Category: Class 12

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Psychology Solutions Chapter 3 Personality Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Psychology Solutions Chapter 3 Personality

1. Choose the correct option and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
A person who is shy and reserved is called an ……………..
(a) introvert
(b) extrovert
(c) ambivert
Answer:
(a) introvert

Question 2.
The Ink-Blot test was developed by psychologist ………………….
(a) Murray
(b) Rorschach
(c) Morgan
Answer:
(b) Rorschach

Question 3.
……………….. traits are the dominant characteristics of a person.
(a) Cardinal
(b) Secondary
(c) Central
Answer:
(a) Cardinal

2. Match the Pair

Question 1.

Group A	Group B
(1) Self-report technique	(a) Interview
(2) Behavioural analysis	(b) MMPI
(3) Projective methods	(c) Permanent characteristics
	(d) TAT

Answer:

Group A	Group B
(1) Self-report technique	(b) MMPI
(2) Behavioural analysis	(a) Interview
(3) Projective methods	(d) TAT

3. State whether the following statements are true or false.

Question 1.
Personality is merely related to external appearance.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
People with high neuroticism are emotionally reactive.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Children from families having a warm emotional atmosphere are well adjusted.
Answer:
True

4. Explain the concepts in 25 – 30 words each.

Question 1.
Personality
Answer:
The word personality is derived from the Latin word ‘persona’ which was used to refer to masks worn by actors during a stage performance, Thus, the meaning of personality was interpreted as ‘projected behaviour’ of an individual.

According to Gordon Allport, “Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determines his unique adjustments to the environment.” According to Norman Munn, “Personality is a unique combination of individual’s physical structure, needs, interests, abilities and aptitudes.”

Question 2.
Trait
Answer:
A trait is a relatively enduring and consistent way of thinking, feeling and acting. It is some distinctive characteristic of the person that leads him/her to behave in more or less consistent ways across situations and over a period of time. Allport categorised traits as: (i) Cardinal Traits (single, dominant trait) (ii) Central Traits (core or basic traits) (iii) Secondary Traits

Question 3.
Sentence Completion Test
Answer:
Sentence Completion Test (SCT) is a type of projective technique used to assess personality. The individual is given a series of incomplete sentences and is asked to complete them in his/her own words, for e.g., My mother, My greatest fear is It is assumed that the endings provided by the person will reflect their motivation, urges, internal conflicts etc.

Question 4.
Structured interview
Answer:
Interview is a process in which the interviewer collects information about the personality of an interviewee by asking him/her specific questions. The main types of interview depending on the purpose of assessment are – structured and unstructured interview.

In structured interview, the number, type and sequence of questions to be asked are pre-determined. The answers expected from the interviewee are also specific. This type of interview is used where exact quantification is required, for e.g., industrial psychologists use structured interviews to select employees for a job.

Question 5.
Unstructured interview
Answer:
Interview is a process in which the interviewer collects information about the personality of an interviewee by asking him/her specific questions. The main types of interview depending on the purpose of assessment are – structured and unstructured interview.

In unstructured interview, the type and sequence of questions to be asked by the interviewee are not pre-determined. Detailed answers can be given and scoring is often subjective. It is employed by clinical psychologists, counsellors, etc.

5. Write short notes on the following in 50 – 60 words each.

Question 1.
Gordon Allport’s trait theory of personality.
Answer:
The word personality is derived from the Latin word ‘persona’. According to Gordon Allport, “Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determines his unique adjustments to the environment.”

A trait is a relatively enduring and consistent way of thinking, feeling and acting. It is some distinctive characteristic of the person that leads him/her to behave in more or less consistent ways across situations and over a period of time. Allport categorised traits as Cardinal traits, Central traits and Secondary traits.
(i) Cardinal Traits – It is a single trait that dominates the individual’s personality. Every action of the person can be traced to the influence of this trait, for e.g., in case of Gandhiji honesty is the cardinal trait, in case of Napoleon, the cardinal trait was ambition.

(ii) Central Traits – These traits are ‘core’ traits or ‘basic’ characteristics that form the building blocks of personality. There are about 5-10 traits such as sensitivity, sociability, diligence, etc., that can best describe an individual’s personality.

(iii) Secondary Traits – These traits play a minor role in personality as they appear only in specific situations or under specific circumstances. They are sometimes related to preferences or attitudes.

Question 2.
Effect of mass media on personality development.
Answer:
The word personality is derived from the Latin word ‘persona’ which was used to refer to masks worn by actors during a stage performance, Thus, the meaning of personality was interpreted as ‘projected behaviour’ of an individual.

According to Gordon Allport, “Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determines his unique adjustments to the environment.”

The psycho-social factors that have an effect on personality include heredity, family, peer group, culture and mass media. Mass media includes print media e.g., newspapers; audio-visual media e.g., T.V. and new media e.g., internet. Media is a source of information, education, entertainment and even socialization. It has a considerable effect on our value system, behaviour patterns and personality. However, excessive dependence on media may lead to egocentrism, poor academic performance, difficult in concentration, sleep disturbance, etc.

6. Answer the following questions with given points in 100 – 150 words each.

Question 1.
Explain the Big Five Factors model of Personality.
Points:
(i) Openness to experience
(ii) Conscientiousness
(iii) Extroversion
(iv) Agreeableness
(v) Neuroticism
Answer:
The word personality is derived from the Latin word ‘persona’ which was used to refer to masks worn by actors during a stage performance, Thus, the meaning of personality was interpreted as ‘projected behaviour’ of an individual.

According to Gordon Allport, “Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determines his unique adjustments to the environment.” According to Norman Munn, “Personality is a unique combination of individual’s physical structure, needs, interests, abilities and aptitudes

The Five Factor Model of or Big Five Personality theory, based on the trait perspective proposed by Robert McCrae and Paul Costa. The five broad trait factors are-

1. Openness to Experience
2. Conscientiousness
3. Extroversion
4. Agreeableness
5. Neuroticism.

1. Openness to Experience – People who are open to experience are intellectually curious imaginative, appreciative of art, sensitive to beauty. They sometimes tend to think and act in nonconforming, adventurous ways. Individuals who score low on openness to experience tend to be conventional, resistant to change and prefer familiarity and routine. They may lack creativity and aesthetic sense.

2. Conscientiousness – It concerns the way in which people control, regulate and direct their impulses. People high in conscientiousness are hardworking, disciplined, responsible, dependable, etc, while those low on conscientiousness tend to be careless, unorganised, spontaneous, undisciplined, etc.

3. Extroversion – Extroversion is marked by pronounced engagement with the external world. People high on this trait are assertive, talkative, sociable, enthusiastic, etc. Individuals showing low extroversion tend to be shy, reserved, lack the activity levels of extroverts. They are low-key and disengaged from the social world.

4. Agreeableness – It refers to the ability of a person to get along with others and show a concern for social harmony. People high on this trait tend to be friendly, cooperative, generous and believe that people are basically decent and trustworthy. Persons low on agreeableness tend to be uncooperative, suspicious, even hostile and jealous.

5. Neuroticism – It refers to a tendency to experience negative emotions such as anger, anxiety or depression more intensely and for longer periods than normally experienced by others. Those who score high on neuroticism tend to be irritable, fearful, emotionally unstable and interpret ordinary situations as threatening and hopeless. People who score low in neuroticism are less emotionally reactive and hence tend to be calmer, emotionally stable and experience more of positive feelings.

Question 2.
Explain the factors influencing personality.
Points:
(i) Family
(ii) School
(iii) Peer group
(iv) Culture
Answer:
The word personality is derived from the Latin word ‘persona’ which was used to refer to masks worn by actors during a stage performance, Thus, the meaning of personality was interpreted as ‘projected behaviour’ of an individual.

According to Gordon Allport, “Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determines his unique adjustments to the environment.” According to Norman Munn, “Personality is a unique combination of individual’s physical structure, needs, interests, abilities and aptitudes

Personality is shaped by biological factors such as heredity and hormones secreted by endocrine glands as well as psychosocial factors such as family, school, peer group, culture, mass media, etc.

(i) Family – As the first agency of socialization, the family exerts a strong influence on personality. Aspects of family such as family structure, atmosphere, and relationships, family interactions and childrearing practices influence personality, for e.g., if parents show rejection or over protection, etc., towards the child it leads to low self-esteem and adverse effects on the personality. A family with a warm emotional atmosphere and where parents adopt democratic discipline and show love, respect and concern for the children will positively influence the child’s personality, i.e., boost self-esteem.

(ii) School – Various aspects of school such as teaching-learning process, academic and co- curricular facilities, role of the teachers, school location, management and discipline, etc., influence the child’s personality, for e.g., teachers who are well qualified, creative, build a rapport which the students, tend to motivate students and help them to develop a good personality.

(iii) Peer group – It refers to individuals of the same age group, e.g., classmates or sharing the same interests, e.g., members of a sports club. Influence of the peer group is most noticed in adolescence since it serves as a reference group. The influence of peer group on the person may be positive such as developing healthy gender attitudes, skills of communication, etc., or it may be negative e.g., developing aggressive tendencies, prejudices, etc.

(iv) Cultural factors – Culture refers to the customs, values and social behaviour of a particular society. Every culture has its own set of beliefs, norms, expectations, etc., which influence the thoughts, feelings and behaviour of its members.

Question 3.
Explain the various methods of personality measurement.
Points:
(i) Behavioural analysis
(ii) Self-report technique
(iii) Projective method
Answer:
The word personality is derived from the Latin word ‘persona’ which was used to refer to masks worn by actors during a stage performance, Thus, the meaning of personality was interpreted as ‘projected behaviour’ of an individual.

According to Gordon Allport, “Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determines his unique adjustments to the environment.”

According to Norman Munn, “Personality is a unique combination of individual’s physical structure, needs, interests, abilities and aptitudes. Personality can be assessed using techniques such as Self Report measures (inventories), Behavioural Analysis Techniques and Projective techniques.

(i) Behavioural Analysis Techniques
Behavioural Analysis techniques such as Interview and Observation can provide information about an individual’s personality in a variety of situations.
(a) Interview – It is a process in which the interviewer collects information about the personality of an interviewee by asking him/her specific questions. The main types of interview depending on the purpose of assessment are- Structured and unstructured interview.

• Structured interview – The number, type and sequence of questions to be asked in the interview are pre-determined. The answers expected are also specific. This type of interview is used where exact quantification is required, for e.g., industrial psychologists use structured interviews to select employees for a job.
• Unstructured interview – The type and sequence of questions to be asked by the interviewer are not pre-determined. Detailed answers can be given and scoring is often subjective. It is employed by clinical psychologists, counsellors, etc.

(ii) Self-Report Technique (Inventories)
The individual provides information about his/her personality by responding to statements/ questions on the inventory, for e.g., Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PFQ), etc. Responses are scored in quantitative terms and interpreted on the basis of norms that are developed for the test.

(iii) Projective Techniques
Projective techniques emerged from the psychoanalytic perspective. The individual responds freely to relatively unstructured or ambiguous stimuli/material. It is assumed that individuals project their own personality onto these stimuli, often revealing personal conflicts, coping styles, etc. Projective techniques cannot be scored in an objective manner. They use various materials like ink-blots, ambiguous pictures, incomplete sentences, word associations, etc. Main projective techniques include Rorschach’s Ink-Blot Tests, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), Sentence Completion Test, etc.

Class 12 Psychology Chapter 3 Personality Intext Questions and Answers

ACTIVITIES (Textbook Page. No. 23)

Activity 1

Read the following examples and express your opinion about the concept of personality:
(i) Rohan is a good looking boy. He is a genius, but extremely arrogant. He always shouts at his friends. He always talks very rudely to his parents.
(ii) Ruchi is a girl with ordinary looks. She is poor in her studies but always gets along nicely with her friends. She always talks in a polite manner to everyone.
Answer:
[Information based question – refer textbook page no. 23 (3.1)]

Activity 2 (Textbook Page. No. 24)

Look at the list given below and discuss which of these factors have a stronger influence in shaping personality :
(i) Nutritious diet (ii) Junk food (iii) Physique (iv) Exercise (v) Technology (vi) Peer group (vii) Parents (vii) Neighbours (ix) Relatives (x) Childhood experiences.
Answer:
All the given factors tend to shape our personality. However, parents, peer group, physique, childhood experiences tend to exert greater influence.

Activity 3 (Textbook Page. No. 25)

Think how the peer group may influence you with respect to factors given below:
(i)Hairstyle (ii) Dressing style (iii) Eating habits (iv) Study habits (v) Communication skills (vi) Attitudes (vii) Decision making (viii) Likes and dislikes, etc
Answer:
The peer group refers to individuals who are of the same age or who tend to share similar interests. Peer group influences personality tremendously in late childhood and in adolescence. This may be in regard to physical appearance like hairstyle and dressing style. Peer group also influences how we interact with others i.e., interpersonal aspects like communication skills, decision-making, attitudes as well as personal preferences eating habits, study habits, like/dislikes, etc.

Activity 4 (Textbook Page. No. 27)

Make two separate lists of jobs requiring more need of talking and jobs requiring less need of talking. Try to find out which of your friends will be suitable for these two types of jobs.
Answer:
Jobs requiring more need of talking.

1. Teacher
2. Salesperson
3. Human resource manager
4. Lawyer
5. Event planner

Jobs requiring less need of talking.

1. Writer
2. Computer programmer
3. Librarian
4. Accountant
5. Researchers.

Activity 5 (Textbook Page. No. 29)

Use observation method and try to get few ideas of the personalities of the following individuals:

1. Traffic controller
2. News reporter
3. Private detective
4. Interior designer
5. Nurse
6. Teacher

Answer:

1. Traffic controller – He/she must have physical stamina, mental agility, negotiation skills, organizational skills.
2. News reporter – He/she must have curiosity, alertness, courage, language skills, empathy.
3. Private detective – He/she must be trustworthy, persistent, sociability, technological skills.
4. Interior designer – He/she must have creativity, interpersonal skills, aesthetic skills, communication skills.
5. Nurse – He/she must show empathy, stamina, communication skills, diligence, interpersonal skills.
6. Teacher – He/she must have good interpersonal and communication skills, be patient, creative.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Psychology Solutions Chapter 2 Intelligence Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Psychology Solutions Chapter 2 Intelligence

1. Choose the correct option and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
……………………. has given formula of I.Q.
(a) Binet
(b) Stern
(c) Wechsler
Answer:
(b) Stern

Question 2.
…………………. has given the concepts of fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence.
(a) Cattell
(b) Thorndike
(c) Salovey
Answer:
(a) Cattell

Question 3.
…………………. is an individual test of intelligence.
(a) Army Alpha Test
(b) Army Beta Test
(c) Block Building Test
Answer:
(c) Block Building Test

2. State whether the following statements are true or false.

Question 1.
Verbal tests of intelligence can be given easily to illiterate people.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
It is possible to increase emotional intelligence.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
There are certain limitations to Artificial Intelligence.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
Group tests of intelligence are less expensive.
Answer:
True

3. Answer the following in one sentence each.

Question 1.
What is meant by intelligence?
Answer:
David Wechsler defines intelligence as, “the aggregate or global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment.”

Question 2.
Who is considered as the father of intelligence test?
Answer:
Alfred Binet is considered as the father of intelligence tests.

Question 3.
What is meant by verbal tests of intelligence?
Answer:
Verbal tests of intelligence make use of words and numbers to measure intelligence and subjects respond verbally to the test items, for e.g., WAIS, Army Alpha Test, etc.

Question 4.
What is meant by individual test of intelligence?
Answer:
Individual tests of intelligence are tests which can be administered to a single person at a time, for e.g., Stanford Binet Scales, WAIS, Koh’s Block Design Test, etc.

4. Define / Explain the concepts in 25 – 30 words each.

Question 1.
Mental Age
Answer:
Alfred Binet introduced the concept of Mental Age. It is defined as the age at which the person successfully performs on all items of the test prepared for that age level. Mental Age need not correspond to Chronological Age. If Mental Age (MA) is the same as Chronological Age (CA), the person has average intelligence. For e.g., Sumit aged 10 years has successfully performed all items on the test for age 12. Hence, his Mental Age will be 12 years, i.e., he has above average intelligence.

Question 2.
Social Intelligence
Answer:
E.L. Thorndike proposed the term Social Intelligence. Howard Gardner included ‘interpersonal intelligence’in the Multiple Intelligences Theory. According to Karl Albrecht, ‘Social intelligence . is the ability to get along well with others and to get them to cooperate with oneself.’

A continued pattern of nourishing behaviour indicates a high level of social intelligence. Such persons are skilled at interacting with and understanding people around them. They respect and encourage others. They effectively comprehend social dynamics.

Question 3.
Emotional Intelligence
Answer:
The term Emotional Intelligence was used for the first time by John Mayer and Peter Salovey. The concept of emotional intelligence was popularized by Daniel Goleman. It is defined as “the ability to perceive and monitor one’s own and others emotions, to discriminate among them and to use this information to guide one’s thinking and actions.” Emotional Intelligence refers to a set of cognitive abilities such as perceiving emotions, using emotions to facilitate thought, understanding emotions and managing (regulating) emotions. Persons with high emotional intelligence tend to be emotionally stable, patient, optimistic, enthusiastic and calm.

5. Write short notes on the following.

Question 1.
Intelligence Quotient
Answer:
Intelligence is the highest attribute of human beings. Different psychologists have defined intelligence differently. Lewis Terman explains intelligence as, “an ability to think on an abstract level.”

David Wechsler defines intelligence as, “the aggregate or global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment.”

Intelligence Quotient refers to a measurement of intelligence.. In 1912, William Stern introduced the concept of intelligence quotient (IQ). Terman, refined the formula for calculating IQ, which is as stated below-
IQ = \(\frac {MA}{CA}\) × 100
Example: Ankush who is 10 years old has a Mental Age of 11 years. Let us calculate his IQ.
MA = 11 years CA = 10 years IQ = ?
IQ = \(\frac {MA}{CA}\) × 100 = \(\frac {11}{10}\) × 100 = 110
Ankush has an IQ of 110.

Question 2.
Charles Spearman’s theory of intelligence
Answer:
Intelligence is the highest attribute of human beings. Different psychologists have defined intelligence differently. Lewis Terman explains intelligence as, “an ability to think on an abstract level.”
David Wechsler defines intelligence as, “the aggregate or global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment.”
In 1927, Charles Spearman with the help of a statistical method called factor analysis separated and identified two different factors of intelligence viz. General factor (g) and Specific factor (s).

1. General factor is the minimum competence required to carry out daily work.
2. Specific factor includes abilities which are required to solve problems in specific areas.

Question 3.
Verbal tests of intelligence
Answer:
Intelligence is the highest attribute of human beings. Different psychologists have defined intelligence differently. Lewis Terman explains intelligence as, “an ability to think on an abstract level.”
David Wechsler defines intelligence as, “the aggregate or global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment.”

On the basis of material used in the tests, intelligence tests can be classified as Verbal tests and Non-verbal tests of intelligence. Intelligence tests that use language (words or numbers) for measuring intelligence are called verbal tests of intelligence. In these tests subjects are required to respond verbally to test items. Army Alpha Test, Wechsler’s Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), etc., are some of the examples of verbal tests of intelligence. These tests are language and culture bound and hence cannot be used with children, illiterates etc. However, they are useful in measuring higher mental abilities.

Question 4.
Non-verbal tests of intelligence
Answer:
Intelligence is the highest attribute of human beings. Different psychologists have defined intelligence differently. Lewis Terman explains intelligence as, “an ability to think on an abstract level.”
David Wechsler defines intelligence as, “the aggregate or global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment.”
On the basis of material used in the tests, intelligence tests can be classified as Verbal tests and Non-verbal tests of intelligence.

Intelligence tests that use pictures, designs, material objects, etc., to measure intelligence are called non-verbal tests of intelligence. In these tests language is not used to measure intelligence. In these tests subjects are not required to respond verbally to test items. Non-verbal tests are of two types viz.

1. Performance tests for e.g., Koh’s Block Design test, Dr. Bhatia’s Non Verbal test, Alexander’s Pass-along test, etc. and
2. Paper-pencil tests for e.g., Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices.

Question 5.
Artificial Intelligence
Answer:
The term Artificial Intelligence was suggested by John McCarthy. Artificial intelligence is an innovation created by human intelligence. It is a field of study that combines computer science, algorithms, psychology, etc. It refers to enabling software programmes and computer systems to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, weather forecasting, language translation, etc.

Artificial intelligence can take decisions only on the basis of stored information and so cannot be an alternative to human intelligence. Artificial intelligence has immense applications in daily life as well as to solve critical problems. Artificial intelligence is used in devices like robots, computers, self-driving cars, automatic missiles, smart phones, medical diagnostic tools, etc.

6. Answer the following questions with the help of the given points.

Question 1.
Write in brief about individual tests of intelligence
(i) Meaning
(ii) Advantages
(iii) Disadvantages
Answer:

(i) Meaning – Intelligence tests that can be administered to a single person at a time are called individual tests of intelligence, for e.g., Stanford Binet Scales, Koh’s Block Design Test, etc.

(ii) Advantages-

1. The test administrator can establish a rapport with the client.
2. The test administrator can get additional information about the client’s feelings, moods and expressions during testing.
3. Individual tests are more capable of measuring creative thinking, compared to group tests.

(iii) Disadvantages-

1. Individual tests are time consuming and costly to administer.
2. Individual tests require a trained and skillful examiner to administer, score and interpret them.
3. These tests cannot be used for mass testing.

Question 2.
Write in brief about group tests of intelligence
(i) Meaning
(ii) Advantages
(iii) Disadvantages
Answer:

(i) Meaning – Group test of intelligence are tests that can be administered to more than one person at a time, i.e., for mass testing, for e.g., Army Alpha and Army Beta Test, OTIS self¬administrating tests, etc.

(ii) Advantages-

1. Group tests are less time consuming and more economical to administer.
2. In administrating of group tests, the role of the examiner is minimal. So, he/she need not go through any specialised training.
3. These tests can be used in cases where mass testing is needed.

(iii) Disadvantages-

1. The test administrator has much less opportunity to establish rapport, obtain cooperation and maintain interest of the clients.
2. Compared to individual tests, group tests are less capable of measuring the creative aspect of intelligence.

7. Answer the following questions in Detail.

Question 1.
Write in detail about the history of intelligence testing.
Answer:
Intelligence is the highest attribute of human beings. Different psychologists have defined intelligence differently. Lewis Terman explains intelligence as, “an ability to think on an abstract level.”

David Wechsler defines intelligence as, ‘the aggregate or global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment’. Many psychologists have contributed to the measurement of Intelligence.

Sir Francis Galton thought that he could determine intelligence by measuring the size of the human skull. He administered a battery of tests to measure variables such as head size, reaction time, visual acuity, etc. However, these tests did not prove useful to measure intelligence.

Raymond Cattell, used the term ‘mental test’ for the first time. Like his mentor, Sir Galton, Cattell also believed that intelligence is best measured by sensory tasks. However, be emphasized that test administration must be standardized.

In 1905, Alfied Binet in collaboration with Theodor Simon, published the First Scale of Intelligence. This scale was revised in 1908 and 1911. In 1916, Lewis Terman revised the scale, i.e., adapted few items, established new age norms etc. This came to be called ‘Stanford Binet Test’. Binet also introduced the concept of Mental Age. It is defined as the age at which the person successfully performs on all items of the test prepared for that age level.

In 1917, Robert Yerkes and his colleagues developed the Army Alpha (verbal test) and Army Beta (performance test) intelligence tests. These two tests were used to recruit soldiers. In 1939, during World War II also, to recruit army personnel, the Army General Classification Test was used.

In 1939, David Wechsler published the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Test. In 1955, the test was revised and then called Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). It has a verbal scale and performance scale. Wechsler also developed a test to measure intelligence of children, i.e., Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC).

Mental Age – Alfred Binet introduced the concept of Mental Age. It is defined as the age at which the person successfully performs on all items of the test prepared for that age level. Mental Age need not correspond to Chronological Age. It Mental Age (MA) is the same as Chronological Age (CA), the person has average intelligence.

Intelligence Quotient – In 1912, William Stern introduced the concept of Intelligence Quotient (IQ). Terman, refined the formula for calculating IQ which is as stated below-
IQ = \(\frac {MA}{CA}\) × 100 IQ made it possible to compare the intelligence of individuals of different age CA groups.

Question 2.
‘Intelligence testing has a wide usage in various areas’. Justify with examples.
Answer:
David Wechsler defines intelligence as, ‘the aggregate or global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment.’
Types of Intelligence Tests-
(i) Individual tests of intelligence-
Individual tests of intelligence are tests which can be administered to a single person at a time, for e.g., Stanford Binet Scales, WAIS, Koh’s Block Design Test, etc.

(ii) Group tests of intelligence-
Group test of intelligence are tests that can be administered to more than one person at a time, i.e., for mass testing, for e.g., Army Alpha and Army Beta Test, OTIS self-administrating tests, etc.

(iii) Verbal tests of intelligence-
Verbal tests of intelligence make use of words and numbers to measure intelligence and subjects respond verbally to the test items, for e.g., WAIS, Army Alpha Test, etc.

(vi) Non-verbal tests of intelligence-
Non-verbal tests of intelligence do not use language to measure intelligence. They make use of pictures, designs, objects, etc. Such tests may be (i) Performance tests, e.g., Koh’s Block Design Test or (ii) Paper-pencil test e.g., Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices.

Application of Intelligence Testing

1. Effective Schooling – On the basis of intelligence test scores, teachers can classify students into intellectual categories and devise special instructional programmes suited to their mental development.
2. Aids Mental Health Personnel – Intelligence tests are helpful to Mental Health personnel such as psychologists, etc., for diagnosis purposes and therapy.
3. Effective Parenting – Parents can provide appropriate educational facilities to their children based on their IQ scores.
4. Career Counselling – Scores obtained on intelligence tests help the student to select the right educational options/ courses.
5. Vocational Counselling – Individuals can choose a suitable career and achieve job satisfaction when they make a realistic choice of vocation based on IQ scores.

Question 3.
Explain the characteristics of people having high social intelligence.
Answer:
E.L. Thorndike proposed the term Social Intelligence. Howard Gardner included ‘interpersonal intelligence’ in the Multiple Intelligences Theory. According to Karl Albrecht, “Social intelligence is the ability to get along well with others and to get them to cooperate with oneself’.

According to Karl Albrecht our behaviour towards others falls somewhere on a spectrum between toxic behaviour and nourishing behaviour. Devaluing others, refusing cooperation to others, negative talking, discouraging others, etc., are some of the examples of toxic behaviours. A continued pattern of toxic behaviour indicates a low level of social intelligence. Respecting others, cooperating with others, positive talking, encouraging others, etc., are some of the examples of nourishing behaviour. A continued pattern of nourishing behaviour indicates a high level of social intelligence.

The following are some of the characteristics of people having high social intelligence:

1. They are good at understanding and interacting with other people.
2. They have ability to monitor their verbal and non-verbal expressions while communicating with others.
3. They are good speakers and good listeners.
4. They are skilled at assessing the emotions, motivations, desires, and intentions of those around them.
5. They understand social dynamics in an effective way.
6. They are flexible in their approach while dealing with others.
7. They are goal orientated, persistent and self- confident.
8. They can resolve conflicts in social contexts.
9. They are successful negotiators.
10. They enhance personal and professional relationships with others.

Class 12 Psychology Chapter 2 Intelligence Intext Questions and Answers

ACTIVITY (Textbook Page. No. 12)

Activity 1
Read the following sentences and decide whether the given sentences are the facts or just beliefs about intelligence :
(i) Intelligence is something that is inborn.
(ii) Students who are intelligent can get good marks in examinations.
(iii) Students who do not get good marks in examinations are less intelligent.
(iv) People who are intelligent are very smart.
(v) Intelligent people can impress anyone by their talk.
Answer:
[All the statements are just beliefs, not facts.]

Activity 2 (Textbook Page. No. 15)
Read the following examples. Using the formula, calculate the I.Q. of the following students:
(i) Aabha is a genius girl. Her chronological age is 8 years and her mental age is 14 years. Find out her I.Q.
(ii) Mayur has learning disabilities. His chronological age is 8 years and his mental age is 6 years. Find out his I.Q.
Answer:
(i) In case of Aabha – Mental Age (MA) = 14 years
Chronological Age (CA) = 8 years, IQ = ?
IQ = \(\frac {MA}{CA}\) × 100 = \(\frac {14}{10}\) × 100 = 175
IQ = 175.

(ii) In case of Mayur – Mental Age (MA) = 6 years.
Chronological Age (CA) = 8 years, IQ = ?
MA 6
IQ = \(\frac {MA}{CA}\) × 100 = \(\frac {6}{10}\) × 100 = 75
IQ = 75.

Activity 3 (Textbook Page. No. 16)

Make a chart listing the advantages and disadvantages of individual tests of intelligence.
Answer:
(i) Advantages-

1. The test administrator can establish a rapport with the client.
2. The test administrator can get additional information about the client’s feelings, moods and expressions during testing.
3. Individual tests are more capable of measuring creative thinking, compared to group tests.

(ii) Disadvantages-

1. Individual tests are time consuming and costly to administer.
2. Individual tests require a trained and skillful examiner to administer, score and interpret them.
3. These tests cannot be used for mass testing.

Activity 4 (Textbook Page. No. 16)

Make a chart listing the advantages and disadvantages of group tests of intelligence.
Answer:
(i) Advantages-

1. Group tests are less time consuming and economical to administer.
2. In administrating group tests, the role of the examiner is minimal. So, he/she need not go through any specialized training.
3. These tests can be used in cases where mass testing is needed.

(ii) Disadvantages-

1. The test administrator has much less opportunity to establish rapport, obtain cooperation and maintain interest of the clients.
2. Compared to individual tests, group tests are less capable of measuring creative aspect of intelligence.

Activity 5 (Textbook Page. No. 17)

Verbal test of intelligence Choose the correct option:
(i) Shoe – Foot : : Hat – ……………..
(a) Kitten
(b) Head
(c) Knife
Answer:
Shoe – Foot: : Hat – Head

(ii) Eye – Head : : Window – ………………
(a) Key
(b) Floor
(c) Room
Answer:
Eye – Head : : Window – Room

Activity 6 (Textbook Page. No. 19)

Read the examples given in Activity 6 on textbook page no. 18 and decide the positions of Chetan, Sagar and Anil on the following spectrum of behaviour:

Answer:

Activity 7 (Textbook Page. No. 20)

Study the differences between the characteristics of people having high emotional intelligence and low emotional intelligence and think about what you can do to develop your emotional intelligence?

Characteristics of people having high emotional intelligence	Characteristics of people having low emotional intelligence
Emotionally stable, Patient	Emotionally unstable, Impatient
Optimistic, Independent	Pessimistic, Dependent
Happy, Enthusiastic	Sad, Apathetic
Calm, Satisfied	Restless, Dissatisfied

Answer:
I will try to develop emotional intelligence by adopting the following ways-

1. active listening skills .and effective style of communication.
2. practice self-evaluation and self-awareness.
3. respond instead of reacting in conflict situations.
4. stay motivated, rational and have a positive outlook.
5. show empathy, be approachable.
6. adopt effective stress management techniques.

Activity 8 (Textbook Page. No. 20)

Discuss how the following devices use Artificial Intelligence:
(i) Computers
(ii) Self-driving cars
(iii) Robots
(iv) Medical diagnostic tools
(v) Translation devices
(vi) Automatic Missiles
(vii) Chatbots, etc.
Answer:
(i) Computers – AI is the ability of a computer programme to think and learn. It makes computers smart, i.e., work without being encoded with commands.

(ii) Self-driving cars – Autonomous driving is a key application of AI. Self-driving cars are equipped with multiple sensors such as cameras, radars, etc., which generate massive amount of data and simulate human perceptual and decision making processes in driving.

(iii) Robots – AI gives robots the computer vision to navigate, sense and calculate their reaction accordingly. Robots learn to perform tasks from humans through machine learning which is a part of computer programming and AI.

(iv) Medical diagnostic tools – Abnormalities in body fluids and tissue can be automatically detected using AI in medical diagnosis solutions. AI can help to speed up process of diagnosis, i.e., biomarkers.

(v) Translation devices-AI uses Neural Machine Translation (NMT), i.e., an electronic, neural network trained to recognize patterns in the input data set and translate it into desired output data, for e.g., a sentence in Japanese into English. It is more accurate than simple machine translation.

(vi) Automatic Missiles – AI is leading the world towards a battlefield that has no boundaries, may not even have humans involved and will be impossible to control across the human ecosystem in Cyberspace, Geospace and Space (CGS). It refers to the weaponisation of AI, i.e., a weapon system that can select human/ non-human targets without further intervention by a human operator.

(vii) Chatbots – AI makes it possible for chatbots to ‘learn’ by discovering patterns in data. A chatbot is a computer programme that imitates spoken and written conversation, i.e., voice commands and texts, for e.g., Siri.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Psychology Solutions Chapter 1 Psychology: A Scientific Discipline Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Psychology Solutions Chapter 1 Psychology: A Scientific Discipline

1. Choose the correct option and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
Till 1879, psychology was a branch of ……….
(a) physics
(b) philosophy
(c) physiology
Answer:
(b) philosophy

Question 2.
Psychology is a science.
(a) natural
(b) social
(c) biological
Answer:
(b) social

Question 3.
…………………. is considered as founder of Psychoanalysis.
(a) Wilhelm Wundt
(b) Carl Rogers
(c) Sigmund Freud
Answer:
(c) Sigmund Freud

2. Match the pair

Group A	Group B
(1) Structuralism	(a) John Watson
(2) Functionalism	(b) Carl Rogers
(3) Behaviourism	(c) Ulric Neisser
(4) Cognitivism	(d) William James
	(e) Wilhelm Wundt

Answer:

Group A	Group B
(1) Structuralism	(e) Wilhelm Wundt
(2) Functionalism	(d) William James
(3) Behaviourism	(a) John Watson
(4) Cognitivism	(c) Ulric Neisser

3. State whether the following statements are true or false.

Question 1.
Psychology is a study of mental processes.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Case study method is quite often used by clinical psychologists.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
An experimenter is a person on whom the experiment is conducted.
Answer:
False

4. Answer the following in one sentence each.

Question 1.
In which year was the first psychology laboratory established?
Answer:
The first psychology laboratory was established in 1879 by Wilhelm Wundt, at the University of Leipzig in Germany.

Question 2.
Who is considered as the ‘Father of American Psychology’?
Answer:
William James, founder of Functionalism school of thought of psychology is considered ‘Father of American Psychology’.

Question 3.
What is meant by an experimenter?
Answer:
The person who conducts the experiment is called the experimenter.

5. Define / Explain the concepts in 25 – 30 words each.

Question 1.
Replicability
Answer:
Replicability is one of the key features of science. Scientific knowledge can be replicated under the same circumstances as the original experiment. This ensures reliability of results towards establishing a scientific theory.

Question 2.
Correlation coefficient.
Answer:
Correlation coefficient is the measurement of the correlation between two or more variables. Its value extends between -1.00 to +1.00. The concept was first introduced by Sir Francis Galton. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient is the most commonly used type of correlation coefficient.

6. Write short notes on the following in 50 – 60 words each.

Question 1.
Observation method
Answer:
Observation method is a research method that is employed in conditions where experiments may not be possible or even necessary. Observation is used by child psychologists and social psychologists. It may be carried out in a natural setting, for e.g., observing candidates waiting their turn for an interview. It may also be carried out in controlled conditions.
The following factors should be kept in mind while carrying out the observation

1. it should be done systematically.
2. a comprehensive list of behaviours to be observed must be prepared.
3. the persons should not be aware of being observed.

The disadvantages of observation are:

1. it is a time consuming method.
2. objectivity is difficult to maintain during observation.
3. it is difficult to establish cause-effect relationships.

Question 2.
Survey method
Answer:
A survey is a research method used to collect data from a pre-determined group of respondents, i.e., a sample. It is used to obtain information about the preferences, opinions, etc., of the ‘sample’ population. It makes use of tools like questionnaire, checklist, interviews, etc. Survey method is employed by social psychologists, industrial psychologists, etc. The researcher must ensure that-

1. sample of respondents is representative of the population.
2. questions should not be ambiguous.

The disadvantages of survey method are:

1. it is a very subjective method,
2. it lacks reliability.

Question 3.
Case study method
Answer:
Case study method is a qualitative research method employed by clinical psychologists. It provides intensive, descriptive information about an individual from multiple sources such as family, peers, school, academic and health records, etc. This helps to assess the person’s level of psychological and social functioning. Researchers may employ techniques like observation, interview, psychological tests, etc. Psychologist such as Sigmund Freud and Jean Piaget made extensive use of case study method. However, this method is very time consuming and subjective.

Question 4.
Importance of rationality
Answer:
Rationality implies being agreeable to reason. According to Stanovich, “Rationality involves adaptive reasoning, good judgement and good decision making.”
According to Dr. Albert Ellis, rationality helps a person to successfully attain goals and be happy. He proposed Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy (REBT), which is a popular intervention method in counselling psychology.
Rationality is important because:

1. It allows us to make decisions in new or unfamiliar situations by helping us to gather and process relevant information.
2. It enables the person to exhibit tolerance and flexibility.
3. A rational person accepts oneself unconditionally and assumes responsibility for their own behaviour.
4. Rationality helps to understand and respect the views and interests of others.

7. Define / Explain the concepts in 25 – 30 words each.

Question 1.
Science
Answer:
The word science is derived from the Latin word ‘Scientia’ which means ‘knowledge’. Science is the pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world, following a systematic methodology based on evidence. The key features of science are empirical evidence, objectivity, scientific causality, systematic exploration and replication.

Question 2.
Objectivity
Answer:
Objectivity is one of the key features of science. It refers to the ability to observe and accept facts as they exist setting aside all sources of expectations, values, prejudices, etc. Science objectively studies some particular phenomenon.

8. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Explain the types of correlation.
Answer:
A correlation refers to a statistical tool used to measure the relationship between two or more variables.
If the change in one variable is accompanied by a change in the other variable, this interdependence is called correlation. It is measured by correlation coefficient which extends between -1.00 to + 1.00.
The types of correlation are:
(i) Positive correlation – Both variables either increase or decrease at the same time, for e.g., extent of rehearsal (revision)↑ and recall score↑.
The value of positive correlation from 0.00 to + 1.00. It is represented as: variable 1 variable 2

(ii) Negative correlation – An increase in one variable is associated with a decrease in the other and vice-versa. The value of the correlation is between 0.00 to -1.00, for e.g., bunking of lectures (↑) and score in exams (↓).

(iii) Zero correlation – A change in one variable leads to no significant change in the other variable, for e.g., height and intelligence.

Question 2.
Explain some of the challenges in establishing psychology as a science.
Answer:
Many criticisms of psychology as a science have been made on practical, philosophical and ethical grounds. The challenges in establishing psychology as a science are:
(i) It is in preparadigmatic state – According to American philosopher, Thomas Kuhn, psychology is still in a preparadigmatic state as it has not succeeded in producing a cumulative body of knowledge that has a clear conceptual cove.

(ii) Issues related to objectivity and validity – Methods used in psychology such as introspection, surveys and questionnaires are subjective. Due to this, psychology lacks two criteria of science, i.e., objectivity and validity.

(iii) Issues related to predictability and replicability – In psychology it is difficult to make exact predictions as people respond differently in different situations. Test result are more varied and hence difficult to replicate.

(iv) Objectifying humans – According to some psychologists, subjecting human behaviour to experimentation amounts to objectifying individuals.

Question 3.
Explain the key features of science.
Answer:
The word science is derived from the Latin word ‘Scientia’ which means ‘knowledge’. Science is the pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world, following a systematic methodology based on evidence.
They key features of science are:

1. Empirical evidence – It refers to acquiring information through direct observation or experiments. Scientific knowledge is based on verifiable evidence.
2. Objectivity – This refers to the ability to observe and accept facts as they exist, setting aside all sources of expectations, values, prejudices, etc.
3. Scientific causality – Science aims to establish a cause-effect relationship between the variables under consideration, i.e., the effect of the Independent Variable on the Dependent Variable.
4. Systematic exploration – Science adopts a sequential procedure for studying various phenomena. It includes scientific steps like formulating a hypothesis, collection of facts, scientific generalisation etc.
5. Replication – Scientific knowledge can be replicated under the same circumstances as the original experiment. This ensures reliability of results towards establishing a scientific theory.
6. Predictability – Science involves describing and explaining phenomena as well as to make predictions accordingly.

Question 4.
Write detailed information of the experimental method in psychology.
Answer:
The systematic observation about a certain problem under controlled laboratory conditions is called an experiment.
For example, Albert Bandura conducted experiment to investigate if social behaviours i.e., aggression can be acquired by observation and imitation. The steps involved in an experiment are:

1. identifying the problem
2. formulation a hypothesis
3. selecting an experimental design
4. conducting the experiment and data collection
5. data analysis
6. drawing conclusions

The key terms of experimental method with examples are:

1. Problem: To study the effect of music on the level of blood Pressure.
2. Hypothesis: The music will help in regulating the level of blood pressure.
3. Independent variable: Music.
4. Dependent variable: Level of blood pressure.
5. Intervening variables: Age, gender, all other sounds other than music, etc.
6. Experimenter : A person who will be conducting this experiment. (May be you or your psychology teacher.)
7. Participant : A person on whom this experiment will be conducted. (May be your family member/ friend.)

The two variables in an experiment are:

1. Independent Variable (I.V.) – It is the variable that the experimenter manipulates or changes systematically to study it’s effect on the D.V. (Cause).
2. Dependent Variable (D.V.) – the variable that may change due to manipulation of the I.V. (effect).

The features of the method are:

1. it is the most objective and scientific method of studying behaviour
2. it helps to establish cause-effect relationship between two or more variables
3. the findings of an experiment are verifiable

The limitations of the method are:

1. it may not be possible to control all intervening variables
2. it has a limited scope, i.e., there may be ethical constraints or risk factors
3. experimenter’s expectations or participant attitude may influence the conclusions

Question 5.
Explain the characteristics of a rational individual.
Answer:
One of the significant aims of individuals is attainment of happiness. However, in the pursuit of happiness, one should not be driven by irrational influences or compromise on social norms and ethics. Psychology helps to improving life quality by applying the concept of rationality in daily life. According to Stanovich, “Rationality involves adaptive reasoning, good judgement and good decision making.”
According to Dr. Albert Ellis, rationality helps a person to successfully attain goals and be happy. He proposed Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy (REBT), which is a popular intervention method in counselling Psychology.

According to Ellis, rational people possess characteristics such as:

1. Understanding both self-interest and social interest – Rational people understand what choices help them to grow and take responsibility for their actions. They are also careful not to violate other’s rights.
2. Self-direction – The person does not demand excessive attention or support from others as he/she assumes the responsibility for his/her own life.
3. Tolerance – It is the willingness to accept beliefs and behaviour patterns of others that may differ from our own way of thinking.
4. Flexibility – Rational people tend to be flexible and unbiased in their thoughts and actions.
5. Self-acceptance and self-responsibility – A rational person accepts him/herself unconditionally as well as responsibility for his/her thoughts, emotions and behaviour.

The concept of rationality can be explained as:

B (Balance)	Balance between self-interest and interest of others
E (Estimate)	Estimate the time, efforts, gains and losses
R (Respect)	Respect oneself and others
A (Affiliate)	Affiliate with others
T (Tolerate)	Tolerate oneself and others
I (Intergrate)	Integrate personal wellbeing with social wellbeing
0 (Optimize)	Optimize potential fully
N (Navigate)	Navigate path of success
A (Accept)	Accept the limitations and overcome them
L (Live)	Live life fully

How Rational Am I?

Question 1.
Identify the strongest and the weakest characteristics in you from those explained by Dr. Albert Ellis.
Answer:
Rational people are psychologically healthy and show adaptive reasoning and good decision making.
According to Dr. Albert Ellis, some characteristics of rational persons are:

1. Understanding self-interest and social interest
2. Self-direction
3. Tolerance
4. Flexibility
5. Self-acceptance and self-responsibility.

The strongest characteristic in me is self-direction. The weakest characteristic in me is flexibility.

Question 2.
How will you work on your weakest characteristic? Write two strategies.
Answer:
Two strategies that I can use to improve the flexibility in my life is:

1. Adopt an unbiased perspective and non-judgmental thinking
2. Practicing meditation and mindfulness.

(A) Identify the Independent Variable and Dependent Variable.

1. To study the effect of colour on moods.
2. To study the effect of positive feedback on self-confidence.
3. To study the effect of loud noise on concentration levels.
4. To study the effect of exposure to classical music on reading skills.
5. To study the effect of a type of diet on weight loss.
6. To study the effect of a fertilizer on crop growth.
7. To study the effect of solving previous years exam papers on scores in the exam.
8. To study the effect of worker’s participation in decision making on job satisfaction.

Answer:

Independent Variable	Dependent Variable
1. Colour	Moods
2. Positive feedback	Self confidence
3. Loud noise	Concentration levels
4. Classical music	Reading skills
5. Type of diet	Weight loss
6. Fertilizer	Crop Growth
7. Previous year question papers	Scores in the exam
8. Workers participation in decision making	Job satisfaction

(B) Identify the type of correlation.

1. Gender and Intelligence.
2. Cold weather and sales of air conditioners.
3. Low income and standard of living.
4. Consuming foods with antioxidants and immune system.
5. Speed and time taken to cover a distance.
6. Heads/tails,on flipping a coin and result when you flip another time.
7. Colour of the hair and learning a dance form.
8. Average temperature in a city and ice cream sales in it.
9. Chain smoking and lifespan.
10. Intelligence and language development.
11. Increasing age after 60 years and physical agility.
12. Level of water in a fish tank and area of fish habitat.
13. Large number of trees felled and probability of soil erosion.
14.  More hours spent at work and available leisure time.

Answer:

Positive Correlation	3, 4, 8, 10, 12, 13.
Negative Correlation	2, 5, 9, 11, 14.
Zero Correlation	1, 6, 7.

Class 12 Psychology Chapter 1 Psychology: A Scientific Discipline Intext Questions and Answers

ACTIVITIES (Textbook Page. No. 1)

Activity 1

Read the following statements. Think and discuss whether the given statements are facts or myths and misconceptions about psychology:
(i) Psychology is just common sense and not a real science.
(ii) Psychology is simply a pseudoscience.
(iii) Psychologists are simply mind readers or the face readers.
(iv) Psychology is related only to the study of crazy people who are in need of therapy.
(v) Psychologists, psychiatrists and counsellors have the same professional qualifications and their jobs are almost of the same nature.
(vi) Anyone with a degree in psychology can provide counselling to a need person. Answer:
Answer:
All the statements are misconceptions.
Statement 1, 2 are misconceptions because Psychology is a social science that fulfils the criteria of a science, e.g., it employs the scientific method.

Statement 3 is a misconception. Psychologists are trained professionals in some field of psychology, e.g., counselling psychology. They employ tools like observation, case study, experiments, etc.

Statement 4 is a misconception. There are numerous branches of psychology such as Social Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Abnormal Psychology, Environmental Psychology, etc.

Statement 5 is a misconception. Psychiatrists are trained medical doctors and focus on medication management. Psychologists employ psychotherapy such as CBT, REBT, etc.

Statement 6 is a misconception. A counsellor is a person who has academic qualifications as well as professional training in counselling techniques.

Activity 2 (Textbook Page. No. 3)

Read the following statements and discuss about the same in the classroom:
(i) Psychology is a science because it fulfils many conditions of science.
(ii) Psychology is not an exact science like physics or chemistry.
(iii) Psychology is a social science that studies human (and animal) behaviour and mental processes.
(iv) Psychology uses some objective research methods, it examines cause-and-effect relationships to produce laws governing human behaviour and its findings can be verified.
(v) Psychology can be distinguished from pseudoscience and folk wisdom as psychology has evidence against its theories.
(vi) The subject matter of psychology is complex as human behaviour is dynamic and the mental processes are abstract. Therefore, the theories of psychology are not as universal, exact and precise as those in physics and chemistry.
Answer:

1. Psychology fulfils conditions of science such as acquiring empirical evidence, objectivity, predictability, scientific causality, etc.
2. Psychology is a social science which deals with human beings. It is not a physical science.
3. Psychology is defined as the scientific study of human behaviour and mental processes.
4. Psychology uses objective methods like controlled laboratory experiments and aims to establish scientific causality and verifiable theories.
5. Psychology is not based on folk wisdom, pseudo knowledge or myths. It is based on systematic exploration and acquisition of empirical evidence.
6. Psychology is a social science so its theories cannot be universal or exact as in the physical science. Human behaviour is constantly evolving and unpredictable.

Activity 3 (Textbook Page. No. 4)

Visit the website given below and collect information about various schools of thought of psychology: https://www. verywellmind.com/psychology-schools-of-thought-2795247
Answer:

1. Structuralism – Focused on breaking down mental processes into the basic elements using techniques like introspection.
2. Functionalism – Focused on the mind’s functions and adaptations.
3. Gestalt school – Focused on looking at the ‘whole’ rather than individual elements.
4. Behavioural school – Focused on study of observable behaviour.
5. Psychoanalytic school – Emphasized the influence of the ‘unconscious’ on behaviour.
6. Humanistic school – It developed as a response to psychoanalysis and behaviourism. It focused on individual free will, personal growth and concept of self-actualization (achieving one’s full potential).
7. Cognitive school (Cognitivism) – Focused on the study of mental processes like learning, perception, memory etc.

In recent times, Behavioural school, Cognitive school and Humanistic school remain influential. Most psychologists adopt an eclectic approach drawing upon different perspectives.

Activity 5 (Textbook Page. No. 5)

Find out the Independent Variable and Dependent Variable from the experiment ideas given below:
(i) To study the effect of practice on memory.
(ii) To study the effect of mental set on problem solving.
(iii) To study the effect of noise pollution on the speed of writing.
(iv) To study the effect of colour on perception.
(v) To study the effect of feedback on decision making.
Answer:

Independent Variable	Dependent Variable
(1) Practice	Efficient memory
(2) Mental set	Problem solving
(3) Noise pollution	Speed of writing
(4) Colour	Perception
(5) Feedback	Efficient decision making

Activity 6 (Textbook Page. No. 8)

Discuss about the following topics that can be studied using correlation study method:
(i) Bunking lectures and score in exams
(ii) Weight and intelligence
(iii) Amount of salary and level of job satisfaction
(iv) Rehearsal and forgetting
(v) Height and aptitude in music
(vi) Urbanization and pollution
(vii) Speed of vehicles and road accidents
Answer:
(a) Positive correlation

1. Urbanization and pollution
2. Speed of vehicles and road accidents

(b) Negative correlation

1. Bunking lectures and scores in exams
2. Rehearsal and forgetting

(c) Zero correlation

1. Weight and intelligence
2. Height and aptitude in music

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Sociology Solutions Passages Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Sociology Passages Answers

Passage 1
Read the passages and answer the questions given below.

This is a real-life story of Rukmini Devi who lives in a small hut in Gaigotha Village in Wada Taluka of Palghar District in Maharashtra State. She belongs to the Warli tribe. Her husband is a marginal farmer who cultivates on two acres of land. They have two children, one daughter aged 10 years and an I son aged 6 years. Both the children walk to school and back daily (located about 3 miles away).

When cultivation season is over, (or if the rice crop is damaged due to heavy rains or pests) they face many hardships. A section of the crop is kept for their personal use, for the year. Tur Dal (lentil) is also grown in one small area, again for personal use. Ina small backyard, they grow vegetables like chilies, cucumber, and bitter gourd (karela).

During the off-season, both husband and wife go to the brick kilns (about 7 miles away) to do piece-rate work (That is, they get paid for each brick that they make.) While the men earn Rs. 300 per day, the women earn Rs. 150-200. Rukmini Devi stated that they prefer to walk the 7 miles both ways because the bus fare is Rs. 35/- per head one way. They cannot afford it.

Question 1.
Identify any three problems that the family of Rukmini Devi has to face.
Answer:
The main problem of the family of Rukmini Devi is poverty. The productivity of their economic activities is very less as they cannot use modern production techniques like fertilizers, pesticides, etc., their agriculture depends upon monsoons and there is a lack of adequate irrigation facilities. Due to the seasonal nature of agriculture, they have to face hardships and exploitation by non-tribal people. They are also being exploited by their employers who take maximum work from them and pay them minimum wages.

Question 2.
Point out and discuss briefly, gender discrimination in this setting.
Answer:
We find Rukmini Devi facing wage discrimination i.e., discrimination on the basis of sex in the payment of wages, where Rukmini Devi and her husband perform work of similar skill, effort, and responsibility for the same employer under similar working conditions but they don’t earn the same amount of money. This implies discriminative employers save on the cost by employing the tribal females. Rukmini Devi is working in, informal labour market where there is an absence of policies to safeguard gender rights.

Question 3.
Discuss the nature of the economy of the Warli tribes.
Answer:
The economy practiced by Warli Tribe is subsistence economy and simple. They use out model techniques therefore their production is insufficient. They cannot fulfill their basic needs. They try to fulfill their needs by collective efforts. Thus, the simple and collective economic life is an important characteristic of the tribal economy. The main occupation of the Warli tribe is agriculture which is in a state of backwardness. They live below the poverty line.

Passage 2
Read the passages and answer the questions given below.

Education, since the coming of the British to India, has been secular in content. By this we mean, the content of education did not include the study of sacred texts. Schools were open for all – to learn and climb the ladder of vertical mobility. The study of the English language, as well as the opportunity to study in the English medium, was available.

It is true that several Indians from certain social and economic strata were the first to access an English education. Many of them later constituted the intelligentsia of our society. We refer to many of them as social reformers, such as Raja Rammohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Pandita Ramabai, Maharshi Dhondo Keshav Karve. They worked for religious, social, and educational reform in Indian society.

Such visionaries of society continue even in the post-Independence era, to the present time.

Educational opportunities have grown by leaps and bounds in the last 73 years since Independence. One questions if the educated have merely acquired education or if the education has helped citizens become gainfully employed and more importantly, enlightened enough to transform society at the micro-level.

It is necessary for the government to consider the interests of all sections of society.

Each citizen can play a dynamic role in the development of all people in our society.

Question 1.
Explain the impact of the introduction of a new education system by the British on Indian society.
Answer:
According to the new liberal education policy introduced by the British, education was not restricted to special sections of society. The spread of secular-based education widened the minds of the people living in India. Well-educated Indians were influenced by western values. They recognized that various customs and traditions were unjust and unfair. Therefore, they started various religious and social movements to reform Indian society.

Question 2.
Explain the role of education in the transformation of society at the micro-level.
Answer:
The role of education is effective to bring change at the individual level i.e., micro-level. The role of education as an agent or instrument of social change and social development is widely recognized today. Education can initiate social changes by bringing about a change in the outlook and attitude of man. It can bring about a change in the pattern of social relationships and thereby it may cause social changes Education has brought about phenomenal changes in every aspect of men’s life. Education is a process that brings about changes in the behaviour of society. It is a process that enables every individual to effectively participate in the activities of society and to make a positive contribution to the progress of society.

Question 3.
Discuss education as an instrument of social change.
Answer:
Education changes the outlook and traditional approach towards social and economic problems. It sharpens the skills, and knowledge of the children. Technical education helps in the process of industrialization which helps to bring a vast change in society. Education not only preserves the cultural traditions of the society but helps to transmit them from one generation to the next. Education fulfills needs of the society and propagates ideas to promote social change in all fields of life.

Passage 3
Read the passages and answer the questions given below.

Indian society is a melting pot of cultures. The history of Indian society gives enough evidence of the process of accommodation. From early times migrants integrated into Indian society and influenced its culture. Our historical past is testimony to this fact of cultural diffusion.

Today, we describe our society as a composite whole that includes tribal, rural, and urban communities. The way of life in these segments have their unique characteristics. However, is it also an observation that no one segment or community can be seen in its “pure” state. On the one hand, there is interdependence between communities and on the other, this would imply a certain extent of loss of cultural elements such as language, beliefs, customary practices, etc. Have we not seen how, for example, Warli or Madhubani Art has made it to T-shirts and wall hangings in many urban households? Also, how technology has reached the remotest corners of our country?

A question that may cross your mind may be, ‘Is there anything such as ‘pure culture? What constitutes “Indian culture”? ‘Can cultural extremism be valuable in the present world? These questions are valid
as they set us thinking. Perhaps there is no single “answer”?

Question 1.
What constitutes “Indian culture”, discuss with respect to cultural diffusion in Indian society.
Answer:
Over the years, India has changed a lot in terms of living standards and lifestyles, but even then the values and traditions are still intact and remain unchanged. Another aspect of India’s culture can be seen when someone is facing deep trouble. Irrespective of the class, tribe, or religion, everyone will step forward to provide help and support. Culture in India is a dimension that has been composed by its long history and its unique way of accepting customs and traditions, right since the Indus valley civilization took birth. India is a melting pot of various religions and cultures and it is the very nature of the unity in diversity, which has largely shaped the growth of Indian culture as a whole. The property of togetherness among people of various cultures and traditions has made India, a unique country.

Question 2.
Discuss tribal art and its role in cultural identity.
Answer:
Tribal art has progressed considerably due to the constant developmental efforts of the Indian government and other organizations. Tribal art generally reflects the creative energy found in the tribal areas. Tribal art ranges through a wide range of art forms, such as wall paintings, tribal dances, tribal music, and so on. Folk art in India apparently has great potential in the international market because of its traditional aesthetic sensibility. Some of the most famous folk paintings of India are the Madhubani paintings of Bihar, Warli folk paintings of Maharashtra

Question 3.
How interdependence between communities has resulted to a certain extent loss of cultural elements?
Answer:
Though the interdependence of communities connects all the cultures of the country it has also weakened cultural bonds of tribal and rural communities and also lead to the loss of cultural identity. It also makes one forget their own values, customs, and traditions. Although it has played an immense role in the unification of our country, a great amount of cultural identity and traditional values have also been lost.

Passage 4
Read the passages and answer the questions given below.

The causes of disharmony and strife are several-fold. Resistance to social change is one among many. Problems of contemporary Indian society include domestic violence, sexual abuse, child rights, problems of senior citizens, migrants, ethnocentrism, religious fundamentalism, linguistic fanaticism, environmental degradation, substance abuse and addiction to devices, mob lynching, and so on.

Given the varied types of social problems and their changing nature, there emerges a need to examine them in a scientific manner. The applicability of Sociology in its widest sense includes the exploration of various themes that cut across fields such as Masculinity Studies, Minority Studies, Film and Media Studies, Sociology of Sports, Environmental Sociology, Forensic Sociology, Gerontology, Sociology of Music, Medical Sociology, Marketing Sociology and so on.

Various government departments and voluntary organizations include sociologists on their panels to help steer policies and programmes. As Sociology is a people-centered discipline, it tends to create awareness and dialogue regarding human relationships. This is a valuable asset in governance and conflict resolution.

Question 1.
How does sociology perceive social problems in a scientific manner?
Answer:
Sociology views social problems as problems which arise out of the functioning of systems and structures in a society, or which are the result of group influences. They are also concerned with social relationships which emerge and are sustained because of the social problems. Thus, in analyzing alcoholism, a sociologist will be concerned with its effects on social relations and roles, that is, the relations with family members, with colleagues in the office, and with neighbours and friends as well as its effect on work efficiency, status, and so on. The study of social problems in sociology aspires toward a body of valid and logically related principles to get solutions for the social problems.

Question 2.
Discuss how resistance to social change leads to disharmony in society.
Answer:
Certain resistance to change is there everywhere. In no society, all the changes are welcomed by the people without questioning and resistance. To some extent, the removal of evil practices such as child marriage, human sacrifice, animal sacrifice, untouchability, taboos on inter-caste marriages, etc., could be achieved after a long struggle in India. Due to ignorance people often oppose new changes. Habit is another obstacle to social change. Individuals are very much influenced by habits and customs. People dislike or fear the unfamiliar. They are not ready to give up a practice to which they have been habituated and adopt a new one. Hence, the new practice is looked down upon or rejected which leads to social harmony.

Passage 5
Read the passages and answer the questions given below.

Given below is a make-believe scenario.
Yogini and Yogita are twins of the Patkar family who live in a small room measuring 225 sq. ft. in a
small town. Yogini is brilliant in studies and Kabbadi. Yogita is an outstanding cricketer who represents the Western India region; she also was a topper in the State-level Marathi language Competition.

Their parents come from a small village in Marathwada; they were farmers. For the sake of their daughters, they shifted to a small town to facilitate their children’s further education and sports training.

Their relatives and others in their village have heard of the Patkar girl’s success and are also encouraged to send their children to big cities with the hope that they too will become successful and famous one day.

Today, if one visits the village you will notice that in many homes, there are only the elderly folk. The youth seem to have migrated to better their prospects. Can you imagine the effect of such migration on the local village community?

Question 1.
What are the challenges faced by rural people while sending their children for higher education?
Answer:
Rural people migrate to cities for a better standard of living and better future prospects. They face lot of hardships, face all sorts of exploitations for survival and to shape the lives of their children. They work hard to meet the needs of their children and try to give them better education so that they have a decent life. Patkar’s family come from a small village in Marathwada, live in a small. For the sake of their daughters, they shifted to a small town to facilitate their children’s further education and sports training.

Question 2.
What makes rural people migrate to cities?
Answer:
Rural people are plagued with various problems of agriculture, the ownership of land, lack of cottage industries, lack of educational facilities like schools and colleges, lack of health care centers, unemployment, traditionalism, and conservatism all these factors force rural people to migrate to cities. Cites attract rural people with better job opportunities, education, and a better lifestyle. Cities are centers of opportunities for the rural people so they migrate in hope of having a better standard of livings.

Question 3.
What are the effects of migration on rural communities?
Answer:
When rural people migrate to urban areas for better prospects leaving behind everything. The negative impact of migration on rural communities are there is labour shortage in farms, only senior citizens, women and children are left behind, increase in child labour, children’s are forced, to work in fields, increased workload for women’s decreased population, disorganization of family, customs and in this way rural culture slowly fades away.

Passage 6
Read the passages and answer the questions given below.

Social movements arise generally from needs felt by one or more members of any given society. Through social interactions, these needs and concerns are communicated to many more persons. A network of people who share these concerns becomes the driving force for change in that particular society. Movements are usually guided by some underlying philosophies and goals. Indeed, several movements are associated with a founder or a core group. It can take several years, or even decades for a social movement to become very wide and expansive, across vast geographical territories.

Social movements such as the Social Reform Movement, Trade Union Movement, Tribal Movement, Dalit Movement, Women’s Movement, Chipko Movement, LGBT Movement, Civil Rights Movement, Rationalist Movement and so many more have emerged and grown.

As a social movement gains momentum, greater awareness is created in society. In fact, the study of several movements has found its way into the academic curriculum as well as research. For example, courses on Labour Studies, Gender Studies, minority’ Studies, and Environmental Studies. Social movements can stimulate critical thinking about social issues in the wider society of which we are apart. Some of these concerns lead to the passing of legislation. Every era or generation has its share of concerns from which may emerge new social movements.

Question 1.
What do you understand by social movement and discuss how it functions?
Answer:
Social Movement is a collection of a large group of people, who come with the desired objective to create a change or resist change. Through social interactions, individuals communicate and show their concern on various issues where they feel it necessary to change. Social movements arise generally from needs felt by one or more members of any given society. A network of people who share these concerns becomes the driving force for change in that particular society. Movements are usually guided by some underlying philosophies and goals. Indeed, several movements are associated with a founder. It can take several years, or even decades for a social movement to become very wide and expansive, across vast geographical territories.

Question 2.
How does the social movement arise in Society?
Answer:
Social movements arise in the society when certain issues bring unrest and discontent like unwanted social order and outdated norms like early child marriage, women emancipation, human rights, LGBT rights, etc., in the society. At this junction groups of people organize themselves, raise their voices and feelings and opinions set to influence the opinion and emotions of others, and prepare for reform. The need of society to bring changes in the existing system leads to a social movement.

Question 3.
Discuss any three social movements in the given passage.
Answer:
The three types of social movements are Social Reform Movements, Trade Union Movement, and Chipko Movement.
The social Reform Movement started in the 19th century. The movement promoted to change the traditional and conservative Indian society. Issues of main concern were religion, untouchability, early child marriage, sati, widowhood, exploitation of poor, etc. With the help of various social reformers and British legislative systems, changes took place.

Trade Union Movement was organized to fight against the exploitation of workers like they worked for long hours and were paid less, poor working conditions, lack of promotions, management disputes, strikes, etc.

Chipko movement took place in Uttarakhand, where Sunderlal Bahuguna and villagers came together and hugged the trees protected them from being chopped by the contractors. This was a protest to save forests and preserve the environment. The government set up a committee to look into the matter eventually ruled in favour of the villagers.

Question 4.
In what ways do you think the social movement is beneficial for society?
Answer:
Through social movements, various issues have been raised, which has brought changes. It has changed the mindset, attitudes and, behaviour patterns for instance women’s education, acceptance of transgender, etc. As a social movement gains momentum, greater awareness is created in society. The study of several movements has found its way into the academic curriculum as well as research.

For example, courses on Labour Studies, Gender Studies, minority’ Studies, and Environmental Studies. Social movements can stimulate critical thinking about social issues in the wider society of which we are apart. Some of these concerns lead to the passing of legislation like the untouchability removal act 1955, the sati act of 1829, the marriage act of 1954, the factory act of 1948, the child labour act 1986, and many more to go.

Passage 7
Read the passages and answer the questions given below.

Can human societies be flawless? What is considered acceptable, desirable, valuable varies from time to time, place to place, and in different contexts.

There is sometimes a tendency to encourage excessive ethnocentric attitudes about one’s culture or group to which one belongs. Ethnocentrism in its extreme form is an obstacle to social harmony. For the sake of social solidarity, respect of other cultures, self-criticism, critical appraisal, reflection, and introspection is necessary. This may help to develop a pluralist way of appreciating the diversities within which we live. The life stories of people are a useful means to understand underlying feelings, beliefs, threats, and so on.

Civil society can play a part in this process to eliminate or minimize factors that hinder progress, or those which divide us.

Question 1.
Explain the term Ethnocentrism. How it is an obstacle to social harmony?
Answer:
Ethnocentrism makes one feel that one’s own culture and way of life are superior to all others. Ethnocentrism can lead to a biased understanding of other cultures. The ethnocentric group feels their culture is superior, this creates a negative outlook which can lead to arrogance and hatred for others. Ethnocentrism in its extreme form is an obstacle to social harmony as there is sometimes a tendency to encourage excessive ethnocentric attitudes about one’s culture or group to which one belongs leading to antagonism and hatred among various religions and cultures.

Question 2.
What can one do to bring social solidarity to society?
Answer:
The term social solidarity means various social groups bind together as one in society.

We need to throw away prejudices, self-interest, self-criticism, learn to respect other’s cultures, reducing inequality and injustice in society. Solidarity can be cultivated through education. Promote new policies or initiatives to eradicate poverty, volunteering and practicing in charity events, donating money, food, clothes, etc. This brings empathy towards others encourages people to bring equality, justice, and peace.

For the sake of social solidarity, respect for other cultures, self-criticism, critical appraisal, reflection, and introspection is necessary. This may help to develop a pluralist way of appreciating the diversities within which we live. The life stories of people are a useful means to understand underlying feelings, beliefs, and threats, and so on.

Question 3.
What are the divisive forces that hinder the progress of Indian society?
Answer:
India is a secular, multilingual, and multicultural country. These diversities become at times challenges that hinder the progress of society. Various divisive forces like regional disputes, language problems, discrimination on the basis of caste, communal conflicts, terrorism, unequal distribution of wealth, poverty, etc. This divisive force obstructs progress and disturbs the peace and harmony in society.

Passage 8
Read the passages and answer the questions given below.

All of you have been studying Sociology for over a year. Sociology is the scientific study of human social behaviour. However, it is not the only discipline that studies human behaviour. The study of human behaviour is of interest to historians, psychologists, sociologists, economists, political scientists, etc. Surely, this question may have crossed your mind, or your family or friends might have asked you – ‘What is the use of studying Sociology? What work will you do with a degree in Sociology? Perhaps you too have wondered about the same.

As a start, you could surely consider a career in teaching. However, you must be prepared to read extensively, be creative and develop a learner-centric personality. Indeed, you would have to be passionate about teaching and interacting with learners. For some, a career in research is another possibility, though that route is a long journey to attain the status of ‘sociologist’. Many sociology students and others too, choose to offer Sociology as their subject of special study for Civil Service Examinations like UPSC (Central Services) and MPSC (in Maharashtra). To clear these highly ‘ competitive examinations, it is necessary to read widely and be well aware of the totality of Indian society – its past, present; goals, and plans for the future.

Then, of course, there are many allied occupations where a degree in Sociology can provide insights that are useful to take on other people-oriented professions such as Policy and Programme Development, Social Work with specialization in Family and Child Welfare, Community Development, Medical and Psychiatric Social Work, School Social Work, etc.

The fact remains: it is not merely an obtaining degree in sociology that matters today, but the skill sets, sensitivity, and personality that you develop; your ability to modify and adapt to new needs and challenging situations of even daily living. Also, your ability to have a humanistic perspective whether dealing with research or creating empowerment programmes, or programmes for social change.

Question 1.
What is the scope of sociology?
Answer:
Sociology is the scientific study of human social behaviour. The scope of sociology is wide they are: It studies social relationships, social institution patterns of human behaviour in society. Sociology deals with social changes, development, and analysis of various social problems like poverty, crime, suicide. Gender inequality population etc., and suggest various measures to solve them. One can surely consider a career in teaching; however, one must be passionate about teaching and interacting with learners.

A career in research is another possibility, one may choose to offer Sociology as their subject of special study for Civil Service Examinations like UPSC (Central Services) and MPSC (in Maharashtra). There are many allied occupations where a degree in Sociology can provide insights that are useful to take on other people-oriented professions such as Policy and Programme Development, Social Work with specialization in Family and Child Welfare, Community Development, Medical and Psychiatric Social Work, School Social work, etc.

Question 2.
Discuss the uses of Sociology in present society?
Answer:
In today’s changing world the importance of sociology is growing day by day.
It makes a scientific study of society detects and solves various social problems.
Helps in planning and development. The knowledge of sociology, its application is increasing in the field of industry, social work, law, competitive examinations like UPSC and MPSC, management studies public relations, journalism, etc.
Present time sociology has become useful in framing policies and programme for development like family and child welfare schemes, community development, etc.

Question 3.
Discuss how studying Sociology is beyond obtaining a degree.
Answer:
Today, it is not merely obtaining a degree in sociology that matters, but the skill sets, sensitivity, and personality that you develop; your ability to modify and adapt to new needs and challenging situations of even daily living. Also, your ability to have a humanistic perspective whether dealing with research or creating empowerment programmes or programmes for social change plays an important role.

Passage 9
Read the passages and answer the questions given below.

Read the make-believe speech made by a representative of the Governing Body to its Executive Committee meeting, in a well-known international firm located in Pune.

“Good morning. The Board of Directors has asked me to communicate with you all a policy decision that has been taken by the higher management. Two policies have been taken by our company. One, there shall be a confidential, two-way appraisal of all employees from the coming financial year. Every employee will be assessed by one’s immediate senior, one’s team members, and by oneself through self-appraisal. Juniors will also assess the seniors to whom they report. There are specific criteria on which assessment will take place. A second policy decision is for the company to make every effort to Go Green’s keeping with the international commitment towards a cleaner and greener environment. You may please share this decision with members of your respective departments today, through our e-portal systems. Feedback from all employees is welcome but they must be made within a week from today to the Human Resource Department, via the e-portal. ”

Question 1.
Explain the 1st policy decision that has been taken by the higher management.
Answer:
Two policies have been taken by the higher management. One, there shall be a confidential, two-way appraisal of all employees from the coming financial year. Every employee will be assessed by one’s immediate senior, one’s team members, and by oneself through self-appraisal. Juniors will also assess the seniors to whom they report. There are specific criteria on which assessment will take place.

Question 2.
Discuss the action to be taken by the employee with respect to ‘Go Green’.
Answer:
A second policy decision is for the company to make every effort to ‘Go Green’ in keeping with the international commitment towards a cleaner and greener environment which they can share with members of their respective departments, through the company’s e-portal systems.

Question 3.
Explain the advantages of appraisal.
Answer:
It is said that performance appraisal is an investment for the company. Performance appraisal helps the supervisors to chalk out the promotion programmes for efficient employees.

Passage 10
Read the passages and answer the questions given below.

Indian films have a history of their emergence, growth, and development. There were the days of silent films where viewers interpreted visuals on screen and constructed their own understanding of what the films may have tried to communicate. Then came the days of audio-visual films, black and white films, and later, colour films.

People who can afford to watch films at theatres and those who can do so on their television screens at home are entertained by the stories that films tell us. There are all kinds of ideas, ideologies, tragedies, themes, and values that films communicate. Today one can watch films on the internet on one’s mobile phone. Sometimes the explicit and implicit messages are received by viewers, but they can also be lost on them.

Besides actors’ abilities to ‘play varied roles or characters, there are a whole lot of persons involved with the production process as well as its marketing. This may include the film director, screenplay writers, designers, sound engineers, make-up artists and stylists, casting experts, musicians and so on.

Fields like Visual Sociology, Sociology of Mass Communication, and Marketing Sociology have a role to play in the study of these varied dimensions. Films as a source of knowledge play multiple roles even today. The storylines and types of films are ever-increasing. Films are not limited to nor bound by standard themes, love stories, or gender stereotyping. Films can cause much upheaval on the one hand and generate much interest on the other. Regional films and international films have been added to the list of viewing possibilities and multiple interests.

Question 1.
Write an account of the popularity of Indian cinema.
Answer:
Indian cinema was always enjoyed, whether it was the days of silent films where viewers interpreted visuals on screen and constructed their own understanding of what the films may have tried to communicate. Then came the days of audio-visual films, black and white films, and later, colour films. People entertained themselves by the stories that films conveyed either by watching films at theatres or on their television screens at home. The Hindi language film industry of Mumbai also known as Bollywood, it is the largest and most popular branch of Indian cinema. Hindi cinema initially explored issues of caste and culture in films such as Achhut Kanya (1936) and Sujata (1959). The audience’s reaction towards Hindi cinema is distinctive with involvement in the films by the audience’s clapping, singing, reciting familiar dialogue with the actors.

Question 2.
What do you understand by explicit and implicit messages of films?
Answer:
The film’s main message is loud and clear through the majority of films is known as an explicit message. It also has underlying morals for its audience known as implicit messages which are not so obvious. For example, morals such as, it’s not what’s on the outside, it’s on the inside that counts.

Question 3.
Discuss types of movie genres.
Answer:
Movies consist of many genres and categories like drama, comedy, action, thriller, horror, romance, experimental, documentaries, etc. The producers, directors try to create new genres experimenting with their creativity. The storylines and types of films are ever-increasing. There is no limitation to the subject matter of the films.

Question 4.
Discuss the impact of Indian cinema on society.
Answer:
Indian cinema is no longer restricted to India and is now being well appreciated by international audiences. The contribution of the overseas market to Bollywood box office collections is quite remarkable. Indian cinema has become a part and parcel of our daily life whether it is a regional or a Bollywood movie. It has a major role to play in our society. Though entertainment is the keyword of Indian cinema it has far more responsibility as it impacts the mind of the audiences.

Passage 11
Read the passages and answer the questions given below.

How does one tackle social problems? How do societies deal with the social problems that they have to confront? Why do social problems arise? These are some questions that learners of Sociology need to address.

Societies have culture; both of these are created by people, cumulatively, through the network of relationships over thousands of years. Every society has its normative system – customs, folkways, fashions, mores, taboos, fads, laws. Social norms are guidelines for human behaviour. They tell us what is expected of us and at the same time, what to expect from others.

Are these expectations permanent and unchanging? When can they change? Who changes them? Why must they change? Again, these are questions that one might ask. Social problems can arise when the expectations are not communicated effectively, or when individuals or groups choose to disagree with the expectation. This can lead to situations of conflict – not just ideological but also a conflict that leads to hurting others’ sentiments, abuse, violence, injustice, upheavals, normlessness, and even war.

Question 1.
What do you understand by normative aspects of culture, are these expectations permanent? When do they change?
Answer:
The normative aspects of culture consist of customs, folkways, fashions, mores, taboos, fads, laws. Social norms are guidelines for human behaviour. They tell us what is expected of us and at the same time, what to expect from others. These expectations are not permanent as appropriate and inappropriate behaviour often changes dramatically from one generation to the next. Norms can and do change over time. Karl Marx believed that norms are used to promote the creation of roles in society which allows people of different levels of social class structure to be able to function properly, hence any change in social structure may lead to change in the normative aspect of culture.

Question 2.
How does the social problems arise in society?
Answer:
Although not considered to be formal laws within society, norms still work to promote a great deal of control. Norms are more specific and they are rules of conduct that guide people’s behaviour. Therefore, when an individual or a group of people behave and act in a certain way that is in contradiction to society’s values or norms, it can create a social problem. Social problems can arise when the expectations are not communicated effectively, or when individuals or groups choose to disagree with the expectation. This can lead to situations of conflict – not just ideological but also a conflict that leads to hurting others’ sentiments, abuse, violence, injustice, upheavals, normlessness, and even war.

Passage 12
Read the passages and answer the questions given below.

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) is a Government of India programme that makes education for children between the ages 6-14 free and compulsory. This programme was pioneered by the former Indian Prime Minister Shri Atal Behari Vajpayee in 1993-94. It became totally operational from 2000-2001. This programme made education a Fundamental Right.

Along with this, the Government of India also launched the National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education (NP-NSPE) on 15th August 1995. From here emerged the concept of free ‘Midday Meal’for for children going to schools which were managed by local bodies like Gram Panchayats and Municipal Corporations. The Midday Meal is mandatory. It is taken for granted that the children should be given good, nutritious food on a daily basis. A lot of organisation goes into the cooking and delivering of these meals to the schools on time.

Universal Education goes hand in hand with Nutrition. Children of the village and municipal schools look forward to this meal. For several of them, it is perhaps the main meal of the day.

Question 1.
Discuss the various child welfare programmes launched by the government of India.
Answer:
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) is a Government of India programme that makes education for children between the ages 6-14 free and compulsory. This programme was pioneered by the former Indian Prime Minister Shri. Atal Behari Vajpayee in 1993-94. It became totally operational from 2000-2001. This programme made education a Fundamental Right.

The Government of India also launched the National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education (NP-NSPE) on 15th August 1995.

Free ‘Midday Meal’ for children going to schools which were managed by local bodies like Gram Panchayats and Municipal Corporations was also launched later. The Midday Meal is mandatory. It is based on the fact that the children should be given good, nutritious food on a daily basis.

Question 2.
What is the objective of the Midday Meal Scheme? Where does the responsibility of implementation of midday meal scheme lie?
Answer:
The Midday Meal Scheme is a school meal programme of the government of India designed to improve the nutritional status of school children nation wise. The objective of the Midday Meal Scheme is to provide a cooked meal to the children as should be given good, nutritious on a daily basis. The meal is mandatory.

A lot of organisation goes into the cooking and delivering of these meals to the schools on time. Universal Education goes hand in hand with nutrition. Children of the village and municipal schools look forward to this meal. For several of them, it is perhaps the main meal of the day.

The responsibility of implementation of the Midday Meal Scheme lies with local bodies like Gram Panchayats and Municipal Corporations.

Question 3.
How effective are the children’s welfare programmes in India?
Answer:
Keeping in view the problems and challenges faced by children various programmes and policies are implemented for the welfare of children in India. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) is a Government of India programme that makes education for children between the ages 6-14 free and compulsory. As a result, the enrolment percentage of school children has gone up. Similarly, Mid-day Meal is mandatory. A lot of organisations goes into the cooking and delivering of these meals to the schools on time. Universal Education goes hand in hand with Nutrition. Children of the village and municipal schools look forward to this meal. For several of them, it is perhaps the main meal of the day.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Sociology Solutions Chapter 6 Social Problems in India Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Sociology Solutions Chapter 6 Social Problems in India

1A. Complete the following statements by choosing the correct alternative given in the brackets and rewrite it.

Question 1.
The Domestic Violence Act was passed in the year ___________ (1995, 2005, 2011)
Answer:
2005

Question 2.
One of the causes of farmer suicide is ___________ (multi-cropping, indebtedness, climate change)
Answer:
indebtedness

1B. Correct the incorrect pair and rewrite it.

Question 1.
(a) Marijuana – Drug addiction
(b) Violent films – Internet addiction
(c) Selfitis syndrome – Substance addiction
(d) Country liquor – Alcohol addiction
Answer:
(c) Selfitis Syndrome – Mobile addiction

1C. Identify the appropriate term from the given options in the box and rewrite it against the given statement.

Narcotic drugs, Patriarchy, Gender discrimination

Question 1.
A problem faced by transgender persons,
Answer:
Gender discrimination

Question 2.
It can lead to physical health problems.
Answer:
Narcotic drugs

1D. Correct underlined words and complete the statement.

Question 1.
Alcoholics Anonymous helps drug addicts.
Answer:
Narcotic Anonymous helps drug addicts

Question 2.
Aging is an artificial process.
Answer:
Aging is a natural process.

2. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Effects of addiction
Answer:
Addiction means, a situation of psychological and physical dependence on alcohol, drugs, the internet, or mobiles.
The psychological effect on the individual: Addiction leads to a dependency on alcohol, narcotic drugs, medicinal drugs, the internet, social media, and even mobile phone. There could emerge a need for validation for every single image that is uploaded.

Impact on family: Alcohol addiction problems pose a threat to stable family life resulting in domestic violence. Addiction to mobiles can lead to loneliness within the family because of a lack of communication.

Impact on health: The levels of stress, anxiety, and aggression can take their toll on the physical, mental and emotional well-being of addicts as well as others in the family.

Impact on work: it can adversely affect levels of commitment, efficiency, an increase in instances of sexual harassment, exploitation of vulnerable people, inability to focus on any activity, increased absenteeism, etc.

Question 2.
Measures to tackle the problem of aging.
Answer:
Aging is an inevitable and irreversible biological process.
Role of the Government – The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment has the responsibility to formulate policies and implement programmes for the care of the aged.

POLICY – The National Policy on Older Persons (NPOP) envisages support from the state government towards older persons’ care via. the provisions of shelter, support, healthcare facilities, etc.

Role of organizations/NGOs – NGOs HAVE contributed significantly towards helping the problem of the aged in India. For example, in Help Age India, Harmony India Today there are online communities that can lend support.

Role of Education – Schools can help through community service projects, outreach programmes, socially useful productive work and NSS create awareness about the problems of the elderly, aged, and senior which can inculcate values of caring for them.

Role of Family – Parents, and relatives can play a major role in creating a suitable atmosphere within the involving them in activities.

Above are the measures which we can implement to tackle the problem of aging.

3. Write differences.

Question 1.
Social Problem and Individual Problem
Answer:

Social Problem	Individual Problem
(i) Meaning: A social problem is faced by numerous persons is described as a social problem.	(i) Meaning: A problem that is faced by an individual and his/her family is described as an individual problem.
(ii) Effects: Anti-social norms behaviour is considered as a social problem as it affects the wellbeing of the entire society.	(ii) Effects: An individual’s own habit, lethargy, inertia, personality is an individual problem that may affect the well-being of an individual, thus the cause of the problem rests with the individual.
(iii) Solution: Removal of social problems requires collective efforts to the wellbeing of the entire society.	(iii) Solution: The efforts of the concerned individual may be sufficient to save his/her problem.
(iv) Nature: A social problem is rooted in the individuals who constitute the society. When the problem of poverty is tackled, the problem of poor individuals gets solved.	(iv) Nature: When the scope of a personal problem enlarges and is faced by numerous individuals, it becomes a social problem, e.g. Unemployment
(v) For example, Ageing, Unemployment, Farmers’ Suicide, Domestic Violence, Addiction, corruption, overpopulation are social problems.	(v) For example, lack of job opportunities, matching one’s education or skills, conventional mindsets of a community, lack of political will, etc., are individual problems.

Question 2.
Mobile addiction and Drug addiction
Answer:

Mobile addiction	Drug addiction
(i) Nature: It refers to an obsession with mobile phones for various reasons, and a desire to constantly upgrade one’s mobile phone.	(i) Nature: It refers to a physical and biological dependence on drugs which leads to unpleasant symptoms when the person stops using the substance.
(ii) Causes Easy access to the internet due to which it is flooded with information, misuse of mobile phones for destructive, negative, and vested purposes.	(ii) Causes Peer pressure, curiosity, personal and psychological conditions such as depression/inferiority/superiority complex.
(iii) Effect: Almost constantly on call, cybersex addiction, online compulsions, virtual relationships, etc., are the effects of mobile addiction.	(iii) Effect: Dependency on drugs, stress, anxiety, aggression or irritability can take its toll on addicts. Inability to focus on activity etc., are the effects of drug addiction.
(iv) Measures: Self-assessment, getting involved in participative activities such as hobby classes, sports and games can help in building positive experiences for individuals which can help to tackle mobile addiction.	(iv) Measures: Creating awareness among the public, counseling, laws, drug addiction clinic, mass media, etc., are the measures to tackle drug addiction.

4. Explain the following concepts with examples.

Question 1
Domestic Violence
Answer:

• Domestic violence refers to abuse within the family, violence implies psychological, emotional, verbal, and physical torture. It is a repeated/habitual pattern of behaviour. Domestic violence cuts across all classes, ages, categories, stress, and genders.
• Causes of domestic violence are patriarchal system, dysfunctional, relationships, vulnerability, etc.
• It is necessary to create awareness of the fact that domestic violence is not acceptable in a civilised 21st-century society.
  Examples: Snide remarks, bickering, labelling, verbal spats, and physical assault.

Question 2.
Skill Development
Answer:

• Skill development refers to the identification of skill gaps and developing the existing skills to enable a person to achieve his/her goals so that there will be no more problems of unemployment due to lack of adequate skills.
• The current generation lacks the required skills and there is a humongous gap between the skills existing in a person and the skills demanded by the industry.
• Hence there is a desperate need to cultivate skills especially those which are employment worthy or those which can promote self-employment, and develop the entrepreneurial potential of the learners.

For Example Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA), the salient feature of which is to enable institutions of higher education for capacity building in different fields of employment, communication skills, analytical and research skill,s, etc.

5A. Complete the concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

5B. State whether the following statements are True or False with reasons.

Question 1.
Technology is always useful for social progress.
Answer:
This statement is False.

Though technology produces skilled workers, good quality material and well-paid job opportunities, materialistic comfort, easy travel, communication of media, easy access to information, and present opportunities for social progress. It has an adverse impact too.

The Internet has given us access to data which is good for many reasons but the internet also is a means to an entire virtual world which can be problematic it may lead to internet addiction when there is a compelling need on the part of an individual to have to continuously access specific internet sites for gaming, adult sites, pornography, social media, entertainment, and stimulation.

Similarly, if one goes beyond a mobile phone like a gadget, to what the phone does for us, it opens a Pandora’s Box of possibilities like connectivity, social media networking, gaming, access to the web world, filming, editing, creative enterprises, and numerous apps serving a variety of needs which creates mobile addiction. It develops an urge to be on a call constantly and a habit of checking one’s messages during sleep also leads to anxiety caused by loss of one’s phone and contacts. Thus, technology can take a toll on mental and physical well-being too.

Question 2.
There is a strong causal relationship between addiction and socialisation.
Answer:
This statement is True.

Peer groups, family, neighbourhood, society, mass media are important agencies of socialisation. Generally, individuals do not opt consciously to become an ‘addict’. It is what they become over a period of time. Under the influence of several factors.

Peer pressure and social status – Friends in a group may knowingly or unknowingly pressurize others to adopt certain habits in order to ‘fit in’ which is common among students but it can also cut across other age categories e.g., the habit of smoking or ‘doing weed’ among friends.

Consuming narcotic drugs or imported brands of alcohol may be considered a fad in certain groups; non-conformity could lead to isolation or labelling. Thus, friends play important role in socialising addictive behaviour.

6. Give your personal response.

Question 1.
Why do you think women are usually the victims in most reported cases of domestic violence?
Answer:

• Yes, most women are the victims in most reported cases of domestic violence.
• Due to the patriarchal system in which says unwritten acceptance of male authority.
• Religious outlook and traditional mind are set especially in institutions like marriage, family, religion which gives supremacy of men over women in almost every sphere of life.
• Economic dependency of women on men.
• And women are most vulnerable in the weaker sections of society.
• So, I think women are usually the victims in most reported cases of domestic violence.

Question 2.
Discuss how keeping aged parents in a ‘Home for the Aged’ can have positive and negative consequences.
Answer:
Any statement/matter has two sides i.e., positive and negative. Same way keeping aged parents in a ‘Home for the aged’ can have positive and negative sides.
(i) First, we see the positive side:

• In the 21st century, couples both go to work in that case to get the proper care they prefer ‘Home for the aged’
• In these old age homes, elderly people meet many people of their age, this allows them to make new friends with whom they can talk and do various group activities.
• Old age home provides food on time and health care facility also.

(ii) Negative side:

• The materialist world and individualistic approach force people to depend on Home for Aged for taking care of their aging parents, depriving them of their responsibilities towards them.
• It’s the youngster’s duty to care for our old people and handle their needs.
• Most of the old age homes are lack basic amenities, so instead of caring for elderly persons, they may get face vulnerability in old age homes.

7. Answer the following question in detail. (About 150-200 words)

Question 1.
Discuss why farmers’ suicide is a social problem today. Suggest suitable socio-economic measures to support the farmers.
Answer:
India is described as an agrarian society, 70% Indian population is involved in agrarian work. Farmers are the pillar of the Indian agrarian workforce. The past decade has witnessed an increasing number of farmer suicides. Farmer suicide is a serious social problem. Farmer’s suicide is a social problem because it has an adverse impact on their families, spouse, children, economy, and society at large.

Following are the social-economic measures to support farmers:
Support to farmers in distress: Farmers need a support system to help them with various crises that arise due to irregular monsoons, crop failure, failure, indebtedness, etc.

Insurance: Life insurance for distressed farmers and this family and crop insurance against crop failure, failure of monsoons, destruction of agricultural produce by locusts or viruses, etc., should be provided to farmers.

Provisions for direct sales from farmers to buyers: Removal of middlemen, agents, brokers who grab a large share of the profits and leaving a meager sum for marginal/small farmers who actually put their sweat to grow the crop.

Water harvesting: Water is a basic and essential requirement for farming so for good yield. Effective measures for water harvesting and water management are necessary.

Role of banks: Banks and cooperative credit societies need to set up their systems in farmer-friendly ways. The disbursement of loans to farmers and also need to encourage a saving habit among farmers.

Multi cropping: Farmers need a strong support system from the government to provide training to farmers for growing two or more crops on the same piece of land in the same growing season.

Class 12 Sociology Chapter 6 Social Problems in India Intext Questions and Answers

Check your progress (Textbook Page No. 85)

Question 1.
State any three problems faced by the aging population.
Answer:
Problems faced by the aging population

• Economic dependence
• Lack of emotional empathy
• Isolation / loneliness
• Difficulty in accepting the aging problem

Question 2.
Suggest three measures for the problems faced by senior citizens.
Answer:

• Government should formulate policies and implement programs for senior citizens.
• Family should create a suitable atmosphere in the home, involving them in activities within the home.
• Creating awareness via. Social media in the society will widely spread the country and hopefully, old age homes will close down and the young generation will take care of their parents.

Check your progress (Textbook Page No. 88)

Question 1.
In your opinion what do you think our educational system needs to do to solve the problem of unemployment among youth and young adults?
Answer:

• There should be a change in the educational system, it should become need-based and learner-centered.
• Education should cultivate skills apart from knowledge, which is employment-worthy, or those which can promote self-employment.
• Vocational training.
• Industry-Education symbiosis.

Question 2.
Give two reasons why unemployment is unhealthy for a democratic society.
Answer:

• Unemployment leads to anti-social activities.
• It leads to youth towards addiction.
• Impact on mental health like frustration, disappointment, etc.

Question 3.
Is there a connection between population growth and unemployment? Discuss in brief.
Answer:
Yes, growing population growth is connected to other unemployment. The rising population is accompanied by rising in the labour force of the society which leads to a substantial chunk of the population to unemployment. Due to this, there is an imbalance between employment opportunities and popularity growth.

Check your progress (Textbook Page No. 91)

Question 1.
Discuss how multi-cropping will help farmers.
Answer:

• Multi cropping is the practice of sequentially growing two or more crops in the same piece of land during one growing season instead of just one crop.
• It allows farmers to achieve a better result by making practical use of resources such as soil, water, fertilizers, etc.
• Utilization of nutrients is maximum as crops having different nutritional requirements and grows simultaneously in the same piece of land.

Question 2.
Why do you think there is a problem with irrigation? Give two reasons.
Answer:

• Delays in completion of irrigation projects.
• Inter-state water disputes.
• Regional disparities in irrigation development.
• Waterlogging and salinity.
• The increasing cost of irrigation.

Question 3.
Discuss the role of counselling in tackling the problem of farmer’s suicide.
Answer:

• Counselling plays a significant role in alleviating stress and helping depressed farmers to improve their self-esteem.
• The cause of farmer suicide is mental stress, caused by debt, crop failure, social evil dowry, etc.
• Counselling helps to relieve mental stress and develop self-esteem among farmers.

Check your progress (Textbook Page No. 93)

With reference to the ‘Bell Bajao Andolan’.

Question 1.
Show the usefulness of such a campaign.
Answer:
Bell Bajao campaign was launched in India on 20th August 2008, founder of this campaign is Malaika Dutta.
It is an anti-social domestic violence campaign that gives local residents to take and stand against physical abuse through simple acts means to interrupt domestic violence.

• It is a great initiative that makes people stand against violence and fight for their rights.
• Such a campaign can create awareness even if 15% of people support this initiative it could reduce the number of domestic violence in India. India contains a number of cases against domestic violence.
• More than 200,000 phone calls are placed to the domestic violence hotline every year. Such initiative can decrease the number of domestic violence from 50% to 1%. If we spread this awareness to a large number.

Question 2.
What do you think is required for such a campaign to take off?
Answer:

• To gear up Bell Bajao campaign there should be initiative taken from men or a boy.
• The role of mass media plays a vital role for to create awareness about the Bell Bajao campaign.
• Without any hesitation, victims should take help then and then only domestic violence can be under control and the campaign motto will be successful.

Question 3.
Do you think such a campaign will succeed in metropolitan cities? Justify your response.
Answer:
Yes, in a metropolitan city’s chances are more than 40% will get success, in the campaign. As compared to rural India, in metropolitan cities literate and understanding, the heterogeneous public is more which is, that they are highly exposed to the materialistic world. Since they have easy access to social media via. internet, T.V, mobile phones. So as per my opinion awareness created through mass media about this campaign will conveniently reach metropolitan cities and it will result in remarkable success in this campaign.

Check your progress (Textbook Page No. 98)

Question 1.
If you know a friend who has an addiction problem. What role can you play to help the person?
Answer:
If my friend is addicted, I will try to help him to get rid of it.

• Involved him in a group activity.
• Will explain to him the negative effects and harmful to the body so that he will get alert, which means I will do counselling for my friend.
• Will ask him to develop some new hobbies like playing, dancing, etc.
• I will talk with his parents and will take their help to lead my friend towards a normal life.
• If any medical help is required then only I will avail health care facility to my friend.

Question 2.
Suggest two co-curricular activities that can be conducted in your school to solve the problem of mobile addiction.
Answer:

• Introduction to dramatics
• Elaborating library facility
• Sports
• Nature surfing
• Encouragement to performing Art- Dance, Music

Question 3.
Identify three negative consequences of internet addiction.
Answer:
Consequences of internet addiction:

• Lack of communication
• Self-centeredness
• Lack of confidence
• Depression
• Anxiety

Activity 1 (Textbook Page No. 83)

Hold a class discussion to share the problems faced by the aging population. Speak to your family members and share inputs.. If you can, speak to the elderly/aging people in your neighbourhood, informally and share these insights too.
Answer:
(i) Problems faced by the ageing population.

• Older people are experiencing remarkable changes in their physical and social-economic circumstances. In nuclear families, they are gradually marginalised in the decision-making process. Hence, the family that traditionally took care of the elderly or sick people, widows, and orphans have started to rely on society as a whole.
• Getting older or ageing process can seem daunting cause greying hair, wrinkles, forgetting the things apart from this ageing can bring about unique health issues.

(ii) Some of the problems faced by ageing people are listed down.

• Chronic health condition
• Physical injury
• Malnutrition
• Oral health
• Less immunity
• Mental health
• Cognitive health
• Sensory impairment
• Loss of bladder control and constipation
• Organ failure

Activity 2 (Textbook Page No. 85)

Form groups of 10 students. Each group collects data from 10 persons in your neighbourhood. Prepare a tool for data collection and use a personal interview technique or questionnaire to find out about their families: the size of family, educational level of each member, whether they are employed or not. Write a group report of about 10-15 pages. Present your findings in class.
Answer:
Sample of a survey/questionnaire
Topic-Research on unemployment
Gender…….
Age……….
No of members in family……
Yes/No Questions

• Are you working?
• Are you unemployed by choice?
• Is there a minimum level of wage below which you will not work?
• Are you trying to establish your own business?
• Are all the educated adults in your house employed?
• Is the market scenario difficult to get a well-paid job?

Activity 3 (Textbook Page No. 88)

Interview 5 working adults in the age group 22-30, in your local area. Find out about their educational background, work-life, and aspirations in life. Do you see any pattern in the responses that you receive? Discuss these in class.
Answer:

	Person 1	Person 2	Person 3	Person 4	Person 5
Name	X	Y	Z	A	B
Age	30	28	23	28	23
Residence	Worli	Worli	Worli	Worli	Lower Parel
Qualification	S.S.C	B.Com	H.S.C	B.Sc.	B.Com
Work-life	Tailor stitching trousers, shirts, blazers as per customers demand. Design clothes on a computer also.	Garment merchant purchasing raw material, finishing the garment.	No job [Playing cricket]	Chemist Own medical shop at Parel ‘Kumar Bros. Medical’	Financial manager in India Bulls, Parel. Analysis of target, monitoring cash flow, back-office service, etc.
Aspirations in life/ambitions in life	Fond of music wanted a career in music.	Wanted to become a famous merchant.	Want to become a famous cricketer and wanted to play for the nation.	To focus on my medical shop.	No ambition, now at a good post and happy in that position.

Activity 4 (Textbook Page No. 93)

Find out information about the ‘Bell Bajao AndoiaiT. Then, enact a small skit in your class.
Answer:
According to the national family health survey (NFHS), 37% of Indian women’s have been abused and harassed by their husbands almost 50% of the Indian population both men and women believe that it is okay and even justifiable that man beat up their wives which is okay but which is actually not.

“Bell Bajao Andolan” this campaign was launched in India on 20th August 2008. Bell Bajao Andolan is an anti-domestic violence campaign that gives local residents to take and stand against physical abuse through simple acts means to interrupt domestic violence. This campaign promotes individual action against domestic violence. The founder of this initiative was Malaika Dutt.

In India Bell Bajao Andolan was an initiative that men have to take against domestic violence act is the campaign sought to reduce the occurrence of domestic violence and discrimination against women.

Activity 5 (Textbook Page No. 96)

Class Discussion:
The impact of Internet addiction and mobile addiction on human life.
Answer:
Smartphone/mobile addiction, sometimes colloquially known as “nomophobia” which means fear of being without a mobile phone, is often fueled by an Internet overuse problem or Internet addiction disorder.

Impact of internet and mobile addiction on human life:

• Virtual relationships
• Cybersex addiction
• Anxiety
• Lack of confidence
• Self-centeredness
• Information overload
• Online compulsions
• Depression
• Lack of communication
• Stress

Activity 6 (Textbook Page No. 97)

Prepare a 7-10 minute street play on The problem of internet addiction. End with a message of hope. Perform the street play on your campus and then in your neighbourhood. (After taking necessary permissions).
Answer:
Students can perform a street play to create awareness about problems of internet addiction keeping in mind the following points to pass on as a message.

Everyone these days are hooked to their mobile phones. While we may overlook this as a common behaviours in the current times, the truth is that it has deep behavioural and social impacts. It impacts our health, relationships as well as work. People suffering from mobile addiction suffer from nomophobia which is the fear of being without or unable to use your mobile phone for some reason or the other.

Activity 7 (Textbook Page No. 98)

Make a list of 10 students’ activities that can be carried out in their leisure time. Find out from 10 of your peers about the activities they would take up, at least once every week. Tabulate your findings and share them with your class.
Answer:

Student	Activities
Student No. 1	Watching Netflix, Amazon Prime, playing PUBG
Student No. 2	Drawing, Doing exercise, Playing PUBG
Student No. 3	Studying, interested in political news, video chat with friends
Student No. 4	Doing exercise, watching TV, cooking different dishes
Student No. 5	Using DIY ideas for home, video chat with friends, watching Netflix
Student No. 6	Helping parents for household work, playing video games
Student No. 7	Working in mall
Student No. 8	Attending online classes of Std. 12th, doing craft activities
Student No. 9	Handling fruit shop, watching TV
Student No. 10	Helping parents in farming work, doing domestication of animals in the village

Activity 8 (Textbook Page No. 100)

View 10-15 Television advertisements and analyse the extent to which advertisements promote or reinforce: gender stereotypes. Also, try to find out advertisements that do not present gender stereotypes.
Have a class discussion after viewing select advertisements.
Answer:
In the world, the biggest platform to influence people is none other than television. Television has been used in society for awareness campaigns such as for Polio, Literacy, Covid-19, etc., but as we know every coin has two sides. Similarly, this platform is misused by many companies for their vested interests.

Example:
In the advertisement of a fairness cream, it implies that only fair women are beautiful and only they can climb the ladder of success, and if they are dark or brown then you won’t be successful and aren’t considered beautiful.

Simply for the sale of their product, these companies resort to blatant racism and age-old gender stereotypes, indirectly stressing that women should be fair.

Some examples of advertisements that do not present gender stereotypes are Sasa detergent powder, Rambandhu papad masala, Bajaj LED bulbs, etc.

Activity 9 (Textbook Page No. 100)

Important legislation is taking shape in the Maharashtra Legislation Assembly regarding the situation of women’s sugarcane cutters of the Beed district. Many of them have undergone ‘hysterectomy’ or removal of the uterus. Collect information and discuss it in class.
Answer:
Beed district: In the sugarcane cutter community, menstrual periods are considered a problem and they think surgery is the only option to get rid of it. Women in Vanjarwadi village said, 50% of women who have had hysterectomies say that it is the norm in villages to remove the uterus after having two or three children.

The (Mukadam) contractor is keen to have women without wombs in his group of cane cutters. As per the contractors, menstrual periods make the cutting process slow, so there is no question of taking leave for a day or two, and work is halted. A contractor cannot afford to lose even a rupee.

Due to the removal of the uterus, there is a serious impact on the health of women, such as hormonal imbalance, mental health issues, gain weight, etc.

Action- of government: Maharashtra government has decided to make health check-ups compulsory for them before and after the sugar cane cutting season.

The government has asked doctors to submit a monthly report on the hysterectomy operations conducted by them.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board 12th Commerce Book Keeping & Accountancy Solutions Chapter 9 Analysis of Financial Statements Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Book Keeping & Accountancy Solutions Chapter 9 Analysis of Financial Statements

Objective Questions

A. Select the most appropriate alternative from those given below and rewrite the sentences:

Question 1.
Gross Profit Ratio indicates the relationship of gross profit to the ____________
(a) Net cash
(b) Net sales
(c) Net purchases
(d) Gross sales
Answer:
(b) Net sales

Question 2.
Current ratio = \(\frac{……………….}{Current liabilities}\)
(a) Quick assets
(b) Quick liabilities
(c) Current assets
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Current assets

Question 3.
Liquid assets = ____________
(a) Current assets + Stock
(b) Current assets – Stock
(c) Current assets – Stock + Prepaid Expenses
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Current assets – Stock

Question 4.
Cost of goods sold = ____________
(a) Sales – Gross profit
(b) Sales – Net profit
(c) Sales proceeds
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Sales – Gross profit

Question 5.
Net profit ratio is equal to ____________
(a) Operating ratio
(b) Operating net profit ratio
(c) Gross profit ratio
(d) Current ratio
Answer:
(a) Operating ratio

Question 6.
The common size statement requires ____________
(a) common base
(b) journal entries
(c) cashflow
(d) current ratio
Answer:
(a) common base

Question 7.
Bill payable is ____________
(a) long-term loan
(b) current liabilities
(c) liquid assets
(d) net loss
Answer:
(b) current liabilities

Question 8.
Generally current ratio should be ____________
(a) 2 : 1
(b) 1 : 1
(c) 1 : 2
(d) 3 : 1
Answer:
(a) 2 : 1

Question 9.
From financial statement analysis the creditors are specially interested to know ____________
(a) Liquidity
(b) Profits
(c) Sale
(d) Share capital
Answer:
(a) Liquidity

B. Give one word/term/phrase for each of the following statements.

Question 1.
The statement showing the profitability of two different periods.
Answer:
Comparative Income Statement

Question 2.
The ratio measures the relationship between gross profit and net sales.
Answer:
Gross Profit Ratio

Question 3.
Critical evaluation of financial statement to measure profitability.
Answer:
Analysis of Financial Statement

Question 4.
A particular mathematical number showing the relationship between two accounting figures.
Answer:
Ratio

Question 5.
An asset that can be converted into cash immediately.
Answer:
Liquid Asset

Question 6.
The ratio measuring the relationship between net profit and ownership capital employed.
Answer:
ROCE

Question 7.
The statement showing financial position for different periods of the previous year and the current year.
Answer:
Comparative Balance Sheet

Question 8.
Statement showing changes in cash and cash equivalent during a particular period.
Answer:
Cash Flow Statement

Question 9.
Activity related to the acquisition of long-term assets and investment.
Answer:
Financing Activities

Question 10.
The ratio that establishes a relationship between Quick Assets and Current Liabilities.
Answer:
Liquid Ratio

C. State true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
Financial statements include only the Balance Sheet.
Answer:
This statement is False.
Financial statements include Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss A/c. This is because financial statements are prepared by business organisations to find out the efficiency, solvency, profitability, growth, strength, and status of the business. For this, they need information from the balance sheet as well as from Profit and Loss A/c.

Question 2.
Analysis of financial statements is a tool but not a remedy.
Answer:
This statement is True.
Based on analysis of the financial statement one can get an idea of the financial strength and weakness of the business. However, based on this one cannot take decisions about the business on various issues. Hence analysis of financial statements is a tool but not a remedy.

Question 3.
Purchase of fixed assets is operating cash flow.
Answer:
This statement is False.
Purchase of fixed assets is cash flow from investing activities. It is not a day-to-day operations activity like office/selling/distribution finance expenses/activities.

Question 4.
Dividend paid is not a source of funds.
Answer:
This statement is True.
The dividend is always paid on shares issued by a company as an expense. Shares itself is a source of funds. In payment of dividends, cash goes out from the company. It is an outflow of cash and not a source of funds.

Question 5.
Gross profit depends upon net sales.
Answer:
This statement is True.
The gross profit ratio discloses the relation between gross profit and total net sales. The gross profit ratio is an income-based ratio, where gross profit is an income. There is a direct relation between net sales and gross profit. Higher the net sales higher the gross profit.

Question 6.
Payment of cash against the purchase of stock is the use of funds.
Answer:
This statement is True.
Cash payment for the purchase of stock is made from cash balance or/and from bank balance which is a part of the business fund. When stock or materials we purchase we use cash for payment.

Question 7.
Ratio Analysis is useful for inter-firm comparison.
Answer:
This statement is True.
The comparison of the operating performance of a business entity with the other business entities is known as an inter-firm comparison. This ratio analysis assists to know-how and to what extent a business entity is strong or weak as compared to other business entities.

Question 8.
The short-term deposits are considered as cash equivalent.
Answer:
This statement is True.
The short-term deposits are liquid assets. It means deposits are kept for some period (usually less than one year) and they are kept with an intention to get money quickly as and when required.
They are as good as cash and considered as cash equivalent.

Question 9.
Activity ratios and Turnover ratios are the same.
Answer:
This statement is True.
Turnover ratio is an efficiency ratio to check how efficiently a company is using different assets to extract earnings from them.
Activity ratios are financial analysis tools used to measure a business’s ability to convert its assets into cash. From both these definitions, we can say that Activity ratios and Turnover ratios are the same.

Question 10.
The current ratio measures the liquidity of the business.
Answer:
This statement is True.
The current ratio shows the relationship between current assets and current liabilities. If the proportion of current assets is higher than current liabilities, the liquidity position of the business entity is considered good. More liquidity means more short-term solvency. From the above, it is proved that the current ratio measures the liquidity of the business.

Question 11.
Ratio analysis measures profitability efficiency and financial soundness of the business.
Answer:
This statement is True.
With the help of profitability ratios (Gross profit, Net profit, and Operating profit) one can get the idea of profitability efficiency of the firm, and with the help of liquidity ratios (Current ratio and liquid ratio) one can get the idea of solvency or financial soundness of the business.

Question 12.
Usually, the current ratio should be 3 : 1.
Answer:
This statement is False.
Usually, the current ratio should be 2 : 1. It means current assets are double of current liabilities. It shows the short-term solvency of business enterprises.

D. Answer in one sentence only.

Question 1.
Mention two objectives of the comparative statement.
Answer:
Objectives of comparative statements are:

• Compare financial data at two points of time and
• Helps in deriving the meaning and conclusions regarding the changes in financial positions and operating results.

Question 2.
State three examples of cash inflows.
Answer:
Examples of cash inflows are:

• Interest received
• Dividend received
• Sale of asset/investment
• Rent received.

Question 3.
State three examples of cash-out flows.
Answer:
Examples of cash outflows are:

• Interest paid
• Loss on sale of an asset
• Dividend paid
• Repayment of short-term borrowings.

Question 4.
Give the formula of Gross Profit Ratio.
Answer:
Gross profit ratio = \(\frac{\text { Gross profit }}{\text { Net sales }} \times 100\)
Where Gross profit = Net sales – Cost of goods sold.
Cost of goods sold = Opening stock + Purchase – Purchase return + Direct expense – Closing stock
Net sales = Sales – Sales return.

Question 5.
Give the formula of Gross profit.
Answer:
Gross profit = Net sales – Cost of goods sold.
Cost of goods sold = Opening stock + Purchase – Purchase return + Direct expense – Closing stock
Net sales = Sales – Sales return.

Question 6.
Give any three examples of current assets.
Answer:
Cash or cash equivalent short-term lending and advances, expenses paid in advance, taxes paid in advance, etc. are examples of current assets.

Question 7.
Give the formula of the current ratio.
Answer:
Current ratio = \(\frac{\text { Current assets }}{\text { Current liabilities }}\)

Question 8.
Give the formula of quick assets.
Answer:
Quick assets = Current assets – (Stock + Prepaid expense)

Question 9.
State the formula of Cost of goods sold.
Answer:
Cost of goods sold = Opening stock + Purchase – Purchase return + Direct expense – Closing stock

Question 10.
State the formula of Average stock.
Answer:
Average stock = \(\frac{\text { Opentng stock of goods }+\text { Closing stock of goods }}{2}\)

Practical Problems

Question 1.
From the Balance Sheet of Amar Traders as of 31st March 2018 and 31st March 2019 prepare a Comparative Balance Sheet.

Solution:
Comparative Balance Sheet of Amar Traders as of 31st March 2018 and 31st March 2019


Percentage change = \(\frac{\text { Amount of absolute change }}{\text { Amount of previous year }} \times 100\)

Question 2.
From the Balance Sheet of Alpha Limited prepare a Comparative Balance Sheet as of 31st March 2018 and 31st March 2019:
Balance Sheet as of 31st March 2018 and 31st March 2019

Solution:
Comparative Balance Sheet of Alpha Limited as of 31st March 2018 and 31st March 2019

Question 3.
Prepare Comparative Balance Sheet for the year ended 31-3-18 and 31-3-19. Assets & Liabilities as follows:

Solution:
Comparative Balance Sheet as of 31st March 2018 and 31st March 2019

Question 4.
Prepare Comparative Balance Sheet for the year ended 31-3-17 and 31-3-18.

Solution:
Comparative Balance Sheet as of 31st March 2017 and 31st March 2018

Question 5.
Prepare Comparative Income statement of Noha Limited for the year ended 31-3-17 and 31-3-18.

Solution:
Comparative Income Statement of Noha Limited
For the year ended 31st March 2017 and 31st March 2018

Question 6.
Prepare Comparative Income Statement of Sourabh Limited for years ended 31-3-17 and 31-3-18.

Solution:
Comparative Income Statement of Sourabh Limited
For the year ended on 31st March 2017 and 31st March 2018

Question 7.
Following is the Balance Sheet of Sakshi Traders for the year ended 31-3-17 and 31-3-18

Prepare Common Size Balance Sheet for the years 31-03-17 and 31-03-18.
Solution:
Common Size Statement of Balance Sheet of Sakshi Traders as of 31st March 2017 and 31st March 2018

Note: Taking Total borrowed funds and Tota Funds applied as a base (100), Calculation is done.

Question 8.
Prepare Common Size Income Statement for the year ended 31-3-17 and 31-3-18.

Solution:
Common Size Statement for the year ended on 31st March 2017 and 31st March 2018

Note: Taking the amount of sales as base (100) other percentage figures are calculated.

Question 9.
Following is the Balance Sheet of Sakshi Limited. Prepare Cash Flow Statement:

Solution:
Cash Flow Statement
For the year ended 31st March 2017 and 31st March 2018

Question 10.
From the following Balance Sheet of Konal Traders prepare a Cash Flow Statement.

Solution:
Cash Flow Statement
For the year ended on 31st March 2017 and 31st March 2018

Question 11.
A company had following Current Assets and Current Liabilities:
Debtors = ₹ 1,20,000
Creditors = ₹ 60,000
Bills Payable = ₹ 40,000
Stock = ₹ 60,000
Loose Tools = ₹ 20,000
Bank Overdraft = ₹ 20,000
Calculate Current ratio.
Solution:
1. Current Assets = Debtors + Stock + Loose Tools
= 1,20,000 + 60,000 + 20,000
= ₹ 2,00,000

2. Current liabilities = Creditors + Bills payable + Bank overdraft
= 60,000 + 40,000 + 20,000
= ₹ 1,20,000

3. Current ratio = \(\frac{\text { Current assets }}{\text { Current liabilities }}\)
= \(\frac{2,00,000}{1,20,000}\)
= \(\frac{5}{3}\)
= 5 : 3

Question 12.
Current assets of company ₹ 6,00,000 and its Current ratio is 2 : 1. Find Current liabilities.
Solution:
Current ratio = \(\frac{\text { Current assets }}{\text { Current liabilities }}\)
\(\frac{2}{1}=\frac{6,00,000}{\text { Current liabilities }}\)
2 × Current liabilities = 6,00,000 × 1
Current liabilities = \(\frac{6,00,000}{2}\) = ₹ 3,00,000

Question 13.
Current liabilities = ₹ 3,00,000
Working capital = ₹ 8,00,000
Inventory = ₹ 2,00,000
Calculate Quick ratio.
Solution:
Current assets = Current liabilities + Working capital
= 3,00,000 + 8,00,000
= ₹ 11,00,000
Quick assets = Current assets – Inventory
= 11,00,000 – 2,00,000
= ₹ 9,00,000
Quick liability = Current liabilities – Bank O/D = ₹ 3,00,000
Quick ratio = \(\frac{\text { Quick assets }}{\text { Quick liabilities }}\)
= \(\frac{9,00,000}{3,00,000}\)
= \(\frac{3}{1}\)
= 3 : 1

Question 14.
Calculate Gross Profit ratio
Sales = ₹ 2,70,000
Net purchases = ₹ 1,50,000
Sales Ratio = ₹ 20,000
Closing Stock = ₹ 25,000
Operating Stock = ₹ 45,000
Solution:
Net sales = Sales – Sales return
= 2,70,000 – 20,000
= ₹ 2,50,000
Cost of goods sold = Opening stock + Net purchase – Closing stock
= 45,000 + 1,50,000 – 25,000
= ₹ 1,70,000
Gross profit = Net sales – Cost of goods sold
= 2,50,000 – 1,70,000
= ₹ 80,000
Gross Profit ratio = \(\frac{\text { Gross profit }}{\text { Net sales }} \times 100\)
= \(\frac{80,000}{2,50,000} \times 100\)
Gross profit ratio = 32%

Question 15.
Calculate Net Profit ratio from the following:
Sales = ₹ 3,80,000
Cost of goods sold = ₹ 2,60,000
Indirect expense = ₹ 60,000
Solution:
Sales = ₹ 3,80,000
Less: Cost of goods sold = ₹ 2,60,000
Gross profit = ₹ 1,20,000
Less: Indirect expense = ₹ 60,000
Net profit = ₹ 60,000
Net profit ratio = \(\frac{\text { Net profit }}{\text { Sales }} \times 100\)
= \(\frac{60,000}{3,80,000} \times 100\)
= 15.79%

Question 16.
Calculate Operating ratio:
Cost of goods sold = ₹ 3,50,000
Operating expense = ₹ 30,000
Sales = ₹ 5,00,000
Sales return = ₹ 30,000
Solution:
Net sales = Sales – Sales return
= 5,00,000 – 30,000
= ₹ 4,70,000
Operating ratio = \(\frac{\text { Cost of goods sold }+\text { Operating expense }}{\text { Net sales }} \times 100\)
= \(\frac{3,50,000+30,000}{4,70,000} \times 100\)
= \(\frac{3,80,000}{4,70,000} \times 100\)
= 80.85%

Question 17.
Calculate Current ratio.
1. Current assets = ₹ 3,00,000
2. Current liabilities = ₹ 1,00,000
Solution:
Current ratio = \(\frac{\text { Current assets }}{\text { Current liabilities }}\)
= \(\frac{3,00,000}{1,00,000}\)
= \(\frac{3}{1}\)
= 3 : 1

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board 12th Commerce Book Keeping & Accountancy Solutions Chapter 8 Company Accounts – Issue of Shares Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Book Keeping & Accountancy Solutions Chapter 8 Company Accounts – Issue of Shares

1. Objective Questions:

A. Select the appropriate answer from the alternative given below and rewrite the sentence.

Question 1.
The balance of Share Forfeiture A/c is transferred to ______________ Account after re-issue of these share.
(a) Reserve Capital
(b) Capital Reserve
(c) Profit & Loss
(d) Share Capital
Answer:
(b) Capital Reserve

Question 2.
Premium received on issue of shares is shown to ______________
(a) Liability side of Balance Sheet
(b) Asset side of Balance Sheet
(c) Profit & Loss A/c debit side
(d) Profit & Loss A/c credit side
Answer:
(a) Liability side of Balance Sheet

Question 3.
Shareholders get ______________ on shares.
(a) interest
(b) commission
(c) rent
(d) dividends
Answer:
(d) dividends

Question 4.
The document inviting to subscribe the shares of a company is ______________
(a) Prospectus
(b) Memorandum of Association
(c) Articles of Association
(d) Share certificate
Answer:
(a) Prospectus

Question 5.
As per SEBI guidelines, minimum amount payable on share application should be ______________ Nominal Value of shares.
(a) 10%
(b) 15%
(c) 2%
(d) 5%
Answer:
(d) 5%

Question 6.
When shares are forfeited the Share Capital Account is ______________
(a) credited
(b) debited
(c) neither debited nor credited
(d) None of the given
Answer:
(b) debited

Question 7.
The liability of shareholder in Joint Stock Company is ______________
(a) joint and several
(b) limited
(c) unlimited
(d) huge
Answer:
(b) limited

Question 8.
The Share Capital which a company is authorized to issue by its Memorandum of Association is ______________
(a) Nominal Capital/Authorised Capital
(b) Issued Capital
(c) Paid-up Capital
(d) Reserve Capital
Answer:
(a) Nominal Capital/Authorised Capital

Question 9.
The unpaid amount on allotment and calls may be transferred to ______________ Account.
(a) Calls-in-Advance
(b) Calls
(c) Calls-in-Arrears
(d) Allotment
Answer:
(c) Calls-in-Arrears

Question 10.
There must be provision in ______________ for forfeiture of shares.
(a) Articles of Association
(b) Memorandum of Association
(c) Prospectus
(d) Balance Sheet
Answer:
(a) Articles of Association

B. Give one word/term/phrase for each of the following statements.

Question 1.
Amount called up on shares by the company but not received.
Answer:
Calls-in-Arrears

Question 2.
Issue of share at its face value.
Answer:
Issue at par

Question 3.
The person who purchases the shares of a company.
Answer:
Shareholder

Question 4.
The form of business organisation where a huge amount of capital can be raised.
Answer:
Joint-stock company

Question 5.
The capital is subscribed by the public.
Answer:
Subscribed capital

Question 6.
The shares having preferential rights at the time of winding up of the company.
Answer:
Preference shares

Question 7.
The shares on which dividend is not fixed.
Answer:
Equity shares

Question 8.
The part of subscribed capital is not called up by the company.
Answer:
Uncalled capital

C. State true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
Directors can forfeit the shares for any reason.
Answer:
This statement is False.
After paying money on share application, When share applicant fails to pay the call money or premium on shares in spite of repeated reminders and warnings directors/company can forfeit the shares.

Question 2.
Once the application money is received, directors can immediately proceed with the allotment of shares.
Answer:
This statement is False.
Directors can proceed for allotment of shares only after receiving the minimum subscription amount of the issued amount by cheque or other instrument complying with all legal requirements.

Question 3.
Joint-stock company forms of business organisations came into existence after the industrial revolution.
Answer:
This statement is True.
As the volume and scale of trade and industry expanded, especially after the industrial revolution, a very large unit of the commercial organisation requiring large capital and greater managerial skill, called Joint-stock company came into existence.

Question 4.
Equity shareholders get a guaranteed rate of dividend every year.
Answer:
This statement is False.
One of the features of equity shares is the rate of dividend payable on equity shares keeps on changing from one year to another. So, there is no question of guaranteed dividend every year for equity shareholders.

Question 5.
The face value of shares and market value of shares is always the same.
Answer:
This statement is False.
Face value of shares means the issue price of shares while the market value of shares means the trading price of shares at the stock exchange. The face value of shares remains the same and fixed. However, market price changes as per the performance of the company. Hence face value and market value of shares is not the same.

Question 6.
Sweat shares are issued to the public.
Answer:
This statement is False.
Sweat shares are issued by a company to its directors or employees at a discount or for consideration other than cash. Sweat shares are not issued to the public.

D. State whether you agree or disagree with the following statements.

Question 1.
In the case of Pro-rata allotment the excess application money received must be refunded.
Answer:
Disagree

Question 2.
Calls-in-Advance account is shown on the asset side of the Balance Sheet.
Answer:
Disagree

Question 3.
The Authorised Capital is also known as Nominal Capital.
Answer:
Agree

Question 4.
Paid-up capital can be more than Called-up Capital.
Answer:
Disagree

Question 5.
The joint-stock company can raise a huge amount of capital.
Answer:
Agree

Question 6.
When shares are Forfeited Shares Capital Account is credited.
Answer:
Disagree

Question 7.
Directors can re-issue forfeited shares.
Answer:
Agree

Question 8.
When the issued price of a share is ₹ 12 and face value is ₹ 10, the share is said to be issued at a premium.
Answer:
Agree

Question 9.
A public limited company can issue its share without issuing its prospectus.
Answer:
Disagree

Question 10.
Shares can be issued for consideration other than cash.
Answer:
Agree

E. Answer in one sentence only.

Question 1.
What are Preference Shares?
Answer:
Preference Shares are a type of share which enjoys priority or preference over equity share for the repayment of dividends at a predetermined fixed rate and for the repayment of capital.

Question 2.
What is Registered Capital?
Answer:
Registered Capital or Authorised Capital means the maximum limit up to which a company is authorized to raise share capital.

Question 3.
What is Reserve Capital?
Answer:
Reserve Capital is that part of the subscribed capital which is reserved to be called up only at the time of winding up or liquidation of the company.

Question 4.
What is Over Subscription of Shares?
Answer:
When a company received more applications of shares than those actually offered or issued to the public, known as Over Subscription of Shares.

Question 5.
Which account is debited when share first call money is received?
Answer:
The bank account will be debited when share first call money is received.

Question 6.
When are shares allotted on a pro-rata basis?
Answer:
Shares are said to be allotted on a pro-rata basis when the applications are received for more shares than the number of shares issued and shares are allotted in the proportion to the number of shares applied for.

Question 7.
What is Forfeiture of Shares?
Answer:
When a shareholder fails to pay the call money or premium on the shares in spite of repeated reminders and warnings, the company forfeits the shares of such defaulters known as forfeiture of shares.

Question 8.
What is Calls-in-Arrears?
Answer:
Non-payment of allotment or call money by the applicants in spite of repeated reminders are called Calls-in-Arrears.

Question 9.
What do you mean by Shares Issued at Premium?
Answer:
When shareholders are supposed to pay a price higher than the face value of the shares, their shares are said to be issued at a premium.

Question 10.
What is Paid-up Capital?
Answer:
Part of the called-up capital which is actually paid by the shareholders is called Paid-up Share Capital.

F. Complete the following sentences.

Question 1.
When the face value of the share is ₹ 100 and the issued price is ₹ 120, then it is said that the shares are issued at ______________
Answer:
premium

Question 2.
______________ Capital is the capital which a company is authorized to issue by its Memorandum of Association.
Answer:
Authorized

Question 3.
The difference between Called-up Capital and Paid-up Capital is known as ______________
Answer:
Calls-in-Arrears

Question 4.
______________ shareholders get fixed rate of dividend.
Answer:
Preference

Question 5.
______________ shareholders are the real owners of the company.
Answer:
Equity

Question 6.
______________ form of business organisation in which capital is raised through the issue of shares.
Answer:
Joint-stock company

Question 7.
______________ Capital is the part of Issued capital which is subscribed by the public.
Answer:
Subscribed

Question 8.
The part of Authorised Capital which is not issued to the public is known as ______________ Capital.
Answer:
Unissued

G. Calculate the following.

Question 1.
One shareholder holding 500 equity shares paid share application money @ ₹ 3, Allotment money @ ₹ 4 per share and failed to pay a final call of ₹ 3 per share his share was forfeited calculate the amount of forfeiture.
Solution:
Amount of forfeiture = Amount received by the company (In case of non-payment of ‘calls’)
Here, shareholders paid ₹ 3 per share on application and ₹ 4 per share on the allotment on 500 shares.
So, total amount received by company = 500 × ₹ 3 + 500 × ₹ 4
= 1,500 + 2,000
= ₹ 3,500
∴ Amount of share forfeiture = ₹ 3,500.

Question 2.
10,000 equity shares of ₹ 10 each issued at a 10% premium. Calculate the total amount of share premium.
Solution:
Equity shares = 10,000
Face value = ₹ 10 per share
Premium @ 10% = 10,000 × 10 × \(\frac{10}{100}\) = ₹ 10,000
So, premium 10,000 shares of ₹ 10 each at 10% = ₹ 10,000

Question 3.
The company received excess applications for 5000 shares @ ₹ 4 per share. The application of 1000 shares was rejected and a pro-rata allotment was made. Calculate the amount of application money adjusted with allotment.
Solution:
Excess application money received for 5000 shares @ ₹ 4 per share = ₹ 20,000
Less: Application of 1000 shares rejected and money refunded = ₹ 4,000
Excess money received to be adjusted with allotment = ₹ 16,000

Question 4.
80,000 equity shares of ₹ 10 each issued and fully subscribed and called up at 20% premium. Calculate the amount of Equity Share capital.
Answer:
Equity Share capital = No. of equity shares × face value of each share
= 80,000 × ₹ 10
= ₹ 8,00,000
Note: Equity Share capital has no concern with premium or discount amount.

Question 5.
Directors issued 20,000 equity shares of ₹ 100 each at par. These were fully subscribed and called up. All money was received except one shareholder holding 100 equity shares failed to pay a final call of ₹ 20 per share. Calculate the amount of Paid-up capital of the company.
Solution:
Fully subscribed and called-up amount = 20,000 equity shares × ₹ 100 each share
= ₹ 20,00,000
But one share holder failed to pay final call of ₹ 20 per share of 100 equity shares means
Non-payment of shares = 100 equity shares × ₹ 20 per share = ₹ 2,000
∴ Total Paid-up capital amount = ₹ 20,00,000 – ₹ 2,000 = ₹ 19,98,000

Question 6.
The company sends a regret letter for 100 shares and an Allotment letter to 25,000 shareholders. Application money per ₹ 20 per share. Calculate the amount of application money that the company is refunding.
Solution:
The company sends a Regret letter for 100 shares for ₹ 20 per share application money received i.e. only that much amount the company will refund.
Amount of refund = No. of shares × Value of per share
= 100 × ₹ 20
= ₹ 2,000

Practical Problems

Question 1.
Vijay Ltd. was registered with an authorized capital of ₹ 15,00,000 divided into 1,50,000 equity shares of ₹ 10 each.
The company issued 1,00,000 equity shares of ₹ 10 each at a premium of ₹ 2 per share. The company received applications for 80,000 equity shares and was allotted the shares.
The company received application money ₹ 3 per share, allotment money ₹ 4 per share
(Including premium) and first, call money ₹ 3 per share.
The Directors have not made the final call of ₹ 2 per share. All money was received except one shareholder holding 500 shares did not pay the first call.
Show Authorised Capital, Issued Capital, Subscribed Capital, Called-up Capital,
Paid-up Capital, Calls in Arrears, and Share Premium amount in the company balance sheet.
Solution:
In the books of Vijay Ltd.
Balance Sheet as on ______________

Working Notes:
1. Bank balance at the end = Amount received on application + Amount received on allotment + Amount received on 1st call + Premium amount received
= 80,000 × 3 + 80,000 × 2 × 79,500 × 3 + 80,000 × 2
= 2,40,000 + 1,60,000 + 2,38,500 + 1,60,000
= ₹ 7,98,500

2. Directors have not made the final call of ₹ 2 per share means total called-up amount = ₹ 10 – ₹ 2 = ₹ 8

3. Calls-in-Arrears on 500 shares at ₹ 3 = ₹ 1,500 of the first call

4. Share premium on 80,000 shares @ ₹ 2 received at allotment stage i.e. share premium amount = 80,000 x ₹ 2 = ₹ 1,60,000

Question 2.
Anand Company Limited issued 1,00,000 preference shares of ₹ 10 each payable as-
On Application ₹ 4
On Allotment ₹ 3
On First call ₹ 2
On Second & Final call?
The company received applications for all these shares and received all money.
Pass Journal Entries in the books of Anand Company Ltd.
Solution:
Journal Entries in the books of Anand Company Ltd.

Question 3.
Rohini Company Limited issued 25,000 equity shares of ₹ 100 each payable as follows:
On Application ₹ 20
On Allotment ₹ 30
On First call ₹ 20
On the Second & Final call ₹ 30
The application was received for 22,000 equity shares and allotment of shares was made to them. All money was received by the company.
Pass Journal Entries in the books of Rohini Co. Ltd.
Solution:
Journal Entries in the books of Rohini Company Limited

Question 4.
Deepak Manufacturing Co. Ltd. issued a prospectus inviting applications for 1,00,000 equity shares of ₹ 10 each payable as follows :
₹ 2 on Application
₹ 4 on Allotment
₹ 2 on the First call
₹ 2 on Final call
The application was received for 1,20,000 equity shares. The Directors decided to reject excess applications and refunded application money on that. The company received all money.
Pass Journal Entries in the books of a company.
Solution:
Journal Entries in the books of Deepak Manufacturing Co.Ltd

Question 5.
Sucheta Company Limited issued ₹ 20,00,000 new capital divided into ₹ 100 equity shares at a premium of ₹ 20 per share payable as ₹ 10 on Application, ₹ 40 on Allotment and ₹ 10 premium ₹ 50 on Final call and ₹ 10 premium.
The issue was oversubscribed to the extent of 26,000 equity shares. The applicants on 2,000 shares were sent a letter of regret and their application money was refunded.
The remaining applicants were allotted shares on a Pro-rata basis. All the money due on Allotment and Final call was only received.
Make necessary Journal Entries in the books of Sucheta Company Ltd.
Answer:
Solution:
Journal Entries in the books of Sucheta Company Limited

Working Note:
Calculation of Application money transferred to Share Allotment:
Application money received (26,000 × 10) = 2,60,000
Less: Application money refunded (2,000 × 10) = 20,000
Less: Application money transferred to Share Capital: (20,000 × 10) = 2,00,000
Excess money received on application transferred to Share Allotment = 40,000
Bifurcation of calls amount:

Question 6.
Suhas Limited issued 10,000 equity shares of ₹ 10 each at a premium of ₹ 2 per share payable ₹ 3 on application, ₹ 5 (including premium) on the allotment, and the balance in two calls of an equal amount. Applications were received for 11,000 equity shares and pro-rata allotment was made for all the applicants. The excess application money was adjusted towards allotment.
Mrs. Shobha who was allowed 200 equity shares failed to pay F/F/C and her shares were forfeited after the final call.
Show Journal Entries in the books of Suhas Ltd. and also show its presence in Balance Sheet.
Solution:
Journal Entries in the books of Suhas Limited

Balance Sheet of Suhas Limited

Working Notes:
1. Excess amount received at the time of application ₹ 3,000 adjusted at allotment stage, so allotment amount received in the bank is ₹ 47,000.

2. Amount called-up per share: ₹ 3 on application, ₹ 5 (including premium) on allotment i.e. ₹ 2 premium + ₹ 3 capital and balance amount ₹ 4 in two calls of the equal amount i.e. ₹ 2 on the first call and ₹ 2 on final call.

3. Mrs. Shobha was not able to pay F/F/C i.e. first and final call means 200 × ₹ 2 first call money = ₹ 400 and 200 × ₹ 2 final call money = ₹ 400.
Mrs. Shobha paid ₹ 6 per share towards capital which the company received and the company has the right to forfeit only paid amount means the company forfeited ₹ 1,200 of Mrs. Shobha.

Question 7.
Subhash Company Limited issues 2000 Equity shares of ₹ 100 each payable as ₹ 30 on application, ₹ 30 on the allotment, ₹ 40 on first and final call.
All the shares were subscribed and duly allotted. The company made all the calls. All cash was duly received except the first and final call on 100 equity shares. These shares were forfeited by the company and were re-issued as fully paid for ₹ 75 per share.
Show the Journal Entries in the books of Subhash Company Ltd.
Solution:
Journal Entries in the books of Subhash Company Limited

Working Notes:
1. Amount forfeited by the company on 100 shares forfeited = 100 × (30 + 30)
= 100 × 60
= ₹ 6,000

2. Calls-in-Arrears = 100 × 40 = ₹ 4,000.

3. Amount received on re-issue of 100 forfeited shares = 100 × 75 = ₹ 7,500.
Balance of ₹ 2,500 (i.e. loss 25 × 100) is transferred to Share Forfeiture A/c.

4. Amount transfer from Share Forfeiture A/c to Capital Reserve is ascertained by preparing Share Forfeiture A/c.

Question 8.
Pass Journal Entries for the forfeiture and re-issue of shares in the following cases:
(A) Asha Ltd. forfeited 100 equity shares of ₹ 20 each fully called-up for non-payment of the first call of ₹ 3 per share and final call of ₹ 5 per share. 80 shares of these were re-issued at ₹ 15 per share as fully paid.
(B) Bhakti Ltd. forfeited 100 equity shares of ₹ 10 each, ₹ 6 called-upon which the shareholder paid application and allotment of ₹ 5 per share. Of these 80 shares were re-issued as fully paid-up for ₹ 16 per share.
(C) Konark Ltd. forfeited 50 shares of ₹ 10 each, ₹ 8 called-up. The shareholder failed to pay the first call of ₹ 3 per share. Later on, 30 shares of these were re-issued at ₹ 7 per share.
Solution:
Journal Entries [For Asha Ltd.]

Working Notes for A:
1. Out of 100 forfeited shares, 80 shares were re-issued accordingly Equity Share Capital A/c is debited and credited.
2. To find the proportionate amount for Forfeiture A/c:
For 100 shares-share forfeiture amount = ₹ 1,200
∴ 80 shares – share forfeiture amount = ₹ 960
Now, out of this ₹ 960 we used ₹ 400 from Share Forfeiture A/c at the time of re-issue of shares.
So, balance of Share Forfeiture A/c = ₹ 960 – ₹ 400 = ₹ 560

Journal Entries [For Bhakti Ltd.]

Working Notes for B:
1. Out of 100 forfeited shares, 80 shares were re-issued accordingly Equity Share Capital A/c is debited for ₹ 600 and credited for ₹ 480.

2. The proportionate amount debited to Forfeiture A/c:
For 100 shares-share forfeiture amount debited = ₹ 500 1 Qn
∴ 80 shares – share forfeiture amount = ₹ \(\frac{80}{100} \times \frac{500}{1}\) = ₹ 400
Now, shares were re-issued at ₹ 6 per share which is a called-up amount.
∴ The proportionate amount for Forfeiture A/c ₹ 400 will be transferred to Capital Reserve A/c.

Journal Entries (For Konark Ltd.)

Working Note for C:
The proportionate amount debited to Forfeiture A/c:
For 50 shares – share forfeiture amount debited is ₹ 250
∴ 30 shares-share forfeiture amount = ₹ \(\frac{30}{50} \times 250\) = ₹ 150
Out of this ₹ 30 used for re-issue of forfeited shares.
∴ Balance of Share Forfeiture A/c = ₹ 150 – ₹ 30 = ₹ 120.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Sociology Solutions Chapter 5 Social Movements in India Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Sociology Solutions Chapter 5 Social Movements in India

1A. Complete the following statements by choosing the correct alternative given in the brackets and rewrite it.

Question 1.
The Chipko Movement is for ____________ (women’s empowerment, labour rights, saving the environment)
Answer:
saving the environment

Question 2.
The Bhartiya Lok Dal was started in the year ____________ (1954, 1964, 1974)
Answer:
1974

1B. Correct the incorrect pair and rewrite it.

Question 1.
(a) Women’s Movement – Gender equality
(b) International Decade of Women – From 1991-2001
(c) Towards Equality – Report on the Status of Women in India
(d) Feminist Movements – India after Independence
Answer:
(b) International Decade of Women – 1975-1998

1C. Identify the appropriate term from the given options in the box and rewrite it against the given statement.

S. A. Dange, Sarala Devi, Medha Patkar

Question 1.
Leader of Narmada Bachao Andolan.
Answer:
Medha Patkar

Question 2.
Significant role in the Trade Union Movement.
Answer:
S. A. Dange

1D. Correct underlined words and complete the statement.

Question 1.
The first Kisan Congress held in 1935 led to the establishment of the United Trade Union Congress.
Answer:
The first Kisan Congress held in 1935 led to the establishment of the All India Kisan Sabha.

Question 2.
The Women’s Indian Association was formed in Bombay.
Answer:
The Women’s Indian Association was formed in Madras.

2. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Farmers’ Movement
Answer:
Early Agitations: the early part of British rule was marked by an exploitative revenue system and zamindari system. Many small cultivators lost their rights over their hereditary land and resources. The famines and natural calamities during this period increased Indebtedness and exploitation This led to massive discontent among farmer Several revolts like the Deccan riots against money lenders, the upsurge by Bengal tenants against Zamindari, the Punjab Kisan struggles against money lenders, etc, took place during this period, two peasant struggles led by the National Congress the Champaran Struggle in Bihar against Indigo planters and the Satyagraha movement of the peasants in against collection of land revenue in a situation of crop failure

The emergence of Kisan Sabhas: many Kisan Sabhas were organised in Bengal, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh to revolt against the initiative taken by the Congress party to support the interests of landlords. The Kisan Sabha movement started in Bihar under the leadership of Swami Sahajanand Saraswati, to oppose zamindari system Two struggles of the peasantry of the Bardoli district (Gujarat) broke out in succession which resulted in the formation of the All India Kisan Sabha (ALKS) at the Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress in April 1936. In Punjab, the farmers’ movement erupted under the leadership of Raja Mahendra Pratap. The Ghadar party played a very important role in mobilising farmers and peasants of Punjab together. In Gujarat, Mahatma Gandhi led the struggle of poor farmers against the British government in Kheda. In the Southern belt, the struggle erupted against the Forest Law. This phase is also characterized by the worsening of peasant position.

Post-Independence period: During this period the unrest was felt in the States were agriculturally, commercially developed States like Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu, the movement became more organised, under Charansingh He opposed heavy mechanisation.the Bharatiya Kranti Dal (BKD) and the Bhartiya Lok Dal (BLD) in 1974. In 1973 a convention of farmers was held in New Delhi, followed by another convention in 1978. Which presented a 20-point charter of demands to the government like representation of farmers on decision-making bodies, bridging the imbalance between agriculture and industry, etc., In 1980, the formation of the Shetkari Sangatana under the leadership of Sharad Joshi and Karnataka Rajya Ryot Sangh under the leadership of M. D. Nanjundaswamy are milestones in the Farmers’ movement in India. With the processes of industrialization and globalisation, conditions have changed rapidly for farmers. In March 2018, thousands of farmers from different parts of Maharashtra got together to march to Azad Maidan (Mumbai), to convey to the government their grievances and frustrations.

Question 2.
Characteristics of Social Movement
Answer:
Social movement means when a group of people come together in an organized way, in order to bring change in society. Social Movements are different in nature, features, pace, and operations.

The important characteristics of Social Movements are:
Essentially collective in nature: Social movement is not an individual action. It involves collective action. A group collectively has to be part of the movement. A collective action that creates interest and awakening in a relatively large number of people.

Planned and deliberate action: Social movements have to be preplanned to be executed effectively. Movements are deliberate initiatives and not spontaneous or sudden in nature.

Ideology and objectives: A social movement is backed by an ideology. The ideology guides the course of the movement. There are set objectives and goals to achieve to bring about change in the social system.

Social change: Social movements are oriented towards bringing about a change. It usually demands a change in the already established order or it resists change initiated by the authorities.

Leadership: Collective action must be marked by some degree of organisation. The organisation must include leadership and a structure that defines how members relate to each other, make decisions and how to carry them. Leaders are must for guidance and person who influences others to accomplish the mission.

3. Write differences.

Question 1.
Pre-Independence and Post-Independence periods of the Women’s Movement in India.
Answer:

Pre-Independence period of women’s movement	Post-Independence period of women’s movement
(i) Pre-Independence period of the women’s movement overlapped with the Social Reform Movement in many ways.	(i) Post-Independence period of the women’s movement witnessed several issues like tribal unrest, economic crisis, which took away the singular focus of the women’s movement.
(ii) Pre-Independence movements challenged the customary practices which were discriminatory and revolted mainly against human rights violations in the form of Sati and ill-treatment of widows.	(ii) Post-Independence movements focused more on violence against women, sex stereotyping, and further legislative demands for equality of women.
(iii) Pre-Independence movements were led by social reformers like Raja Rammohan Roy, Jyotiba Phule, Maharshi Karve, and so on.	(iii) Post-Independence movements have mobilised masses in the form of women’s organisation, NGOs, SEWA, etc.
(iv) Pre-Independence movement needed the voice of others (social reformers) for the problems to be spoken.	(iv) Post-independence movement women are educated and aware and are ready to speak up for themselves.
(v) Pre-Independence movement lacked revolutionary social media.	(v) Social media plays a major role during the Post-Independence movement where these movements can reach across the globe and mobilised the youth on a large scale.
(vi) The Pre-Independence movement was more of a socio-religious movement.	(vi) The Post-Independence movement was more progressive in nature.

4. Explain the following concepts with examples.

Question 1.
Social Movement
Answer:
A social movement is a collective action to change or influence the existing social system by a group. Herbert Blumer has defined the social movement as “Collective enterprises to establish a new order of life.”

A social movement is defined as a collectively acting with some continuity to promote ore resist a change in the society or group of which it is a part. Some movements are directed to modify certain aspects of the existing social order whereas others may aim to change it completely.

A social movement is an organised effort of a large group of people to achieve a particular goal typically a social or political or political one, this may be to carry out resistance or undo a social change.

It is a collective challenge to the authorities organised group of people to come together to establish a new order of life.

Examples

• Environmental movements like the Chipko Movement and Narmada Bachao Andolan organised to protect and preserve our environment.
• Workers movement to protest against the exploit action done on workers like the minimisation of wages, poor working conditions, etc. by the industrialisation factory owners.
• Reform Movements – Arya Samaj, Satyashodhak Samaj, Peasant Movements, Backward Castes Movement, etc.

Question 2.
Environmental Movement
Answer:
Gadgil and Guha have defined Environmental Movement as, “An organised social activity consciously directed towards promoting sustainable use of the natural resource, halting environmental degradation or bringing about environmental restoration.” The terms Green Movement, Conservation Movement are also used alternatively to refer to the Environmental Movement.

Environmental Movement, is centered around a genuine concern for the conservation and improvement of the habitat around us, more specifically the environment and civilization.

Environmental Movement as an organized social activity consciously directed towards promoting sustainable use of natural resources halting Environmental degradation or bringing about Environmental restoration.

Environmental Movement has utilized non-violent ways to fight on issues like sustainable management of natural resources, protection of the Environment many movements are centered on ecology, tribal rights, human rights, ecofeminism, etc.

Environmental Movements are highly organised, its scope is wide ranges from being local to the global level.

The environmental movement surrounds issues related to ecology, health, human rights, tribal rights eco-feminism etc.

Harsh Sethi has presented five prominent categories of struggles associated with environmentalism, namely

• forest and forest resources
• land use
• water
• anti-dam
• against different types of pollution and marine resources.

Examples
The Chipko Movement took place in 1973 in the Chamoli district of Uttarakhand where villagers and women in large numbers hugged the trees where the contractors reached the villages to cut the tree. This was to protest against deforestation and save the forest.
Narmada Bachao Andolan – When it was realised that the building of a dam would deprive local inhabitants of their livelihood and displace them, the need to mobilsed and protest against such a venture was felt. In 1985, the Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) emerged as one of the powerful resistance movements under the leadership of Medha Patkar.

5A. Complete the concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

6. Give your personal response.

Question 1.
Has the study of Environmental Education had any effect on your behaviour?
Answer:
The study of environmental education has promoted pro-environmental behaviour which plays important role in solving the problem of the environment. It has increased concern about global and local environmental problems and issues.

Environmental education has created awareness about various environmental issues like how industrialisation and development have led to deforestation and after problems like various pollution, land sliding degradation that endangers our human life and society Above all it has made me release there is need to protect and preserve our environment.

It has helped me to engage in environmental activism like taking shorter showers, reducing private transport, etc. It has taught us how to use the present and future resources optimally to avoid further depletion of the ozone layer, global warming, etc.

Field trips and cleanliness drive camp has taught us to keep our surrounding clean and preserve our natural resources for future. Environmental education has promoted a sense of community involvement in me and has helped me to understand how nature works.

Question 2.
Why is it important to raise social concerns through social movements?
Answer:

• In democratic societies, collective voice on various issues like rights, welfare, and well-being of people has brought changes in society.
• Social movements are collective actions of organised groups who have goals or a demand to change the existing system.
• For instance, during the women’s movement when various issues of consent like equal rights, education, women’s empowerment were raised they demanded a change in the existing system of authority.
• The result of their protest brought various changes. The Constitution of India and Indian law laid down measures for the protection of women’s rights, all these have improved the position of women in present times.
• So, when social concern is raised through social movement, it brings about changes in all aspects of society.

7. Answer the following question in detail. (About 150-200 words)

Question 1.
‘Social movements play an important role in bringing about changes in society. With reference to this statement, choose any two different social movements that you have studied and comment on:
(i) The Issues related to the movement, and
(ii) How the movement has brought about changes in Indian society.
Answer:
A social movement is an organized effort by a significant number of people to change or resist change. It is a collective action where individuals work tirelessly for months, years, or decades together to change that has mobilised the social structure and social system of the society.

The two movements that had a great impact in changing Indian society are:
(i) Women’s Movement
Women have suffered for countless centuries. The Women’s Movement is divided into three phases they are as follows:
The first phase covers the period of the 19th century where various social reformers like Raja Rammohan Roy, Jyotirao Phule. Justice Govind Ranade and many reformers. Who challenge the unwanted customs like Sati, child marriage, widow remarriage, etc., their efforts and supports of British legislation various laws were enacted like Sati Prohibition Act (1829), The Widow Remarriage Act (1856), The Female Infanticide (Prevention) Act (1870) and so on.

The second phase of the movement gave a new look to the Women’s Movement, it leads to women participating in the liberation of women and freedom movement till the 20th century.

Feminists like Margaret Cousins formed the Women’s Indian Association, they came up with new ideas about education for women. Participation of women in various national movements like civil disobedience, satyagraha’s, non-cooperation movement, etc., and the influence of Gandhian philosophy inspired women to speak up for themselves.

The third phase of the Women’s Movement shifted towards equality issues of patriarchy, violence against women, crime, dowry deaths, etc. In this phase, various women’s organisations, NGOs, etc. participated to fight for women’s rights and injustice done to them.

In the fourth phase, women from different walks of life joined their hands together in the mission of women’s empowerment in India, summarise women’s movements in India has certain ideologies and objectives like women’s liberation, right to education, struggle for equal rights, violence against women’s and their empowerment. These have changed the position of women in India to a great extent.

(ii) Workers Movement in India
Industrialization not only boomed the Indian economy but brought two classes in society i.e., the industrialist and the working class.

Modern Industry thrives on profit, this brought exploitation of workers. This occurred in terms of extraction of work, minimization of wages, long hours of work, delays in promotion, reduced wages, and poor working conditions.

These issues led to the formation of the Worker’s Movement in India.

The first phase of protest was a group of workers without planning and organization. In 1875 Shapurji Bengalee revolted against bad conditions of labour, his efforts resulted in the enactment of the First Factories Act 1881.

Narayan Meghaji Lokhande known as the father of the Indian workers’ movement set up the first workers’ organization in India i.e., The Bombay Mill hands association 1884, highlighted the problems of workers and passed resolutions to improve the conditions.

The second phase saw the formation of the Trade Union. Strikes became a Powerful Weapon in hands of labour, several strikes were seen from 1918 to 1920.

The Industrial disputes forced to organized Trade Union in India i.e., the establishment of AITUC- All India Trade Union Congress 1926, under the chairmanship of Lala Lajpat Rai, Bombay Textile Labour Union by N. M. Joshi first union to gets its recognition under Act in 1926.

Trade unions diversified on different ideologies, in order to bring in different coordination’s the National Trade Union Federation (NTUF) was established. Still, there were differences of opinion, in 1947s the Indian National UNION Congress (INUC) was established to safeguard and promote the rights of workers. Various trade unions emerged when Congress came into power, like the Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS), United Trade Union Congress (UTUC), and so on.

There were strikes and disputes between management and factory workers meantime came the Industrial Dispute Act of 1947, which used mechanisms like conciliation, arbitration, and adjudication, to resolve the conflicts between management and workers.

The workers’ movement lost its momentum after the 1970s. Textile industries went on strikes, the Great Bombay Textile Strike 1982, under the leadership of Datta Samant. The demands of the workers were a hike in wages, bonuses, scrapping of the Bombay Industrial act of 1947. The strike lasted for a long time and resulted in a negative impact on the industrial relations between labour, industry, and the government.

Further in recent times, the Ministry of Labour gave recognition to central trade union organizations like AITUC, INTUC, AND SEWA.

To sum up, the worker’s movement, began with philanthropists working for the betterment of workers, later on, workers themselves became leaders who started fighting for the workers’ rights, the role of government to solve disputes with globalization the role of the government has altered.

Activity 1 (Textbook Page No. 70)

Small group discussion: Form groups of 5-7 students. Identify various forms of social injustice that you have observed in your village/town/locality. Make a list of the same. Find out names of various organisations that work to remove such injustices or which create awareness about the injustices. (For example, the problems faced by disabled persons, or migrants.)
Answer:
List of social injustice found in Indian society.
The caste system, poverty, child labor, child marriage, low status of women, gender inequality at work, dowry system, the problem faced by women, the problem faced by slum children, migrants, disabled, etc.

(i) Social injustice seen among slum children’s
Form of social injustice we see in our nearby slum area such as lack of proper sanitation, safe drinking water, shortage of space, lack of quality education in municipal schools, high proportion of girls are dropouts to support their family, they work as domestic maids. Though there are legal measures to protect human rights we see child labour is on rampant in slums.

Smile Foundation, beginning in the corridors of education, it has adopted a lifecycle approach with intensive programmes which addresses the needs of less privileged children, their families and the larger community.

Asha for education projects deal with educational issues from pre-primary schooling to professional education in locations from urban slums to isolated rural areas.

(ii) The problem faced by migrants
Migrants are more vulnerable to discrimination and exploitation as many of them are poor, illiterate, and live in slums and hazardous locations prone to disaster and natural calamities. There is a lack of urban policies and programmes catering to the needs and settlements of migrants.

The National Domestic Workers’ Movement.

(iii) Challenges faced by disability
Disabled face problem of loss of independence, transportation, accessibility issue, loss of independence, education, employment etc.

Narayan Seva Sansthan, established in 1985, is a non-profit charitable organization based in Udaipur, Rajasthan. It is known for providing philanthropic services in the field of treatment and rehabilitation of polio-affected people without discrimination of religion, region, caste, or gender.

Activity 2 (Textbook Page No. 72)

Find out about women’s groups/NGOs in your locality (e.g. anganwadi women teachers, lesbian women, Dalit women’s groups, Muslim women’s organisations). Visit their organisation to find out about the work that they do. You may interview the group members or their volunteers, to find out about the nature of their work or outreach programmes, problems they face etc. Present your findings in class. Initiate a discussion.
Answer:
(i) Self Employed Women’s Association: SEWA is a trade union registered in 1972. It is an organisation of poor, self-employed women workers. These are women who earn a living through their own labour or small businesses. They do not obtain regular salaried employment with welfare benefits like workers in the organised sector. They are the unprotected labour force of our country. Constituting 93% of the labour force, these are workers Of the unorganised sector. Of the female labour force in India, more than 94% are in the unorganised sector. However, their work is not counted and hence remains invisible.

(ii) National Federation of Dalit Women (NFDW): All India Dalit Women Forum and Maharashtra Dalit Mahila Sangasthan etc., address the issues of women empowerment from socially marginalized communities.

Activity 3 (Textbook Page No. 75)

Form groups of 6 students. Identify a workers’ movement in your locality or region. Make a PPT of 12 slides. The content should provide information on how they were established, the significant persons associated with the movement, their major output or successes, the challenges they faced. Make your presentation in class. All group members should discuss a minimum of 2-3 points. The presentation may be followed by a Q&A session.
Answer:
The National Domestic Workers’ Movement [Registered as National Domestic Workers’ Welfare Trust under the Bombay Public Trust Act 1950, Regd. No. E-17253-(Mumbai)] has been at the forefront of championing the rights of domestic workers, children in domestic work and migrant domestic workers, since 1985. It was founded by Dr. (Sr.) Jeanne Devos.
NDWM encourages empowerment of domestic workers through solidarity, participation and leadership training. Together we work for the labour rights of domestic workers, seeking dignity and justice.

The challenges faced by them are:

• The stigmatisation of domestic workers and their work.
• Total absence of Rights and Legal protection.
• Absence of training, support and bargaining power.

The objectives of the movement are:

• Dignity for domestic work and domestic workers.
• Rights and Legal Protection.
• Support and empowerment.

Activity 4 (Textbook Page No. 77)

Collect newspaper and journal reports on farmer suicides in the past year. Display this information on your class bulletin board.
Answer:
Articles on farmer’s suicide for reference
The geography of farmer suicide
Vishnu Padmanabhan, Pooja Dantewadia | Livemint | Updated : Jan 16, 2020

12 Nashik farmers ended lives in’ 20 so far, 63% drop since last year
Abhilash Botekar | TNN | Times of India | Updated : May 26, 2020

10,349 farmers committed suicide in 2018 : NCRB
PTI | Last Updated Jan 09, 2020 | The Economic Times

Activity 5 (Textbook Page No. 80)

(A) Have you heard of Greta Thunberg? Discuss the effect of her activism.
(B) View the film ‘Lakir ke is Taraf by Shilpa Ballal.
Then have a class discussion.
Answer:
(A) Swedish climate youth activist Greta Thunberg, has received worldwide recognition for her efforts to fight climate change. With the simple message “School strike for climate” handwritten on poster board, she began skipping school on Fridays and protesting outside the Swedish Parliament. Thanks to social media, her actions have spread and influenced millions of young people all over the world to organise and protest.

(B) ‘Lakir ke is taraf a documentary made by Shilpa Ballal, highlights some of the concerns surrounding the Sardar Sarovar Project that led to the beginning of the Narmada Bachao Andolan in 1985. It is 85 minute documentary which enables viewers to understand the situation through the lens of the disadvantaged villagers, who were compelled to leave their ancestral property and witness the submergence of their homes, land and cattle.

Activity 6 (Textbook Page No. 81)

(i) Identify any 5 conservation/environmental initiatives (e.g. Go Green, Save the Forests, Save Aarey, Eco-friendly Ganpati)
(ii) Make group presentations in class about their aims, objectives, and activities.
(iii) This may be followed by a class discussion or home assignment.
Answer:
(i) Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan, is a mass movement launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2014, develops the responsibility among Indian citizens to keep our surroundings clean and to achieve Mahatma Gandhiji’s aim to clean India.

(ii) Namami Gange Programme Narendra Modi took over as the Prime Minister of India in 2014. In June that year, recognizing the cultural and environmental importance of the river Ganga, the ‘Namami Gange Programme’ was approved by the Union Government.

(iii) Project Tiger, is a tiger conservation programme launched in April 1973 by the Government of India during Prime Minister Indira Gandhi’s tenure. The project aims at ensuring a viable population of Bengal tigers in their natural habitats, protecting them from extinction, and preserving areas of biological importance as a natural heritage.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Sociology Solutions Chapter 4 Processes of Social Change in India Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Sociology Solutions Chapter 4 Processes of Social Change in India

1A. Complete the following statements by choosing the correct alternative given in the brackets and rewrite it.

Question 1.
The use of computers to streamline job applications is called __________ (industrialization, globalisation, digitalization)
Answer:
digitalization

Question 2.
An urban way of life is characterized by __________ (cohesiveness, uniformity, impersonality)
Answer:
impersonality

1B. Correct the incorrect pair and rewrite it.

Question 1.
(a) Copying western culture – Modernisation
(b) Growth of cities – Urbanisation
(c) Increase in production – Industrialisation
(d) Radical transformative use of technology – Digitalisation
Answer:
(a) Copying western culture – Westernisation

1C. Identify the appropriate term from the given options in the box and rewrite it against the given statement.

Urbanism, Industrialisation, Digitalisation

Question 1.
The FYJC On-line Admission process in metropolitan cities.
Answer:
Digitalisation

Question 2.
Mechanisation of the process of production.
Answer:
Industrialisation

1D. Correct the underlined words and complete the statement.

Question 1.
The Industrial Revolution took place in the sixteenth century.
Answer:
The Industrial Revolution took place in the 17th and 18th centuries.

Question 2.
The LPG Policy was started by Smt. Indira Gandhi.
Answer:
The LPG Policy was started by Dr. Manmohan Singh.

2. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Negative effects of digitalisation
Answer:

• Digitalisation is the use of digital technologies for handling data of various nature for various purposes. It has a negative impact on small-scale industries because large industries have greatly adapted to the changing scenario but small ones are finding it difficult to accept and get used to digitalisation.
• Impact on marketing and consumer behaviour. Questions relating to individual privacy in the web world arises.
• Excess and uncontrolled use of digital media results in addiction, cyberbullying, anxiety, depression, etc.
• It affects not only social and physical but also mental health is hampered due to excessive and uncontrolled use of digitalisation.

Question 2.
Consequences of Industrialisation
Answer:

• Industrialisation means the process of starting and encouraging heavy industries in society.
• Due to industrialisation, a modern class system has emerged in India.
• A spurt in the growth of factories and industries.
• The development of industries led to the mechanisation of workplaces.
• The emergence of division of labour and specialisation
• The emergence of automation and mechanisation led to capital intensive.
• The process of industrial growth led to the large-scale emergence of factories.
• This in turn resulted in migration to places nearer the factory sites, leading to the growth of metropolitan cities, which have resulted in the breakdown of joint families.

3. Write differences.

Question 1.
Industrialisation and Urbanisation
Answer:

Industrialisation	Urbanisation
(i) Meaning: It means the use of unbiotic power such as electricity and steam for the mass production of goods.	(i) Meaning: Urbanisation consists of an inward flow of a large number of people from scattered rural areas to urban communities.
(ii) Origin: Industrialization started in England due to the impact of the industrial revolution.	(ii) Origin: Urbanization is the consequence of industrialization.
(iii) Nature: Industrialisation reflects mechanisation of workplaces and spurt in the growth of factories and industries.	(iii) Nature: Urbanisation reflects the migration of people from all over the country continuously, in search of work.
(iv) Characteristics: The adoption of the revolutionary changes occurred in the production system i.e. use of heavy machinery and automation.	(iv) Characteristics: The adoption of the civil administration like law and city police for the urban area.
(v) Impact: Due to industrialisation impact of scientific and technical knowledge has been increasing. So, people are accepting rationalism and secularism.	(v) Impact: Due to urbanisation, the traditional belief system has been changed and become more secular in their outlooks, new educational fields are created in cities.
(vi) Effect: Industrialisation has led to the breakdown of joint families and the shrinking size of families.	(vi) Effect: Urbanisation has led to the notion of being “lonely in a crowd”.

Question 2.
Modernisation and Globalisation
Answer:

Modernisation	Globalisation
(i) Meaning: “Modernisation is the current term of an old process of social change whereby less developed societies acquire the characteristics common to more developed societies.”	(i) Meaning: Globalisation refers to “all those processes by which the people of the world are incorporated into a single world society.”
(ii) Characteristics: Modernisation reflects a rational outlook and scientific temperament and discarding traditional ways as these hinder the progress of the society.	(ii) Characteristics: Globalisation reflects the new economic policy means LPG policy which opens the door for the Indian economy and India became part of a wider global economy.
(iii) Manifestations: The adoption of the progressive ideas of the developed countries such as industrialisation and computerisation are its manifestations.	(iii) Manifestations: It leads to the transfer of resources, goods, and capital across the country.
(iv) Impact: Modernisation in every walk of life has contributed to the material progress of society and the well-being of individuals.	(iv) Impact: Globalisation has promoted industrialisation, expanded market, increase export as well as export area. Globalisation has created various new opportunities of employment.

4. Explain the following concepts with examples.

Question 1.
Digitalisation
Answer:

• Digitalisation is the use of digital technologies for handling data of various nature for various purposes.
• It involves the process of digital transformation, which improves the performance of the business.
• It leads to frequent changes in business models due to growth in newer technologies.
• Digitalisation is based on technology, innovation, research, and development.
• Digitisation has escalated the speed of the processes with a far greater extent of accuracy.
• Digitisation is based on technology, innovation, research, and development that has encouraged human minds to invent, innovate, patent, and create.
• Example: Artificial intelligence, e-governance, e-commerce, e-learning, e-trade, e-shopping, integration of technology for the purpose of education in the 21st century, etc.

Question 2.
Urbanisation
Answer:

• Urbanisation is a process of migration of rural population to urban areas.
• In this process, people also adopt the urban lifestyle, which means “urbanism as a way of life”.
• It results in the decline of the joint family and the emergence of the nuclear family secondary type relations, calculative, independent, rational, less impact of traditions, family, religion, customs etc.
• Urbanisation led to a heterogeneous gathering of people has led to the breakdown of several traditional barriers, where one’s contribution becomes more valued.
• Overpopulated, mega metro cities.
• Example: Mumbai, Pune, Nagpur.

5A. Complete the concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

5B. State whether the following statements are True or False with reasons.

Question 1.
The clothes one wears are indicative of an individual’s level of modernization.
Answer:
This statement is False.

• Being modern doesn’t mean one should be loaded with devices, gadgets, and clothes.
• Modernisation means rationalism, scientific outlook and willingness to receive new ideas, examine alternatives, find new pathways, to explore creative ways to solve problems.
• Persons who claim to be modern are willing to examine daily events, literature, culture, art, customs, beliefs from a critical point of view and be able to explain the constructive and destructive aspects of a phenomenon.
• Being ‘modern’ cannot be limited to only using modern devices or gadgets or fashionable clothes.

Question 2.
Urbanisation can have negative effects on our social relationships.
Answer:
This statement is True.

• Urbanisation means the migration of rural people to urban areas, that results in family discords and breaking up of joint families.
• Due to urbanisation materialistic approach is increased and reduces the emotional ties and develops secondary relationships among people.
• They develop a certain way of life which is typical of the urban mindset: distant, secondary-type relations, calculative, independent, rational, less impact of traditions, family, religion, customs etc.
• The urban environment and way of life are more materialist, radical, commercial, individualist, and non-conforming. Urbanisation has led to the notion of being “lonely in a crowd”.

6. Give your personal response.

Question 1.
Shagufta Ranawat and her joint family have been living in Nagpur city for almost three generations. Their grandchildren are uninclined to want to settle down in their grandparent’s village. Give two possible reasons for the grandchildren’s view.
Answer:
1st View: As Shagufta Ranawat and her family from last three generations living in Nagpur city. Nagpur is one of the mega metro cities of India which is loaded with full of infrastructural facilities as well as employment opportunities, gender equality even through materialistic approach it has a rational and scientific outlook. So, grandchildren don’t want to leave Nagpur city and settle down in the village.

2nd View: Grandchildren know that now grandparents are age-old and advanced medical facilities will not be easily available during emergencies. So for precautionary measure of grandparent’s health, living in Nagpur city which is a well-developed hub is good for them.

Question 2.
Some people feel insecure about digitalisation processes, for example, in banking or online purchasing. Why do you think this is the case?
Answer:
Yes, some people feel insecure about digitalisation processes because of being computer phobic or computer illiterate, as they don’t trust the internet and perceived security risks. The perception that someone else has access to your bank account is a deal-breaker for many. It’s a big jump into the unknown with your hard-earned money especially if you have no one to explain it to you.

7. Answer the following question in detail. (About 150-200 words)

Question 1.
“The World Wide Web is a source of information and misinformation”. Discuss this statement with regard to the impact of the internet on:
(i) Parents
(ii) Children
(iii) School
Answer:
(i) Impact of the Internet on Parents:

• Parents know that the internet is a window opening to the whole world and as a tool to get information.
• Parents are aware of the positive and negative effects of internet use.
• Parents know that the internet is useful for attaining information.
• They mainly consider it as an effective means of communication due to instant messaging services that can communicate to any part of the world.
• It improves business, interactions, transactions saving vital time.
• Banking, shopping online has made life less complicated for parents.

(ii) Impact of the Internet on Children:

• Maximum children are busy playing games online.
• Increased use of the internet among children is making them feel lonely and depressed.
• More time spent online means children spent less time with family and friends or working on hobbies.
• Internet allows children to participate actively in a self-learning environment.

(iii) Impact of the Internet on School:

• The internet has not only increased the amount of learning possibilities in the classroom but it has created infinite amounts of learning opportunities for students and teachers.
• Use of internet in the school improves the quality of education in many ways.
• Teachers can use online materials to prepare lessons.
• The Internet plays a very vital role in education.

Activity 1 (Textbook Page No. 59)

Identify any four cities and study data about their industrial growth. Presents your findings to your class and follows them with a discussion.
Answer:
(i) Industrial growth in Mumbai:

• Mumbai is the economic capital of India.
• In earlier days cotton textile industry dominated Mumbai’s economy, but now Mumbai’s economic base is diversified.
• Textiles industries still remain important, but the city’s industries include petrochemicals, automobile manufacturing, metals, electronics, engineering, food processing, and a wide range of light manufacturing.

(ii) Industrial growth in Pune:

• From a small university town to IT hub, Pune has changed its face over the years.
• Numerous automobile manufacturers and ancillary companies have today invested heavily in Pune.
  e.g. TATA motors, Cummins, etc.

(iii) Industrial growth in Nagpur:

• One of the largest industrial estates approximately 6000 Hectares of Asia is located at Butibori near Nagpur.
• About 47% of Maharashtra State’s power is generated around Nagpur.

(iv) Industrial growth in Kolkata:

• Industrial growth rate of West Bengal is 1.1% higher than the national average.
• The growth and development are around the capital city of Kolkata.
• Kolkata is home to many industrial units, major sectors are steel, mining, minerals, cement, etc.

Activity 2 (Textbook Page No. 60)

Get 4 volunteers from your class to share their experiences (physical environment, economic life, customs, food, religious practices etc.) in a rural village or city, in 5-7 minutes each. They may make a PPT with visuals to support their presentations. Follow up with a class discussion.
Answer:

	Volunteer – 1 Village – Khed, Junnar Taluka	Volunteer – 2 Village – Ghodegaon, Manchar Taluka	Volunteer – 3 City – Pune	Volunteer – 4 City – Mumbai
Physical Environment	Clean, pure, and healthy air	Clean, pure and healthy air	Pollution and overcrowded	Pollution and shortage of land
Economic Life	Agrarian (Poor)	Agrarian and domestic business	Industry and factory oriented (Rich)	Industrialisation (Rich)
Customs	Traditional and superstition bound	Tradition and superstition bound	The rational and scientific perspective	Follow the customs rationally
Food	Jawar, wheat, rice (Homemade)	Staple food	Materialistic approach	Materialistic view
Religious practices	Follow judiciously and blindly	Follow blindly	Modern/critical thinking	Modern/critical thinking

Activity 3 (Textbook Page No. 62)

Conduct a 2-minute extempore speech competition in class on the topic: “Modernisation may be perceived as a challenge in a traditional society.”
Answer:
The following pointers will help you prepare a speech.

• It is a process of social transformation.
• The developing countries imitate the western model of development. Thereby the traditional society becomes a technologically modern society.
• It develops new attitudes, new values and social relationships.
• It has paved a way for developing a scientific temperament.
• It encompasses social, economic, political, religious, and intellectual changes.
• Modernisation is a current term of an old process of social change.

Activity 4 (Textbook Page No. 63)

Given below is a way of finding out about people’s lives. It is called narrative research. It is all about hearing people’s stories.
Few volunteers from your class may speak to 1-2 small shops in the area and find out about their business. When did it start? Who started it? Are there changes in their sales? Are there changes in people’s behaviour? Are there any problems faced by the sellers? If so, what are they?
Write about their stories in about 200-300 words. Share with your class. See if you can see a pattern of experience or behaviour.
Answer:
The below example will provide you with pointers for your own narrative research.

• Shop Name – Pooja (General Stores)
• Owner Name – Mr. XYZ
• Area – Badlapur (West), Thane
• When did it start – 1990
• Who started it – Mr. XYZ’s Father
• Are there changes in their sales? – Yes, up and downs in profit margins.
• Are there changes in people’s behavior – Yes, due to last 3 decades won the trust of the people
• Are there any problems faced by the sellers – Yes
• What are they – Loss of profit margins recession, natural calamity like a flood.

Activity 5 (Textbook Page No. 65)

Identify any three Higher Secondary School teachers in your locality or school. Collect information about (a) the subject they teach, (b) their qualifications (e) number of years of teaching experience, (d) whether they have computers in their school/college, (e) whether they use computers and if yes, for what purpose? Report your findings in class.
Answer:

Questions	Teacher – 1 (Ms. L)	Teacher – 2 (Ms. M)	Teacher – 3 (Mr. X)
The subject they teach	English	History	Marathi
Qualification	M.A, B.Ed., M.Phil. (Eng.)	M.A., B.Ed. (History)	M.A., B.Ed. (Mar.)
Teaching experience	5 Years	10 Years	9 Years
Whether they have computers in school/college	Yes	Yes	Yes
Whether they use computers and if yes, for what?	Yes, for preparation of notes, questions papers, research work, and references.	Yes, for making notes.	Yes, for making notes.

Activity 6 (Textbook Page No. 65)

‘Globalisation has a positive effect on Indian society.’ Form two teams of four students each, and conduct a class debate. The teacher may prepare a blackboard summary of the learning points. It can be followed by an open discussion of observations made by students.
Answer:
(i) Globalisation has a positive effect on Indian Society: (Debate 1st side)

• It’s a universal process.
• Transformation of the national economy into global economy.
• The growing economic interdependence of the countries of the world.
• Integration of the world economy, free trade.

(ii) Globalisation has a negative effect on Indian Society: (Debate 2nd side)

• The role of the state, the public sector has been curtailed by privatisation.
• An increasing number of young immigrations of the young technocrats to the developed countries, leaving behind the aging parents.
• There is an increase in the family discords and break up of more and more families and marriages.
• The small-scale industries face stiff competition from the large-scale industries and their multinational counterparts.

Activity 7 (Textbook Page No. 67)

Hold a class discussion at the end of each process of change, to discuss the positive and negative impact of each process. Develop a flow chart or concept map for each process of social change.
Answer:

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Sociology Solutions Chapter 3 Diversity and Unity in Indian Society Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Sociology Solutions Chapter 3 Diversity and Unity in Indian Society

1A. Complete the following statements by choosing the correct alternative given in the brackets and rewrite it.

Question 1.
Gender is __________ (innate, genetic, learnt)
Answer:
learnt

Question 2.
Social disparity encourages __________ (unity, divisiveness, homogeneity)
Answer:
divisiveness

1B. Correct the incorrect pair and rewrite it.

Question 1.
(a) Conflict based on language – Linguism
(b) Conflict based on religion – Terrorism
(c) Conflict based on caste – Casteism
(d) Conflict based on region – Regionalism
Answer:
(b) Conflict based on religion – Communalism

1C. Identify the appropriate term from the given options in the box and rewrite it against the given statement.

Totalitarianism, Class, Egalitarianism

Question 1.
It is an achieved status.
Answer:
Class

Question 2.
Promotes healthier relationships.
Answer:
Egalitarian society

1D. Correct underlined words and complete the statement.

Question 1.
Conflict based on caste is called communalism.
Answer:
Conflict based on caste is called casteism.

Question 2.
Saravadharmasamabhav denotes the Indian concept of unity amidst diversity.
Answer:
Saravadharmasamabhav denotes the Indian concept of secularism.

2. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Gender Diversity.
Answer:
Gender diversity is linked to the notion of ‘gender’ (a social construct), which in turn is related to concepts such as gender binary, gender expression, sexuality, and sexual orientation. Gender includes diversities that go beyond gender binaries of female-male, feminine-masculine, her- his, etc. Today, our understanding of gender diversity also includes the sexual orientation of people.

The acronym ‘LGBT’, Lesbian: Female-Female relationship, Gay: Male-Male relationship Bisexual: People who are attracted to two sexes (namely, Female and Male) Transgender: A person whose biological sex does not match one’s psychological sense of self emphasize the diversity of sexuality and gender identity.

There are individuals, groups, and societies that have challenged the notion of a binary and thus are more inclusive of sexual and gender pluralities. Most of us are coerced into conformity to follow the expectations of gender-linked to one’s sex known as gender expression linked to gender socialization also leads to diversity.

Today, societies are gradually opening up to understanding and accepting gender fluidity i.e. understanding that gender is not limited to binary and not necessarily tied to physical appearance or characteristics. One’s sexuality and helps us to understand the sexual orientation of a person is not a preference. Historic judgment of the Supreme Court of India on 6th September 2018 decriminalized homosexuality. The Government of India has also recognized transgender people and their rights.

Awareness about and sensitivity to diversities based on gender will help:

• dispel ignorance and myths related to gender
• restore dignity to people with different gender identities
• eradicate hate, violence prejudice, and discrimination towards gender non-conforming individuals
• promote equality and justice as enshrined in the Indian Constitution.

Question 2.
Importance of Unity in Diversity
Answer:
India is a country whose society is united in diversity. The religions language, culture, etc. everything differs yet the people of our country are untied. The significance of unity in diversity is necessary for peaceful coexistence with different groups and diverse cultural backgrounds. It improves healthy human relationships and protects equal human rights for all.

According to D.P. Singhal, in his book- “India and World Civilizations” unity in diversity is a theme that runs through the entire course of Indian history. Though there is so much diversity in India along lines of region, language, religion, caste, etc., there are cross-cutting solidarities that help us as a nation to combine and recombine. India has always assimilated cultures that it came into contact with and at the same time has retained the essentials of its own.

Indians today, despite their differences, have adapted to political democracy, which indicates the underlying unity in diversity. One important point is that the Indian people have never regarded diversity as a problem but more as a treasure to be cherished. The inner strength of India lies in our ability to accommodate variety and multiplicity within the framework of a larger unity. It is the sign of a healthy organism that the processes of integration and differentiation go on side by side.

The underlying unity in diversity has created a composite culture decisively pan-Indian in nature. Unity amidst diversity can be seen in the geopolitical sphere, institution of pilgrimage, tradition of accommodation, the tradition of interdependence, emotional bonding, etc. Given the nature of our religious plurality, the concept of secularism in India fosters a modern outlook showing religious tolerance. In India, secularism implies respect and tolerance for people of all faiths, beautifully encapsulated in the term, ‘sarvadharmasamabhav’. India has been and continues to be a land with multiple faith systems. This necessarily includes acceptance of people who do not subscribe to any religious identity, custom or practice, but who may express their loyalty and commitment to secular values such as scientific endeavor, humanitarianism, humanism, and so forth.

Need for unity

• To strengthen and enrich our cultural Heritage
• To protect the multiple diversities of
• To protect the Human Rights of all Indian society citizens.
• To boost workplace, organizational, and community morale.
• For effective and inclusive Communication.
• For conflict resolution.
• For peaceful coexistence.
• For the welfare of all people irrespective of caste, creed, sex, gender, race, economic class, culture etc.
• For the prosperity of our land and its people.

3. Write differences.

Question 1.
Regionalism and Linguism
Answer:

Regionalism	Linguism
(i) Meaning: Regionalism refers to loyalty to one’s own State or region before one’s nation.	(i) Meaning: Linguism is a form of excess loyalty towards one’s own language.
(ii) Causes: Regionalism emerges due to the desire of people speaking one language to have one State. Differences in states and regions create the problem of regionalism.	(ii) Causes: Differences in State and regions creates the problem of regionalism linguism emerges if the minorities begin to feel that their interests are being disregarded and their welfare ignored.
(iii) Origin: It was developed by the British government.	(iii) Origin: It develops from the idea of separation and division of people on the basis of language.
(iv) Impact: Regionalism is a divisive force that creates disrespect for people from other regions of the same country.	(iv) Impact: Linguism has led to a definite form of linguistic nationalism which can provide enough fuel for separatism in India.
(v) Example: Regionalism has led to regional movements for State rights and militant movements for separatism. For example, the Jammu and Kashmir issue, the Punjab problem, Assam issue, etc.	(v) Example: Linguism has led to the unacceptance of Hindi as an official language of the Union across the country. For example, the atrocities committed on linguistic minorities.

Question 2.
Casteism and Communalism
Answer:

Casteism	Communalism
(i) Meaning: Casteism refers to loyalty to One’s own caste before loyalty to the nation.	(i) Meaning: Communalism refers to loyalty to one’s own religion before the nation.
(ii) Manifestations: Caste ties may lead to caste members protecting their own caste group through social service, education, medical and other welfare schemes.	(ii) Manifestations: Religious fundamentalists try to impose their religious practices on others, which leads to communal conflict and antagonism between members of different religious communities.
(iii) Effects: Caste conflict has led to caste and Caste prejudices.	(iii) Effects: Religious fundamentalism can lead to, acts of terrorism which can create a fear psychosis in the minds of people.
(iv) Impact: Casteism leads to excessive caste-based loyalty, particularly evident at the time of elections.	(iv) Impact: Communal conflict weakens democracy, for example, Mumbai riots, etc. riots during India Pakistan partition.

4. Explain the following concepts with examples.

Question 1.
Heteronormativity
Answer:
Heteronormativity:
The belief is that people fall into distinct and complementary genders (man and women) with natural roles in life.

It assumes the heterosexuality is the only sexual orientation or only norm and states that sexual and marital relations are most fining between people of the opposite sex. Heteronormativity is an assumption that all people are straight and only a normal and natural expression of sexuality.

What constitutes appropriate behaviour for girls/women and boys/men is a result of social conditioning, indoctrination, and cultural definitions. Hence, there is variability between societies, as well as within groups in a specific society. This leads us to understand the dominance of ‘heteronormativity’ (that is the norm that reinforces and ‘normalizes’ the gender binary) in society and in all its institutions such as family, marriage, polity, economy, religion, etc.

Example: Marriage between men and women gives them social recognition and support for an intimate relationship i.e., socially and legally approved in our society.

Question 2.
Communalism
Answer:
Communalism:
Communalism refers mainly to loyalty to one’s own religion before the nation. It implies extreme pride in and identification with one’s own religion. India is one of the countries in the world where so many religions co-exist side by side. Communal conflict is a displeasing factor that affects the unity of the nation.

Socially, communal conflict creates feelings of deep hatred, bitterness, and antagonism between members of different religious communities. Such conflicts also lead to feelings of insecurity and they loosen bonds of solidarity. Economically, communal conflicts retard economic growth and development. Often, resources have to be diverted for the damage caused by communal riots and clashes. Production suffers and there is a severe monetary loss for the nation. Politically, communal conflict weakens democracy. It allows politicians to use religion as a means to acquire positions of prominence for their vested interests.

Also, on the international front, communal conflict affects India’s image adversely and weakens it considerably. Religious antagonism has posed a serious challenge to national integration in India. People belonging to different religions feel that their religion is superior; this is a problem of enhanced ethnocentrism.

Political manipulation is often known to project one religion against the other which has resulted in communal riots, mutual distrust, and disintegration. Large-scale illiteracy and superstitions are responsible, along with other causes for the rise of communal violence and divisive tendencies in the country. Religious fundamentalism can lead to acts of terrorism which can create a fear psychosis in the minds of people. Communalism is a severe threat to the harmony and secular spirit of a country.

Example: Incidence of communal riots.
The Ram Mandir -Babari Masjid issue in the year 1990, Mumbai riots in 1992 & Godhra riots in 2002, the partition riots of 1947 – the worst incident of Hindu Muslim conflict in the history of India.

5A. Complete the concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

B. State whether the following statements are True or False with reasons.

Question 1.
Economic inequality has no effect on society.
Answer:
This statement is False.

Economic inequality has an adverse effect on society. A high level of economic inequality means a high level or poverty, widening rich-poor gap intends to increase, unequal income distribution increases political instability and this hinders economic growth in the society.

The economic standard of people in a State depends on several factors like resources available, management and organization, fertility of land distribution of wealth and so on. All States are not equal in this regard and this leads to economic imbalances. Unequal distribution of wealth within a State causes tension and conflict. Very often, wealth is concentrated in the hands of a few. Profits from the private sector end up in the hands of a few privileged sections and not for the common good. This kind of monopoly does not allow healthy competition.

Thus, economic inequality leads to economic imbalance and hampers the development of the country. Effects of economic inequality can be seen on the society in the following way, e.g., if one belongs to the ‘Below Poverty Line (BPL) category it may be difficult for the parents to provide healthy nutrition.

The large part of resources available is consumed by relatively few people who have the means to do so, e.g., The ‘mall’ culture found in the big cities clearly favors who ‘have’ than the ‘have not’s.

Question 2.
Constitutional and legal provisions provide hope to weaker sections in Indian society.
Answer:
This statement is True.

Our Indian constitution has laid down certain provisions for the protection and welfare of the weaker sections. Article 14 to 18 of the constitution provides the right to equality in the interest of people belonging to minority groups.

Representation and reservation of seats for minorities in the state and central services Abolition of practice untouchability, banning human trafficking and forced labour, provision of various welfare schemes, etc. All these constitutional measures aim at the upliftment of weaker sections in Indian society.

The Constitution of India has established the “rule of law” throughout the country. All citizens are equal and subject to the same authority. Religion, language, region, caste, gender, or community is no longer the basis of special social status, powers, and privileges. The weaker sections of society – the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes, Denotified Tribes, other Backward Classes, Religious, Linguistic and Sexual Minorities have been given special concessions for their development.

6. Give your personal response.

Question 1.
How can participation in sports foster national integration?
Answer:

• India is a country with great diversity and a large population. Sports can be a great means to promote national unity.
• In any nation-state, unity and patriotism are two major benefits obtainable from sports.
• When people of different cultures and colors participate in the same game, they stand united with a common goal to win.
• Participation in sports creates sportsmanship, team spirit, leadership, and friendships that bring people of different backgrounds together. This fosters national unity and promotes a healthy lifestyle.
• For instance, in a national football team members are from different religious groups, languages and geographical origins all are combined in a team. They put all their hardship together not only to win but to uplift the entire nation.
• In the end, everyone overlooks the differences, giving way to patriotic spirit and feeling of oneness.
• Thus, sports provide a healthy platform for youthful competition and encouraging youngsters in nation-building.

Question 2.
What is the significance of school uniforms in Indian schools, with regard to the value of unity?
Answer:

• School is not just a temple of knowledge but school gives a platform to NURTURE our emotions in the early stages of life.
• School uniforms are essential in Indian society, wearing the same dress brings a sense of oneness among students. In every school students come from different backgrounds, to promote a sense of togetherness and harmony school uniforms are a must.
• Students come from different walks of life some can afford expensive clothes whereas others cannot afford them. This leads to superior and inferior mindsets. To avoid this situation school uniforms are made compulsory and develop equality among students.
• The importance of school Uniforms is related to uniformity and gives an identity that they are the representatives of the same school. School uniforms play an important role in the maintenance of discipline in the students and make them safe by keeping an eye on everyone.
• Hence school uniform builds a sense of teamwork and community spirit from early life. So when students come together from different environments with many differences, but when they stand together in the same uniforms, the phrase unity in diversity becomes reality.

7. Answer the following question in detail. (about 150-200 words)

Question 1.
What does unity mean to you? Discuss any three factors which hinder unity. Describe two ways in which tribal and urban people can benefit each other to promote unity. Give examples to illustrate yOur points.
Answer:
Meaning of unity
Unity means oneness or a state of togetherness. Unity is being in harmony or one in spirit feeling of unity brings the nation together.
In India we see unity in diversity, there are so many differences with respect to region language race, religion, caste, etc. Through all these differences there is solidarity and integrity.
After independence, India faced several challenges that obstruct national unity.

These obstacles to national integration are as follows:
Casteism
Casteism refers to loyalty to one own caste before the loyalty nation:
Discrimination based on caste is the major hurdle for national integration.
In India everything can change except ‘caste’, everything is organized on the line of caste.

Caste loyalty is looming large, different caste looks to the benefit of their own caste, in present times power of caste is concentrated in the hands of the dominant caste who develop the feeling of superiority or the low caste who faces exploitation.

The politicization of caste, various caste carry their vote banks with typical caste prejudice in politics and political party select candidate on the basis of caste moreover elected members use their privilege position for achieving interest in their own caste, in this way casteism is responsible for breaking the bonds of the unity among citizens.

Communalism
Communalism refers to extreme loyalty to one’s own religion. Religious fundamentalism and communal fanatism have created an atmosphere of hatred and violence. Communal conflicts create a sense of insecurity and loosen the bond of unity among the members of different religious groups.

Examples of communal violence have strong motivation based on religious identity, 1947 partition of India, 1990 Babari Masjid demolition, 1992 Mumbai riots, 2002 Godhra riot and Gujarat violence, etc.
Communal conflicts weaken democracy and on the international front communal conflicts affect India’s image.

Regionalism
Regionalism is showing more loyalty to one on state or region before one’s nation.
In India, the most important factors responsible for the growth of regionalism have been regional imbalance and regional disparity.

On many occasions, people promote regional interest even at the cost of national priorities,
despite decades of plan development all regions in our country have not been developed in the desired manner.

Socio-economic development results in the demand for a new state e.g., separation of Telangana. Andhra Pradesh disputes over the distribution of water e.g., Tamil Nadu and Karnataka having a dispute over the Kaveri river. Other issues like the construction of dams and the supply of electricity.

Aggressive regionalism leads to separatism e.g., issues at Jammu and Kashmir. These challenges are a threat to national unity and hamper peace.

The two ways in which tribal and urban people can benefit each other in recent times are:

• Tribal people live in isolation away from the modern world, in recent times due to industrialization new modes of transport and communication have emerged. Due to urbanization, we see the mobility of the tribal population in an urban setting.
• Apart from employment opportunities, tribal exhibitions, tribal fairs or bazaar has given them the chance to improve their lives without any mediators.
• Tribal art and handicraft are most valuable today especially across 100 smart cities, these handicraft items, paintings (Warli) are purchased by urban consumers. Tribal organic products like medicinal herbs, honey, flowers, fruits, pulses are in great demand in the urban markets.
• On the other side industrialization has transformed tribal society for instance industrial development has taken place in tribal areas of Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, e.g., iron and steel plants, this has brought drastic changes in the socio-economic lives of tribal people.
• Here, we see both the community are advancing towards the integration of the population.
  Integration of tribals in the mainstream of national life has removed their backwardness and an identity that they are one among us.
• From the above statement, tribal and urban people are interdependent on each other for their survival and this brings unity among them.

Class 12 Sociology Chapter 3 Diversity and Unity in Indian Society Intext Questions and Answers

Check your progress (Textbook Page No. 56)

Question 1.
Identify two Constitutional provisions to protect weaker sections in the Indian society.
Answer:
Article 14 confer equal rights and opportunities to all.
Article 15 prohibits discrimination against any citizen on the grounds of sex, religion, race, caste etc.

Question 2.
What do you understand by the three-language formula?
Answer:

• The three-language formula enables the inculcation of Hindi and English as languages to connect with the Union, English to connect with the outside world, and the regional/local language for communication within the State. As per the policy, the three languages recommended are as following:
• First language as regional language or mother tongue.
• The second language is English or Modern Indian Language (Hindi speaking states), Hindi or English (in non-Hindi speaking states)
• The third language is English or the modern Indian language (in Hindi-speaking states).
• Most states in India have implemented the three-language formula and it is followed by all State Education Boards.

Question 3.
Identify three factors that hinder National Unity.
Answer:
The three factors that hinder National Unity are as follows:
Casteism: It refers to extreme loyalty to one’s caste before loyalty to the nation, at the cost of peaceful co-existence and national integration. The members of the various castes carry with them their typical caste prejudices into politics.

Regionalism: It refers to loyalty to one’s own state or region before one’s nation. This interferes with national integration to a great extent. Regionalism emerges due to the desire of people speaking one language to have one state.

Communalism: It refers to loyalty to one’s own religion before the nation. This occurs mainly due to the conflict between different religions which give rise to communal conflict.

Activity 1 (Textbook Page No. 45)

Form groups of 5 -7 students. Identify a specific religion. Interview 5 people of the specific religion chosen by you and find out about their religious customs and traditions. Write a report and present your findings in your class.
Answer:
Report on five religions presented by students in the class, for example, Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, and Sikhism then identify any one specific religion.
For example, Sikhism — The world’s fifth-largest organized religion in the world.
Guru Nanak, the founder of this religion taught a monotheistic creed (belief in one God), opposed idol worships, caste system, preached the karma theory, equality and respect all religions, love, and affection for all fellow beings.

Another unique feature of this religion is the tenth Guru Gobind Singh who established the five Ks or the Khalsa Panth i.e., Kirpan (sword), Kuchera (short undergarments ending above the knee), Kesh (uncut hair), Kara (iron bangle) and Kangha (comb) this gave Sikhs a distinct identity.

Its holy book Guru Granth Sahib is not written by one human but by many saints who teaches to believe in one God and respect all humans of every religion.

A Sikh temple is called a Gurudwara. It’s not just place of worship but temple also serve free food called Langar where all come together, food is prepared and cooked by volunteers which is shared with all communities who visit the temple.

The most famous temple of Sikhs is the Golden Temple in Amritsar covered with gold.

Sikhism inspires us to uplift humankind to live a life of truth, righteousness and spirituality.

Activity 2 (Textbook Page No. 46)

Make groups of 5 students. Identify one state in India and the languages and dialects spoken in it. If possible make audio recordings of some languages and dialects. Share with your class. Display their written script (if any).
Answer:
For example, the State of Karnataka, having Kannada as an official language and native language spoken. English is also preferred for communication due to the spread of higher education and burgeoning IT industry.

The major linguistic minority groups in the state are comprised of Urdu, Telugu, Tulu, Tamil, Malayalam, Marathi, Konkani and Hindi speakers. Apart from this, there are 50 tribal languages, besides the speakers of 22 scheduled languages.

We find the Tulu language spoken by people of southern coastal Karnataka. Malayalam is spoken near the coastal and borders of Kerala and Karnataka. Telegu and Tamil is used in the northeast and southeast of Karnataka districts bordering Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. Marathi is spoken in the Karnataka and Maharashtra borders.

Kannada is one of the classical languages of India. Tigalari script is the oldest surviving script, used by Brahmins to write the Sanskrit language. Kannada script is used for writing Tulu due to the non-availability of Tulu script.

Hence, Karnataka is one of the few states which has a great variety when it comes to languages.

Activity 3 (Textbook Page No. 49)

There have been protests regarding The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019. Find out more about this and hold a class discussion.
Answer:
The issues to be discussed are as follows:

• The proposed measure would increase discrimination against transgender people.
• These communities often live on extreme fringes of Indian society, with many forced into prostitution, begging or menial jobs.
• Discrimination with regards to education, employment, and the ability to rent or buy a property.
• The bill fails to maintain Civil Rights like marriage, adoption, social security benefits, etc.
• Need to raise awareness and express solidarity with the transgender community.

Activity 4 (Textbook Page No. 51)

Class Discussion in small groups:
Topic – Religion can be a force that unifies and divides society. (Assignment based on discussion).
Answer:

• Discuss the factors of unification and diversification of Indian society.
• Unifying forces like festivals, religious celebrations exist throughout the many cultures in our nation. Every region has its own unique history which has shaped its present. Our country is multi-linguistic, multi-cultural, and secular this gives us a sense of oneness.
• Dividing forces like disrespect toward other religions, terrorism, student unrest, the absence of strong ideal leaders, the vested interest of political parties, and other such factors create unrest in the society.

Activity 5 (Textbook Page No. 51)

Find out about various schemes started by the government for the welfare of (i) STs (ii) SCs (iii) Women (iv) Disabled persons. Share your findings in the class.
Answer:
Welfare schemes to uplift weaker sections are:
(i) Schemes and Programmes for STs and SCs:
Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Scheme – This programme was launched in April 1999. The objective of SGSY is to provide sustainable income to the rural poor. The programme aims at establishing a large number of micro-enterprises in the rural areas, based upon the potential of the rural poor. This programme cover families below the poverty line in rural areas of the country.

Indira Gandhi Awas Yojana – The government of India has decided the allocation of funds under IAY (Indira Gandhi Awas Yojana) will be on the basis of poverty ratio and housing shortage. The objective of IAY is primarily to help the construction of new dwelling units.

Nagari Dalit Vasti Sudhar Yojana – The State Government is implementing ‘Nagari Dalit Vasti Sudhar Yojana’ since 1995-96 in the urban areas having a higher population of backward class.

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act – The Act aims at enhancing the livelihood security of households in rural areas of the country by providing at least one hundred days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to every household.

(ii) Welfare Schemes for Women:
Bharatiya Mahila Bank, Orient Mahila Vikas Yojana Scheme, Udyogini Scheme, Mudra Yojana for Women – These schemes aim at providing financial support, they give loans at very low-interest rates for start-ups or new ventures for women in India.
Annapurna Scheme – To start up your own catering business, the government provides financial support.
Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao – Aims to save girl child and encourage girls is with free education.
UJJAWALA – A comprehensive scheme for prevention of trafficking and rescue, rehabilitation of victims of trafficking, and sexual exploitation.

(iii) Welfare Schemes for Disabled:
Scholarships for persons with disabilities.
AD IP schemes financial support for disabled for purchase/fitting of aids/ appliances
National award for the empowerment of persons with disabilities.
Financial support to parents of students with disabilities from post-matric till higher education.
Divyangjan Swavalamban Yojana Scheme providing concessional loans for the economical and overall empowerment of disabled persons.

Activity 6 (Textbook Page No. 56)

Conduct a debate on:
(i) Laws to protect minority groups help to integrate them into society.
(ii) The caste system should be abolished.
(iii) Protective discrimination is necessary for Indian society.
Answer:
(i) List of constitutional measures that have abolished the caste system, discrimination, and upliftment of the weaker section.

• Article 14: The right to equality, all citizens are given equal treatment and equal protection of the law. No state discriminates against any citizen on grounds of religion, caste, race, creed, gender, or place of birth, or any of.
• Article 16: equal opportunities with matters relating to employment and appointment in any office at the state or central levels.
• Article 25 to 28: all persons, belonging to any religious denominations or sections have been given the right to profess, practice, and propagate their religion.
• Article 30: all minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer education or institution of their choice.
• Article 39 A: to promote justice, aims at ensuring equal treatment before the law in securing justice.
• Article 46: to protect and promote special care in terms of education and employment to the weaker sections.
• Apart from these, there are various other measures laid down to uplift the weaker sections.

(ii) Caste system can be made less relevant by creating awareness about the ill effects of the caste system and promotion of inter-caste marriages.

(iii) The Constitution has given more than 20 articles for the upliftment of the underprivileged, with policies on positive discrimination and affirmative action. They have helped in the educational development of scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, and other backward classes. Hence, it is necessary for India.

Activity 7 (Textbook Page No. 56)

Conduct a class/group discussion on: ‘Measures to promote National Unity.’
Answer:
Points to be discussed by making groups. Highlight the main points that bring peace and unity to society.

• Building of national spirit and promoting secular ideas that unify all religions as one.
• Religious harmony, respect for all religious faiths, teachings, and belief patterns as one.
• Role of education in promoting national unity by creating effective education policy.
• The role of mass media for instance cinemas like Uri, Boarder, and Range De Basanti — became an inspirational source to bring out feelings of oneness and patriotism.
• Various constitutional measures were laid down to safeguard the interest of minorities and weaker sections of society.