Category: Class 12

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 8 World Wars and India Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 8 World Wars and India

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
When Austria declared war against Serbia, it was _________, who helped Serbia.
(a) Germany
(b) America
(c) Hungary
(d) Russia
Answer:
(d) Russia

Question 2.
The first atom bomb was dropped on the city of _________ during the aerial attack of America on Japan.
(a) Nagasaki
(b) Hiroshima
(c) Pearl Harbour
(d) Stalingrad
Answer:
(b) Hiroshima

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
1. America	Woodrow Wilson
2. England	Winston Churchill
3. Germany	Hitler
4. Italy	Linlithgow

Answer:
Italy – Benito Mussolini

2. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
The name of the group of nations including England, France, Russia, Italy, and America in the First World War –
Answer:
Allied Nations

Question 2.
The name of the group of nations including Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria in the First World War –
Answer:
Central Powers

3. Write short notes.

Question 1.
‘League of Nations.
Answer:

1. A peace-loving American president Woodrow Wilson took a lead in the formation of the League of Nations.
2. All the nations involved in the war felt the need to create some solution to avoid any situation that could lead to war.
3. The main objectives of the League of Nations were –
   • finding peaceful solutions for conflicts between nations.
   • establishing peace in the world.
4. Austria, Germany, and other defeated nations were not allowed to become members of the league.
5. America was not a member of the league so England and France retained their dominance in the league.

Question 2.
Dr. Kotnis.
Answer:

• Dr. Dwarkanath Kotnis was born on 10th October 1910 at Solapur.
• When Japan had attacked China in 1937, the Chinese Government requested Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru to send a team of doctors to attend to the injured Chinese soldiers.
• Dr. Kotnis was the chief of the team of Indian doctors sent to China.
• He attended the Chinese soldiers for years but unfortunately died in China on 9th December 1942 in the plague epidemic.
• Dr. Kotnis by the virtue of his selfless work formed the bridge of friendship between India and China.
• The eminent Indian filmmaker, V. Shantaram made a film on his life, entitled ‘Dr. Kotnis Ki Amar Kahani’ which immortalized Dr. Kotnis’ memory.

4. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
‘The Treaty of Versailles’ had the seeds of the Second World War. The Text does not have any comment to this effect.
Answer:

• The Treaty of Versailles was signed between the Allied nations and Germany at Versailles palace in 1919. It was drafted by American President Woodrow Wilson.
• The Treaty of Versailles was very harsh on Germany because Germany had lost the war.
• Germany was forced to accept the responsibility for the war damages suffered by the Allies.
• The victorious powers had deprived Germany of huge tracts of its territory. Germany was burdened with an immense war indemnity.
• The peace settlement at Paris was made in a spirit of revenge. The Germans felt that too much injustice had been done to them.
• The German economy was ruined completely. People were starving and the government was in chaos.
• It was impossible for a proud German race to forget the consequences of the war, which they had lost so humiliatingly.
• This fuelled the rise of Nazism in Germany which adopted the policy of aggression.
• In this way, the Treaty of Versailles sowed the seeds of the Second World War.

Question 2.
The British Government in India decided to return home.
Answer:

• The Second World War ended in the month of August 1945 with the surrender of Japan.
• In this war, England emerged victoriously but it lost heavily in terms of human life and economic conditions.
• As a result of this England grew weaker. The British Government in India is now aware that Indian soldiers and people are not as meek and submissive as before, ruling them was no easier.
• India was not going to be the perennial source of profit for them as it used to be. There was a lot of pressure on England to give freedom to its colonies. Freedom struggles began in India which demanded ‘Poorna Swarajya’ which means total independence. Hence, the British Government in India decided to return home.

5. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Give the causes of the Second World War.
(i) Dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Versailles
(ii) Rise of Hitler
(iii) Rise of Communism
(iv) Hitler’s attack on Poland
(v) Hitler’s violation of the Non-aggression Pact
Answer:
The Second World War was fought between 1939 to 1945. Following were the causes of the Second World War:
(i) Dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Versailles: The Treaty of Versailles was very harsh on Germany. It was made in a spirit of revenge. Germany was burdened with huge war indemnity. The German economy was ruined completely. This fuelled the rise of Nazism in Germany.

(ii) Rise of Hitler: The Nazis under the leadership of Hitler grabbed power in Germany. Hitler began to escalate Germany’s military power so as to avenge the demeaning conditions imposed on Germany by the treaty of Versailles. He focussed on increasing the strength of the military as well as the navy.

(iii) Rise of Communism: Meanwhile, Soviet Russia, a communist nation was becoming more powerful. It made nations like England, France, America uneasy. Soviet Russia and imperialistic Germany viewed each other as arch enemies. England and France ignored the advances of Germany thinking that it will keep a check on the rising power of Soviet Russia.

(iv) Hitler’s attack on Poland: In 1938, Hitler won the Sudeten province in Czechoslovakia, which was populated in majority by people of German origin. In 1939, he attacked Poland which was looked upon as a neutral country by all European nations. In spite of this, Hitler attacked Poland. Therefore, England declared war against Germany.

(v) Hitler’s violation of the Non-aggression pact: Denmark, Norway surrendered to Germany. Germany conquered Holland, Belgium, and France. In 1939, Hitler violated the ‘Non-aggression Pact’ made with Stalin and attacked Soviet Russia so Stalin declared war against Germany.

Question 2.
Why did Indian people participate in the national movement in great numbers?
Answer:

• India was a colony of the British during wartime. England started exploiting their colonies to meet the needs of war.
• During wartime, England felt an increasing need for manpower and money. Therefore, the British Government began recruiting army personnel from India.
• At times the recruitment was enforced on Indians.
• Extra taxes were levied on Indians for raising funds. Taxes on trade and industries were raised.
• During the war period prices of essential commodities went up. Indians suffered from the problems of inflation, hike in prices, increasing unemployment caused by the industrial recession.
• Indians could see that the exploitative rule of the British was responsible for this miserable state of affairs.
• Hence, Indians from all strata of society, workers, farmers, and the middle class joined in large numbers in the national movements against British rule.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 7 Decolonisation to Political Integration of India Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 7 Decolonisation to Political Integration of India

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
In 1946, under the leadership of the movement of ____________ ‘Civil Disobedience’ was launched in
Goa.
(a) Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia
(b) Dr. T.B. Kunha
(c) Dr. P.P. Shirodkar
(d) Dr. Ram Hegde
Answer:
(a) Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia

Question 2.
Hyderabad’s struggle of freedom was led skillfully by ____________
(a) King Hari Singh
(b) Swami Ramanand Tirth
(c) Pandit Mahadevshastri Joshi
(d) Keshavrao Jedhe
Answer:
(b) Swami Ramanand Tirth

Question 3.
The princely states in India were merged in India mainly through the efforts of ____________
(a) Jayantrao Tilak
(b) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
(c) Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
(d) Dr. T.B. Kunha
Answer:
(b) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
1. Merger of the princely state of Hyderabad	Swami Ramanand Tirth
2. Merger of the princely state of Kashmir	Shaikh Abdullah
3. Significant contribution in the ‘Goa Liberation Movement	Mohan Ranade
4. The trade unionist leader in Puducherry	V. Subbayya

Answer:
The merger of the princely state of Kashmir – King Hari Singh (Instrument of Accession)

2. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
The President of Goa Congress Committee –
Answer:
Dr. T.B. Kunha

Question 2.
The princely states that did not merge in India immediately after its independence –
Answer:
Junagadh, Hyderabad, Kashmir, Dadra and Haveli, Goa and Puducherry

3. Observe the map on textbook page 61 and answer the questions based on it.

Question 1.
Name the countries located at the northwest border of India.
Answer:
Pakistan and Afghanistan.

Question 2.
Which places in India were the centers of Portuguese rule?
Answer:
Goa, Dadra and Nagar haveli, Diu and Daman.

Question 3.
Which place on the eastern coast of India were the centers of French rule?
Answer:
Puducherry, Yanam and Karaikal.

Question 4.
Which nation is located at the southern tip of India?
Answer:
Sri Lanka

4. Complete the following concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

5. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
Ultimately the princely state of Hyderabad was merged in India.
Answer:

• Hyderabad was under Nizam rule, it was the largest amongst princely states along with Telugu, Kannada, and Marathi regional sections.
• The various organisation was formed to fight against Nizam’s policies for his people.
• Swami Ramanand Tirth alongside loyal workers were leading this organisation to gain freedom from the Nizam.
• Hyderabad State Congress passed a resolution that Hyderabad will merge in India and this was not liked by Nizam, he was willing to join Pakistan.
• The people of Hyderabad wanted to merge in India.
• Kasim Razvi formed a ‘Razakar’ organisation against people.
• In the end, the Indian Government launched a police campaign against Nizam, under the name ‘Operation Polo’.
• In 1948 Nizam surrendered and Hyderabad merged in India.

Question 2.
Puducherry was declared as a Union territory.
Answer:

• Puducherry was under the French colony. India was under the impression that the British and Portuguese will send a message to the French to leave India, however, this did not happen.
• Puducherry, Mahe, Yanam, and Chandranagar in West Bengal were under French control.
• The people of Puducherry got united under Subbayya, a communist politician and leader.
• The government noticed it as serious and strongly demanded that French governments should return all the regions held by them.
• In 1948, a bilateral agreement was signed by both governments. In 1949, Chandranagar was merged.
• In 1954, all French colonies were merged in India. In 1962, the French Parliament approved the bilateral agreement and in 1963, Puducherry became the ‘Union Territory’ of India.

6. State your opinion.

Question 1.
Andhra, Karnataka, Maharashtra Councils (Parishad) were found in the princely state of Hyderabad.
Answer:

• Hyderabad was the largest amongst princely states in India. It comprised Telugu, Kannada, and Marathi regional sections. It was ruled by Nizam.
• Nizam of Hyderabad had put many restrictions on the Civil and Political rights of his subjects to a great extent.
• To fight against such restrictions in the state, people had formed organizations like ‘Andhra Parishad’ in Telangana, ‘Maharashtra Parishad’ in Marathwada, and ‘Karnataka Parishad’ in Karnataka.

Question 2.
The Portuguese rule in Goa remained untouched till 1961.
Answer:

• Goa was under Portuguese control. There prevailed a general notion among Indians that the departure of the British from India would send a signal to the Portuguese and the French to leave India on their own.
• However, this did not happen and many freedom fighters like Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia, Dr. Kunha, and many more have contributed to the struggle against the Portuguese.
• At last, the Indian govt has sent the army, under Operation Vijay, to make Goa free from Portuguese control and became a part of India on 19th December 1961.

Class 12 History Chapter 7 Decolonisation to Political Integration of India Intext Questions and Answers

Try to do this (Textbook Page No. 58)

Try to collect information about the newspapers published during ‘Hyderabad Freedom Struggle’ with the help of the internet.
Answer:
Students should do it on their own.

Try to do this (Textbook Page No. 60)

Collect information about the fort of Panaji and make a poster about the fort.
Answer:
Students should do it on their own.

Project (Textbook Page No. 62)

Collect information about the ‘Gorta Massacre’ a very important instance in the struggle for liberating Hyderabad. To get more information about it visit the following website: www.bhausahebumate.com
Answer:
(i) As we know Qasim Razvi, had founded the Razakar organization (Nizam’s private military) to help Nizam to suppress the voice of people against Nizam of Hyderabad. Gorta was the name of a village (Karnataka) and people were massacred by Razakars of Hyderabad in 1948. Gorta Village is also known as Jaliyanwala Bag of Karanataka, it was a mass killing on May 9th and 10th 1948. Though a plaque kept in front of the village gives fight date May 5th, and it continued for two weeks. It is said that around 200 people were killed by Razakars and property destruction was worth ₹ 70 lakhs.

(ii) A folk song called ‘Bhulai pada’ sung by village women in bitter memory of the massacre. There is demand from village people in front of the Government for the construction of the memorial at Gorta. Local people and local political parties had collected ₹ 27 lakh for a 35-foot memorial and laid the foundation on September 17th, 2014.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 6 Indian Struggle against Colonialism Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 6 Indian Struggle against Colonialism

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
The region of __________ had become a stronghold of Hansaji Naik.
(a) Satara
(b) Nanded
(c) Pune
(d) Nagpur
Answer:
(b) Nanded

Question 2.
The British plant owners in Bihar were pressing the local farmers to grow only __________
(a) indigo
(b) tea
(c) coffee
(d) sugarcane
Answer:
(a) indigo

Question 3.
The first session of the Indian National Congress was presided by __________
(a) Dwarkanath Tagore
(b) Vyomeshchandra Banerjee
(c) Dadabhai Nauroji
(d) Surendranath Banerjee
Answer:
(b) Vyomeshchandra Banerjee

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
1.Kunwar Sinh	Lucknow
2. Nanasaheb Peshwa	Kanpur
3. Queen Lakshmibai	Jhansi
4. Chimasaheb	Kolhapur

Answer:
Kunwar Singh – Patna

2. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
The region of the regime of the parallel government established in 1942 –
Answer:
Satara District

Question 2.
The islands were conquered by Azad Hind Sena from the British in 1943 –
Answer:
Andaman and Nicobar Islands

3. Write short notes.

Question 1.
The Extremists.
Answer:

• The Indian National Congress split into two groups-The Moderates and The Extremists at the Surat session of the Congress in 1907.
• The ‘Extremists’ wing of thinkers insisted that independence should be a natural priority. An independent nation could provide the right set-up for social reformation.
• Lokmanya Tilak who was the leader of the Extremists said that the home taken over by others should be recovered first, then only we can reform it.
• He also felt that the British Government will not yield to applications, requests, and speeches.
• The Extremists did not agree with the Moderators’ policy of avoiding the resolutions of ‘Swadeshi’ and ‘Boycott’ and wanted to stop these attempts of the Moderators.
• The three leaders of the Extremists group were Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Bipin Chandra Pal. (Lal-Bal-Pal).

Question 2.
Azad Hind Sena.
Answer:

• The Azad Hind Sena was built by Rasbihari Bose by recruiting Indian soldiers and later on was reorganized under the leadership of Subhash Chandra Bose.
• These were the Indian soldiers of the British army who were taken captive by the Japanese army.

Question 3.
Prati Sarkar.
Answer:

• Prati Sarkar or Parallel Government was established by Krantisinha Nana Patil, a revolutionist in the Satara district of Maharashtra.
• He, with the help of his associates, put an end to the British regime in the Satara district and established ‘People’s Government’.
• This government took over the administrative task of collecting revenue, maintaining law and order, solving court cases, and punishing criminals.

4. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Lieutenant Outram was successful in crushing the revolt by the Bhils by the end of 1822.
Answer:

• A revolt of the Bhils in which thousands of Bhils participated was crushed by Lt. Outram.
• However, he also stayed among the Bhils and won their confidence. He tried to bring them into the mainstream of urban life.
• He adopted measures like the declaration of amnesty, land grants, agricultural loans and reprieve from the past crimes, and recruitment in the army to weaken the opposition from the Bhils.

Question 2.
Ravindranath gave up his title (Sir.)
Answer:

• On 13th April 1919, the day of Baisakhi thousands of people had gathered for a meeting at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar for celebrating the festival.
• Many of them were not aware of the ban put by the government on public gatherings.
• Genera Dyer opened fire on these people without any prior warning.
• About four hundred innocent people were killed and thousands were injured in this incident. It is known as the ‘Jallianwala Bagh Massacre’.
• It created a wave of rage all through India.
• Rabindranath Tagore criticized this act and gave up his title (Sir).

5. State your opinion.

Question 1.
The rise of colonialism was the result of the spreading of European trade.
Answer:

• The Europeans reached all over the world for several reasons such as the urge for adventures, to earn a name to discover unknown lands, to search for gold mines, etc.
• Later, trade and commerce increased to such a great extent for which there was economic, social, and political supremacy among them.
• The Europeans found potential markets in continents like Asia, America, and Africa where they established their colonies. And the first to do so were the Portuguese.

Question 2.
According to Swatantryaveer Savarkar, the Independence War of 1857 was the First War of Independence.
Answer:

• The revolt of 1857 was a unified and national uprising against the British authority.
• The Indian war of Independence as described in his book ‘1857-The First War of Independence was considered to be the first war where the entire nation irrespective of caste, creed, race, and religion had come together and staged an armed protest against the British to gain independence from their colonial rule.

Class 12 History Chapter 6 Indian Struggle against Colonialism Intext Questions and Answers

Try this. (Textbook Page No. 43)

Collect more information about ‘Kayamdhara’, ‘Ryotwari’, ‘Mahalwari’ land revenue systems and discuss it in the class. Also, discuss the present land system of ‘Anewari’.
Answer:
(A) Kayamdhara or Jamindari:

• This system was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793.
• It was introduced in the provinces of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, and Varanasi.
• Zamindars were recognized as the owners of the lands.
• Zamindars were given the right to collect rent from the peasants.

(B) Ryotwari:

• The Ryotwari system was a land revenue system in British India introduced by Thomas Munro in 1820 based on a system administered by Captain Alexander Read in the Baramahal district.
• This was practiced in Madras and Bombay areas as well as Assam and Coorg provinces.
• In this system, the peasants or cultivators were regarded as the owners of the land.
• Ryot means peasant cultivator.

(C) Mahalwari system:

• The government of Lord William Bentinck Governor-General of India (1828-1835) introduced the Mahalwari system of land revenue in 1833.
• This system was introduced in N W Frontier, Agra, Gangetic Valley, Central Provinces, Punjab, etc.
• Had elements of both the Zamindari and the Ryotwari systems.
• This system divided the lands into Mahals. Sometimes the Mahals constituted one or more villages.
• The tax was assessed on the Mahal.
• Each individual farmer gave his share.
• Revenue was collected by the village headman or village leaders (Lambardar).

(D) Anewari System:

• Paisewari (originally known as Anewari) is a system of survey used by the government to decide whether a village is drought-hit or not
• Prior to the harvest, the Tehsildar along with farmers and representatives of the agricultural department takes stock of the crop and compares it with the yield of the last ten years
• If the value is less than 50 paise, the village is declared drought-hit, and drought mitigating measures are put in place.

Try to do this: (Textbook Page No. 46)

Vishnubhat Godse from Vasai was in Jhansi in 1857. Get the book, ‘Maza Pravas’ authored by him as the eyewitness of the happenings and read it.
Answer:

• ‘Maza Pravas’ translates into English as “My Travels: The story of 1857 Mutiny” is a Marathi travelogue written by Vishnubhat Godse, who traveled on foot from Varsai, a village near Pen (present-day Maharashtra) to the Central and Northern parts of India during 1857-1858 and witnessed several incidents of what he calls “The Mutiny of 1857” also known as the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
• During his travel, he witnessed the events at Mhow, worked for the Rani of Jhansi for a few months, visited Ayodhya, eventually returned penniless to his village.
• Apart from his encounters with the mutiny he also visited most of the Hindu holy places.

Try to do this: (Textbook Page No. 55)

Collect information and pictures about revolutionaries and freedom fighters from your area and make a presentation.
Answer:
Students should do this activity by themselves

Projects (Textbook Page No. 56)

(a) The Rising Ballad of Mangal Panday
(b) The Legend of Bhagat Singh
(c) Khele Hum Jee Janse
These are some Hindi films. Watch them and verify the historical truth of the incidences shown in it.
Answer:
Students do it by themselves

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 3B Elasticity of Demand Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 4 Supply Analysis

1. Complete the following statements:

Question 1.
When supply curve is upward sloping, it’s slope is ……………….
a) positive
b) negative
c) first positive then negative
d) zero
Answer:
a) positive

Question 2.
An upward movement along the same supply curve shows ………………..
a) contraction of supply
b) decrease in supply
c) expansion of supply
d) increase in supply
Answer:
c) expansion of supply

Question 3.
A rightward shift in supply curve shows ………………..
a) contraction of supply
b) decrease in supply
c) expansion of supply
d) increase in supply
Answer:
d) increase in supply

Question 4.
Other factors remaining constant, when less quantity is supplied only due to a fall in price, it shows ………………..
a) contraction of supply
b) decrease in supply
c) expansion of supply
d) increase in supply
Answer:
a) contraction of supply

Question 5.
Net addition made to the total revenue by selling an extra unit of a commodity is ………………..
a) total Revenue
b) marginal Revenue
c) average Revenue
d) marginal Cost
Answer:
b) marginal Revenue

2. Complete the Correlation:

1) Expansion of supply: Price rises:: Contraction of supply: ………………….
2) Total revenue : …………………. :: Average revenue :TR/TQ
3) Total cost : TFC + TVC :: Average cost : ………………….
4) Demand curve : …………………. :: Supply curve : Upward
5) …………………. : Change in supply :: Other factors constant: Variation of supply
Answers:
(1) Price falls
(2) PxQ
(3) TC ÷ TQ
(4) Downward
(5) Other factor changes

3. Give economic terms:

1) Cost incurred on fIxed factor.
2) Cost incurred per unit of output.
3) Net addition made to total cost of production.
4) Revenue per unit of output sold.
Answers:
(1) Fixed Cost
(2) Average Cost
(3) Marginal Cost
(4) Average Revenue

4. Distinguish between:

Question 1.
Stock and Supply.
Answer:

Stock	Supply
(a) Stock refers to the total quantity of commodity available with producer for sale.	(a)Supply is that part of stock which the seller is willing to offer for sale at a given price.
(b) It is outcome of production. If production increases, stock will also increase.	(b) It is outcome of stock. Stock is the basis of supply.
(c) It is a fund or reservoir and a static concept (inelastic).	(c) It is a flow concept. It changes according to change in price (elastic).
(d) It can exceed supply.	(d) It cannot exceed stock.

Question 2.
Expansion of Supply and Increase in Supply.
Answer:
Expansion / Extension of Supply

1. When the supply of a commodity rises only due to the rise in the price of the commodity, then it is said to be extension in supply.
2. Extension of supply is a case of variation in supply.
3. Rise in price is the only factor due to which supply expands / extends.
4. When there is extension in supply, there is an upward movement on the same supply curve.
   

Increase in Supply :

1. The supply is said to increase if at the same price more is supplied.
2. Increase in supply is a case of changes in supply.
3. Supply increases due to
   (1) fall in cost of production
   (2) improvement in transport facility
   (3) introduction of modern technology
   (4) government subsidies
   (5) more imports etc.
4. When there is an increase in supply, the supply curve shifts to the right of original supply curve.

Question 3.
Contraction of Supply and Decrease in Supply.
Answer:
Contraction of Supply

1. Contraction of supply occurs when quantity supplied of a commodity falls due to a fall in price alone.
2. It is a case of variation in supply.
3. Supply contracts due to fall in price alone.
4. When there is a downward n curve.

Decrease in Supply

1. Decrease in supply occurs when less quantity is supplied at the same price.
2. It is a case of changes in supply.
3. Supply decreases due to –
   (1) increase in cost of production
   (2) transport strike
   (3) outdated technique
   (4) heavy taxes imposed by government.
   (5) more exports etc.
4. When there is curve shifts to curve.
   

Question 4.
Average Revenue and Average Cost.
Answer:

Average Revenue (AR)	Average Cost (AC)
(a) Average revenue refers to average income earned per unit of a sold commodity.	(a)Average cost refers per unit of cost of production of a commodity produced.
(b) It is calculated by dividing total revenue (TR) earned by number of unit sold.	(b) It is calculated by dividing total cost (TC)by number of units of that commodity produced.
(c) Symbolically it in expressed as \( [latex]\frac { Total Revenue }{ Total Quantity sold }\) [/latex]	(c) Symbolically it is expressed as \(\frac { Total Cost }{ Total Quantity produced }\)
E.g. If TR from sale of 10 units of a commodity is Rs. 1000 then, AP =  1000/10 = Rs. 100	E.g. If TC of 100 units a commodity is Rs. 1000 then, AC =  \(\frac { 1000 }{ 100 }\) = Rs. 10

5. Observe the following table and answer the questions.

A) Supply schedule of chocolates

Price in Rs.	Quantity supplied in units
10	200
15	………
20	300
25	350
30	……..
35	……..
40	……..

Question 1.
Complete the above supply schedule.
Answer:

Price in Rs.	Quantity supplied in units
10	200
15	250
20	300
25	350
30	400
35	450
40	500

Question 2.
Draw a diagram for the above supply schedule.
Answer:

Question 3.
State the relationship between price and quantity supplied.
Answer:
This diagram shows the direct relationship / between price and quantity supplied of) chocolates. When its price is ? 10, 200 units ( are supplied and as price rises to 15, 20, 25 ? …. and so on, quantity supplied also rises to )
When the schedule is plotted on the graph we 250, 300, 350 and so on. This is the law of supply of an individual firm.

B) Observe the market supply schedule of potatoes and answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Complete the quantity of potato supplied by the firms to the market in the above table.
Answer:

Question 2.
Draw the market supply curve from the schedule and explain it.
Answer:

When the schedule is plotted on the graph we get a market supply curve ‘SS’ which is upward sloping. This curve shows that as price rises from ₹ 1 to ₹ 2, supply rises from 1oo to 112 kg, but when price rises from ₹ 2 to ₹ 3, supply rises to a greater extent from 112 kg to 155 kg in the market. When price rises to ₹ 4 Supply falls from 155 kg to 154 kg. This may be because of perishable or seasonal good that supply could not Jj be increased and supply falls. This show backward bending supply curve, showing partly an exception to the supply curve.

6. Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Explain the concept of total cost and total revenue.
Answer:
Total Cost (TC): It is the total expenditure incurred by a fir m on the factors of production required for the production of goods and services. Total cost is the sum of Total Fixed Cost (TFC) and Total Variable Cost (TVC). Total Fixed Cost is the cost incurred on fixed factors of production like land, factory, building, capital, etc. These factors cannot be changed in the short period. They remain constant. Total Variable Cost is the cost incurred on variable factors such as raw – materials, labour, etc. These factors can be varied or changed according to the change in output level. So the variable cost varies. Total Cost = Total Fixed Cost + Total Variable Cost
i.e., TC = TFC + TVC
TC increases as the level of output increases.

Total Revenue :
(Income) refers to total receipts of the firm from its sales of commodity. It is obtained by multiplying the price per unit of the  commodity with the total number of units!; of commodity sold to the consumers. Thus, Total Revenue = Price per unit Total  Number of units of commodity sold.
Example : If the firm sells lo units of a commodity at ₹ 100 per unit then total revenuewifibe TR = 100 x 10. TR= ₹ 1000

Question 2.
Explain determinants of supply.
Answer:

1. Cost of Production : Changes in the price of factors of production like rent, wages, interest affects the cost of production. When cost of production increases, supply decreases.
2. Price of Other Goods : The supply of a given commodity depends on the price of other commodity. E.g. if the price of wheat rises and that of rice remains the constant, then the producer will think of producing J more of wheat. This will affect the supply of rice.
3. price of the Commodity : Price is an important factor influencing the supply. More is supplied at a higher price and less at a lower price. So price and supply are 5 directly related.
4. Climatic Conditions : The supply of j commodity is also influenced by the forces
5. Government Policy : Government policies like taxation, subsidies, industrial policies etc., may encourage or discourage production and supply. A tax on the commodity will raise the cost of production and reduce the supply while a subsidy on the other hand will provide an incentive to increase production and supply.
6. Exports and Imports : When the
   government resort to imports, supply expands, at the same time heavy exports would reduce the supply in the domestic market.
7. Nature of Market : In a competitive market, the supply would be more but in a monopoly market the seller may create artificial scarcity to raise the price.
8. Future Expectation : If future trends indicate a rise in price, the supply decreases at present. On the other hand if the sellers expect the future price to fall, supply would increase in the current period.
9. Technique of Production : Improvement in the technique of production will lead to increase in supply. Application of advanced technology enables the producer to produce goods on large scale at a lower cost and lesser price.
10. Infrastructure Facility : If means of transport and communication are well developed, the extent of market would be wide. i.e. supply will increase.
11. Natural and Man-made Calamities : Natural calamities like earthquake, cyclone, flood etc., will affect the supply in the market. Even man-made calamities like a bomb-blast, affects supply. Even a strike call can affect supply in the market.

7. Answer in detail :

Question 1.
State and explain law of supply with exceptions.
Answer:
Law of Supply :
(A) Introduction : The law of supply was introduced by Dr. Alfred Marshall in his book “Principles of Economics” published in 1890. The law establishes a functional relationship between the price of a commodity and quantity supplied of that commodity. It explains the general tendency of the sellers in offering more goods for sale at a higher price than at a lower price.

(B) Statement of the Law : According to Prof. Alfred Marshall “Other things remaining constant, the higher the price of the commodity, greater is the quantity supplied and lower the price of the commodity, smaller is the quantity supplied.”In other words, quantity supplied of a commodity varies directly with price i.e., with a fall in price supply contract and with a rise in price supply expands.
S = f (P) [S = Supply, P = Price, f = Function of]
The law can be better understood with the help of a market supply schedule and market supply curve.

(C) Market Supply Schedule : Market supply schedule is a tabular representation of various quantities of a commodity offered for sale by all the sellers in the market at different prices during a given period of time. The schedule is a hypothetical one except one price rest are imaginary prices.

The above schedule clearly shows that sellers in general want to sell more at high prices and less at low price. E.g., at a low price of Rs.10 per unit the seller supplies only 100 units per day and at high price of Rs. 50 the supply rises to 500 units of ‘X’ per day.

(D) Market Supply Curve : It is graphical representation of the above market supply schedule. Price is measured on ‘Y’ axis and quantity supplied on ‘X’ axis and above schedule is plotted. We derive a supply curve SS.

Market Supply Schedule

Price of ‘X’ per unit (in ?)	Total Market Supply per day (in units)
10	100
20	200
30	300
40	400
50	500

There are some exceptions to the law of s supply. Following are such cases when supply may fall with the rises in price or rise with the fall in price.

(1) Labour supply : Supply of labour in the ) terms of hours of work is an important exception pointed out by economists. Generally when wages rise, workers work more, but after a certain point if wages continue to rise, supply of labour falls i.e. workers wish to earn more by work in for less hours and supply curve of labour would bend backwards as shown below :

In this figure as wage rate rises up to 0W, ;i supply of labor also rises up to ON, but when wage rate rises to 0W., labour supply falls from ON to 0Nr Hence an exception.

(2) Saving : In case of savings generally it is observed that as the rate of interest rises, savings also rises but some people want to have a fixed regular income by way of interest. They may save less at a higher rate of interest and save more at a lower rate of interest. For example : suppose a person is interested in earning a fixed income of ₹ 800 p.a. then he saves ₹ 10,000/- at 8% rate of interest but when rate of interest increases to 10%, he will save only ₹ 8,000/-.

(3) Future Expectations: If the seller expects a fall in price in future, then he will supply more today even at a low price. But if he expects the prices to rise further in future he will withhold the supply today to supply more in future at a high price.

(4) Need for Cash : When the sellers are in urgent need of liquid cash, then even at a lower price they will offer more goods for sale.

(5) Rare Goods : In case of rare collections such as rare painting, old coins, antique, the law is not applicable as the supply remains fixed. The supply curve is a vertical straight line parallel to Y axis.

(6) Agricultural Goods: Supply of agricultural product is influenced by natural factors like climatic conditions, rainfall etc., which cannot be controlled by man. So in bad weather condition, even at a higher price the supply of agricultural commodities will not increase.

Intext Questions

Question 1.
“Concept of supply is a micro concept but concept of aggregate supply is a macro concept”. Explain. (Textbook Page No. 43)
Answer:
Micro economics studies about economic behavior of units like households, firm market and particular commodities. Whereas macro economics deals with the broad economic concepts like total demand, total supply, national income, etc.
Supply refers to supply of an individual seller and aggregate supply refers to total supply of a commodity.
Hence, supply is a microscopic concept and aggregate supply is macro concept.

Question 2.
What do you mean by aggregate supply? (Textbook Page No. 43)
Answer:
Aggregate supply refers to the minimum amount of sales proceeds which the entrepreneurs expect to receive from the sale of output at a given level of employment.

Find out (Textbook Page No. 43)

If a firm produces 600 units of a commodity in a day and incurs a total cost of ₹ 30,000. Calculate the Average Cost.
Answer:
Average cost refers to the cost of production per unit cost of a commodity. It is calculated by dividing total cost by total quantity of a commodity. Hence,
AC = \(\frac{\mathrm{TC}}{\mathrm{TQ}}=\frac{30,000}{600}\) = ₹ 50 per unit

Find out (Textbook Page No. 43)

If a firm sells 400 units of a commodity at ₹ 10 unit. Calculate the TR and AR.
Answer:
TR = Price X Quantity
= 10 x 400
= 4,000
AR = \(\frac{\mathrm{TR}}{\mathrm{TQ}}\)
= \(\frac{4,000}{400}\)
= ₹ 10

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Hindi Yuvakbharati 12th Digest Chapter 15 फीचर लेखन Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Hindi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 15 फीचर लेखन

12th Hindi Guide Chapter 15 फीचर लेखन Textbook Questions and Answers

कृति-स्वाध्याय एवं उत्तर

पाठ पर आधारित

प्रश्न 1.
फीचर लेखन की विशेषताएँ लिखिए।
उत्तर :
फीचर किसी विशेष घटना, व्यक्ति, जीव-जंतु, स्थान, प्रकृति-परिवेश से संबंधित व्यक्तिगत अनुभूतियों पर आधारित आलेख होता है। फीचर समाचारों को नया आयाम देता है, उनका परीक्षण करता है तथा उन पर नया प्रकाश डालता है। फीचर समाचारपत्र का प्राण तत्त्व होता है। पाठक की प्यास बुझाने, घटना की मनोरंजनात्मक अभिव्यक्ति की कला का नाम फीचर है। फीचर किसी गद्य गीत की तरह होता है जो बहुत लंबा, नीरस और गंभीर नहीं होना चाहिए। इससे पाठक बोर हो जाते हैं और ऐसे फीचर , कोई पढ़ना नहीं चाहता। फीचर किसी विषय का मनोरंजक शैली में विस्तृत विवेचन है।

अच्छा फीचर नवीनतम जानकारी से परिपूर्ण होता है। किसी घटना की सत्यता, तथ्यता फीचर का मुख्य तत्त्व है। फीचर लेखन में शब्द चयन अत्यंत महत्त्वपूर्ण है। लेखन की भाषा सहज, संप्रेषणीयता से परिपूर्ण होनी चाहिए। प्रसिद्ध व्यक्तियों के कथनों, उद्धरणों, लोकोक्तियों और मुहावरों का प्रयोग फीचर में है चार चाँद लगा देता है। फीचर लेखन में भावप्रधानता होनी चाहिए, क्योंकि नीरस फीचर कोई भी नहीं पढ़ना चाहता।

फीचर से संबंधित तथ्यों का आधार दिया जाना चाहिए। विश्वसनीयता के लिए फीचर ३ में तार्किकता आवश्यक है। तार्किकता के बिना फीचर अविश्वसनीय ३ बन जाता है। फीचर में विषय की नवीनता होना आवश्यक है, क्योंकि उसके अभाव में फीचर अपठनीय हो जाता है। फीचर में किसी व्यक्ति अथवा घटना विशेष का उदाहरण दिया गया हो तो उसकी संक्षिप्त जानकारी भी देनी चाहिए।

फीचर के विषयानुकूल चित्रों, कार्टूनों अथवा फोटो का उपयोग किया जाए तो फीचर अधिक प्रभावशाली बन जाता है। फीचर लेखन में राष्ट्रीय स्तर के तथा अन्य महत्त्वपूर्ण तथा समसामयिक विषयों का समावेश होना है चाहिए। फीचर पाठक की मानसिक योग्यता और शैक्षिक पृष्ठभूमि के अनुसार होना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 2.
फीचर लेखन के सोपानों को स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर :
फीचर लेखन की प्रक्रिया के निम्नलिखित सोपान हैं :

1. प्रस्तावना : प्रस्तावना में फीचर के विषय का संक्षिप्त परिचय दिया जाता है। यह परिचय आकर्षक और विषयानुकूल होना चाहिए। परिचय पढ़कर पाठकों के मन में फीचर पढ़ने की जिज्ञासा जाग्रत होती है और पाठक अंत तक फीचर से जुड़ा रहता है।
2. विवरण अथवा मुख्य कलेवर : फीचर में विवरण का महत्त्वपूर्ण स्थान है। फीचर में लेखक स्वयं के अनुभव, लोगों से प्राप्त जानकारी और विषय की क्रमबद्धता, रोचकता के साथ-साथ संतुलित तथा आकर्षक शब्दों में पिरोकर उसे पाठकों के सम्मुख रखता है जिससे फीचर पढ़ने वाले को ज्ञान और अनुभव से संपन्न कर दे।
3. उपसंहार : यह अनुच्छेद संपूर्ण फीचर का सार अथवा निचोड़ होता है। इसमें फीचर लेखक फीचर का निष्कर्ष भी प्रस्तुत कर सकता है अथवा कुछ अनुत्तरित प्रश्न पाठकों के ऊपर भी छोड़ सकता है। उपसंहार ऐसा होना चाहिए जिससे पाठक को विषय से संबंधित ज्ञान भी मिल जाए और उसकी जिज्ञासा भी बनी रहे।
4. शीर्षक : विषय का ओचित्यपूर्ण शीर्षक फीचर की आत्मा है। शीर्षक संक्षिप्तं रोचक और जिज्ञासावर्धक होना चाहिए। नवीनता, आकर्षकता और ज्ञानवृद्धि उत्तम शीर्षक के गुण हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
फीचर लेखन करते समय बरती जाने वाली सावधानियों पर प्रकाश डालिए।
उत्तर :
फीचर लेखन करते समय बरती जाने वाली सावधानियाँ :

• फीचर लेखन में आरोप-प्रत्यारोप करने से बचना चाहिए।
• फीचर लेखन में आलंकारिक और अति क्लिष्ट भाषा का है प्रयोग नहीं करना चाहिए।
• फीचर लेखन में अति नाटकीयता से बचना चाहिए।
• झूठा तथ्यात्मक आँकड़े, प्रसंग अथवा घटनाओं का उल्लेख है करना उचित नहीं।
• फीचर लेखन में अति कल्पनाओं और हवाई बातों के प्रयोग है से बचना चाहिए।
• फीचर लेखन में भावप्रधानता होनी चाहिए, क्योंकि नीरस फीचर कोई भी नहीं पढ़ना चाहता।
• फीचर बहुत लंबा, ऊबाऊ और गंभीर नहीं होना चाहिए। फीचर में विषय की नवीनता होना आवश्यक है।
• फीचर लेखन की भाषा सहज, संप्रेषणीयता से परिपूर्ण होनी चाहिए।
• फीचर से संबंधित तथ्यों का आधार दिया जाना चाहिए। विश्वसनीयता के लिए फीचर में तार्किकता आवश्यक है।
• फीचर लेखन पाठक की मानसिक योग्यता और शैक्षिक पृष्ठभूमि को ध्यान में रखकर किया जाना चाहिए।
• फीचर में किसी व्यक्ति अथवा घटना विशेष का उदाहरण दिया गया हो तो उसकी संक्षिप्त जानकारी भी देनी चाहिए।
• फीचर के विषयानुकूल चित्रों, कार्टूनों अथवा फोटो का उपयोग किया जाए तो फीचर अधिक प्रभावशाली बन है जाता है।
• फीचर लेखन में राष्ट्रीय स्तर के तथा अन्य महत्त्वपूर्ण तथा समसामयिक विषयों का समावेश होना चाहिए।

व्यावहारिक प्रयोग

प्रश्न 4.
भारत के अंतरिक्ष कार्यक्रम पर फीचर लेखन कीजिए।
उत्तर :
भारत का अंतरिक्ष कार्यक्रम डॉ विक्रम साराभाई की संकल्पना है। उन्हें भारतीय अंतरिक्ष कार्यक्रम का जनक कहा जाता है। वर्तमान में इस कार्यक्रम की कमान भारतीय अंतरिक्ष अनुसंधान संगठन (इसरो) के हाथों में है। इसरो की स्थापना 1969 में डॉ. विक्रम साराभाई की अध्यक्षता में की गई। इसका मुख्यालय बंगलौर में है। भारत ने अपने पहले अंतरिक्ष कार्यक्रम की शुरुआत बेहद सीमित संसाधनों के साथ की थी।

जब पहले उपग्रह को अंतरिक्ष में भेजा गया तब शायद ही किसी ने सोचा हो कि भारत का अंतरिक्ष यान किसी दिन मंगल ग्रह के लिए जा सकेगा। भारत के अंतरिक्ष कार्यक्रम से कई बड़े वैज्ञानिक जुड़े रहे हैं। पूर्व राष्ट्रपति डॉ. ए. पी. जे. अब्दुल कलाम भी भारत के अंतरिक्ष कार्यक्रम में योगदान दे चुके हैं।

स्थापना के बाद से ही भारतीय अंतरिक्ष कार्यक्रम अच्छी तरह से ऑर्केस्ट्रेटेड किया गया है और इसमें संचार और रिमोट सेंसिंग के लिए उपग्रह, अंतरिक्ष परिवहन प्रणाली और अनुप्रयोग कार्यक्रम जैसे तीन अलग-अलग तत्त्व थे। प्राकृतिक संसाधनों और आपदा प्रबंधन सहायता की निगरानी और प्रबंधन के लिए दूरसंचार, टेलिविजन प्रसारण और मौसम संबंधी सेवाओं और रिमोट सेंसिंग सैटेलाइट के लिए दो प्रमुख परिपालन प्रणालियों को भारतीय राष्ट्रीय उपग्रह स्थापित किया गया है।

1960 और 1970 के दशक के दौरान भारत ने भू राजनीतिक और आर्थिक विचारों के कारण अपना स्वयं का लॉन्च वाहन कार्यक्रम प्रारंभ किया। देश ने एक साउंडिंग रॉकेट प्रोग्राम विकसित किया और 1980 के दशक तक सैटेलाइट लॉन्च व्हीकल – 3 और अधिक उन्नत, संवर्धित सैटेलाइट लॉन्च व्हीकल (ए एस एल वी) को परिचालन सहायक बुनियादी ढाँचे के साथ पूरा किया।

सबसे पहले धुंबा को रॉकेट लॉन्चिग सेंटर के तौर पर चुना गया था। धरती की भू चुंबकीय भूमध्य रेखा धुंबा से गुजरती है। भारत ने पहला रॉकेट 21 नवंबर 1963 को लॉन्च किया था यानी मंगल यान से करीब 50 साल पहले। ये एक नाइक-अपाचे रॉकेट था। 1975 में भारत ने अपना पहला उपग्रह आर्यभट्ट लॉन्च किया और इस तरह अंतरिक्ष युग में प्रवेश किया। इसका वजन सिर्फ 360 किलोग्राम था और इसका नाम प्राचीन भारत के प्रसिद्ध खगोलविद आर्यभट्ट के नाम पर रखा गया था।

भास्कर – 1 भारत का पहला रिमोट सेंसिंग सैटेलाइट था, इस उपग्रह का कैमरा जो तस्वीरें भेजता था, उन्हें वन, पानी और सागरों के अध्ययन में इस्तेमाल किया जाता था। चंद्रयान का भारत के अंतरिक्ष कार्यक्रम में महत्त्वपूर्ण स्थान है। चंद्रयान ने चंद्रमा की सतह पर पानी की खोज की थी।

इसरो ने प्रक्षेपण यान प्रौद्योगिकी की उन्नति के लिए अपनी ऊर्जा को आगे बढ़ाया, जिसके परिणामस्वरूप पी एस एल वी और जी एस एल वी प्रौद्योगिकियों का निर्माण हुआ। पिछले साढ़े चार दशकों में भारत का अंतरिक्ष कार्यक्रम ने एक सुसंगठित, आत्मनिर्भर कार्यक्रम के माध्यम से प्रभावशाली प्रगति की है।

प्रश्न 5.
लता मंगेशकर पर फीचर लेखन कीजिए।
उत्तर :
भारतरत्न लता मंगेशकर भारत की अप्रतिम गायिका हैं। उनकी मधुर आवाज की पूरी दुनिया दीवानी है। पिछले छह-सात दशकों से भारतीय सिनेमा को अपनी आवाज के जादू से सराबोर करने वाली लता का जन्म 28 सितंबर, 1929 को इंदौर के मराठी परिवार में पंडित दीनदयाल के घर में हुआ। लता के पिता रंगमंच के कलाकार और गायक भी थे। अतः संगीत लता को विरासत में मिला। लता के जन्म के कुछ दिन बाद ही इनका परिवार महाराष्ट्र चला गया।

लता मंगेशकर ने अपनी संगीत यात्रा का प्रारंभ मराठी फिल्मों से किया। इन्होंने ‘हिंदुस्तान क्लासिकल म्यूजिक’ के उस्ताद अमानत अली खान से क्लासिकल संगीत सीखना शुरु किया। भारत बँटवारे के बाद उस्ताद अमानत अली खान के पाकिस्तान चले जाने के बाद लता ने बड़े गुलाम अली खान, पंडित तुलसीदास शर्मा तथा उस्ताद अमानत खान देवसल्ले से संगीत सीखा।

गुलाम हैदर ने 1948 में लता को ‘मजबूर’ फिल्म में पहला ब्रेक दिया। तब से लेकर 1989 तक लता मंगेशकर ने 30000 से भी अधिक गाने गाए हैं, जो अपने आप में एक रिकॉर्ड है। इस दौर में हिंदी फिल्म इंडस्ट्री का शायद ही कोई ऐसा फिल्म निर्देशक और संगीत निर्देशक होगा, जिसके साथ लता जी ने काम न किया हो। लता मंगेशकर अत्यंत शांत स्वभाव और प्रतिभा की धनी हैं।

उन्होंने रागों पर आधारित अनेक गाने गाए, तो दूसरी ओर ‘अल्लाह. तेरो नाम’ और ‘प्रभु तेरो नाम’ जैसे भजन भी गाए, वहीं 1963 में पंडित जवाहरलाल नेहरू की उपस्थिति में देश का सबसे जीवंत गीत ‘ऐ मेरे वतन के लोगों’ गाया। इस गाने को सुनते समय नेहरू जी की आँखों से आँसू बह निकले थे।

लता मंगेशकर भारतीय संगीत में महत्त्वपूर्ण योगदान देने के लिए पद्मभूषण, पद्मविभूषण, दादा साहेब फाल्के अवॉर्ड, महाराष्ट्र भूषण अवॉर्ड, भारतरत्न, 3 बार राष्ट्रीय फिल्म अवॉर्ड, बंगाल फिल्म पत्रकार संगठन अवॉर्ड, फिल्म फेअर लाइफटाइम अचीवमंट अवॉर्ड सहित अनेक अवॉर्ड जीत चुकी हैं। आज पूरी संगीत दुनिया उनके आगे नतमस्तक है।

फीचर के प्रकार

• समाचार फीचर
• खोजपरक फीचर
• मानवीय रुचिपरक फीचर
• सांस्कृतिक कार्यक्रमों से संबंधित फीचर
• व्याख्यात्मक फीचर
• ऐतिहासिक फीचर
• जन रुचि के विषयों पर आधारित फीचर
• विज्ञान फीचर
• खेल-कूद फीचर
• फोटो फीचर
• पर्वोत्सवी फीचर
• इलेक्ट्रॉनिक माध्यमों पर आधारित फीचर
• विशेष घटनाओं पर आधारित फीचर
• व्यक्तिगत फीचर
• रेडियो फीचर

फीचर लेखन Summary in Hindi

फीचर लेखन का परिचय

फीचर लेखन लेखक का नाम :
डॉ. बीना शर्मा। (जन्म 20 अक्तूबर 1959.)

फीचर लेखन प्रमुख कृतियाँ :
‘हिंदी शिक्षण – अंतर्राष्ट्रीय परिप्रेक्ष्य’, ‘भारतीय सांस्कृतिक प्रतीक’ आदि।

फीचर लेखन विशेषता :
डॉ. बीना का लेखन शिक्षा क्षेत्र और भारतीय संस्कृति से प्रेरित है। स्त्री विमर्श और समसामयिक विषयों पर आपका विशेष लेखन। आपका साहित्य भारतीय संस्कारों और जीवन मूल्यों के प्रति आग्रही है।

फीचर लेखन विषय प्रवेश :
आज के दौर में फीचर लेखन पत्रकारिता क्षेत्र का आधार स्तंभ बन गया है। फीचर का मुख्य कार्य पाठक के सम्मुख किसी विषय का सजीव वर्णन करना होता है। प्रस्तुत पाठ में लेखिका फीचर लेखन का स्वरूप, उसकी विशेषताएँ, प्रकार आदि पर प्रकाश डालते हुए इस तथ्य को उद्भासित कर रही है कि फीचर लेखन जहाँ एक ओर समाज के दर्पण के रूप में कार्य कर सकता है, वहीं यह आजीविका का स्रोत भी बन सकता है।

फीचर लेखन पाठ का सार

स्नेहा एक पत्रकार है। आज वह और उसका पूरा परिवार आनंद और गर्व की भावना से भरा है। पत्रकारिता के क्षेत्र में फीचर लेखन के लिए दिए जाने वाले ‘सर्वश्रेष्ठ फीचर लेखन’ के लिए स्नेहा को राष्ट्रीय पुरस्कार से सम्मानित किया गया है। आज उसके परिवार द्वारा एक पार्टी का आयोजन किया गया है। स्नेहा के पति, उसके सास-ससुर, पुत्री प्रिया और पुत्र नैतिक उसे बधाई दे रहे हैं। स्नेहा की आँखों में खुशी के आँसू हैं।

स्नेहा अतीत में खो जाती है। बी. ए. कर लेने के बाद पिता द्वारा भविष्य के बारे में पूछने पर वह पत्रकारिता का कोर्स करने है की इच्छा प्रकट करती है, जिसे माता द्वारा भी समर्थन मिलता है। स्नेहा पत्रकारिता का कोर्स ज्वाइन कर लेती है। पत्रकारिता की कक्षा का प्रथम दिवस – पहले लेक्चर में प्रोफेसर ने पत्रकारिता पाठ्यक्रम का पहला पेपर पढ़ाना शुरु किया। विषय था – फीचर लेखन। उन्होंने फीचर लेखन की विभिन्न परिभाषाओं को समझाते हुए कहा – फीचर लेखन के क्षेत्र में चर्चित जेम्स डेविस कहते हैं – ‘फीचर समाचारों को नया आयाम देता है, उनका परीक्षण करता है तथा उन पर नया प्रकाश डालता है।’

स्नेहा की फीचर लेखन में विशेष रुचि थी। उसके द्वारा प्रसिद्ध फीचर लेखक पी. डी. टंडन का उल्लेख करने पर प्रोफेसर ने बताया कि पी. डी. टंडन के अनुसार ‘फीचर किसी गद्य गीत की तरह होता है, जो बहुत लंबा, नीरस और गंभीर नहीं होना चाहिए। इससे पाठक बोर हो जाते हैं और ऐसे फीचर कोई पढ़ना नहीं चाहता। फीचर किसी विषय का मनोरंजक शैली में विस्तृत विवेचन है।’

इन परिभाषाओं के द्वारा स्नेहा अच्छी तरह समझ गई कि फीचर समाचारपत्र का प्राण तत्त्व होता है। पाठक की प्यास बुझाने, घटना की मनोरंजनात्मक अभिव्यक्ति की कला का नाम फीचर है। पत्रकारिता कोर्स के बीतते दिन-महीने, फीचर लेखन के संबंध में सुने हुए लेक्चर्स, प्रोफेसरों के साथ की गई चर्चाएँ, अध्ययन, परीक्षा, फीचर लेखन का प्रारंभ फीचर लेखन और आज का दिन। फीचर लेखन की सिद्धहस्त लेखिका बनना ही स्नेहा का एकमात्र सपना था।

स्नेहा को याद आ रहा है वह दिन जब उसे पत्रकारिता कोर्स में फीचर लेखन पर व्याख्यान देने के लिए बुलाया गया था। आज उसे अपना परिश्रम सार्थक होता नजर आ रहा था। रोचक प्रसंगों के साथ स्नेहा फीचर लेखन की विशेषताएँ बताने लगी – अच्छा फीचर नवीनतम जानकारी से परिपूर्ण होता है।

किसी घटना की सत्यता, तथ्यता फीचर का मुख्य तत्त्व है। फीचर लेखन में राष्ट्रीय स्तर के तथा अन्य महत्त्वपूर्ण विषयों का समावेश होना चाहिए क्योंकि समाचारपत्र दूर-दूर तक जाते हैं। साथ ही फीचर का विषय समसामयिक होना चाहिए।

फीचर लेखन में भावप्रधानता होनी चाहिए, क्योंकि नीरस फीचर कोई भी नहीं पढ़ना चाहता। फीचर से संबंधित तथ्यों का आधार दिया जाना चाहिए। विश्वसनीयता के लिए फीचर में तार्किकता आवश्यक है। तार्किकता के बिना फीचर अविश्वसनीय बन जाता है। फीचर में विषय की नवीनता होना आवश्यक है क्योंकि उसके अभाव में फीचर अपठनीय हो जाता है। फीचर में किसी व्यक्ति अथवा घटना विशेष का उदाहरण दिया गया हो तो उसकी संक्षिप्त जानकारी भी देनी चाहिए।

फीचर लेखन करते समय लेखक को पाठक की मानसिक योग्यता और शैक्षिक पृष्ठभूमि को ध्यान में रखना चाहिए। प्रसिद्ध व्यक्तियों के कथनों, उद्धरणों, लोकोक्तियों और मुहावरों का प्रयोग फीचर में चार चाँद लगा देता है। फीचर लेखक को निष्पक्ष रूप से अपना मत व्यक्त करना चाहिए तभी पाठक उसके विचारों से सहमत हो सकेगा। फीचर लेखन में शब्द चयन अत्यंत महत्त्वपूर्ण है। लेखन की भाषा सहज, संप्रेषणीयता से परिपूर्ण होनी चाहिए। फीचर के विषयानुकूल चित्रों, कार्टूनों अथवा फोटो का उपयोग किया जाए तो फीचर अधिक प्रभावशाली बन जाता है।

एक विद्यार्थी के पूछने पर स्नेहा बताती है कि फीचर किसी विशेष घटना, व्यक्ति, जीव-जंतु, तीज-त्योहार, दिन, स्थान, प्रकृतिपरिवेश से संबंधित व्यक्तिगत अनुभूतियों पर आधारित आलेख होता है। इस आलेख को कल्पनाशीलता, सृजनात्मक कौशल के साथ मनोरंजक और आकर्षक शैली में प्रस्तुत किया जाता है। फीचर अनेक प्रकार के हो सकते हैं।

फीचर लेखन मुख्य रूप से –

• व्यक्तिपरक फीचर
• सूचनात्मक फीचर
• विवरणात्मक फीचर
• विश्लेषणात्मक फीचर
• साक्षात्कार
• विज्ञापन फीचर

स्नेहा ने आगे फीचर लेखन करते समय बरती जाने वाली सावधानियों के बारे में बताया :

• फीचर लेखन में आरोप-प्रत्यारोप करने से बचना चाहिए।
• फीचर लेखन में क्लिष्ट और आलंकारिक भाषा का प्रयोग नहीं करना चाहिए।
• फीचर लेखन में झूठे तथ्यात्मक आँकड़े, प्रसंग अथवा घटनाओं का उल्लेख करना उचित नहीं है।
• फीचर अति नाटकीयता से परिपूर्ण नहीं होना चाहिए।
• फीचर लेखन में लेखक को अति कल्पनाओं और हवाई बातं के प्रयोग से बचना चाहिए।

इन सभी सावधानियों को ध्यान रखेंगे तो फीचर लेखन अधिकाधिक विश्वसनीय और प्रभावी बन सकता है।

फीचर लेखन की प्रक्रिया पर प्रकाश डालते हुए स्नेहा ने बताया कि फीचर लेखन के मुख्य तीन अंग हैं :

1. विषय का चयन : फीचर लेखन में विषय का चयन करते समय इस बात का ध्यान रखना चाहिए कि विषय रोचक, ज्ञानवर्धक और उत्प्रेरित करने वाला हो। अतः फीचर का विषय समयानुकूल और समसामयिक होना चाहिए। विषय जिज्ञासा उत्पन्न करने वाला हो।
2. सामग्री का संकलन : फीचर लेखन में विषय संबंधी सामग्री का संकलन करना महत्त्वपूर्ण अंग है। उचित जानकारी और अनुभव के अभाव में लिखा गया फीचर नीरस सिद्ध हो सकता है। विषय से संबंधित उपलब्ध पुस्तकों, पत्र-पत्रिकाओं से सामग्री जुटाने के अलावा बहुत-सी सामग्री लोगों से मिलकर, कई स्थानों पर जाकर जुटानी पड़ती है।
3. फीचर योजना : फीचर लिखने से पहले फीचर का एक योजनाबद्ध ढाँचा बनाना चाहिए।

एक अन्य विद्यार्थी की जिज्ञासा शांत करते हुए स्नेहा ने बताया – निम्न चार सोपानों अथवा चरणों के आधार पर फीचर लिखा जाता है :

1. प्रस्तावना : प्रस्तावना में फीचर के विषय का संक्षिप्त परिचय होता है। यह परिचय आकर्षक और विषयानुकूल होना चाहिए। इससे पाठकों के मन में फीचर पढ़ने की जिज्ञासा जाग्रत होती है और पाठक अंत तक फीचर से जुड़ा रहता है।
2. विवरण अथवा मुख्य कलेवर : फीचर में विवरण का महत्त्वपूर्ण स्थान है। फीचर में लेखक स्वयं के अनुभव, लोगों से प्राप्त जानकारी और विषय की क्रमबद्धता, रोचकता के साथसाथ संतुलित तथा आकर्षक शब्दों में पिरोकर उसे पाठकों के सम्मुख रखता है जिससे फीचर पढ़ने वाले को ज्ञान और अनुभव से संपन्न कर दे।
3. उपसंहार : यह अनुच्छेद संपूर्ण फीचर का सार अथवा निचोड़ होता है। इसमें फीचर लेखक फीचर का निष्कर्ष भी प्रस्तुत कर सकता है अथवा कुछ अनुत्तरित प्रश्न पाठकों के ऊपर भी छोड़ सकता है। उपसंहार ऐसा होना चाहिए जिससे पाठक को विषय से संबंधित ज्ञान भी मिल जाए और उसकी जिज्ञासा भी बनी रहे।
4. शीर्षक : विषय का औचित्यपूर्ण शीर्षक फीचर की आत्मा है। शीर्षक संक्षिप्त, रोचक और जिज्ञासावर्धक होना चाहिए। नवीनता, आकर्षकता और ज्ञानवृद्धि उत्तम शीर्षक के गुण हैं।

फीचर लेखन शब्दार्थ

आनंदित	प्रसन्न।
सम्मानित	आदर किया हुआ।
उपलक्ष्य	उद्देश्य।
छलछलाना	आँसू भर आना।
समर्थन	किसी मत की पुष्टि।
पत्रकारिता	पत्रकार का काम।
चर्चित	जिसकी चर्चा की जाती हो।
आयाम	विस्तार।
परीक्षण	परीक्षा।
विश्लेषण	अलग करना।
परिभाषित	जिसकी परिभाषा की गई हो।
नीरस	जिसमें रस न हो।
मनोरंजक	मन को प्रसन्न करने वाला।
विस्तृत	विस्तार वाला।
विवेचन	व्याख्या।
प्राण तत्त्व	आत्मा।
प्रविष्ट	अंदर आना।
आँखें फटी-की-फटी रह जाना	बहुत अधिक आश्चर्य होना।
विख्यात	प्रसिद्ध।
बरबस	अचानक।
शीर्ष	सर्वोच्च।
सिद्धहस्त	जिसका हाथ कोई काम करने में मँजा हो।
व्याख्यान	भाषण।
सार्थक	सफल।
रोचक	रुचि उत्पन्न करने वाला।
परिपूर्ण	संपूर्ण।
तथ्यता	यथार्थता।
समावेश	शामिल होना।
समसामयिक	समकालीन, एक ही समय में होने वाला।
विश्वसनीयता	विश्वास के योग्य होने का गुण।
तार्किकता	तर्क करने की योग्यता।
अविश्वसनीय	विश्वास न करने योग्य।
अपठनीय	जो पढ़ने योग्य न हो।
उद्धरण	किसी लेख के अंश को दूसरे लेख में प्रयोग करना।
लोकोक्ति	लोगों द्वारा कही गई उक्ति अर्थात कथन।
निष्पक्ष	जो किसी तरह का पक्षपात न करता हो।
विषयानुकूल	विषय के अनुकूल।
आश्वस्त	जिसे आश्वासन दिया गया हो।
परिवेश	वातावरण।
अनुभूति	अनुभव।
आलेख	लेख।
व्यक्तिपरक	व्यक्तिगत।
सूचनात्मक	सूचना संबंधी।
विवरणात्मक	सविस्तार वर्णन वाला।
साक्षात्कार	भेंट।
सटीक	उचित।
तर्कसंगत	जो तर्क पर आधारित हो।
क्लिष्ट	कठिनाई से समझ में आने वाला।
चयन	चुनाव।
ज्ञानवर्धक	ज्ञान बढ़ाने वाला।
उत्प्रेरित	उत्साहित।
समयानुकूल	समय के अनुकूल।
संकलन	संग्रह।
मंतव्य	विचार।
सोपान	सीढ़ी।
कलेवर	ऊपरी ढाँचा।
क्रमबद्धता	क्रम के अनुसार।
अनुच्छेद	पैराग्राफ।
अनुत्तरित	जिसका उत्तर न दिया गया हो।
औचित्यपूर्ण	उपयुक्त।
जिज्ञासावर्धक	जानने की इच्छा बढ़ाने वाला।
शंका	प्रश्न।
समाधान	किसी प्रश्न का संतोषजनक उत्तर।
विख्यात	प्रसिद्ध।
योगदान	सहायता देना।
कुतूहल	अचरज।
कृतज्ञता	उपकार मानना।

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Psychology Solutions Chapter 8 Positive Psychology Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Psychology Solutions Chapter 8 Positive Psychology

1. Choose the correct option and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
……………. is the father of positive psychology.
(a) Carver
(b) Masten
(c) Seligman
Answer:
(c) Seligman

Question 2.
Barbara Fredrickson introduced the Broaden and ………………. theory.
(a) Build
(b) Emotion
(c) Learning
Answer:
(a) Build

Question 3.
The belief that good things will happen is called as ………………..
(a) pessimism
(b) resilience
(c) optimism
Answer:
(c) optimism

Question 4.
The capacity to understand what the other person is experiencing is………………
(a) sympathy
(b) empathy
(c) emotion
Answer:
(b) empathy

2. Answer the following questions in 35 – 40 words each.

Question 1.
Explain the theories of happiness
Answer:
Happiness is a positive emotional state that is subjective to each person, for e.g., people feel happy when they are successful or surprised or loved, etc.
The main theories of happiness are-

1. Need/ goal satisfaction theories – Happiness is experienced when some need or goal is satisfied, e.g., Rohit feels happiness when he clears IIT-JEE exams.
2. Process/ activity theories – Happiness is experienced when one engages in a particular activity, e.g., Sumit enjoys trekking.
3. Genetic/ personality theories – Genetic and personality characteristics are involved in the experience of happiness.

Question 2.
What is mindfulness?
Answer:
Mindfulness is the basic human ability to be fully aware of where we are and what we are doing. It means that we should not be overly reactive or overwhelmed by what’s going on around us. Mindfulness refers to mental awareness that helps to focus on the ‘Here and Now’. It helps to increase self-regulation, which results in growth and happiness. Mindfulness is maintaining moment by moment awareness of our bodily sensations, environment, thoughts and feelings.

Question 3.
What is resilience?
Answer:
According to the American Psychological Association, resilience is the process of adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats or significant sources of stress such as family and relationships, health, work and finances, etc. It is the act of ‘bouncing back’ inspite of barriers or set backs.

Resilience helps the person to recover form setbacks with the least negative consequences. Individuals high on resilience exhibit the following characteristics-

1. they regain their confidence after a period of emotional disturbance
2. they are able to maintain their psychological well-being.

The types of resilience are physical, psychological, emotional and community resilience.

3. Write short notes on the following in 50 – 60 words each.

Question 1.
Life above zero
Answer:
Traditional psychology focused on life at and below zero. Zero is the line that divides illness form
health. Hence, life below zero indicates a life that is full of problems stress, diseases, etc. Positive psychology emphasizes the study of life above zero.

-1 to +1 indicates neutral charactristics while below 0 indicates disorders, dysfunction or illness. Life above zero covers a large area of positive aspects of behaviour such as mindfulness, resilience, happiness, hope, trust and empathy. It acknowledges elements of living that enrich and meaningfully sustain what is referred to as “the good life” in positive psychology.

Question 2.
Determinants of happiness
Answer:
Happiness is a positive emotional state. Factors like health, prestige, income, success, etc., contribute to only a small portion of our total happiness.
Some factors are predictors of long lasting happiness-

1. Strong, intimate social relationships, positive contacts and good support system.
2. Optimism leads to less of negative emotions like stress.
3. Self-esteem enhances our confidence level and ability to approach challenges in a constructive manner.
4. Achieving challenging goals- If the goals are too easy, it leads to boredom and if they are too difficult, it leads to frustration. Moderately challenging goals, increase the chance of success, leading to happiness.
5. Perceiving meaning and purpose in life, without which we will experience frustration, boredom, etc.
6. Looking at life’s challenges as an opportunity rather than a threat helps to develop our potential.

Question 3.
Characteristics of an optimist
Answer:
Optimism is a mental attitude that includes feelings of hopefulness and a belief that the future will be positive and favourable. It is the belief that negative events are merely setbacks that are temporary and can be overcome.
The characteristics of optimists are:

1. they try to choose the best options available
2. they tend to be high on self confidence
3. they face difficulties positively as they view them as a challenge for a person to become strong
4. they are hopeful about the future and do not generalize present failure to future events.

Question 4.
Methods to promote empathy
Answer:
Empathy is the capacity to understand and feel what another person is experiencing from within their frame of reference i.e. capacity to place oneself in another’s position.

According to Simon Baron-Cohen there are three components of empathy viz. cognitive empathy emotional reactivity and social skills. Empathy builds a sense of security and trust. It is closely related to emotional intelligence and is a key to successful relationships.
Empathy can be promoted by using the following methods-

1. Increase social interactions – Especially with people who need help in order to understand their perspectives and motives.
2. Connecting through similarities – With others, e.g., those having same hobbies/ work/ goals, etc.
3. Understanding what you are feeling – Those who are able to accurately judge their own motives, can empathize better.
4. Challenge yourself – Tasks that are challenging lead to the person struggling to achieve a goal. This lead to humility which enables empathy.
5. Cultivate a sense of curiosity – This leads to open-mindedness and a better understanding of those around us.
6. Widen our social circle – Contact with people of different races, cultures, viewpoints helps to increase empathy towards them at a neurological level.

4. Explain the Following concepts.

Question 1.
Positive Psychology
Answer:
Positive Psychology is a newly emerging branch of psychology. Martin Seligman officially introduced Positive Psychology as a subfield of psychology. It is the science of happiness, human strength and growth. Positive Psychology focuses on building of character strengths like courage, happiness, perseverance, etc., rather than on anxiety, conflict, avoidance, etc. According to Seligman, positive psychology is “the scientific study of positive human functioning and flourishing on multiple levels that include the biological, personal, relational, institutional, cultural and global dimensions of life.”

Question 2.
Half glass full and half glass empty.
Answer:
Optimism is a mental attitude that includes feelings of hopefulness. It is a belief that the future will be positive and favourable and that negative events are merely setbacks that are temporary and can be overcome. Seligman explained about optimism in the book ‘Learned Optimism’. Our perspective determines whether or not we will show optimism.

A glass which has water upto its mid level may be perceived as half full (optimism) or as half empty (pessimism). This is described as ‘Half glass full and half glass empty’.

Question 3.
Empathy
Answer:
Empathy is the capacity to understand and feel what another person is experiencing from within their frame of reference, i.e., capacity to place oneself in another’s position. According to Simon Baron-Cohen, there are three components of empathy viz. cognitive empathy i.e., perspective taking, emotional reactivity (connecting in an intimate bond with another person) and social skills (moved to help the other). Empathy builds a sense of security and trust. It is closely related to emotional intelligence and is a key to successful relationships.

Question 4.
Mindfulness
Answer:
Mindfulness is the basic human ability to be fully aware of where we are and what we are doing. It means that we should not be overly reactive or overwhelmed by what’s going on around us. Mindfulness refers to mental awareness that helps to focus on the ‘Here and Now’. It helps to increase self-regulation, which results in growth and happiness. Mindfulness is maintaining moment by moment awareness of our bodily sensations, environment, thoughts and feelings.

Question 5.
Social resilience
Answer:
According to the American Psychological Association, resilience is the process of adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats or significant sources of stress such as family, health, etc. It is the act of ‘bouncing back’ inspite of barriers or set backs.

Social resilience is also called community resilience. It is the ability of groups of people to respond to and recover from adverse situations such as natural disasters, epidemics, war and socio-economic challenges to their community. This is mainly due to strong connections or bonds that the community members have with each other.

5. Answer the following question in 150 – 200 words each.

Question 1.
What are the essential building blocks of resilience?
Answer:
According to the American Psychological Association, resilience is the process of adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats or significant sources of stress such as family, health, etc. It is the act of ‘bouncing back’ inspite of barriers or set backs. Resilience helps the person to recover form setbacks with the least negative consequences. Individuals who are resilience tend to-

1. regain their confidence after a period of emotional disturbance
2. they are able to maintain their psychological well-being.

6. The types of resilience are physical, psychological, emotional and community resilience.

According to Ann Masten, building blocks is ‘ordinary magic’, which involves behaviour that can be easily learnt. The 7 C’s of reilience are-

1. Competence – Competence is the ability or know-how to handle situations effectively. Competence is acquired through actual experience.
2. Confidence – True confidence is a strong belief in one’s own abilities. Confidence is gained by demonstrating competence in real life situations.
3. Connection – Family is the central force in an individual’s life. Connections with other people, schools and communities gives the individual a sense of security that allows him/her to be independent and develop creative solutions.
4. Character – It refers to a clear sense of right and wrong and a commitment to integrity. An individual with character has a strong sense of self-worth and confidence.
5. Contribution – An individual who understands the importance of personal contribution develops a sense of purpose that can motivate him/her, further leading to him/her psychological well-being.
6. Coping – A person who learns to cope effectively with stress is better prepared to overcome life’s challenges.
7. Control – When an individual realizes that he can control the outcomes of his decisions and actions, he is more likely to know that he has the ability to bounce back.

Question 2.
Recollect the most challenging situation you faced in your life till now and the way you dealt with it. With reference to the 7 C’s of Resilience, which qualities helped you to overcome the challenge? For each of the C’s write the process you adopted to deal with the situation.
Answer:
[Students are expected to answer this question by themselves.]

7. Find out the positive aspects of behaviour from the example given below and answer in one word.

Question 1.
Mahesh studies so attentively that he never gets distracted.
Answer:
Mindfulness

Question 2.
Sujata lost her hands in an accident. Now she has learned to write with her leg.
Answer:
Resilience

Question 3.
Vasanta’s daughter died by cancer. He has opened a rehabilitation center for cancer patients.
Answer:
Empathy

8. Case Study

Anurag was a software engineer working in one of the leading company’s in the USA for almost 5 years. He was in a stable relationship and he had plans to start a family and to settle there. Unfortunately due to the poor economy in USA he lost his job and had to return back to India. He felt distressed as he realized that he had lost everything he had worked so hard to build. This made him feel like a failure.

1. How do you think Anurag can apply the 7 C’s of resilience to overcome the difficult situation he is in?
2. As Anurag’s friend how will you empathise with him and help him deal with this challenge?
3. Anurag has developed a very pessimistic approach after these setbacks, how will you guide him to stay happy and optimistic?

Answer:
According to the American Psychological Association, resilience is the process of adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats or significant sources of stress such as family, health, etc. It is the act of ‘bouncing back’ inspite of barriers or set backs. Resilience helps the person to recover form setbacks. Individuals who are resilient tend to-
(i) regain their confidence after a period of emotional disturbance
(ii) maintain their psychological well-being.

Anurag can apply the 7 C’s of resilience as follows-
1. He has already worked in a reputed firm successfully. Hence he has the Competence and Confidence in his own abilities. Although he is feeling a sense of hopelessness and failure, he must live in the ‘Here and Now’ by taking stock of the situation. Character will provide Anurag self worth and provide a sense of purpose and motivation, i.e., Contribution. When he realizes that he can still succeed in life by applying for a similar job here and accepting the situation, i.e., Control he can use effective Coping mechanisms. Besides, he should not forget social support of family and friends, i.e., Connection.

2. As Anurag’s friend, I can understand and feel what he is going through, from his frame of reference. Since, he is feeling distressed and like a failure due to loss of job, I will empathize with him by being encouraging and supportive. I will try to make him understand that with his own competence and experience, he can easily find a well paying job in India. I will also encourage him to improve his professional skills and seek social support from family and friends.

3. It seems natural for a person who was in a good job, stable relationship and successful position to feel pessimistic and like a failure when all of these no longer exist in his life. I will help Anurag to have a positive approach towards the challenges and difficulties in his life, i.e., view all setbacks i.e. loss of job, being sent back from the USA, etc., as opportunities not as obstacles. This will help him to gain a better perspective.

Class 12 Psychology Chapter 8 Positive Psychology Intext Questions and Answers

ACTIVITY (Textbook Page. No. 99)

Activity 4

(a) Meera scored poor marks in the examination.
(b) Suresh’s scholarship application got rejected.
(c) Mahesh lost his job.
Imagine yourself in their position and answer the following questions-
(i) How does being in their situation make you feel?
(ii) What do you think about yourself and your future being in their position?
Answer:
(i) You may feel

• Hopeless and so you might think that your future is dark.
• Helpless and so you might think that you cannot do anything to get out of the situation.
• Worthless and so you might think that you are a failure.

(ii) In contrast you may also feel

• Hopeful and think that the current adverse situation can change in the future.
• Challenged and think that you have the ability to overcome the adversity.
• Confident and think that one failure does not define you

Activity 5 (Textbook Page. No. 100)

What would your feeling be in the following situations?
(i) After a long struggle your friend got a job.
(ii) You see a person who just met with an accident and is bleeding profusely.
(iii) Your cousin is awarded a PhD. degree.
Answer:
In all the above examples I would feel empathy i.e., feel what these persons are experiencing.
(i) I will also feel happy and hopeful.
(ii) I will also feel concerned and helpless,
(iii) I will feel elated and proud.

Activity 8 (Textbook Page. No. 104)

Think of someone you know who has faced a challenging situation in their life and were successfully able to deal with it. This situation may have been emotionally difficult to deal with like death of a loved one, loss of a job, dealing with chronic illness, failure etc. Answer the following questions and discuss the answers in class.

1. How did they handle the adverse situation?
2. Which obstacles did they have to overcome?
3. In your opinion which specific attitudes and skills helped them cope with the situation?
4. Do you think they received help and support from others?

Answer:
Sundari, a professor in a reputed college was diagnosed with cancer at age 35 years.

1. Initially, she was overcome by feelings of intense fear and hopelessness. However, she decided that she would not give up the fight against cancer.
2. She had to overcome obstacles such as intense pain, fear of chemotherapy, pity shown by some ‘well wishers’, financial constraints, etc.
3. Specific attitudes that helped her to cope with this trauma were Resilience, fighting spirit interacting with other cancer survivors and good coping skills.
4. Yes, she received immense support from family, colleagues, friends and support groups like CPAA and Cancer Aid Foundation.

Activity 9 (Textbook Page. No. 105)

Read about the life of Indian boxer Mary Kom. Discuss in class the struggles she faced and how she overcame them to win multiple medals for the country.
Answer:
Mary Kom was born in Kangathei in the north-east state of Manipur. She grew up in a humble surroundings in an agricultural family. She is the eldest of three siblings. Her father had been a keen wrestler. Since a young age, Mary exhibited an inclination towards sports, like athletics and football. She was inspired by Dingko Singh, (a fellow Manipur who won a gold medal in 1998 Asian games ) to take up boxing. She was unable to pass her matriculation exam but still cleared X Std., from NIOS, Imphal. When she was 15, she left home to study at the Sports Academy in Imphal.

Her first coach K. K. Meitei recalls her as being hard working, dedicated, a quick learner with a strong will power. She has won many accolades such as 6 World Championships, Bronze medal at London Olympics (2012), 1 gold medal each at Asian Games (2014) and at Commonwealth Games (2018). She has been awarded the Padma Shri, Padma Bhushan and Padam Vibushan.

Her life story exhibits how Mary overcome obstacles of poverty, family opposition, gender bias to become the undisputed Queen of Boxing. Even at age 37, she still has the hunger to compete and win medals for India. Mary showed resilience as she has returned to the very demanding sport of boxing, after the birth of each child and has exceeded all expectations.

Activities 1, 2, 3, and 6
Answer:
[These are personal response questions.]

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Sociology Solutions Chapter 5 Social Movements in India Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Sociology Solutions Chapter 5 Social Movements in India

1A. Complete the following statements by choosing the correct alternative given in the brackets and rewrite it.

Question 1.
The Chipko Movement is for ____________ (women’s empowerment, labour rights, saving the environment)
Answer:
saving the environment

Question 2.
The Bhartiya Lok Dal was started in the year ____________ (1954, 1964, 1974)
Answer:
1974

1B. Correct the incorrect pair and rewrite it.

Question 1.
(a) Women’s Movement – Gender equality
(b) International Decade of Women – From 1991-2001
(c) Towards Equality – Report on the Status of Women in India
(d) Feminist Movements – India after Independence
Answer:
(b) International Decade of Women – 1975-1998

1C. Identify the appropriate term from the given options in the box and rewrite it against the given statement.

S. A. Dange, Sarala Devi, Medha Patkar

Question 1.
Leader of Narmada Bachao Andolan.
Answer:
Medha Patkar

Question 2.
Significant role in the Trade Union Movement.
Answer:
S. A. Dange

1D. Correct underlined words and complete the statement.

Question 1.
The first Kisan Congress held in 1935 led to the establishment of the United Trade Union Congress.
Answer:
The first Kisan Congress held in 1935 led to the establishment of the All India Kisan Sabha.

Question 2.
The Women’s Indian Association was formed in Bombay.
Answer:
The Women’s Indian Association was formed in Madras.

2. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Farmers’ Movement
Answer:
Early Agitations: the early part of British rule was marked by an exploitative revenue system and zamindari system. Many small cultivators lost their rights over their hereditary land and resources. The famines and natural calamities during this period increased Indebtedness and exploitation This led to massive discontent among farmer Several revolts like the Deccan riots against money lenders, the upsurge by Bengal tenants against Zamindari, the Punjab Kisan struggles against money lenders, etc, took place during this period, two peasant struggles led by the National Congress the Champaran Struggle in Bihar against Indigo planters and the Satyagraha movement of the peasants in against collection of land revenue in a situation of crop failure

The emergence of Kisan Sabhas: many Kisan Sabhas were organised in Bengal, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh to revolt against the initiative taken by the Congress party to support the interests of landlords. The Kisan Sabha movement started in Bihar under the leadership of Swami Sahajanand Saraswati, to oppose zamindari system Two struggles of the peasantry of the Bardoli district (Gujarat) broke out in succession which resulted in the formation of the All India Kisan Sabha (ALKS) at the Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress in April 1936. In Punjab, the farmers’ movement erupted under the leadership of Raja Mahendra Pratap. The Ghadar party played a very important role in mobilising farmers and peasants of Punjab together. In Gujarat, Mahatma Gandhi led the struggle of poor farmers against the British government in Kheda. In the Southern belt, the struggle erupted against the Forest Law. This phase is also characterized by the worsening of peasant position.

Post-Independence period: During this period the unrest was felt in the States were agriculturally, commercially developed States like Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu, the movement became more organised, under Charansingh He opposed heavy mechanisation.the Bharatiya Kranti Dal (BKD) and the Bhartiya Lok Dal (BLD) in 1974. In 1973 a convention of farmers was held in New Delhi, followed by another convention in 1978. Which presented a 20-point charter of demands to the government like representation of farmers on decision-making bodies, bridging the imbalance between agriculture and industry, etc., In 1980, the formation of the Shetkari Sangatana under the leadership of Sharad Joshi and Karnataka Rajya Ryot Sangh under the leadership of M. D. Nanjundaswamy are milestones in the Farmers’ movement in India. With the processes of industrialization and globalisation, conditions have changed rapidly for farmers. In March 2018, thousands of farmers from different parts of Maharashtra got together to march to Azad Maidan (Mumbai), to convey to the government their grievances and frustrations.

Question 2.
Characteristics of Social Movement
Answer:
Social movement means when a group of people come together in an organized way, in order to bring change in society. Social Movements are different in nature, features, pace, and operations.

The important characteristics of Social Movements are:
Essentially collective in nature: Social movement is not an individual action. It involves collective action. A group collectively has to be part of the movement. A collective action that creates interest and awakening in a relatively large number of people.

Planned and deliberate action: Social movements have to be preplanned to be executed effectively. Movements are deliberate initiatives and not spontaneous or sudden in nature.

Ideology and objectives: A social movement is backed by an ideology. The ideology guides the course of the movement. There are set objectives and goals to achieve to bring about change in the social system.

Social change: Social movements are oriented towards bringing about a change. It usually demands a change in the already established order or it resists change initiated by the authorities.

Leadership: Collective action must be marked by some degree of organisation. The organisation must include leadership and a structure that defines how members relate to each other, make decisions and how to carry them. Leaders are must for guidance and person who influences others to accomplish the mission.

3. Write differences.

Question 1.
Pre-Independence and Post-Independence periods of the Women’s Movement in India.
Answer:

Pre-Independence period of women’s movement	Post-Independence period of women’s movement
(i) Pre-Independence period of the women’s movement overlapped with the Social Reform Movement in many ways.	(i) Post-Independence period of the women’s movement witnessed several issues like tribal unrest, economic crisis, which took away the singular focus of the women’s movement.
(ii) Pre-Independence movements challenged the customary practices which were discriminatory and revolted mainly against human rights violations in the form of Sati and ill-treatment of widows.	(ii) Post-Independence movements focused more on violence against women, sex stereotyping, and further legislative demands for equality of women.
(iii) Pre-Independence movements were led by social reformers like Raja Rammohan Roy, Jyotiba Phule, Maharshi Karve, and so on.	(iii) Post-Independence movements have mobilised masses in the form of women’s organisation, NGOs, SEWA, etc.
(iv) Pre-Independence movement needed the voice of others (social reformers) for the problems to be spoken.	(iv) Post-independence movement women are educated and aware and are ready to speak up for themselves.
(v) Pre-Independence movement lacked revolutionary social media.	(v) Social media plays a major role during the Post-Independence movement where these movements can reach across the globe and mobilised the youth on a large scale.
(vi) The Pre-Independence movement was more of a socio-religious movement.	(vi) The Post-Independence movement was more progressive in nature.

4. Explain the following concepts with examples.

Question 1.
Social Movement
Answer:
A social movement is a collective action to change or influence the existing social system by a group. Herbert Blumer has defined the social movement as “Collective enterprises to establish a new order of life.”

A social movement is defined as a collectively acting with some continuity to promote ore resist a change in the society or group of which it is a part. Some movements are directed to modify certain aspects of the existing social order whereas others may aim to change it completely.

A social movement is an organised effort of a large group of people to achieve a particular goal typically a social or political or political one, this may be to carry out resistance or undo a social change.

It is a collective challenge to the authorities organised group of people to come together to establish a new order of life.

Examples

• Environmental movements like the Chipko Movement and Narmada Bachao Andolan organised to protect and preserve our environment.
• Workers movement to protest against the exploit action done on workers like the minimisation of wages, poor working conditions, etc. by the industrialisation factory owners.
• Reform Movements – Arya Samaj, Satyashodhak Samaj, Peasant Movements, Backward Castes Movement, etc.

Question 2.
Environmental Movement
Answer:
Gadgil and Guha have defined Environmental Movement as, “An organised social activity consciously directed towards promoting sustainable use of the natural resource, halting environmental degradation or bringing about environmental restoration.” The terms Green Movement, Conservation Movement are also used alternatively to refer to the Environmental Movement.

Environmental Movement, is centered around a genuine concern for the conservation and improvement of the habitat around us, more specifically the environment and civilization.

Environmental Movement as an organized social activity consciously directed towards promoting sustainable use of natural resources halting Environmental degradation or bringing about Environmental restoration.

Environmental Movement has utilized non-violent ways to fight on issues like sustainable management of natural resources, protection of the Environment many movements are centered on ecology, tribal rights, human rights, ecofeminism, etc.

Environmental Movements are highly organised, its scope is wide ranges from being local to the global level.

The environmental movement surrounds issues related to ecology, health, human rights, tribal rights eco-feminism etc.

Harsh Sethi has presented five prominent categories of struggles associated with environmentalism, namely

• forest and forest resources
• land use
• water
• anti-dam
• against different types of pollution and marine resources.

Examples
The Chipko Movement took place in 1973 in the Chamoli district of Uttarakhand where villagers and women in large numbers hugged the trees where the contractors reached the villages to cut the tree. This was to protest against deforestation and save the forest.
Narmada Bachao Andolan – When it was realised that the building of a dam would deprive local inhabitants of their livelihood and displace them, the need to mobilsed and protest against such a venture was felt. In 1985, the Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) emerged as one of the powerful resistance movements under the leadership of Medha Patkar.

5A. Complete the concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

6. Give your personal response.

Question 1.
Has the study of Environmental Education had any effect on your behaviour?
Answer:
The study of environmental education has promoted pro-environmental behaviour which plays important role in solving the problem of the environment. It has increased concern about global and local environmental problems and issues.

Environmental education has created awareness about various environmental issues like how industrialisation and development have led to deforestation and after problems like various pollution, land sliding degradation that endangers our human life and society Above all it has made me release there is need to protect and preserve our environment.

It has helped me to engage in environmental activism like taking shorter showers, reducing private transport, etc. It has taught us how to use the present and future resources optimally to avoid further depletion of the ozone layer, global warming, etc.

Field trips and cleanliness drive camp has taught us to keep our surrounding clean and preserve our natural resources for future. Environmental education has promoted a sense of community involvement in me and has helped me to understand how nature works.

Question 2.
Why is it important to raise social concerns through social movements?
Answer:

• In democratic societies, collective voice on various issues like rights, welfare, and well-being of people has brought changes in society.
• Social movements are collective actions of organised groups who have goals or a demand to change the existing system.
• For instance, during the women’s movement when various issues of consent like equal rights, education, women’s empowerment were raised they demanded a change in the existing system of authority.
• The result of their protest brought various changes. The Constitution of India and Indian law laid down measures for the protection of women’s rights, all these have improved the position of women in present times.
• So, when social concern is raised through social movement, it brings about changes in all aspects of society.

7. Answer the following question in detail. (About 150-200 words)

Question 1.
‘Social movements play an important role in bringing about changes in society. With reference to this statement, choose any two different social movements that you have studied and comment on:
(i) The Issues related to the movement, and
(ii) How the movement has brought about changes in Indian society.
Answer:
A social movement is an organized effort by a significant number of people to change or resist change. It is a collective action where individuals work tirelessly for months, years, or decades together to change that has mobilised the social structure and social system of the society.

The two movements that had a great impact in changing Indian society are:
(i) Women’s Movement
Women have suffered for countless centuries. The Women’s Movement is divided into three phases they are as follows:
The first phase covers the period of the 19th century where various social reformers like Raja Rammohan Roy, Jyotirao Phule. Justice Govind Ranade and many reformers. Who challenge the unwanted customs like Sati, child marriage, widow remarriage, etc., their efforts and supports of British legislation various laws were enacted like Sati Prohibition Act (1829), The Widow Remarriage Act (1856), The Female Infanticide (Prevention) Act (1870) and so on.

The second phase of the movement gave a new look to the Women’s Movement, it leads to women participating in the liberation of women and freedom movement till the 20th century.

Feminists like Margaret Cousins formed the Women’s Indian Association, they came up with new ideas about education for women. Participation of women in various national movements like civil disobedience, satyagraha’s, non-cooperation movement, etc., and the influence of Gandhian philosophy inspired women to speak up for themselves.

The third phase of the Women’s Movement shifted towards equality issues of patriarchy, violence against women, crime, dowry deaths, etc. In this phase, various women’s organisations, NGOs, etc. participated to fight for women’s rights and injustice done to them.

In the fourth phase, women from different walks of life joined their hands together in the mission of women’s empowerment in India, summarise women’s movements in India has certain ideologies and objectives like women’s liberation, right to education, struggle for equal rights, violence against women’s and their empowerment. These have changed the position of women in India to a great extent.

(ii) Workers Movement in India
Industrialization not only boomed the Indian economy but brought two classes in society i.e., the industrialist and the working class.

Modern Industry thrives on profit, this brought exploitation of workers. This occurred in terms of extraction of work, minimization of wages, long hours of work, delays in promotion, reduced wages, and poor working conditions.

These issues led to the formation of the Worker’s Movement in India.

The first phase of protest was a group of workers without planning and organization. In 1875 Shapurji Bengalee revolted against bad conditions of labour, his efforts resulted in the enactment of the First Factories Act 1881.

Narayan Meghaji Lokhande known as the father of the Indian workers’ movement set up the first workers’ organization in India i.e., The Bombay Mill hands association 1884, highlighted the problems of workers and passed resolutions to improve the conditions.

The second phase saw the formation of the Trade Union. Strikes became a Powerful Weapon in hands of labour, several strikes were seen from 1918 to 1920.

The Industrial disputes forced to organized Trade Union in India i.e., the establishment of AITUC- All India Trade Union Congress 1926, under the chairmanship of Lala Lajpat Rai, Bombay Textile Labour Union by N. M. Joshi first union to gets its recognition under Act in 1926.

Trade unions diversified on different ideologies, in order to bring in different coordination’s the National Trade Union Federation (NTUF) was established. Still, there were differences of opinion, in 1947s the Indian National UNION Congress (INUC) was established to safeguard and promote the rights of workers. Various trade unions emerged when Congress came into power, like the Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS), United Trade Union Congress (UTUC), and so on.

There were strikes and disputes between management and factory workers meantime came the Industrial Dispute Act of 1947, which used mechanisms like conciliation, arbitration, and adjudication, to resolve the conflicts between management and workers.

The workers’ movement lost its momentum after the 1970s. Textile industries went on strikes, the Great Bombay Textile Strike 1982, under the leadership of Datta Samant. The demands of the workers were a hike in wages, bonuses, scrapping of the Bombay Industrial act of 1947. The strike lasted for a long time and resulted in a negative impact on the industrial relations between labour, industry, and the government.

Further in recent times, the Ministry of Labour gave recognition to central trade union organizations like AITUC, INTUC, AND SEWA.

To sum up, the worker’s movement, began with philanthropists working for the betterment of workers, later on, workers themselves became leaders who started fighting for the workers’ rights, the role of government to solve disputes with globalization the role of the government has altered.

Activity 1 (Textbook Page No. 70)

Small group discussion: Form groups of 5-7 students. Identify various forms of social injustice that you have observed in your village/town/locality. Make a list of the same. Find out names of various organisations that work to remove such injustices or which create awareness about the injustices. (For example, the problems faced by disabled persons, or migrants.)
Answer:
List of social injustice found in Indian society.
The caste system, poverty, child labor, child marriage, low status of women, gender inequality at work, dowry system, the problem faced by women, the problem faced by slum children, migrants, disabled, etc.

(i) Social injustice seen among slum children’s
Form of social injustice we see in our nearby slum area such as lack of proper sanitation, safe drinking water, shortage of space, lack of quality education in municipal schools, high proportion of girls are dropouts to support their family, they work as domestic maids. Though there are legal measures to protect human rights we see child labour is on rampant in slums.

Smile Foundation, beginning in the corridors of education, it has adopted a lifecycle approach with intensive programmes which addresses the needs of less privileged children, their families and the larger community.

Asha for education projects deal with educational issues from pre-primary schooling to professional education in locations from urban slums to isolated rural areas.

(ii) The problem faced by migrants
Migrants are more vulnerable to discrimination and exploitation as many of them are poor, illiterate, and live in slums and hazardous locations prone to disaster and natural calamities. There is a lack of urban policies and programmes catering to the needs and settlements of migrants.

The National Domestic Workers’ Movement.

(iii) Challenges faced by disability
Disabled face problem of loss of independence, transportation, accessibility issue, loss of independence, education, employment etc.

Narayan Seva Sansthan, established in 1985, is a non-profit charitable organization based in Udaipur, Rajasthan. It is known for providing philanthropic services in the field of treatment and rehabilitation of polio-affected people without discrimination of religion, region, caste, or gender.

Activity 2 (Textbook Page No. 72)

Find out about women’s groups/NGOs in your locality (e.g. anganwadi women teachers, lesbian women, Dalit women’s groups, Muslim women’s organisations). Visit their organisation to find out about the work that they do. You may interview the group members or their volunteers, to find out about the nature of their work or outreach programmes, problems they face etc. Present your findings in class. Initiate a discussion.
Answer:
(i) Self Employed Women’s Association: SEWA is a trade union registered in 1972. It is an organisation of poor, self-employed women workers. These are women who earn a living through their own labour or small businesses. They do not obtain regular salaried employment with welfare benefits like workers in the organised sector. They are the unprotected labour force of our country. Constituting 93% of the labour force, these are workers Of the unorganised sector. Of the female labour force in India, more than 94% are in the unorganised sector. However, their work is not counted and hence remains invisible.

(ii) National Federation of Dalit Women (NFDW): All India Dalit Women Forum and Maharashtra Dalit Mahila Sangasthan etc., address the issues of women empowerment from socially marginalized communities.

Activity 3 (Textbook Page No. 75)

Form groups of 6 students. Identify a workers’ movement in your locality or region. Make a PPT of 12 slides. The content should provide information on how they were established, the significant persons associated with the movement, their major output or successes, the challenges they faced. Make your presentation in class. All group members should discuss a minimum of 2-3 points. The presentation may be followed by a Q&A session.
Answer:
The National Domestic Workers’ Movement [Registered as National Domestic Workers’ Welfare Trust under the Bombay Public Trust Act 1950, Regd. No. E-17253-(Mumbai)] has been at the forefront of championing the rights of domestic workers, children in domestic work and migrant domestic workers, since 1985. It was founded by Dr. (Sr.) Jeanne Devos.
NDWM encourages empowerment of domestic workers through solidarity, participation and leadership training. Together we work for the labour rights of domestic workers, seeking dignity and justice.

The challenges faced by them are:

• The stigmatisation of domestic workers and their work.
• Total absence of Rights and Legal protection.
• Absence of training, support and bargaining power.

The objectives of the movement are:

• Dignity for domestic work and domestic workers.
• Rights and Legal Protection.
• Support and empowerment.

Activity 4 (Textbook Page No. 77)

Collect newspaper and journal reports on farmer suicides in the past year. Display this information on your class bulletin board.
Answer:
Articles on farmer’s suicide for reference
The geography of farmer suicide
Vishnu Padmanabhan, Pooja Dantewadia | Livemint | Updated : Jan 16, 2020

12 Nashik farmers ended lives in’ 20 so far, 63% drop since last year
Abhilash Botekar | TNN | Times of India | Updated : May 26, 2020

10,349 farmers committed suicide in 2018 : NCRB
PTI | Last Updated Jan 09, 2020 | The Economic Times

Activity 5 (Textbook Page No. 80)

(A) Have you heard of Greta Thunberg? Discuss the effect of her activism.
(B) View the film ‘Lakir ke is Taraf by Shilpa Ballal.
Then have a class discussion.
Answer:
(A) Swedish climate youth activist Greta Thunberg, has received worldwide recognition for her efforts to fight climate change. With the simple message “School strike for climate” handwritten on poster board, she began skipping school on Fridays and protesting outside the Swedish Parliament. Thanks to social media, her actions have spread and influenced millions of young people all over the world to organise and protest.

(B) ‘Lakir ke is taraf a documentary made by Shilpa Ballal, highlights some of the concerns surrounding the Sardar Sarovar Project that led to the beginning of the Narmada Bachao Andolan in 1985. It is 85 minute documentary which enables viewers to understand the situation through the lens of the disadvantaged villagers, who were compelled to leave their ancestral property and witness the submergence of their homes, land and cattle.

Activity 6 (Textbook Page No. 81)

(i) Identify any 5 conservation/environmental initiatives (e.g. Go Green, Save the Forests, Save Aarey, Eco-friendly Ganpati)
(ii) Make group presentations in class about their aims, objectives, and activities.
(iii) This may be followed by a class discussion or home assignment.
Answer:
(i) Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan, is a mass movement launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2014, develops the responsibility among Indian citizens to keep our surroundings clean and to achieve Mahatma Gandhiji’s aim to clean India.

(ii) Namami Gange Programme Narendra Modi took over as the Prime Minister of India in 2014. In June that year, recognizing the cultural and environmental importance of the river Ganga, the ‘Namami Gange Programme’ was approved by the Union Government.

(iii) Project Tiger, is a tiger conservation programme launched in April 1973 by the Government of India during Prime Minister Indira Gandhi’s tenure. The project aims at ensuring a viable population of Bengal tigers in their natural habitats, protecting them from extinction, and preserving areas of biological importance as a natural heritage.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Sociology Solutions Chapter 4 Processes of Social Change in India Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Sociology Solutions Chapter 4 Processes of Social Change in India

1A. Complete the following statements by choosing the correct alternative given in the brackets and rewrite it.

Question 1.
The use of computers to streamline job applications is called __________ (industrialization, globalisation, digitalization)
Answer:
digitalization

Question 2.
An urban way of life is characterized by __________ (cohesiveness, uniformity, impersonality)
Answer:
impersonality

1B. Correct the incorrect pair and rewrite it.

Question 1.
(a) Copying western culture – Modernisation
(b) Growth of cities – Urbanisation
(c) Increase in production – Industrialisation
(d) Radical transformative use of technology – Digitalisation
Answer:
(a) Copying western culture – Westernisation

1C. Identify the appropriate term from the given options in the box and rewrite it against the given statement.

Urbanism, Industrialisation, Digitalisation

Question 1.
The FYJC On-line Admission process in metropolitan cities.
Answer:
Digitalisation

Question 2.
Mechanisation of the process of production.
Answer:
Industrialisation

1D. Correct the underlined words and complete the statement.

Question 1.
The Industrial Revolution took place in the sixteenth century.
Answer:
The Industrial Revolution took place in the 17th and 18th centuries.

Question 2.
The LPG Policy was started by Smt. Indira Gandhi.
Answer:
The LPG Policy was started by Dr. Manmohan Singh.

2. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Negative effects of digitalisation
Answer:

• Digitalisation is the use of digital technologies for handling data of various nature for various purposes. It has a negative impact on small-scale industries because large industries have greatly adapted to the changing scenario but small ones are finding it difficult to accept and get used to digitalisation.
• Impact on marketing and consumer behaviour. Questions relating to individual privacy in the web world arises.
• Excess and uncontrolled use of digital media results in addiction, cyberbullying, anxiety, depression, etc.
• It affects not only social and physical but also mental health is hampered due to excessive and uncontrolled use of digitalisation.

Question 2.
Consequences of Industrialisation
Answer:

• Industrialisation means the process of starting and encouraging heavy industries in society.
• Due to industrialisation, a modern class system has emerged in India.
• A spurt in the growth of factories and industries.
• The development of industries led to the mechanisation of workplaces.
• The emergence of division of labour and specialisation
• The emergence of automation and mechanisation led to capital intensive.
• The process of industrial growth led to the large-scale emergence of factories.
• This in turn resulted in migration to places nearer the factory sites, leading to the growth of metropolitan cities, which have resulted in the breakdown of joint families.

3. Write differences.

Question 1.
Industrialisation and Urbanisation
Answer:

Industrialisation	Urbanisation
(i) Meaning: It means the use of unbiotic power such as electricity and steam for the mass production of goods.	(i) Meaning: Urbanisation consists of an inward flow of a large number of people from scattered rural areas to urban communities.
(ii) Origin: Industrialization started in England due to the impact of the industrial revolution.	(ii) Origin: Urbanization is the consequence of industrialization.
(iii) Nature: Industrialisation reflects mechanisation of workplaces and spurt in the growth of factories and industries.	(iii) Nature: Urbanisation reflects the migration of people from all over the country continuously, in search of work.
(iv) Characteristics: The adoption of the revolutionary changes occurred in the production system i.e. use of heavy machinery and automation.	(iv) Characteristics: The adoption of the civil administration like law and city police for the urban area.
(v) Impact: Due to industrialisation impact of scientific and technical knowledge has been increasing. So, people are accepting rationalism and secularism.	(v) Impact: Due to urbanisation, the traditional belief system has been changed and become more secular in their outlooks, new educational fields are created in cities.
(vi) Effect: Industrialisation has led to the breakdown of joint families and the shrinking size of families.	(vi) Effect: Urbanisation has led to the notion of being “lonely in a crowd”.

Question 2.
Modernisation and Globalisation
Answer:

Modernisation	Globalisation
(i) Meaning: “Modernisation is the current term of an old process of social change whereby less developed societies acquire the characteristics common to more developed societies.”	(i) Meaning: Globalisation refers to “all those processes by which the people of the world are incorporated into a single world society.”
(ii) Characteristics: Modernisation reflects a rational outlook and scientific temperament and discarding traditional ways as these hinder the progress of the society.	(ii) Characteristics: Globalisation reflects the new economic policy means LPG policy which opens the door for the Indian economy and India became part of a wider global economy.
(iii) Manifestations: The adoption of the progressive ideas of the developed countries such as industrialisation and computerisation are its manifestations.	(iii) Manifestations: It leads to the transfer of resources, goods, and capital across the country.
(iv) Impact: Modernisation in every walk of life has contributed to the material progress of society and the well-being of individuals.	(iv) Impact: Globalisation has promoted industrialisation, expanded market, increase export as well as export area. Globalisation has created various new opportunities of employment.

4. Explain the following concepts with examples.

Question 1.
Digitalisation
Answer:

• Digitalisation is the use of digital technologies for handling data of various nature for various purposes.
• It involves the process of digital transformation, which improves the performance of the business.
• It leads to frequent changes in business models due to growth in newer technologies.
• Digitalisation is based on technology, innovation, research, and development.
• Digitisation has escalated the speed of the processes with a far greater extent of accuracy.
• Digitisation is based on technology, innovation, research, and development that has encouraged human minds to invent, innovate, patent, and create.
• Example: Artificial intelligence, e-governance, e-commerce, e-learning, e-trade, e-shopping, integration of technology for the purpose of education in the 21st century, etc.

Question 2.
Urbanisation
Answer:

• Urbanisation is a process of migration of rural population to urban areas.
• In this process, people also adopt the urban lifestyle, which means “urbanism as a way of life”.
• It results in the decline of the joint family and the emergence of the nuclear family secondary type relations, calculative, independent, rational, less impact of traditions, family, religion, customs etc.
• Urbanisation led to a heterogeneous gathering of people has led to the breakdown of several traditional barriers, where one’s contribution becomes more valued.
• Overpopulated, mega metro cities.
• Example: Mumbai, Pune, Nagpur.

5A. Complete the concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

5B. State whether the following statements are True or False with reasons.

Question 1.
The clothes one wears are indicative of an individual’s level of modernization.
Answer:
This statement is False.

• Being modern doesn’t mean one should be loaded with devices, gadgets, and clothes.
• Modernisation means rationalism, scientific outlook and willingness to receive new ideas, examine alternatives, find new pathways, to explore creative ways to solve problems.
• Persons who claim to be modern are willing to examine daily events, literature, culture, art, customs, beliefs from a critical point of view and be able to explain the constructive and destructive aspects of a phenomenon.
• Being ‘modern’ cannot be limited to only using modern devices or gadgets or fashionable clothes.

Question 2.
Urbanisation can have negative effects on our social relationships.
Answer:
This statement is True.

• Urbanisation means the migration of rural people to urban areas, that results in family discords and breaking up of joint families.
• Due to urbanisation materialistic approach is increased and reduces the emotional ties and develops secondary relationships among people.
• They develop a certain way of life which is typical of the urban mindset: distant, secondary-type relations, calculative, independent, rational, less impact of traditions, family, religion, customs etc.
• The urban environment and way of life are more materialist, radical, commercial, individualist, and non-conforming. Urbanisation has led to the notion of being “lonely in a crowd”.

6. Give your personal response.

Question 1.
Shagufta Ranawat and her joint family have been living in Nagpur city for almost three generations. Their grandchildren are uninclined to want to settle down in their grandparent’s village. Give two possible reasons for the grandchildren’s view.
Answer:
1st View: As Shagufta Ranawat and her family from last three generations living in Nagpur city. Nagpur is one of the mega metro cities of India which is loaded with full of infrastructural facilities as well as employment opportunities, gender equality even through materialistic approach it has a rational and scientific outlook. So, grandchildren don’t want to leave Nagpur city and settle down in the village.

2nd View: Grandchildren know that now grandparents are age-old and advanced medical facilities will not be easily available during emergencies. So for precautionary measure of grandparent’s health, living in Nagpur city which is a well-developed hub is good for them.

Question 2.
Some people feel insecure about digitalisation processes, for example, in banking or online purchasing. Why do you think this is the case?
Answer:
Yes, some people feel insecure about digitalisation processes because of being computer phobic or computer illiterate, as they don’t trust the internet and perceived security risks. The perception that someone else has access to your bank account is a deal-breaker for many. It’s a big jump into the unknown with your hard-earned money especially if you have no one to explain it to you.

7. Answer the following question in detail. (About 150-200 words)

Question 1.
“The World Wide Web is a source of information and misinformation”. Discuss this statement with regard to the impact of the internet on:
(i) Parents
(ii) Children
(iii) School
Answer:
(i) Impact of the Internet on Parents:

• Parents know that the internet is a window opening to the whole world and as a tool to get information.
• Parents are aware of the positive and negative effects of internet use.
• Parents know that the internet is useful for attaining information.
• They mainly consider it as an effective means of communication due to instant messaging services that can communicate to any part of the world.
• It improves business, interactions, transactions saving vital time.
• Banking, shopping online has made life less complicated for parents.

(ii) Impact of the Internet on Children:

• Maximum children are busy playing games online.
• Increased use of the internet among children is making them feel lonely and depressed.
• More time spent online means children spent less time with family and friends or working on hobbies.
• Internet allows children to participate actively in a self-learning environment.

(iii) Impact of the Internet on School:

• The internet has not only increased the amount of learning possibilities in the classroom but it has created infinite amounts of learning opportunities for students and teachers.
• Use of internet in the school improves the quality of education in many ways.
• Teachers can use online materials to prepare lessons.
• The Internet plays a very vital role in education.

Activity 1 (Textbook Page No. 59)

Identify any four cities and study data about their industrial growth. Presents your findings to your class and follows them with a discussion.
Answer:
(i) Industrial growth in Mumbai:

• Mumbai is the economic capital of India.
• In earlier days cotton textile industry dominated Mumbai’s economy, but now Mumbai’s economic base is diversified.
• Textiles industries still remain important, but the city’s industries include petrochemicals, automobile manufacturing, metals, electronics, engineering, food processing, and a wide range of light manufacturing.

(ii) Industrial growth in Pune:

• From a small university town to IT hub, Pune has changed its face over the years.
• Numerous automobile manufacturers and ancillary companies have today invested heavily in Pune.
  e.g. TATA motors, Cummins, etc.

(iii) Industrial growth in Nagpur:

• One of the largest industrial estates approximately 6000 Hectares of Asia is located at Butibori near Nagpur.
• About 47% of Maharashtra State’s power is generated around Nagpur.

(iv) Industrial growth in Kolkata:

• Industrial growth rate of West Bengal is 1.1% higher than the national average.
• The growth and development are around the capital city of Kolkata.
• Kolkata is home to many industrial units, major sectors are steel, mining, minerals, cement, etc.

Activity 2 (Textbook Page No. 60)

Get 4 volunteers from your class to share their experiences (physical environment, economic life, customs, food, religious practices etc.) in a rural village or city, in 5-7 minutes each. They may make a PPT with visuals to support their presentations. Follow up with a class discussion.
Answer:

	Volunteer – 1 Village – Khed, Junnar Taluka	Volunteer – 2 Village – Ghodegaon, Manchar Taluka	Volunteer – 3 City – Pune	Volunteer – 4 City – Mumbai
Physical Environment	Clean, pure, and healthy air	Clean, pure and healthy air	Pollution and overcrowded	Pollution and shortage of land
Economic Life	Agrarian (Poor)	Agrarian and domestic business	Industry and factory oriented (Rich)	Industrialisation (Rich)
Customs	Traditional and superstition bound	Tradition and superstition bound	The rational and scientific perspective	Follow the customs rationally
Food	Jawar, wheat, rice (Homemade)	Staple food	Materialistic approach	Materialistic view
Religious practices	Follow judiciously and blindly	Follow blindly	Modern/critical thinking	Modern/critical thinking

Activity 3 (Textbook Page No. 62)

Conduct a 2-minute extempore speech competition in class on the topic: “Modernisation may be perceived as a challenge in a traditional society.”
Answer:
The following pointers will help you prepare a speech.

• It is a process of social transformation.
• The developing countries imitate the western model of development. Thereby the traditional society becomes a technologically modern society.
• It develops new attitudes, new values and social relationships.
• It has paved a way for developing a scientific temperament.
• It encompasses social, economic, political, religious, and intellectual changes.
• Modernisation is a current term of an old process of social change.

Activity 4 (Textbook Page No. 63)

Given below is a way of finding out about people’s lives. It is called narrative research. It is all about hearing people’s stories.
Few volunteers from your class may speak to 1-2 small shops in the area and find out about their business. When did it start? Who started it? Are there changes in their sales? Are there changes in people’s behaviour? Are there any problems faced by the sellers? If so, what are they?
Write about their stories in about 200-300 words. Share with your class. See if you can see a pattern of experience or behaviour.
Answer:
The below example will provide you with pointers for your own narrative research.

• Shop Name – Pooja (General Stores)
• Owner Name – Mr. XYZ
• Area – Badlapur (West), Thane
• When did it start – 1990
• Who started it – Mr. XYZ’s Father
• Are there changes in their sales? – Yes, up and downs in profit margins.
• Are there changes in people’s behavior – Yes, due to last 3 decades won the trust of the people
• Are there any problems faced by the sellers – Yes
• What are they – Loss of profit margins recession, natural calamity like a flood.

Activity 5 (Textbook Page No. 65)

Identify any three Higher Secondary School teachers in your locality or school. Collect information about (a) the subject they teach, (b) their qualifications (e) number of years of teaching experience, (d) whether they have computers in their school/college, (e) whether they use computers and if yes, for what purpose? Report your findings in class.
Answer:

Questions	Teacher – 1 (Ms. L)	Teacher – 2 (Ms. M)	Teacher – 3 (Mr. X)
The subject they teach	English	History	Marathi
Qualification	M.A, B.Ed., M.Phil. (Eng.)	M.A., B.Ed. (History)	M.A., B.Ed. (Mar.)
Teaching experience	5 Years	10 Years	9 Years
Whether they have computers in school/college	Yes	Yes	Yes
Whether they use computers and if yes, for what?	Yes, for preparation of notes, questions papers, research work, and references.	Yes, for making notes.	Yes, for making notes.

Activity 6 (Textbook Page No. 65)

‘Globalisation has a positive effect on Indian society.’ Form two teams of four students each, and conduct a class debate. The teacher may prepare a blackboard summary of the learning points. It can be followed by an open discussion of observations made by students.
Answer:
(i) Globalisation has a positive effect on Indian Society: (Debate 1st side)

• It’s a universal process.
• Transformation of the national economy into global economy.
• The growing economic interdependence of the countries of the world.
• Integration of the world economy, free trade.

(ii) Globalisation has a negative effect on Indian Society: (Debate 2nd side)

• The role of the state, the public sector has been curtailed by privatisation.
• An increasing number of young immigrations of the young technocrats to the developed countries, leaving behind the aging parents.
• There is an increase in the family discords and break up of more and more families and marriages.
• The small-scale industries face stiff competition from the large-scale industries and their multinational counterparts.

Activity 7 (Textbook Page No. 67)

Hold a class discussion at the end of each process of change, to discuss the positive and negative impact of each process. Develop a flow chart or concept map for each process of social change.
Answer:

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Sociology Solutions Chapter 3 Diversity and Unity in Indian Society Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Sociology Solutions Chapter 3 Diversity and Unity in Indian Society

1A. Complete the following statements by choosing the correct alternative given in the brackets and rewrite it.

Question 1.
Gender is __________ (innate, genetic, learnt)
Answer:
learnt

Question 2.
Social disparity encourages __________ (unity, divisiveness, homogeneity)
Answer:
divisiveness

1B. Correct the incorrect pair and rewrite it.

Question 1.
(a) Conflict based on language – Linguism
(b) Conflict based on religion – Terrorism
(c) Conflict based on caste – Casteism
(d) Conflict based on region – Regionalism
Answer:
(b) Conflict based on religion – Communalism

1C. Identify the appropriate term from the given options in the box and rewrite it against the given statement.

Totalitarianism, Class, Egalitarianism

Question 1.
It is an achieved status.
Answer:
Class

Question 2.
Promotes healthier relationships.
Answer:
Egalitarian society

1D. Correct underlined words and complete the statement.

Question 1.
Conflict based on caste is called communalism.
Answer:
Conflict based on caste is called casteism.

Question 2.
Saravadharmasamabhav denotes the Indian concept of unity amidst diversity.
Answer:
Saravadharmasamabhav denotes the Indian concept of secularism.

2. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Gender Diversity.
Answer:
Gender diversity is linked to the notion of ‘gender’ (a social construct), which in turn is related to concepts such as gender binary, gender expression, sexuality, and sexual orientation. Gender includes diversities that go beyond gender binaries of female-male, feminine-masculine, her- his, etc. Today, our understanding of gender diversity also includes the sexual orientation of people.

The acronym ‘LGBT’, Lesbian: Female-Female relationship, Gay: Male-Male relationship Bisexual: People who are attracted to two sexes (namely, Female and Male) Transgender: A person whose biological sex does not match one’s psychological sense of self emphasize the diversity of sexuality and gender identity.

There are individuals, groups, and societies that have challenged the notion of a binary and thus are more inclusive of sexual and gender pluralities. Most of us are coerced into conformity to follow the expectations of gender-linked to one’s sex known as gender expression linked to gender socialization also leads to diversity.

Today, societies are gradually opening up to understanding and accepting gender fluidity i.e. understanding that gender is not limited to binary and not necessarily tied to physical appearance or characteristics. One’s sexuality and helps us to understand the sexual orientation of a person is not a preference. Historic judgment of the Supreme Court of India on 6th September 2018 decriminalized homosexuality. The Government of India has also recognized transgender people and their rights.

Awareness about and sensitivity to diversities based on gender will help:

• dispel ignorance and myths related to gender
• restore dignity to people with different gender identities
• eradicate hate, violence prejudice, and discrimination towards gender non-conforming individuals
• promote equality and justice as enshrined in the Indian Constitution.

Question 2.
Importance of Unity in Diversity
Answer:
India is a country whose society is united in diversity. The religions language, culture, etc. everything differs yet the people of our country are untied. The significance of unity in diversity is necessary for peaceful coexistence with different groups and diverse cultural backgrounds. It improves healthy human relationships and protects equal human rights for all.

According to D.P. Singhal, in his book- “India and World Civilizations” unity in diversity is a theme that runs through the entire course of Indian history. Though there is so much diversity in India along lines of region, language, religion, caste, etc., there are cross-cutting solidarities that help us as a nation to combine and recombine. India has always assimilated cultures that it came into contact with and at the same time has retained the essentials of its own.

Indians today, despite their differences, have adapted to political democracy, which indicates the underlying unity in diversity. One important point is that the Indian people have never regarded diversity as a problem but more as a treasure to be cherished. The inner strength of India lies in our ability to accommodate variety and multiplicity within the framework of a larger unity. It is the sign of a healthy organism that the processes of integration and differentiation go on side by side.

The underlying unity in diversity has created a composite culture decisively pan-Indian in nature. Unity amidst diversity can be seen in the geopolitical sphere, institution of pilgrimage, tradition of accommodation, the tradition of interdependence, emotional bonding, etc. Given the nature of our religious plurality, the concept of secularism in India fosters a modern outlook showing religious tolerance. In India, secularism implies respect and tolerance for people of all faiths, beautifully encapsulated in the term, ‘sarvadharmasamabhav’. India has been and continues to be a land with multiple faith systems. This necessarily includes acceptance of people who do not subscribe to any religious identity, custom or practice, but who may express their loyalty and commitment to secular values such as scientific endeavor, humanitarianism, humanism, and so forth.

Need for unity

• To strengthen and enrich our cultural Heritage
• To protect the multiple diversities of
• To protect the Human Rights of all Indian society citizens.
• To boost workplace, organizational, and community morale.
• For effective and inclusive Communication.
• For conflict resolution.
• For peaceful coexistence.
• For the welfare of all people irrespective of caste, creed, sex, gender, race, economic class, culture etc.
• For the prosperity of our land and its people.

3. Write differences.

Question 1.
Regionalism and Linguism
Answer:

Regionalism	Linguism
(i) Meaning: Regionalism refers to loyalty to one’s own State or region before one’s nation.	(i) Meaning: Linguism is a form of excess loyalty towards one’s own language.
(ii) Causes: Regionalism emerges due to the desire of people speaking one language to have one State. Differences in states and regions create the problem of regionalism.	(ii) Causes: Differences in State and regions creates the problem of regionalism linguism emerges if the minorities begin to feel that their interests are being disregarded and their welfare ignored.
(iii) Origin: It was developed by the British government.	(iii) Origin: It develops from the idea of separation and division of people on the basis of language.
(iv) Impact: Regionalism is a divisive force that creates disrespect for people from other regions of the same country.	(iv) Impact: Linguism has led to a definite form of linguistic nationalism which can provide enough fuel for separatism in India.
(v) Example: Regionalism has led to regional movements for State rights and militant movements for separatism. For example, the Jammu and Kashmir issue, the Punjab problem, Assam issue, etc.	(v) Example: Linguism has led to the unacceptance of Hindi as an official language of the Union across the country. For example, the atrocities committed on linguistic minorities.

Question 2.
Casteism and Communalism
Answer:

Casteism	Communalism
(i) Meaning: Casteism refers to loyalty to One’s own caste before loyalty to the nation.	(i) Meaning: Communalism refers to loyalty to one’s own religion before the nation.
(ii) Manifestations: Caste ties may lead to caste members protecting their own caste group through social service, education, medical and other welfare schemes.	(ii) Manifestations: Religious fundamentalists try to impose their religious practices on others, which leads to communal conflict and antagonism between members of different religious communities.
(iii) Effects: Caste conflict has led to caste and Caste prejudices.	(iii) Effects: Religious fundamentalism can lead to, acts of terrorism which can create a fear psychosis in the minds of people.
(iv) Impact: Casteism leads to excessive caste-based loyalty, particularly evident at the time of elections.	(iv) Impact: Communal conflict weakens democracy, for example, Mumbai riots, etc. riots during India Pakistan partition.

4. Explain the following concepts with examples.

Question 1.
Heteronormativity
Answer:
Heteronormativity:
The belief is that people fall into distinct and complementary genders (man and women) with natural roles in life.

It assumes the heterosexuality is the only sexual orientation or only norm and states that sexual and marital relations are most fining between people of the opposite sex. Heteronormativity is an assumption that all people are straight and only a normal and natural expression of sexuality.

What constitutes appropriate behaviour for girls/women and boys/men is a result of social conditioning, indoctrination, and cultural definitions. Hence, there is variability between societies, as well as within groups in a specific society. This leads us to understand the dominance of ‘heteronormativity’ (that is the norm that reinforces and ‘normalizes’ the gender binary) in society and in all its institutions such as family, marriage, polity, economy, religion, etc.

Example: Marriage between men and women gives them social recognition and support for an intimate relationship i.e., socially and legally approved in our society.

Question 2.
Communalism
Answer:
Communalism:
Communalism refers mainly to loyalty to one’s own religion before the nation. It implies extreme pride in and identification with one’s own religion. India is one of the countries in the world where so many religions co-exist side by side. Communal conflict is a displeasing factor that affects the unity of the nation.

Socially, communal conflict creates feelings of deep hatred, bitterness, and antagonism between members of different religious communities. Such conflicts also lead to feelings of insecurity and they loosen bonds of solidarity. Economically, communal conflicts retard economic growth and development. Often, resources have to be diverted for the damage caused by communal riots and clashes. Production suffers and there is a severe monetary loss for the nation. Politically, communal conflict weakens democracy. It allows politicians to use religion as a means to acquire positions of prominence for their vested interests.

Also, on the international front, communal conflict affects India’s image adversely and weakens it considerably. Religious antagonism has posed a serious challenge to national integration in India. People belonging to different religions feel that their religion is superior; this is a problem of enhanced ethnocentrism.

Political manipulation is often known to project one religion against the other which has resulted in communal riots, mutual distrust, and disintegration. Large-scale illiteracy and superstitions are responsible, along with other causes for the rise of communal violence and divisive tendencies in the country. Religious fundamentalism can lead to acts of terrorism which can create a fear psychosis in the minds of people. Communalism is a severe threat to the harmony and secular spirit of a country.

Example: Incidence of communal riots.
The Ram Mandir -Babari Masjid issue in the year 1990, Mumbai riots in 1992 & Godhra riots in 2002, the partition riots of 1947 – the worst incident of Hindu Muslim conflict in the history of India.

5A. Complete the concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

B. State whether the following statements are True or False with reasons.

Question 1.
Economic inequality has no effect on society.
Answer:
This statement is False.

Economic inequality has an adverse effect on society. A high level of economic inequality means a high level or poverty, widening rich-poor gap intends to increase, unequal income distribution increases political instability and this hinders economic growth in the society.

The economic standard of people in a State depends on several factors like resources available, management and organization, fertility of land distribution of wealth and so on. All States are not equal in this regard and this leads to economic imbalances. Unequal distribution of wealth within a State causes tension and conflict. Very often, wealth is concentrated in the hands of a few. Profits from the private sector end up in the hands of a few privileged sections and not for the common good. This kind of monopoly does not allow healthy competition.

Thus, economic inequality leads to economic imbalance and hampers the development of the country. Effects of economic inequality can be seen on the society in the following way, e.g., if one belongs to the ‘Below Poverty Line (BPL) category it may be difficult for the parents to provide healthy nutrition.

The large part of resources available is consumed by relatively few people who have the means to do so, e.g., The ‘mall’ culture found in the big cities clearly favors who ‘have’ than the ‘have not’s.

Question 2.
Constitutional and legal provisions provide hope to weaker sections in Indian society.
Answer:
This statement is True.

Our Indian constitution has laid down certain provisions for the protection and welfare of the weaker sections. Article 14 to 18 of the constitution provides the right to equality in the interest of people belonging to minority groups.

Representation and reservation of seats for minorities in the state and central services Abolition of practice untouchability, banning human trafficking and forced labour, provision of various welfare schemes, etc. All these constitutional measures aim at the upliftment of weaker sections in Indian society.

The Constitution of India has established the “rule of law” throughout the country. All citizens are equal and subject to the same authority. Religion, language, region, caste, gender, or community is no longer the basis of special social status, powers, and privileges. The weaker sections of society – the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes, Denotified Tribes, other Backward Classes, Religious, Linguistic and Sexual Minorities have been given special concessions for their development.

6. Give your personal response.

Question 1.
How can participation in sports foster national integration?
Answer:

• India is a country with great diversity and a large population. Sports can be a great means to promote national unity.
• In any nation-state, unity and patriotism are two major benefits obtainable from sports.
• When people of different cultures and colors participate in the same game, they stand united with a common goal to win.
• Participation in sports creates sportsmanship, team spirit, leadership, and friendships that bring people of different backgrounds together. This fosters national unity and promotes a healthy lifestyle.
• For instance, in a national football team members are from different religious groups, languages and geographical origins all are combined in a team. They put all their hardship together not only to win but to uplift the entire nation.
• In the end, everyone overlooks the differences, giving way to patriotic spirit and feeling of oneness.
• Thus, sports provide a healthy platform for youthful competition and encouraging youngsters in nation-building.

Question 2.
What is the significance of school uniforms in Indian schools, with regard to the value of unity?
Answer:

• School is not just a temple of knowledge but school gives a platform to NURTURE our emotions in the early stages of life.
• School uniforms are essential in Indian society, wearing the same dress brings a sense of oneness among students. In every school students come from different backgrounds, to promote a sense of togetherness and harmony school uniforms are a must.
• Students come from different walks of life some can afford expensive clothes whereas others cannot afford them. This leads to superior and inferior mindsets. To avoid this situation school uniforms are made compulsory and develop equality among students.
• The importance of school Uniforms is related to uniformity and gives an identity that they are the representatives of the same school. School uniforms play an important role in the maintenance of discipline in the students and make them safe by keeping an eye on everyone.
• Hence school uniform builds a sense of teamwork and community spirit from early life. So when students come together from different environments with many differences, but when they stand together in the same uniforms, the phrase unity in diversity becomes reality.

7. Answer the following question in detail. (about 150-200 words)

Question 1.
What does unity mean to you? Discuss any three factors which hinder unity. Describe two ways in which tribal and urban people can benefit each other to promote unity. Give examples to illustrate yOur points.
Answer:
Meaning of unity
Unity means oneness or a state of togetherness. Unity is being in harmony or one in spirit feeling of unity brings the nation together.
In India we see unity in diversity, there are so many differences with respect to region language race, religion, caste, etc. Through all these differences there is solidarity and integrity.
After independence, India faced several challenges that obstruct national unity.

These obstacles to national integration are as follows:
Casteism
Casteism refers to loyalty to one own caste before the loyalty nation:
Discrimination based on caste is the major hurdle for national integration.
In India everything can change except ‘caste’, everything is organized on the line of caste.

Caste loyalty is looming large, different caste looks to the benefit of their own caste, in present times power of caste is concentrated in the hands of the dominant caste who develop the feeling of superiority or the low caste who faces exploitation.

The politicization of caste, various caste carry their vote banks with typical caste prejudice in politics and political party select candidate on the basis of caste moreover elected members use their privilege position for achieving interest in their own caste, in this way casteism is responsible for breaking the bonds of the unity among citizens.

Communalism
Communalism refers to extreme loyalty to one’s own religion. Religious fundamentalism and communal fanatism have created an atmosphere of hatred and violence. Communal conflicts create a sense of insecurity and loosen the bond of unity among the members of different religious groups.

Examples of communal violence have strong motivation based on religious identity, 1947 partition of India, 1990 Babari Masjid demolition, 1992 Mumbai riots, 2002 Godhra riot and Gujarat violence, etc.
Communal conflicts weaken democracy and on the international front communal conflicts affect India’s image.

Regionalism
Regionalism is showing more loyalty to one on state or region before one’s nation.
In India, the most important factors responsible for the growth of regionalism have been regional imbalance and regional disparity.

On many occasions, people promote regional interest even at the cost of national priorities,
despite decades of plan development all regions in our country have not been developed in the desired manner.

Socio-economic development results in the demand for a new state e.g., separation of Telangana. Andhra Pradesh disputes over the distribution of water e.g., Tamil Nadu and Karnataka having a dispute over the Kaveri river. Other issues like the construction of dams and the supply of electricity.

Aggressive regionalism leads to separatism e.g., issues at Jammu and Kashmir. These challenges are a threat to national unity and hamper peace.

The two ways in which tribal and urban people can benefit each other in recent times are:

• Tribal people live in isolation away from the modern world, in recent times due to industrialization new modes of transport and communication have emerged. Due to urbanization, we see the mobility of the tribal population in an urban setting.
• Apart from employment opportunities, tribal exhibitions, tribal fairs or bazaar has given them the chance to improve their lives without any mediators.
• Tribal art and handicraft are most valuable today especially across 100 smart cities, these handicraft items, paintings (Warli) are purchased by urban consumers. Tribal organic products like medicinal herbs, honey, flowers, fruits, pulses are in great demand in the urban markets.
• On the other side industrialization has transformed tribal society for instance industrial development has taken place in tribal areas of Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, e.g., iron and steel plants, this has brought drastic changes in the socio-economic lives of tribal people.
• Here, we see both the community are advancing towards the integration of the population.
  Integration of tribals in the mainstream of national life has removed their backwardness and an identity that they are one among us.
• From the above statement, tribal and urban people are interdependent on each other for their survival and this brings unity among them.

Class 12 Sociology Chapter 3 Diversity and Unity in Indian Society Intext Questions and Answers

Check your progress (Textbook Page No. 56)

Question 1.
Identify two Constitutional provisions to protect weaker sections in the Indian society.
Answer:
Article 14 confer equal rights and opportunities to all.
Article 15 prohibits discrimination against any citizen on the grounds of sex, religion, race, caste etc.

Question 2.
What do you understand by the three-language formula?
Answer:

• The three-language formula enables the inculcation of Hindi and English as languages to connect with the Union, English to connect with the outside world, and the regional/local language for communication within the State. As per the policy, the three languages recommended are as following:
• First language as regional language or mother tongue.
• The second language is English or Modern Indian Language (Hindi speaking states), Hindi or English (in non-Hindi speaking states)
• The third language is English or the modern Indian language (in Hindi-speaking states).
• Most states in India have implemented the three-language formula and it is followed by all State Education Boards.

Question 3.
Identify three factors that hinder National Unity.
Answer:
The three factors that hinder National Unity are as follows:
Casteism: It refers to extreme loyalty to one’s caste before loyalty to the nation, at the cost of peaceful co-existence and national integration. The members of the various castes carry with them their typical caste prejudices into politics.

Regionalism: It refers to loyalty to one’s own state or region before one’s nation. This interferes with national integration to a great extent. Regionalism emerges due to the desire of people speaking one language to have one state.

Communalism: It refers to loyalty to one’s own religion before the nation. This occurs mainly due to the conflict between different religions which give rise to communal conflict.

Activity 1 (Textbook Page No. 45)

Form groups of 5 -7 students. Identify a specific religion. Interview 5 people of the specific religion chosen by you and find out about their religious customs and traditions. Write a report and present your findings in your class.
Answer:
Report on five religions presented by students in the class, for example, Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, and Sikhism then identify any one specific religion.
For example, Sikhism — The world’s fifth-largest organized religion in the world.
Guru Nanak, the founder of this religion taught a monotheistic creed (belief in one God), opposed idol worships, caste system, preached the karma theory, equality and respect all religions, love, and affection for all fellow beings.

Another unique feature of this religion is the tenth Guru Gobind Singh who established the five Ks or the Khalsa Panth i.e., Kirpan (sword), Kuchera (short undergarments ending above the knee), Kesh (uncut hair), Kara (iron bangle) and Kangha (comb) this gave Sikhs a distinct identity.

Its holy book Guru Granth Sahib is not written by one human but by many saints who teaches to believe in one God and respect all humans of every religion.

A Sikh temple is called a Gurudwara. It’s not just place of worship but temple also serve free food called Langar where all come together, food is prepared and cooked by volunteers which is shared with all communities who visit the temple.

The most famous temple of Sikhs is the Golden Temple in Amritsar covered with gold.

Sikhism inspires us to uplift humankind to live a life of truth, righteousness and spirituality.

Activity 2 (Textbook Page No. 46)

Make groups of 5 students. Identify one state in India and the languages and dialects spoken in it. If possible make audio recordings of some languages and dialects. Share with your class. Display their written script (if any).
Answer:
For example, the State of Karnataka, having Kannada as an official language and native language spoken. English is also preferred for communication due to the spread of higher education and burgeoning IT industry.

The major linguistic minority groups in the state are comprised of Urdu, Telugu, Tulu, Tamil, Malayalam, Marathi, Konkani and Hindi speakers. Apart from this, there are 50 tribal languages, besides the speakers of 22 scheduled languages.

We find the Tulu language spoken by people of southern coastal Karnataka. Malayalam is spoken near the coastal and borders of Kerala and Karnataka. Telegu and Tamil is used in the northeast and southeast of Karnataka districts bordering Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. Marathi is spoken in the Karnataka and Maharashtra borders.

Kannada is one of the classical languages of India. Tigalari script is the oldest surviving script, used by Brahmins to write the Sanskrit language. Kannada script is used for writing Tulu due to the non-availability of Tulu script.

Hence, Karnataka is one of the few states which has a great variety when it comes to languages.

Activity 3 (Textbook Page No. 49)

There have been protests regarding The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019. Find out more about this and hold a class discussion.
Answer:
The issues to be discussed are as follows:

• The proposed measure would increase discrimination against transgender people.
• These communities often live on extreme fringes of Indian society, with many forced into prostitution, begging or menial jobs.
• Discrimination with regards to education, employment, and the ability to rent or buy a property.
• The bill fails to maintain Civil Rights like marriage, adoption, social security benefits, etc.
• Need to raise awareness and express solidarity with the transgender community.

Activity 4 (Textbook Page No. 51)

Class Discussion in small groups:
Topic – Religion can be a force that unifies and divides society. (Assignment based on discussion).
Answer:

• Discuss the factors of unification and diversification of Indian society.
• Unifying forces like festivals, religious celebrations exist throughout the many cultures in our nation. Every region has its own unique history which has shaped its present. Our country is multi-linguistic, multi-cultural, and secular this gives us a sense of oneness.
• Dividing forces like disrespect toward other religions, terrorism, student unrest, the absence of strong ideal leaders, the vested interest of political parties, and other such factors create unrest in the society.

Activity 5 (Textbook Page No. 51)

Find out about various schemes started by the government for the welfare of (i) STs (ii) SCs (iii) Women (iv) Disabled persons. Share your findings in the class.
Answer:
Welfare schemes to uplift weaker sections are:
(i) Schemes and Programmes for STs and SCs:
Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Scheme – This programme was launched in April 1999. The objective of SGSY is to provide sustainable income to the rural poor. The programme aims at establishing a large number of micro-enterprises in the rural areas, based upon the potential of the rural poor. This programme cover families below the poverty line in rural areas of the country.

Indira Gandhi Awas Yojana – The government of India has decided the allocation of funds under IAY (Indira Gandhi Awas Yojana) will be on the basis of poverty ratio and housing shortage. The objective of IAY is primarily to help the construction of new dwelling units.

Nagari Dalit Vasti Sudhar Yojana – The State Government is implementing ‘Nagari Dalit Vasti Sudhar Yojana’ since 1995-96 in the urban areas having a higher population of backward class.

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act – The Act aims at enhancing the livelihood security of households in rural areas of the country by providing at least one hundred days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to every household.

(ii) Welfare Schemes for Women:
Bharatiya Mahila Bank, Orient Mahila Vikas Yojana Scheme, Udyogini Scheme, Mudra Yojana for Women – These schemes aim at providing financial support, they give loans at very low-interest rates for start-ups or new ventures for women in India.
Annapurna Scheme – To start up your own catering business, the government provides financial support.
Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao – Aims to save girl child and encourage girls is with free education.
UJJAWALA – A comprehensive scheme for prevention of trafficking and rescue, rehabilitation of victims of trafficking, and sexual exploitation.

(iii) Welfare Schemes for Disabled:
Scholarships for persons with disabilities.
AD IP schemes financial support for disabled for purchase/fitting of aids/ appliances
National award for the empowerment of persons with disabilities.
Financial support to parents of students with disabilities from post-matric till higher education.
Divyangjan Swavalamban Yojana Scheme providing concessional loans for the economical and overall empowerment of disabled persons.

Activity 6 (Textbook Page No. 56)

Conduct a debate on:
(i) Laws to protect minority groups help to integrate them into society.
(ii) The caste system should be abolished.
(iii) Protective discrimination is necessary for Indian society.
Answer:
(i) List of constitutional measures that have abolished the caste system, discrimination, and upliftment of the weaker section.

• Article 14: The right to equality, all citizens are given equal treatment and equal protection of the law. No state discriminates against any citizen on grounds of religion, caste, race, creed, gender, or place of birth, or any of.
• Article 16: equal opportunities with matters relating to employment and appointment in any office at the state or central levels.
• Article 25 to 28: all persons, belonging to any religious denominations or sections have been given the right to profess, practice, and propagate their religion.
• Article 30: all minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer education or institution of their choice.
• Article 39 A: to promote justice, aims at ensuring equal treatment before the law in securing justice.
• Article 46: to protect and promote special care in terms of education and employment to the weaker sections.
• Apart from these, there are various other measures laid down to uplift the weaker sections.

(ii) Caste system can be made less relevant by creating awareness about the ill effects of the caste system and promotion of inter-caste marriages.

(iii) The Constitution has given more than 20 articles for the upliftment of the underprivileged, with policies on positive discrimination and affirmative action. They have helped in the educational development of scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, and other backward classes. Hence, it is necessary for India.

Activity 7 (Textbook Page No. 56)

Conduct a class/group discussion on: ‘Measures to promote National Unity.’
Answer:
Points to be discussed by making groups. Highlight the main points that bring peace and unity to society.

• Building of national spirit and promoting secular ideas that unify all religions as one.
• Religious harmony, respect for all religious faiths, teachings, and belief patterns as one.
• Role of education in promoting national unity by creating effective education policy.
• The role of mass media for instance cinemas like Uri, Boarder, and Range De Basanti — became an inspirational source to bring out feelings of oneness and patriotism.
• Various constitutional measures were laid down to safeguard the interest of minorities and weaker sections of society.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Sociology Solutions Chapter 2 Segments of Indian Society Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Sociology Solutions Chapter 2 Segments of Indian Society

1A. Complete the following statements by choosing the correct alternative given in the brackets and rewrite it.

Question 1.
Secondary type relations are significant in ___________ community. (rural, tribal, urban)
Answer:
urban

Question 2.
Over 55% of the tribal population in India is found in the ___________ region of the country. (Western, Central, Southern)
Answer:
central

1B. Correct the incorrect pair and rewrite it.

Question 1.
(a) Landlord – Zamindar
(b) Initiative for rural development programme – Community Development Programme
(c) Three-tier system of governance – Integrated Rural Development Programme
(d) Primary occupations – Traditional societies
Answer:
(c) Three-tier system of governance – The village panchayat

1C. Identify the appropriate term from the given options in the box and rewrite it against the given statement.

Urban society, Devrai, Gramdevata

Question 1.
Sacred groves in the tribal community.
Answer:
Devrai

Question 2.
Instances of white-collar crime.
Answer:
Urban society

1D. Correct underlined words and complete the statement.

Question 1.
Individual status in urban society is mostly ascribed.
Answer:
Individual status in urban society is mostly achieved.

Question 2.
The custom of worshipping non-living bodies is called animism.
Answer:
The custom of worshipping non-living bodies is called animatism.

2. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Problems of the tribal community.
Answer:
Problems faced by the tribal community:
Alienation from forest land: Many tribes engage in primary agriculture, food-gathering and hunting hence they are heavily dependent on the produce of the forest. Therefore, when outsiders exploit the tribal land and its resources, the natural eco-cycle and the tribal life dependent on it is greatly disturbed. Industrialization and construction of water reservoirs resulted in the further acquisition of land by the State.

Bonded labour: Though Bonded labour is banned by Indian Law, it still prevails in some tribal areas. Bonded labour is considered to be a serious problem, which started due to rampant poverty and lack of stable income among the tribals. In fact, land alienation, indebtedness, bonded labour, and poverty are problems that exist hand-in-hand. However, due to the efforts of the government and voluntary organizations, many tribals are being freed from this problem.

Shifting cultivation: Shifting cultivation among tribals is a problem since it involves large-scale deforestation and soil erosion. Shifting cultivation is known by various names such as Jhum, Khallu, and Podu.

Illiteracy: Illiteracy among tribal is a major hindrance towards their development. School hours often clash with agricultural and wage-earning activities of children. Children are looked upon as economic assets and are thus expected to supplement their parents’ income Also, schools are often not located in the vicinity of tribal settlements. The formal courses in schools are not taught in tribal languages, so children lose interest in learning, leading to a high dropout rate.

Question 2.
Characteristics of urban community.
Answer:
Urban community includes towns, cities, and metros with their different way of life.
Urban communities have the following characteristics:
Heterogeneity: In urban areas, you will find people belonging to diverse groups as there is continuous migration from tribal and rural areas as people come in search of employment, education, healthcare, and the hope of raising their standard of living.

The high density of population: Cities and towns have a higher density of population due to the large population and also because of a steady influx of people pouring into urban centers.

Different occupations: Occupations are more specialized, as there is a widespread division of labour and specializations.

Secondary relations: In urban areas, interaction among people is not personal rather characterized by formal interactions and impersonal relationships which are based on vested interests.

3. Write differences.

Question 1.
Rural Economy and Urban Economy.
Answer:

Rural economy	Urban economy
(i) Occupation: The main occupation of the rural community is agriculture which is in a state of backwardness.	(i) Occupation: The occupation in urban areas is mainly non-agricultural, i.e. based on manufacturing, trade and commerce, professional and governance, services, etc.
(ii) Technology: Rural economy is dependent on the use of plough, animal power, seeds, fertilizers for agricultural activities.	(ii) Technology: The urban economy is dependent on advanced technology and up-to-date machinery for economic activities.
(iii) Division of Labour: There is less scope for division of labour and specializations in rural communities.	(iii) Division of Labour: Occupations are more specialized and based on the division of labour.
(iv) Markets: Rural weekly market is the main economic institution as rural economy is associated with various crafts like pottery, carpentry, etc.	(iv) Markets: Marketisation is an essential feature of urban centers today – E-marketing, E-biz, etc.
(v) Nature of Employment: Unemployment such as educated, total unemployment seasonal unemployment, underemployment are found in the rural community.	(v) Nature of Employment: All types of unemployment like literate, illiterate, skilled unemployment, unskilled unemployment are found in cities.
(vi) Dependence on Nature: Rural economy depends upon natural factors like a monsoon for agriculture.	(vi) Dependence on Nature: The problem of unemployment has intensified other problems like poverty, malnutrition, beggary, prostitution, etc.

Question 2.
Tribal Community and Urban Community.
Answer:

Tribal Community	Urban Community
(i) Size: According to in 2011 census, the tribal population constitutes about 8.6 percent of the total population.	(i) Size: According to the 2011 Census, 31% of the population lives in urban agglomerations/towns.
(ii) Density of Population: They are located in remote forests and hilly areas and the density of population is low.	(ii) Density of Population: An urban area is a human settlement with a high population density.
(iii) Occupation: They are engaged in varied occupations such as hunting, fishing, and food gathering of forest produce, basket making, weaving, iron-smith, etc.	(iii) Occupation: The occupation in urban areas is mainly non-agricultural, i.e. based on manufacturing, trade and commerce, professional and governance, services, etc.
(iv) Nature of Social Control: In tribal communities informal means of social control like Customs, traditions, religion, magic are effective social control mechanisms.	(iv) Nature of Social Control: In urban community formal means of social control like laws, police, court, maintain law and order.
(v) Way of Life: Tribal community has its own culture i.e common way of life, they share common behavior patterns dialect traditions, norms, and values.	(v) Way of Life: Urban community consists of people coming from different socio-cultural backgrounds belonging to different religions, caste, languages, etc, hence wide difference is found in the ways of living of urban people.

4. Explain the following concepts with examples.

Question 1.
Urban crime
Answer:
Urban crime: The problem of crime increases with the growth in urbanization.
The problem of urban crime is becoming more complicated in the present-day world because criminals often get protection from politicians, bureaucrats, and other urban elite.

Some criminals reach high political positions by using their money and muscle power. In fact, the increasing trend in urban crimes leads to much tension and insecurity which makes city life unsafe.

Not only the poor, deprived and slum dwellers take to crime; people from well-to-do families also resort to crime in order to make a fast buck and to meet cravings for a lavish life occasional failure in life also may drag youngsters to crime.

Examples: Violent urban crimes like abuse, rape, murder, kidnapping, cybercrime, economic offenses, and various forms of white-collar crime are rampant in many large cities.

Question 2.
Sacred groves
Answer:
Sacred groves:
Sacred groves are an integral part of tribal society. Sacred Groves are tracts of forest land dedicated to local deities who are manifestations of the energy of the universe. Since hunter-gatherer times, the tribal and rural people of India have been revering the ‘Earth-Energy’ and the ‘Cosmic-Forces’ manifested in the forests and the groves.

These deities are believed by the tribal people to be fiercely protective about the grove and the village. Sacred Groves are like a separate institution through which a myriad of relationships spread, giving rise to a cultural pattern. This pattern connects the local people with their fields, forests, and with one another.

Worship in the sacred groves is related to fields, forests, and to the survival of the tribal and rural which in turn have helped to conserve biodiversity.

Examples: “Shedoba Cha Van” (Forest of Shedoba) Sacred Grove in Murbad Taluka, Dist. Thane.
The common examples of sacred groves are Ficus Religiosa (Peepal tree), Ficus benghalensis (Banyan tree).

Other examples of sacred groves in India include:
Pavithravana in Andhra Pradesh, Gumpa Forests attached to Buddhist monasteries in Arunachal Pradesh, Sarana in Jharkhand, Kavu, and Sara Kavu in Kerala and Devrai, Devrahati, and Devgudi groves in Maharashtra.

5A. Complete the concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

5B. State whether the following statements are True or False with reasons.

Question 1.
Division of labour is complex in urban communities.
Answer:
This statement is True.

• A very clear and specialized division of labour is found in urban areas. People are trained for their job and skills according to institutional and professional requirements.
• One can find the division of labour and specialization in every walk of life such as industry, trade, education, etc.
• An interdependence of professions is observed in almost all fields of life.
• Every work is divided among the employees, on the basis of age, sex, educational qualification, training, talents, etc.
• For example, in the medical profession, there are gynecologists, radiologists, pediatricians, anesthetists, and physicians.

Question 2.
The traditional influence of caste has changed today.
Answer:
This statement is True.

• Today the traditional influence of caste has changed due to the impact of industrialization, urbanization, advanced means of transport and communication, the spread of modern education, constitutional provisions, social legislations, etc.
  The restrictions of food habits of the Indian people have been relaxed. The distinction between touchable and untouchable is not felt in modern times.
• The special civil and religious privileges enjoyed by the upper castes and disabilities by the lower castes have been removed by the constitutional provisions and social legislations.
• Occupations are becoming more and more caste-free. The people have greater choice to take up an occupation based on their skills, education, and aptitude.
• Inter-caste marriages have increased. The caste councils have disappeared and their authority has been transferred to the State.
• The traditional rights, authorities, and sanctions based on caste hierarchy may not be apparent today, however, it is so deeply entrenched in people’s minds that it permeates social interactions Nevertheless, in the ordinary transactions of daily life, village people tend to cooperate with each other.

6. Give your personal response.

Question 1.
Why is there a lack of community feeling in cities?
Answer:
In cities, people are more individualistic in their attitudes. They behave and live independently without taking into consideration the will of others. Even the neighbors are often found to be strangers. Means of modern communications such as telephone, radio, and internet are mostly used by the people in cities for personal contacts. The connections in cities today are more superficial, less meaningful. City life is characterized by the predominance of secondary contacts, impersonal, casual, and short-lived relations. Due to these reasons we often find a lack of community feeling in cities.

Question 2.
Explain the need for rural development.
Answer:
The rural economy is an example of an agrarian economy. Although farming and agriculture are some of the most important primary activities, the problem lies in the fact that they share in the GDP of the agriculture sector is on a constant decline. At the same time, about two-thirds of India’s population depends on agriculture. As a result, productivity is not up to the mark. Moreover, public investment declined since 1991 coupled with a lack of adequate infrastructure, credit, transport, unemployment, etc. Henceforth the agricultural output has grown at only 3.2% during 2007-2011. All these factors have been denting the process of development. Therefore there is a need to focus on rural development and not just urban development.

7. Answer the following question in detail. (About 150-200 words)

Question 1.
Traditional communities tend to hold on to their customs, traditions, and beliefs.’ Using examples of your own, explain the statement with special reference to either family or religion. Also, discuss any three ways by which change is introduced into traditional communities.
Answer:
Traditions customs and beliefs bind people together and build bonds between them. By sharing a sacred quality and worshipping together a ‘collective conscience emerges’ religion is not just a set of beliefs, it involved sacred rituals. It creates a single moral community that is collective. Religion legitimizes society’s values, customs, and traditions by making them sacred. Hence ‘Traditional communities tend to hold on to their customs, traditions, and beliefs.’

With reference to family
In India in a typical joint family, all members reside together in one house. They eat food prepared jointly; they hold common property. In the Indian family, the feeling of dependence and discipline is found on a large scale. The social-economic, religious and cultural life of Indian families is collective in nature. In the family of traditional communities, the members believe in one religion and they worship the same deities. Various religious rituals are jointly celebrated and all the members participate in them. All family members take part in the common worship, rituals, rites, and ceremonies. They are homogeneous in nature and everybody works for a common goal and welfare of all members.it provides shelter to all its members, including the weak, aged, and widows.

The change introduced into traditional communities
Due to the impact of various factors like industrialization, urbanization, advanced means of transport and communication, social legislation, the spread of modern education, democratic political system, changes are occurring in the structure and functions of traditional communities. Accordingly, the family in India has undergone significant changes. Due to the impact of industrialization and urbanization traditional joint family is replaced by the nuclear family. Due to urbanization social relationships have become more formal and contractual. Customs, traditions, values, rituals, beliefs have changed.

Today the size of the family is decreasing. The power of patriarchal authority has been declining. Various social legislations have provided individuals many rights. Besides, due to the impact of the spread of education, individualism, democratic values like liberty and equality, personal desires are becoming dominant. Though the head of the family is the husband, and he has to make decisions by taking into consideration the opinions and desires of his wife and children. Families or religion in the traditional communities was based on collectivity. Due to the impact of individualism, the importance of kinship is decreasing. The recreational function of the family is losing its importance because modern means of recreation have become popular.

Class 12 Sociology Chapter 2 Segments of Indian Society Intext Questions and Answers

Check your progress (Textbook Page No. 28)

Question 1.
Name one tribe in South India, Western India, and North-East region.
Answer:

• Tribe in South India – Toda, Kota.
• Western India – Bhil, Warli.
• North-East region – Garo, Khasi

Question 2.
Identify any three tribal occupations.
Answer:

• Hunting and fishing.
• Simple agriculture and shifting cultivation.
• Food gathering of forest products.

Question 3.
Give examples of tribal belief systems.
Answer:
Belief in black and white magic, ancestor worship, benevolent and malevolent spirits. Sacred Groves are an integral part of tribal society, a tract of forest land dedicated to local deities who are believed by the tribal people to be fiercely protective about the grove and the village.

Check your progress (Textbook Page No. 30)

Question 1.
Why are tribal people slow to change? Give two reasons.
Answer:

• Tribal people are slow to change because.
• Tribal practice simple occupations based on primitive technology. Most of the occupations fall into the primary categories such as hunting, gathering, and agriculture. There is no profit nor surplus making in such an economy.
• Illiteracy among tribal is a major hindrance to their development.

Question 2.
Identify three forms of tribal religion.
Answer:

• Animism: The custom of worshipping the soul or ancestors.
• Manaism: The custom of worshipping force which is believed to move swiftly across the world and enter into objects and people, giving them powers that they previously lacked.
• Naturism: The custom of worshipping elements of nature like river, stream, Sun, Moon, forest, etc.

Question 3.
State two problems caused by cultural contact with non-tribal people.
Answer:
The two problems caused by cultural contact with non-tribal people are:

• The exploitation of tribal resources, which were rich in minerals and natural resources.
• Alienation of tribals from their traditional medicine due to the entry of specialists like medical professionals, agents, and vendors into the tribal areas.

Check your progress (Textbook Page No. 35)

Question 1.
State three characteristics of the rural community.
Answer:

• The dominance of agriculture.
• Primary relations.
• Social homogeneity.

Question 2.
Enumerate three changes in rural communities.
Answer:

• The joint family was once upon a time a significant pillar of village organization, has diminished significantly.
• The traditional rights, authorities, and sanctions based on caste hierarchy is not apparent today in a rural community.
• Abolition of intermediaries such as the zamindari system.

Question 3.
Identify any three programmes started by the Government for rural development.
Answer:

• The Community Development Programme (CDP) was started in 1952.
• The Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) replaced the CDP in 1979.
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana.

Check your progress (Textbook Page No. 37)

Question 1.
State three characteristics of urban life.
Answer:

• Large-scale social mobility.
• Different occupations.
• The high density of population

Question 2.
Why are nuclear families more common in urban than rural communities?
Answer:
Nuclear families are more common in urban than rural communities due to individualism which has led to a significant increase in nuclear families. Family is less stable today. More than the family as a unit, it is the individual who is given more importance. Joint families are comparatively less in number, nuclear families are on the rise in the cities.

Question 3.
Why are secondary relationships a significant characteristic of urban areas?
Answer:
In urban areas, interaction among people is largely based on anonymity and secondary contact. It is not personal nor face-to-face, rather, cities are characterized by formal interactions and impersonal relationships which tend to become time-bound and based on vested interests.

Activity 1 (Textbook Page No. 25)

Question 1.
Form groups of five students. Refer to the geographical classification of tribes in India. Choose a tribe and prepare a PPT / or Chart Presentation of 8 – 10 slides of its cultural traits.
Answer:
Geographical Distribution of Indian Tribes: L. P. Vidyarthi (1977) has given a five-fold geographical classification of tribes in India on the basis of ecological, social, economic, administrative, ethnic, and racial.

Region	Location	Names of Tribes
Himalayan Region	It has three sub-regions: (a) North-Eastern Himalayan region (b) Central Himalayan region (c) North-Western Himalayan region	Garo, Khasi, Jainta, Naga, Mizo, Khasa, Lepcha, Gaddi
Middle Indian Region	Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh. Over 55 percent of the tribal people of India live in this zone.	Gond, Santhal, Munda, Ho, Oraon, Birhor
Western-Indian Region	Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Dadra, and Nagar Haveli. It has about one crore tribal population.	Bhil, Katkari, Warli, Baina
South India Region	Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala. About one-sixth of the tribal population of India is found in the Southern zone.	Toda, Kota, Irula, Badaga, Chenchu, Kurumba
The Island Region	The Islands of Andaman and Nicobar in the Bay of Bengal and Lakshadweep in the Arabian Sea.	Andamanese, Nicobarese, Onge, Jarawa, Sentinelese

[Presentation to be done in the classroom by students.]

Activity 2 (Textbook Page No. 29)

Visit a tribal settlement in your region and document different aspects of their life (e.g., clothing, shifting cultivation, sacred groves). If a physical visit is not possible then take information from the internet. Make a short presentation to your class and follow it up with a discussion.
Answer:
Presentation to be done in the classroom by students.

Activity 3 (Textbook Page No. 30)

Find out about any tribal scheme started by the government or an NGG. Share your findings with your class.
Answer:
Scheme of strengthening education among Scheduled Tribe (ST) girls in low literacy districts.
Objective – The scheme aims to bridge the gap in literacy levels between the general female population and tribal women, through facilitating 100% enrolment of tribal girls in the identified districts or blocks, more particularly in Naxal affected areas and in areas inhabited by Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs), and reducing drop-outs at the elementary level by creating the required ambiance for education. Improvement of the literacy rate of tribal girls is essential to enable them to participate effectively in and benefit from socio-economic development.

The scheme is implemented through Voluntary Organisations/Non-governmental Organisations (NGOs) and autonomous society/institutions of State Government/Union Territory Administration.

Activity 4 (Textbook Page No. 35)

Class Debate/Discussion:
‘The impact of caste on Indian society has reduced today’.
Answer:
After India attained independence in 1947, the country introduced laws to make discrimination against lower castes illegal and to improve their socioeconomic positions. As a result, some from the underprivileged groups have made it to leading positions, such as Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, who wrote the Indian constitution, and KR Narayanan, who was elected president in 1997.

Reservations were introduced for college admissions and jobs. The scenario within the country has undergone a lot of change with the progress in technology, education, social outlook, urbanization, and modernization. With the spread of urbanization and secular education, the influence of caste has decreased. This has occurred especially in cities where inter-caste marriages and people of different castes living reside in societies. However, despite the growing changes the caste identity still holds a lot of importance in society.

Activity 5 (Textbook Page No. 36)

Debate the positive and negative effects of heterogeneity in an urban setting.
Answer:
In urban areas, you will find people belonging to diverse groups such as class, occupation, caste, language, and religion, etc., all living in the same territory. There is continuous migration from tribal and rural areas as people come in search of employment, education, and healthcare and with the hope of raising their standard of living. Heterogeneity can be an advantage because it creates a cosmopolitan and tolerant approach, traditions, values, and customs helps to improve the social life of people as they learn about a new culture, customs, and languages which helps to improve brotherhood among people.

It can also create tensions, the ways of life of a city’s inhabitants are culturally differentiated and most cities have significant minority populations that are dominated by specific ethnic groups/cultures.

Activity 6 (Textbook Page No. 39)

In schools located in urban areas conduct a survey using a questionnaire or interview techniques, to understand problems in slum areas. Students from rural and tribal areas should do the same exercise on farmers’ problems. Write and present your report to the class.
Answer:
A survey or interview is to be conducted by students to understand problems in slum areas or tribal/rural farmer’s problems.
Sample of a questionnaire for the slum survey

• General Information
• Location
• No. of years you’ve been living here
• No. of earning members
• Total members in the family
• Education level of male adults
• Education level of female adults
• The monthly income of the family
• How often do the members fall in sick
• No. of elderly people (above 60 years)
• Principle occupation and industry of the adults.

Activity 7 (Textbook Page No. 40)

Gather information on various tribal, rural, and urban development programmes in your area. Present your findings to your class and follow them up with a discussion.
Answer:
(i) Urban Development Programmes
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) or Housing for All by 2022 Mission:
The ‘Housing for All by 2022’ under the scheme of “Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana — Housing for All (Urban)” launched by the Central Government aims to provide housing to all urban people by 2022. It provides central assistance to States and UTs for constructing houses to all eligible sections by concentrating on urban slums and economically weaker sections.

Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM):
A major associated urban development programme is making India’s urban centers clean. For this, the SBM targets to achieve 100 percent scientific management of municipal solid waste in 4041 statutory towns/ cities in the country by 2019.

(ii) Rural Development Programmes
The government assured to provide electricity and clean cooking facility to all willing rural families by 2022 under Ujjwala and Saubhagya Yojana.

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana – Gramin (PMAY-G) will provide 1.95 crore houses to eligible beneficiaries during its second phase (2019-20 to 2021-22) along with amenities like toilets, electricity, and LPG connections.

(iii) Tribal Development Programmes
On March 19, 2020, TRIFED, the Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India launched the “Tech for Tribal” initiative. The initiative aims at providing entrepreneurship skills to the tribal people.
Pradhan Mantri Van Dhan Yojana It is an initiative that was launched in 2018. The Scheme aims to strengthen tribal producer companies. It was launched in 27 states.

Activity 8 (Textbook Page No. 42)

Visit a government primary or Ashram school in a tribal or rural or urban area. Find out from the school head about enrolment numbers, classes taught, the number of teachers, subjects they teach, problems they face, needs that they have. Write a report on your findings.
Answer:
[To be done by the student.]
General information:
There are a total number of 502 government Ashram schools under the tribal development department for the students belonging to socio-educationally backward tribal groups in the remote areas of the state. In order to provide quality education to the Scheduled Tribe students, the Central Government initiated “Ekalavya Residential Schools” on the basis of Navodaya Vidyalayas, through the funds distributed under Articles 275 (2) of the Indian constitutions, for the socio-economic development of the tribals in the country.

Activity 9 (Textbook Page No. 42)

What do you mean by rural reconstruction? Find out about programmes started by (a) government and (b) voluntary associations for people in rural India. Prepare a poster exhibition in your school or library.
Answer:
Rural reconstruction implies renovation of the villages for the total well-being of the people in villages. It is oriented to their social, economic, and political development. The principal objectives of rural reconstruction include (a) eradication of poverty by means of regeneration of cottage industries, the establishment of cooperative societies, improvement of transport, (b) spread of education, (c) progress of health, (d) the abolition of social malpractices like casteism, untouchability and the like.

In Post-Independence India, rural reconstruction programmes are affected through specific efforts. They include Land Reforms, Panchayati Raj, Co-operative Movement, Community Development Projects, and Five-Year Plans.

The Firka Development Scheme launched by Madras Government in 1946 aimed at the attainment of the Gandhian ideal of “Village Swaraj” by bringing about not only educational, economic, sanitary, and other developmental activities of villages but also by revitalizing the spirit of the people and making them self-confident and self-reliant. Sarvodaya Scheme was launched by the Bombay Government with a view to promoting the furtherance of Gandhiji’s constructive programme.