Islets of Langerhans. There are four kinds of cells in islets of Langerhans which secrete hormones.

1. Alpha (α) cells : They are 20% and secrete glucagon. Glucagon is a hyperglycemic hormone. It stimulates liver for glucogenolysis and increases the blood glucose level.
2. Beta (β) cells : They are 70% and secrete insulin. Insulin is a hypoglycemic hormone. It stimulates liver and muscles for glycogenesis. This lowers blood glucose level.
3. Delta (δ) cells : They are 5% and secrete somatostatin. Somatostatin inhibits the secretion of glucagon and insulin. It also decreases the gastric secretions, motility and absorption in digestive tract. In general it is a growth inhibiting factor.
4. PP cells or F cells : They form 5%. They secrete pancreatic polypeptide (PP) which inhibits the release of pancreatic juice.

Question 2.
Mention the function of testosterone?
Answer:
Testosterone is a steroid sex hormone secreted by testes and cortex of adrenal glands. It controls the secondary sexual characters in males.

Question 3.
Give symptoms of the disease caused by hyposecretion of ADH.
Answer:
Polydipsia, i.e. frequent thirst and polyuria, i.e. frequent urination are the symptoms of the disease caused by hyposecretion of ADH.

5. Short answer questions

Question 1.
Rakesh got hurt on his head when he fell down from his motorbike. Which inner membranes must have protected his brain? What other roles do they have to play
Answer:

1. When Rakesh fell down from his motorbike, the inner membranes that protected his brain were meninges, viz. dura mater, arachnoid membrane and pia mater. Morevover, CSF must have also acted as a shock absorber.
2. Dura mater : It is the outer tough membrane protective in function.
3. Arachnoid membrane : It is the middle web-like membrane which communicates with fluids of upper sub dural space and lower sub arachnoid space.
4. Pia mater : It is the innermost highly vascularised nutritive membrane in close contact with brain and spinal cord.

Question 2.
Injury to medulla oblongata may prove fatal.
OR
Injury to medulla oblongata causes sudden death. Explain.
Answer:

1. Medulla oblongata is the region of the brain that controls all the involuntary activities.
2. Vital activities such as heartbeats, respiration, vasomotor activities, peristalsis, etc. are under the control of medulla oblongata.
3. When medulla oblongata is injured, all these vital functions are instantly stopped.
4. Therefore, injury to medulla oblongata causes sudden death.

Question 3.
Distinguish between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system on the basis of the effect they have on:
Heartbeat andUrinary Bladder.
Answer:

Sympathetic Nervous System	Parasympathetic	Nervous System
(1) Heartbeat	Increases	Decreases
(2) Urinary bladder	Relaxes and stores urine	Contracts causing micturition

Question 4.
While holding a tea cup Mr. Kothari’s hands rattle. Which disorder he may be suffering from and what is the reason for this?
Answer:

1. This condition is due to Parkinson’s disease.
2. It is due to degeneration of dopamine- producing neurons in the CNS.
3. 80% of the patients develop this condition along with stiffness, difficulty in walking, balance and coordination.

Question 5.
List the properties of the nerve fibres.
Answer:

1. Excitability / irritability
2. Conductivity
3. Stimulus
4. Summation
5. All or none
6. Refractory period
7. Synaptic delay
8. Synaptic fatigue
9. Velocity.

Question 6.
How does tongue detect the sensation of taste?
Answer:

1. The surface of tongue is with gustatoreceptors.
2. These receptors are sensitive to the chemicals [sweet, salt, sour, bitter and umami (savory)] present in the food.
3. The receptor cells get stimulated, generate the impulse which is given to the sensory neuron.

Question 7.
State the site of production and function of Secretin, Gastrin and Cholecystokinin.
Answer:

Hormone	Site of production	Functions
1. Secretin	Duodenal mucosa	Stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice and bile from pancreas and liver respectively.
2. Gastrin	Gastric mucosa	Stimulates gastric glands to secrete gastric juice.
3. Cholecystokinin	Duodenal mucosa	Stimulates pancreas and gall bladder to release pancreatic enzymes and bile respectively.

Question 8.
An adult patient suffers from low heart rate, low metabolic rate and low body temperature. He also lacks alertness, intelligence and initiative. What can be this disease? What can be its cause and cure ?
Answer:

1. The above symptoms indicate that the person is suffering from Myxoedema.
2. Myxoedema is condition caused due to hypothyroidism.
3. Hypothyroidism causes deficiency of thyroid hormones like T₃ and T₄ (thyroxine). This results in low BMR.
4. This condition can be cured by giving injections of thyroxine or tablets containing hormone preparation.

Question 9.
Where is the pituitary gland located? Enlist the hormones secreted by anterior pituitary.
Answer:
The pituitary gland is attached to hypothalamus on the ventral surface of brain. It is lodged in a bony depression called sella turcica of sphenoid bone.
For names of hormones:

1. GH : [Growth Hormone/STH : Somatotropic Hormone]
2. TSH/TTH – [Thyroid Stimulating Hormone/ Thyrotropic Hormone]
3. ACTH – [adrenocorticotropic hormone]
4. PRL – [prolactin]

Gonadotropins-

1. FSH [follicle stimulating hormone]
2. LH/ICSH – [leutinizing hormone/ interstitial cells stimulating hormone]

Question 10.
Explain how the adrenal medulla and sympathetic nervous system function as a closely integrated system.
Answer:

1. Adrenal medulla originates from embryonic neuro – ectoderm.
2. It consists of rounded group of large granular cells called chromaffin cells. They are modified post-ganglionic cells of sympathetic nervous system which have lost normal processes and acquired glandular function.
3. These cells are connected with pre-ganglionic fibres of sympathetic nervous system.
4. Hence adrenal medulla is an extension of sympathetic nervous system.
5. Thus adrenal medulla and sympathetic nervous system functions as a closely integrated system.

Question 11.
Name the secretion of alpha, beta and delta cells of islets of Langerhans. Explain their role.
Answer:

Pancreatic islet cells	Secretion	Functions
1. Alpha cells	Glucagon	Stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver
2. Beta cells	Insulin	Stimulates glycogenesis in the liver and muscles
3. Delta cells	Somatostatin	Inhibits the secretion of glucagon and insulin. It also decreases the gastric secretions, motility and absorption in digestive tract.

Question 12.
Which are the two types of goitre? What are their causes?
Answer:
(1) Goitre is the enlargement of thyroid gland. It is easily visible at the base of neck when a person is suffering from it.

(2) Goitre is of two types.

1. Simple goitre : It is also called endemic goitre. This is due to iodine deficiency in the food. This causes iodine deficit in blood. In an attempt to take more iodine from blood, the blood supply to the gland increases. This results in swelling on the thyroid.
2. Exophthalmic goitre : It is also called toxic goitre. This is due to hyperactive thyroid gland. This can happen if there is overstimulation of thyroid due to excess of ACTH. This disorder is also called Grave’s disease or hyperthyroidism.

Question 13.
Name the ovarian hormone and give their functions.
Answer:

Hormone	Functions
Oestrogen	It is responsible for secondary sexual characters in female.
Progesterone	Essential for thickening of uterine endometrium, thus preparing the uterus for implantation of fertilized ovum. It is responsible for development of mammary glands during pregnancy. It inhibits uterine contractions during pregnancy.
Relaxin	It relaxes the cervix of the pregnant female and ligaments of pelvic girdle during parturition.
Inhibin	It inhibits the FSH and GnRH production.

6. Answer the following.

Complete the table.

Location	Cell type	Function
PNS	————-	Produce myelin sheath.
PNS	Satellite cells	————-
————	Oligodendrocytes	Form myelin sheath around central axon.
CNS	————	Pathogens are destroyed by phagocytosis. (Phagocytose)
CNS	————	Form the epithelial lining of brain cavities and central canal.

Answer:

Location	Cell type	Function
PNS	Schwann cells	Produce myelin sheath.
PNS	Satellite cells	Supply nutrients to surrounding neurons, protect and cushion nearby neurons.
CNS	Oligodendrocytes	Form myelin sheath around central axon.
CNS	Microglia	Pathogens are destroyed by phagocytosis. (Phagocytose)
CNS	Ependyma	Form the epithelial lining of brain cavities and central canal.

7. Long answer questions.

Question 1.
Explain the process of conduction of nerve impulses up to development of action potential.
Answer:

1. The origin and maintenance of resting potential depends on the original state of no stimulation.
2. Any stimulus or disturbance to the membrane will make the membrane permeable to Na⁺ ions. This causes rapid influx of Na⁺ ions.
3. The voltage gated Na⁺/K⁺ channels are unique. They can change the potential difference of the membrane as per the stimulus received and also the gates operate separately and are self closing.
4. During resting potential, both gates are closed and resting potential is maintained.
5. However during depolarization, the Na⁺ channels open but not the K⁺ channels. This causes Na⁺ to rush into the axon and bring about a depolarisation. This condition is called action potential.
6. Extra cellular fluid (ECF) becomes electronegative with respect to the inner membrane which becomes electropositive.

Question 2.
Draw the neat labelled diagrams.
a. Human ear.
Answer:

b. Sectional view of human eye.
Answer:

c. Draw the neat labelled diagram of sagittal section or L.S. of human brain
Answer:

d. Draw the neat labelled diagram of Multipolar Neuron.
Answer:

Question 3.
Answer the questions after observing the diagram given below.

a. What do the synaptic vesicles contain?
Answer:
Synaptic vesicles contain a neurotransmitter – acetyl choline.

b. What process is used to release the neurotransmitter ?
Answer:
Exocytosis.

c. What should be the reason for the next impulse to be conducted?
Answer:
Removal of neurotransmitter by the action of acetyl cholinesterase.

d. Will the impulse be carried by post synaptic membrane even if one pre-synaptic neuron is there?
Answer:
As far as impulse is transmitted by pre-synaptic neuron, it will be received by post-synaptic neuron.

e. Can you name the channel responsible for their transmission?
Answer:
Ca⁺⁺ channel

Question 4.
Explain the Reflex Pathway with the help of a neat labelled diagram.
OR
With the help of a neat and labelled diagram, describe reflex arc.
Answer:

I. Reflex action : Reflex action Is defined as a quick, automatic involuntary and often unconscious action brought about when the receptors are stimulated by external or internal stimuli.

II. Reflex arc : Reflex actions are controlled by CNS. Reflex arc is the structural or functional unit of reflex action. Simple reflex arc is formed of the following five components.
(1) Receptor organ : The sensory part that receives the stimulus is called receptor organ. It can be any sense organ that receives the stimulus and converts it into the impulse, e.g. skin, eye, ear, tongue, nasal epithelium, etc.

(2) Sensory neuron or afferent neuron:
Sensory part carrying impulse from receptor organ to CNS is called sensory neuron. Its cyton is located in dorsal root ganglion. Its dendron is long and connected to receptor while the axon enters in the grey matter of spinal cord to form a synapse.

(3) Association, adjustor or intermediate neuron : It is present in the grey matter of spinal cord. Receiving impulse from sensory neuron, interpreting it and generating motor impulse are done by association neuron.
(4) Motor neuron (effector) : The cyton of motor neuron is present in the ventral horn of grey matter and axon travels through ventral root. It conducts motor impulse from spinal cord to effector organ.

(5) Effector organ : Effector organ is a specialized part of the body which is excited by receiving the motor impulse. It gives proper response to the stimulus, e.g. muscles or glands. The path of reflex action is followed by the unidirectional impulse. It originates in the receptor organ and ends in effector organ through CNS.

Question 5.
Krishna was going to school and on the way he saw a major bus accident. His heartbeat increased and hands and feet become cold. Name the part of the nervous system that had a role to play in this reaction.
Answer:

1. The symptoms observed in Krishna were due to sympathetic nervous system. Emergency conditions trigger sympathetic nervous system to stimulate adrenal medulla.
2. The cells of adrenal medulla secrete catecholamines like adrenaline and nor¬adrenaline.
3. These hormones have direct effect on the pacemaker of the heart which causes increase in the heart rate and other associated symptoms.
4. This is a typical fright reaction caused by intervention of sympathetic nervous system.

Question 6.
What will be the effect of thyroid gland atrophy on the human body?
Answer:

1. Atrophy means degeneration. Atrophy of thyroid gland will result in deficient secretion of thyroid hormones leading to hypothyroidism. Deficiency of thyroid hormones [T₃ and T₄] and thyrocalcitonin will cause following effects on the body.
2. Decrease in BMR i.e. basal metabolic rate, decrease in the blood pressure, heart beat, body temperature, etc.
3. Occurrence of myxoedema in which there is abnormal deposition of fats under the skin giving puffy appearance in adults.
4. Irregularities in menstrual cycle in case of female patients.
5. Hair become brittle and fall.
6. Calcium metabolism also disturbs due to lack of thyrocalcitonin.

Question 7.
Write the names of hormones and the glands secreting them for the regulation of following functions
(a) Growth of thyroid and secretion of thyroxine.
Answer:
TSH by adenohypophysis.

(b) Helps in relaxing pubic ligaments to facilitate easy birth of young ones.
Answer:
Relaxin by degenerating corpus luteum of the ovary.

(c) Stimulate intestinal glands to secrete intestinal juice.
Answer:
Secretin by duodenal mucosa.

(d) Controls calcium level in the blood.
Answer:
Calcitonin [hypocalcemic hormone] by thyroid and parathormone [ hypercalcemic hormone] by parathyroid glands.

(e) Controls tubular absorption of water in kidneys.
Answer:
ADH by hypothalamus.

(f) Urinary elimination of water.
Answer:
Atrial natriuretic factor by atria of heart.

(g) Sodium and potassium ion metabolism.
Answer:
Aldosterone by adrenal cortex.

(h) Basal Metabolic rate.
Answer:
T₃ and T₄ by thyroid gland.

(I) Uterine contraction.
Answer:
Oxytocin by hypothalamus.

(j) Heartbeat and blood pressure.
Answer:
Adrenaline, non-adrenaline [stimulation] and acetylcholine [inhibition] by adrenal medulla.

(k) Secretion of growth hormone.
Answer:
GHRF by hypothalamus.

(l) Maturation of Graafian follicle.
Answer:
FSH by anterior pituitary.

Question 8.
Explain the role of hypothalamus and pituitary as a coordinated unit in maintaining homeostasis.
Answer:

1. Homeostasis is maintenance of constant internal environment of the body.
2. When certain hormones from any endocrine glands are secreted in excess quantity, the : inhibiting factors from hypothalamus, automatically exert negative feedback and stop the production of stimulating hormones from pituitary.
3. Similarly, if any hormone is in deficit, then j the concerned gland is given message through releasing factor. This way the hormone production remains in a balanced state or homeostasis.
4. E.g. If thyroxine from thyroid gland is secreted in excess, the secretion of TSH from pituitary is stopped by stopping the production of TRF from hypothalamus.
5. Though most of the endocrine glands are under the influence of pituitary gland, it is in turn controlled by hypothalamus.
6. Hypothalamus secretes releasing factors and inhibiting factors and hence regulate the secretions of pituitary (hypophysis).
7. There is negative feedback mechanism in controlling the secretions of the endocrine glands.
8. Hypothalamus forms the hypothalamo- hypophyseal axis through which transportation of neurohormones take place.

Following are the releasing and inhibiting factors produced by hypothalamus:

1. Somatotropin/GHRF : It stimulates release of growth hormone.
2. Somatostatin/GHRIF : It inhibits the release of growth hormone.
3. Adrenocorticotropin Releasing Hormone / CRF : It stimulates the release of ACTH by the anterior pituitary gland.
4. Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone /TRF : It stimulates the release of TSH by anterior pituitary gland.
5. Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) : It stimulates pituitary to secrete gonadotropins.
6. Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (Prolactostatin) : It inhibits prolactin released by anterior pituitary gland.
7. Gastrin Releasing Peptide (GRP).
8. Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP).

Question 9.
What is adenohypophysis ? Name the hormones secreted by it.
Answer:

1. Adenohypophysis is the large anterior lobe of pituitary gland.
2. It is derived from embryonic ectoderm in the form of Rathke’s pouch which is a small outgrowth from the roof of embryonic stomodaeum.
3. It is made up of epitheloid secretory cells.

It secretes following hormones:

1. GH : [Growth Hormone/STH : Somatotropic Hormone]
2. TSH/TTH – [Thyroid Stimulating Hormone/ Thyrotropic Hormone]
3. ACTH – [adrenocorticotropic hormone]
4. PRL – [prolactin]

Gonadotropins-

1. FSH [follicle stimulating hormone]
2. LH/ICSH – [leutinizing hormone/ interstitial cells stimulating hormone]

Question 10.
Describe, in brief, an account of disorders of adrenal gland.
Answer:
(1) Disorders of adrenal cortical secretions are caused due to hyposecretion and hypersecretion of adrenal corcoid hormones.

(2) Hyposecretion of corticosteroids causes Addison’s disease.

(3) The symptoms of Addison’s disease are low blood sugar, low body temperature, feeble heart action, low BR acidosis, low Na⁺ and K⁺ concentration in plasma, excessive loss of Na⁺ and water in urine, impaired kidney functioning and kidney failure, etc. it leads to weight loss, general weakness, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea.

(4) Hypersecretion of corticoids causes Cushing’s disease.

(5) The symptoms of Cushing’s disease are high blood sugar level, glucosuria, alkalosis, enhancement of total quantity of electrolytes in extracellular fluid, polydipsia, increased BR muscle paralysis, obesity, wasting of limb muscles, etc.

Question 11.
Explain action of steroid hormones and proteinous hormones.
OR
Explain the mode of action of steroid hormones.
Answer:
The hormones always act on their target organs or tissues to induce their effects. The target tissues have specific binding sites or receptor sites which contain hormone receptors.
I. Steroid hormones:

1. The steroid hormones are lipid soluble and can easily cross the lipoproteinous plasma membrane.
2. The hormone receptors for steroid hormones are present in cytoplasm or in nucleus.
3. Hormone-receptor complex formed in cytoplasm enters the nucleus and regulate the gene expression or chromosome function.
4. In some cases the receptors are present inside the nucleus where hormone receptor complex is formed.
5. These complexes interact with the genome to evoke biochemical changes that result in physiological and developmental functions.

II. Protein hormones:

1. The hormone receptors for protein hormones are present on the cell membrane (i.e. membrane bound receptors).
2. When the hormone binds to its receptor, it forms hormone-receptor complex. Each receptor is specific to a specific hormone.
3. The hormones which interact with membrane bound receptors normally do not enter the target cell but generate second messengers. Such as cyclic AMP Ca⁺⁺ or IP (Inositol triphosphate), etc.
4. This leads to certain biochemical changes : in the target tissue.
5. Thus, the tissue metabolism and consequently the physiological functions are regulated by hormones.

Question 12.
Describe in brief an account of disorders of the thyroid.
OR
What are the functional disorders of thyroid gland? Describe in brief.
Answer:
Disorders of thyroid gland are of three types, viz. hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism and simple goitre.
(1) Hypothyroidism : Hypothyroidism is deficient secretion of thyroxine. This hyposecretion causes two types of disorders, viz. cretinism in children and myoxedema in adults.
(i) Cretinism : Hyposecretion of thyroxine in childhood causes cretinism. The symptoms of cretinism are retardation of physical and mental growth.

(ii) Myxoedema : Deficiency of thyroxine in adults causes this disorder. It is also referred to as Gull’s disease. Symptoms are thickening and puffiness of the skin and subcutaneous tissue particularly of face and extremities. Patients with low BMR. It also causes mental dullness, loss of memory, slow action.

(2) Hyperthyroidism : Excessive secretion of thyroxine causes exophthalmic goitre or Grave’s disease. There is slight enlargement of thyroid gland. It increases BMR, heart rate, pulse rate and BE Reduction in body weight due to rapid oxidation, nervousness, irritability. Peculiar symptom is exophthalmos, i.e. bulging of eyeballs with staring look and less blinking. This is caused by deposition of fats behind the eye balls in eye sockets. There is muscular weakness and loss of weight.

(3) Simple goitre (Iodine deficiency goitre) : Simple goitre occurs due to deficiency of iodine in diet or drinking water. Simple goitre causes enlargement of thyroid gland. Thyroid gland in an attempt to get more iodine from the blood, swells due to increased blood supply. Prevention of goitre can be done by administering iodized table salt. It is also called endemic goitre as it is common in hilly areas.

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