Category: Class 12

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 6 Index Numbers Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 6 Index Numbers

1. Choose the correct option:

Question 1.
Statements that are incorrect in relation to index numbers.
a) Index number is a geographical tool.
b) Index numbers measure changes in the air pressure.
c) Index numbers measure relative changes in an economic variable.
d) Index numbers are specialized averages.
Options :
1) c and d
2) a and b
3) b and c
4) a and d
Answer:
2) a and b

Question 2.
Statements that highlight the significance of index numbers.
a) Index numbers are useful for making future predictions.
b) Index numbers help in the measurement of inflation.
c) Index numbers help to frame suitable policies.
d) Index numbers can be misused.
Options :
1) b, c and d
2) a, c and d
3) a, b and d
4) a, b and c
Answer:
4) a, b and c

Question 3.
Statements that apply to weighted index
numbers.
a) Every commodity is given equal importance.
b) It assigns suitable ‘weights’ to various commodities.
c) In most of the cases, quantities are used as weights.
d) Laaspeyre’s and Paasche’s method is used in the calculation of weighted index numbers.
Options :
1) b, c and d
2) a, c and d
3) a, b and d
4)a, b, c and d
Answer:
1) b, c and d

Question 4.
Statements related to limitations of index numbers.
a) Index numbers are not completely reliable.
b) There may be a bias in the data collected.
c) Every formula has sorne kind of defect.
d) Index numbers ignore changes in the qualities of products.
Options :
1) a, c and d
2) a, b, c and d
3) a, b and d
4) b, c and d
Answer:
2) a, b, c and d

Question 5.
Choose the correct pair:

Options :
1) 1-d, 2-c, 3-a, 4-b
2) 1-d, 2-a, 3-b, 4-c
3) 1-b, 2-c, 3-d, 4-a
4) 1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b
Answer:
2) 1-d, 2-a, 3-b, 4-c

2. Complete the Correlation:

1) Price Index: Inflation :: ………………. : Agricultural production
2) ……………….: Base year prices :: P₁ : Current year prices
3) Laaspeyre’s index : ………………. :: Paasches index : Current year quantities
4) ……………….: Single variable :: Composite index: Group of variables
Answers:

1. Quantity Index
2. P₀
3. Base year quantity
4. Univariate Index

3. Solve the following:

Question 1.
Calculate Price Index number from the given data:

Answer:

Commodity	Base Year price 2005 (P0)	Current Year price 2006 (P1)
A	6	8
B	16	18
C	24	28
D	4	6
Total	Σp0 = 50	Σp1 = 60

Steps:
Add the price of base year (p₀)
Add the price of current year (p₁)
P₀₁ = \(\frac{\Sigma p_{1}}{\Sigma p_{0}}\) x 100
= \(\frac{60}{50}\) x 100
= 120
Hence P₀₁ = 120

Question 2.
Calculate Quantity Index number from the given data:

Answer:

Commodity	Base Year Qty.(q0)	Current Year Qty. (p1)
P	170	90
Q	150	70
R	100	75
S	195	150
T	205	95
Total	Σp0 = 820	Σp1 = 480

Steps : Add quantities of base year (q0).
Add quantities of current year (q ).
Q₀₁ = \(\frac{\Sigma q_{1}}{\Sigma q_{0}}\) x 100
= \(\frac{480}{820}\) x 100
= 58.53
Hence, Q₀₁ = 58.53
As quantity in the current year has fallen Q₀₁ is less than loo.

Question 3.
Calculate Value Index number from the given data:

Answer:
Steps:
(1) Formula used for Value Index Number
= V₀₁ = Zpq x 100
(2) We find product of prices and their respective quantities of the different commodities for the base year to derive p0q0, then take the sum total of the products to derive Zp0q0.
(3) Similarly, find the product of prices and their respective quantities for the current year to derive p1q1, then take the sum total of the products to derive p₁q₁.

Value Index Number = \(\frac{\Sigma p_{1} q_{1}}{\Sigma p_{0} q_{0}}\) x 100
= \(\frac{6,540}{1,890}\) x 100
= 346.03
Value Index Number = 346.03

Question 4.
Calculate Laaspeyre’s and Paasche’s index from the given dala:

Answer:
I’m 7
Price Index P₀₁ = \(\frac{\Sigma p_{1}}{\Sigma p_{0}}\) x 100
= \(\frac{42}{40}\) x 100
= 105
Hence, P₀₁ = 105

4. Distinguish between:

Question 1.
Simple Index Numbers and Weighted Index Numbers.
Answer:

Simple Index Number	Weighted Index Number
(a) Simple index number is a simple average of index number of individual goods.	(a) Weighted index number is a weighted average of products after assigning suitable weights to individual goods.
(b) It is easy to calculate.	(b) It is difficult to calculate.
(c) All commodities are given equal importance.	(c) All commodities are given different levels of importance.
(d) It gives rough estimates of price change	(d) It gives an accurate estimate of price change.
(e) It is less used in practice.	(e) It is mostly used in practice.

Question 2.
Price Index and Quantity Index.
Answer:

Price Index Number	Quantity Index Number
(a) Price index number measures the changes in price over a period of time.	(a) Quantity index number measures the changes in quantity over a period of time.
(b) It can be used for measuring the changes in prices as well as other purpose e.g. in fixing wages, interest rates, tax rates, etc.	(b) It can be used only for measuring the changes in the quantities e.g. of items like exports, imports, etc.
(c) It is a very popular concept and can be easily calculated and understood.	(c) It is not so popular as it cannot be easily calculated.

Question 3.
Laaspeyre’s Index and Paasche’s Index.
Answer:

Laspeyre’s Index Number	Paasche’s Index Number
(a) Laspeyre uses base year quantity (Q0) as weights to calculate index numbers.	(a) Paasche uses current year quantity (Qt) as weights to calculate index number.
(b) He gave this formula P01 = \( \frac{\Sigma p_{1} q_{0}}{\Sigma p_{0} q_{0}} \) [where P01 = Price index number p0 = Price of the base year p1 = Price of the current year q0 = Quantities of the base year]	(b) He gave this formula = P01 = \( \frac{\Sigma p_{1} q_{1}}{\Sigma p_{0} q_{1}} \) [where P01 = Price index number p0 = Price of the base year p1 = Price of the current year q0 = Quantities of the base year]
(c) He is a German Economist who gave the method of calculating Index Number in the year 1871.      .	(c) He is a German Statistician who devised the method of calculating Index Number in the year 1874.

5. State with reasons whether you agree or disagree with the following statements:

Question 1.
Index numbers measure changes in the price level only.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.

• Index numbers are statistical devices which are used to measure changes in some quantities which cannot be measured directly.
• It shows the changes in the variables like price, quantity of output, exports, standard of living, cost of living, stock markets, etc.
• Index numbers are like economic barometers, measuring changes in variables over time with respect to a chosen base year.
• Hence, it is not right to say Index Numbers measures changes in price only.

Question 2.
Index numbers are free from limitations.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.
Although index numbers are very useful in business and industry, they suffer from following limitation:

• Bias in the data: If the data is not collected properly, we may not get proper index numbers.
• Based on samples : If the samples are not collected properly, there may be error in index number calculations.
• Misuse of index number : We compare the index numbers with the base year, but if a businessman chooses a base year in which profits are high and show that his profits are falling now.
• Changes in the economy : In long run habits, tastes, etc of people may change, so it is difficult to include all such changes in index number.
  Hence, it is not right to say that index numbers are free from limitations.

Question 3.
Index numbers can be constructed without the base year.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.
Index numbers can be constructed without the base year because :

• Index Numbers are the tools for measuring J the changes in the magnitude of a variable or a group of variables over time with respect to a chosen year.
• Prices of some goods may increase and of other may decrease during the two periods. Index numbers solves this problem by taking the average change.
• For example, to know cost of living of people in general in India, Government chooses a base year 2010 which is taken as 100. Then  cost of living is calculated in 2019 which may be 140.
• This difference of 40(140-100) shows that cost of living in India has increased by 40% ( since 2010.
  Hence, Index Numbers cannot be constructed – without the base year.

6. Answer the following:

Question 1.
Explain the features of index numbers.
Answer:
Features of Index Numbers :

• Index numbers are a specialised form of averages.
• They are expressed in percentage form without using a percentage sign.
• The year for which index number is being prepared is the current year.
• The year from which index number is being prepared is called the base year which is ? always taken as 100.
• They are used in measuring the changes ( in magnitudes which cannot be measured directly.
• The formula used for Price Index Number = \(\frac { Total price of the current year }{ Total price of the base year }\) x 100
• They are considered as barometer of economic activity.
• Index number which is calculated from a single variable is called “univariate index” and which is constructed from a group of variables is called a “composite index”.

Question 2.
Explain the significance of index numbers in economics
Answer:
Index numbers are significant tools of economic analysis in the following ways:

(1) Help in formulating Policies : Index numbers help the government and business organisations in framing their suitable economic policies for agriculture and industrial sector, wage and dearness allowance policies, etc.

(2) Help in the study of Trends and Tendencies : Index numbers study the relative changes in the level of phenomenon of different periods of time, so they can be used to predict future events. The economists can study the general trends of changes in price levels, agricultural and industrial production, export, imports, etc.

(3) Economic Barometer : Just as barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure, index numbers measure the level of economic and business behaviour. They are very important for an economist, businessman, planners, policy makers, etc.

(4) Helps in Measurement of Inflation :
It helps the government to take measures against inflation by giving additional D.A. to the employees on the basis of Dearness Index.

(5) Help to adjust National Income : By comparing current year’s national product prices with the base year’s prices, the Domestic Product (GDP) produced. Hence, this shows changes in real national income.

(6) To present Financial Data in Real Income : Index numbers are used to adjust price change, wage change, etc. Thus deflating helps to present the financial data at constant prices.
(Note: Deflating means to make adjustments in the original data)

(7) Helps in determining Depreciation
Cost: The price index helps in determining the depreciation cost of durable goods. At the time of inflation, it is useful to know the original cost of the commodities.

7. Answer in detail:

Question 1.
Explain the steps involved in the construction of index numbers.
Answer:
Steps involved in the construction of j index numbers are as follows :
1. Purpose of an Index Number : Before constructing an index number, one must know the purpose for which the index number is constructed. E.g. for the whole c sale price or retail price or for agricultural – output, etc.

2. Selection of a Base Year : It is important to select a base year against which comparisons are made. So base year or reference year should be
(i) a recent year and not a distant past.
(ii) it should be normal and free from natural calamities, war, etc.

3. Selection of Commodities: When the cost c of living index number of the middle class jj families is to be constructed, the items that are used by middle class families in everyday life should be included and items like big cars, AC’s, etc. should not be included.

4. Selection of Prices : Prices differ from city to city and even from shop to shop in the same city. Hence, we should take a few standard shops from where middle class families buy goods and take the average of the prices of goods sold by them. Otherwise index number
constructed may be misleading.

5. Selection of suitable Average : An ; index number is a special kind of average, Generally arithmetic mean is commonly ? used for construction of index number as it is simple to calculate.

6. Selection of Formula : Number of formulae can be used for construction, of index numbers. Economists have to decide which formula to use for the construction of a particular index number.

7. Assigning proper Weights : Weights refer to the relative importance of different items in the construction of an index number. ( Weights may either be quantity weights (q) or value weights (p). All weights may not be equally important. Therefore, by s assigning specific weights better result can be obtained.

Index Questions

Find out (Textbook Page 58) :

(a) List of crops included in the Index of Agricultural Production in India.
Answer:
Food grains : Rice, Wheat, Jowar, Bajra, Maize, Ragi, Barley and Small Millets. Gram, Tur and other pulses.
Fibres: Cotton, Jute, Mesta and Sannhemp.
Non-food grains : Oilseeds Groundnut, Sesame, Rapeseed and Mustard, Linseed, Castorseed, Safflower, Nigerseed, Soyabean, Sunflower, Coconut and Cottonseed.
Plantation crops: Tea, Coffee and Rubber.
Condiments and Spices : Pepper, Ginger, Garlic, Chillies, Turmeric, Arecanut, Coriander and Cardamom.
Fruits and Vegetables : Potato, Onion, Banana, Cashewnut, Tapioca and Sweet Potato.
Other Crops : Sugarcane, Tobacco and Guarseed.

(b) List of products included in the Index j of Industrial Production in India.
Answer:
Index of Industrial Production in ; India includes – Consumer Durable goods, Consumer non-durable goods, manufacturing goods, mining, electricity, infrastructure or construction goods, etc.

Find out (Textbook Page 59) :

Newspaper headlines related to the following types of index numbers :
(a) Price Index
(b) Agricultural Productivity Index
(c) Index of Industrial Production
(d) Equity Share Price Index
Answer:
[Students should do this activity by themselves.]

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Hindi Yuvakbharati 12th Digest Chapter 14 पल्लवन Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Hindi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 14 पल्लवन

12th Hindi Guide Chapter 14 पल्लवन Textbook Questions and Answers

कृति-स्वाध्याय एवं उत्तर

पल्लवन पाठ पर आधारित

(१) पल्लवन की प्रक्रिया पर प्रकाश डालिए।
उत्तर :
पल्लवन की प्रक्रिया के निम्नलिखित सोपान हैं :

1. सर्वप्रथम मूल विषय के वाक्य, सूक्ति, काव्यांश अथवा कहावत को भली-भाँति पढ़ा जाता है। उनके भाव को समझने का प्रयास किया जाता है। उन पर ध्यान केंद्रित किया जाता है। अर्थ स्पष्ट होने पर एक बार पुनः विचार किया जाता है।
2. पल्लवन करने से पूर्व मूल तथा गौण विचारों को समझ लेने के बाद विषय की संक्षिप्त रूपरेखा बनाई जाती है। मूल तथा गौण विचारों के पक्ष-विपक्ष में भली प्रकार सोचा जाता है। फिर विपक्षी तर्कों को काटने के लिए तर्कसंगत विचारों को एकत्रित किया जाता है।
3. इस बात का ध्यान रखा जाता है कि कोई भी भाव अथवा विचार छूटने न पाए। उसके बाद असंगत विचारों को हटाकर तर्कसंगत विचारों को संयोजित किया जाता है।
4. शब्द सीमा को ध्यान में रखते हुए सरल और स्पष्ट भाषा में पल्लवन किया जाता है। पल्लवन लेखन में वाक्य छोटे होते हैं। लिखित रूप को पुनः ध्यानपूर्वक पढ़ा जाता है। पल्लवन विस्तार में लिखा जाता है।
5. पल्लवन लेखन में परोक्ष कथन, भूतकालिक क्रिया के माध्यम से सदैव अन्य पुरुष में लिखा जाता है। पल्लवन में लेखक के मनोभावों का ही विस्तार और विश्लेषण किया जाता है।

(२) पल्लवन की विशेषताएँ स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर :
पल्लवन का अर्थ है विस्तार अथवा फैलाव। यह संक्षेपण का विरुद्धार्थी है। पल्लवन की विशेषताओं को इस प्रकार लिखा जा सकता है :

1. कल्पनाशीलता – पल्लवन करते समय लेखक कल्पनाशीलता का सहारा लेता है। कल्पना के सहारे सूक्ति अथवा उद्धरण का भाव विस्तार करता है। परंतु पल्लवन में विषय का विस्तार एक निश्चित सीमा के अंतर्गत किया जाता है।
2. मौलिकता – पल्लवन में मौलिकता का ध्यान रखा जाता है।
3. सर्जनात्मकता – पल्लवन में लेखक को सर्जनात्मकता का अवसर व संतोष दोनों मिलते हैं।
4. प्रवाहमयता – पल्लवन लेखन में प्रवाहमयता होना आवश्यक है। लेखक इस बात का ध्यान रखता है कि पाठक को पढ़ते समय बीच-बीच में किसी प्रकार का अवरोध अनुभव न हो।
5. भाषा-शैली – पल्लवन करते समय लेखक को भाषा ज्ञान व भाषा का विस्तार जानना आवश्यक है। साथ ही विश्लेषण, संश्लेषण, तार्किक क्षमता के साथ-साथ अभिव्यक्तिगत कौशल की आवश्यकता होती है।
6. शब्द चयन – पल्लवन में शब्द चयन का बहुत अधिक महत्त्व है। तर्कसंगत और सम्मत शब्दों का ही प्रयोग किया जाना चाहिए। लेखक को शृंखलाबद्ध, रोचक एवं उत्सुकता से परिपूर्ण वाक्य लिखने चाहिए। छोटे-छोटे वाक्यों या वाक्य खंडों में बंद विचारों को खोल देना, फैला देना, विस्तृत कर देना ही पल्लवन है।
7. क्रमबद्धता – पल्लवन में विचारों में, अभिव्यक्ति में क्रमबद्धता का बहुत अधिक ध्यान रखा जाता है।
8. सहजता – पल्लवन का सहज रूप सभी को आकर्षित करता है।
9. स्पष्टता – पल्लवन में स्पष्टता का होना अत्यावश्यक है। जिस भी विचार, अंश, लोकोक्ति आदि का पल्लवन किया जा रहा है, केंद्र में वही रहना चाहिए। पाठक को पल्लवन पढ़ते समय ऐसा प्रतीत न हो कि मूल विचार कुछ और है, जबकि पल्लवन का प्रवाह किसी अन्य दिशा में जा रहा है।

व्यावहारिक प्रयोग।

(१) “ढाई आखर प्रेम का, पढ़े सो पंडित होइ’, इस पंक्ति का भाव पल्लवन कीजिए।
उत्तर :
संत कबीरदास जी का बड़ा प्रसिद्ध दोहा है –
पोथी पढ़ि-पढ़ि जग मुआ, पंडित भया न कोइ।
ढाई आखर प्रेम का, पढ़े सो पंडित होइ।।

इस छोटे-से दोहे में जीवन का ज्ञान है। कबीर जी का कहना है कि पुस्तकें पढ़कर ज्ञान प्राप्त किया जा सकता है। परंतु केवल पुस्तकें पढ़कर प्रभु का साक्षात्कार नहीं किया जा सकता। जब तक ईश्वर का साक्षात्कार न हो जाए, किसी को पंडित या ज्ञानी नहीं माना जा सकता। अनगिनत लोग जीवन भर ज्ञान प्राप्त करने का प्रयास करते हुए संसार से विदा हो गए परंतु कोई पंडित या ज्ञानी नहीं हो पाया। क्योंकि वे कोरे ज्ञान प्राप्ति के लोभ में ही पड़े रहे। बड़े-बड़े ग्रंथ पढ़कर भी जो प्रेम करना नहीं सीखा, वह अज्ञानी है।

प्रेम शब्द केवल ढाई अक्षर का है, जिसने उसे पढ़ लिया, अर्थात जिसने प्रभु से, जीवमात्र से प्रेम कर लिया, उसने ईश्वर का साक्षात्कार कर लिया। वास्तव में वही पंडित है। जिस व्यक्ति ने प्रेम को चखा, उसे कुछ और जानना शेष नहीं रहता, क्योंकि उसने परम ज्ञान को पा लिया। प्रेम ही ज्ञान है, प्रेमी ही असली ज्ञानी है। जिसने प्यार को पढ़ लिया, उसके लिए संसार में कुछ भी शेष नहीं रहता। जिसने प्रेम रस पी लिया, उसकी हर प्रकार की क्षुधा शांत हो गई।

प्राणिमात्र को प्रेम करने वाला व्यक्ति जब दूसरों के कष्ट, दुख और पीड़ाएँ देखता है, तो उसके नेत्र छलछला उठते हैं। वह जहाँ भी स्नेह का अभाव देखता है, वहीं जा पहुँचता है और कहता है – लो मैं आ गया। मैं तुम्हारी सहायता करूँगा। ऐसे प्रेमी अंतःकरण वाले मनुष्य के चरणों में संसार अपना सब कुछ न्योछावर कर देता है। प्रेम संसार की ज्योति है। जीवन के सुंदरतम रूप की यदि कुछ अभिव्यक्ति होती है, तो वह प्रेम ही है।

प्रेम वह रचनात्मक भाव है, जो आत्मा की अनंत शक्तियों को जाग्रत कर उसे पूर्णता के लक्ष्य तक पहुँचा देता है। इसीलिए विश्व प्रेम को ही भगवान की सर्वश्रेष्ठ उपासना के रूप में प्रतिष्ठित किया गया है। परमेश्वर की सच्ची अभिव्यक्ति ही प्रेम है। प्रेम की भावना का विकास करके मनुष्य परमात्मा को प्राप्त कर सकता है।

(२) ‘लालच का फल बुरा होता है, इस उक्ति का विचार पल्लवन कीजिए।
उत्तर :
लालच का फल सदैव बुरा होता है। लालच दूसरों का हक मारने की प्रवृत्ति है। लालच का अर्थ ही है अपनी आवश्यकता से अधिक पाने का प्रयास करना। और जब हम अपनी आवश्यकता से अधिक हासिल करने का प्रयास करते हैं तो कहीं न कहीं किसी का हक मार रहे होते हैं। लालच हमारे चरित्र का हनन भी करता है। लालच करने से भले ही हमें त्वरित लाभ होता दिखे लेकिन अंत में लालच से नुकसान ही होता है।

जीवन में अनेक अवसरों पर हमारे साथ ऐसा होता है जब हम किसी बात पर लालच कर बैठते हैं। और अधिक पाने की लालसा में हम ऐसा कुछ कर बैठते हैं कि हमारे पास जो कुछ होता है हम उसे भी गँवा बैठते हैं। लालच ऐसी बुरी चीज है कि उसके फेर में पड़कर मानव कई बार मानवता तक को ताक पर रख देता है। मानव जीवन में कामनाओं और लालसाओं का एक अटूट सिलसिला चलता ही रहता है।

सब कुछ प्राप्त होने के बावजूद कुछ और भी प्राप्त करने की लालसा से मनुष्य जीवनपर्यंत मुक्त नहीं हो पाता। जो स्वभाव से ही लालची होता है, उसे तो कुबेर का कोष भी संतुष्ट नहीं कर सकता। दुनिया में अगर किसी भी रिश्ते में लालच है तो वह रिश्ता अधिक समय तक नहीं चल पाता। लालच के कारण हमारे सभी रिश्ते-नाते भी बिगड़ जाते हैं। जब हम लालच करते हैं तो अपने परिवार, यार-दोस्तों सभी की नजर में गिर जाते हैं।

लोग हम पर भरोसा करना बंद कर देते हैं। लालची व्यक्ति को कोई पसंद नहीं करता। परिणामस्वरूप कभी किसी तरह की सहायता की आवश्यकता हो तो भी लालची मनुष्य की सहायता के लिए कोई खड़ा नहीं होता।

यदि जीवन में आगे बढ़ना है, सफल होना है तो एक अच्छा इन्सान बनना होगा। दूसरों के बारे में सोचना होगा। जो व्यक्ति लालच करता है, वह कामयाबी से कोसों दूर रहता है। एक-न-एक दिन लालच का दुष्परिणाम सामने आता ही है। अगर समय रहते लालच की प्रवृत्ति को त्याग देंगे तो लालच के दुष्परिणाम से बच भी सकते हैं। इसके लिए हमें सदैव लालच करने से बचना चाहिए। अगर किसी लालच के जाल में फँस भी गए, तो समय रहते उससे बाहर निकलने का प्रयास करना चाहिए। हमें लालच को त्याग देना चाहिए।

पल्लवन के बिंदु

• पल्लवन में सूक्ति, उक्ति, पंक्ति या काव्यांश का विस्तार किया जाता है।
• पल्लवन के लिए दिए वाक्य सामान्य अर्थवाले नहीं होते।
• पल्लवन में अन्य उक्ति का विस्तार नहीं जोड़ना चाहिए।
• क्लिष्ट शब्दों का प्रयोग न करें।
• पल्लवन करते समय अर्थों, भावों को एकसूत्र में बाँधना आवश्यक है।
• विस्तार प्रक्रिया अलग-अलग दृष्टिकोण से प्रस्तुत करनी चाहिए।
• पल्लवन में भावों-विचारों को अभिव्यक्त करने का उचित क्रम हो।
• वाक्य छोटे-छोटे हों जो अर्थ स्पष्ट करें।
• भाषा का सरल, स्पष्ट और मौलिक होना अनिवार्य है।
• पल्लवन में आलोचना तथा टीका-टिप्पणी के लिए स्थान नहीं होता।

पल्लवन Summary in Hindi

पल्लवन लेखक का परिचय

पल्लवन लेखक का नाम :
डॉ. दयानंद तिवारी। (जन्म 1 अक्तूबर 1962.)

पल्लवन प्रमुख कृतियाँ :
‘साहित्य का समाजशास्त्र’, ‘समकालीन हिंदी कहानी – विविध विमर्श’, ‘चित्रा मुद्गल के कथासाहित्य का समाजशास्त्र’, ‘हिंदी व्याकरण’, “हिंदी कहानी के विविध आयाम’ आदि। विशेषता समाजशास्त्री तथा प्रतिबद्ध साहित्यकार। महाविद्यालयीन समस्याओं के प्रति जागरूक। संप्रेषणीय एवं प्रभावोत्पादक भाषा। विधा : एकांकी। यह नाटक का एक प्रकार है।

पल्लवन विषय प्रवेश :
साहित्य शास्त्र में पल्लवन लेखन उत्तम साहित्यकार का लक्षण माना जाता है। पल्लवन अर्थात किसी लोकोक्ति, उद्धरण, सूक्ति आदि का विस्तृत वर्णन। प्रस्तुत पाठ में पल्लवन लेखन के विविध अंगों और नियमों को स्पष्ट करते हुए व्यावहारिक हिंदी के विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में उसकी उपयोगिता पर प्रकाश डाला गया है।

पल्लवन पाठ का सार

बारहवीं कक्षा की फाइनल परीक्षाएँ निकट हैं। हिंदी के अध्यापक विद्यार्थियों को पाठ्यक्रम का पुनरावलोकन करा रहे हैं। एक विद्यार्थिनी के पूछने पर वह पल्लवन के विषय में विस्तार से समझाते हैं।

पल्लवन का अर्थ है फैलाव या विस्तार। जब किसी शब्द, सूक्ति, उद्धरण, लोकोक्ति गद्य, काव्य पंक्ति आदि का अर्थ स्पष्ट करते हुए दृष्टांतों, उदाहरणों द्वारा उसका विस्तार किया जाता है, तो उसे पल्लवन कहा जाता है। विस्तार शब्द के कारण पल्लवन को निबंध नहीं समझा जाना चाहिए।

निबंध और पल्लवन में अंतर होता है। जहाँ निबंध में किसी विचार को विस्तार से लिखने के लिए कल्पना, प्रतिभा और मौलिकता का सहारा लिया जाता है, वहीं पल्लवन में विषय का विस्तार एक निश्चित सीमा के अंतर्गत ही किया जाता है। पल्लवन की कुछ विशेषताएँ और नियम होते हैं।

पल्लवन के लिए भाषा के ज्ञान के साथ-साथ विश्लेषण, संश्लेषण, तार्किक क्षमता, अभिव्यक्तिगत कौशल की आवश्यकता भी होती है। पल्लवन में भाव विस्तार के साथ चिंतन का भी स्थान होता है। प्रथम दृष्टि में किसी सूक्ति आदि का सामान्य अर्थ ही समझ आता है। परंतु जैसे-जैसे उस सूक्ति विशेष को ध्यानपूर्वक और बार-बार पढ़ते हैं, तो उसमें निहित गूढ अर्थ स्पष्ट होने लगता है।

पल्लवन की आवश्यकता पर प्रकाश डालते हुए अध्यापक स्पष्ट करते हैं कि वैज्ञानिक युग में पलने-बढ़ने के कारण आज की पीढ़ी लेखकों, कवियों, विचारकों आदि के मौलिक विचारों को समझने में अक्षम रहती है। ऐसे समय में पल्लवन हमारी सहायता करता है।

पल्लवन व्यक्तित्त्व निर्माण में महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है। शारीरिक विकास के साथ-साथ मनुष्य का बौद्धिक विकास भी आवश्यक होता है। पल्लवन का महत्त्व केवल शिक्षा तथा साहित्य में ही नहीं है, बल्कि उत्कृष्ट वक्ता, पत्रकार, प्रोफेसर, नेता, वकील आदि को भी इस कला का ज्ञान होना चाहिए।

इतना ही नहीं, कहानी लेखन, संवाद लेखन, विज्ञापन, समाचार, राजनीति के साथ-साथ अन्य अनेक व्यवसायों में भी पल्लवन का प्रयोग होता है।

पल्लवन की विशेषताओं को इस प्रकार लिखा जा सकता है:

• कल्पनाशीलता
• मौलिकता
• सर्जनात्मकता
• प्रवाहमयता
• भाषा-शैली
• शब्द चयन
• सहजता
• स्पष्टता
• क्रमबद्धता।

पल्लवन की दो शैलियाँ प्रचलित हैं –

1. इसमें प्रथम वाक्य से ही लेखक विषय पर आ जाता है। इसमें लंबी-चौड़ी भूमिका बनाने की आवश्यकता नहीं होती। प्रारंभ से ही रोचक, उत्सुकतापूर्ण शृंखला में बँधे वाक्य लिखे जाते हैं।
2. कुछ विद्वान मानते हैं कि प्रारंभ के दो-तीन वाक्यों में भूमिका बनानी चाहिए। फिर दस-बारह वाक्यों में विषय का विस्तार करे तथा अंत में दोतीन वाक्यों में समाप्ति करें।

पल्लवन की प्रक्रिया के निम्नलिखित सोपान हैं :

1. विषय को भली-भाँति पढ़ना, उसके भाव को समझना, उस पर ध्यान केंद्रित करना, अर्थ स्पष्ट होने पर एक बार पुनः विचार करना।
2. विषय की संक्षिप्त रूपरेखा बनाना, उसके पक्ष-विपक्ष में सोचना, फिर विपक्षी तर्कों को काटने के लिए तर्कसंगत विचार एकत्रित करना। उसके बाद असंगत विचारों को हटाकर तर्कसंगत विचारों को संयोजित करना।
3. शब्द सीमा के अनुसार सरल और स्पष्ट भाषा में पल्लवन करना। लिखित रूप को पुनः ध्यानपूर्वक पढ़ना। पल्लवन विस्तार में और सदैव अन्य पुरुष में लिखा जाता है। पल्लवन में लेखक के मनोभावों का ही विस्तार और विश्लेषण किया जाता है।

पल्लवन के बिंदु (पाठ्यपुस्तक पृष्ठ क्र. 84)

• पल्लवन में सूक्ति, उक्ति, पंक्ति या काव्यांश का विस्तार किया जाता है।
• पल्लवन के लिए दिए गए वाक्य सामान्य अर्थ वाले नहीं होते।
• पल्लवन में अन्य उक्ति का विस्तार नहीं जोड़ना चाहिए।
• क्लिष्ट शब्दों का प्रयोग न करें।
• पल्लवन करते समय अर्थों, भावों को एकसूत्र में बाँधना आवश्यक है।
• विस्तार प्रक्रिया अलग-अलग दृष्टिकोण से प्रस्तुत करनी चाहिए।
• पल्लवन में भावों-विचारों को अभिव्यक्त करने का उचित क्रम हो।
• वाक्य छोटे-छोटे हों जो अर्थ स्पष्ट करें।
• भाषा का सरल, स्पष्ट और मौलिक होना अनिवार्य है।
• पल्लवन में आलोचना तथा टीका-टिप्पणी के लिए स्थान नहीं होता।

पल्लवन

(1) नर हो, न निराश करो मन को।

मनुष्य संसार का सबसे अधिक गुणवान तथा बुद्धिशील प्राणी है। वह अपने बुद्धि कौशल तथा कल्पनाशीलता के बल पर एक से एक महान कार्य करता रहा है। शांति, सद्भाव, समानता की स्थापना के लिए मनुष्य सदैव प्रयासरत रहा, क्योंकि मनुष्य विधाता की सर्वोत्कृष्ट और सर्वाधिक गुणसंपन्न कृति है।

अतः उसे अपने जीवन में किसी भी परिस्थिति में निराश नहीं होना चाहिए। जीवन में सुख और दुख, लाभ और हानि, सफलता और असफलता उसी प्रकार हैं, जैसे सिक्के के दो पहलू। संसार में ऐसा कोई भी व्यक्ति नहीं है, जिसने अपने पूरे जीवन में कभी असफलता का मुँह न देखा हो।

हमें असफलताओं से घबराकर, हताश होकर नहीं बैठ जाना चाहिए। अगर मन ही पराजित हो गया तो वह इस धरा को स्वर्ग समान कैसे बना पाएगा। मनुष्य का विवेक, उसका मनोबल ही तो है, जो उसे हर समय कर्मरत रहने की, श्रेष्ठ से श्रेष्ठतर करने की प्रेरणा दिया करता है।

(2) अविवेक आपदाओं का घर है।

विवेक, बुद्धि और ज्ञान मानव की बौद्धिक संपदा है। मनुष्य जब कोई निर्णय लेता है तो उसे ऐसी विवेक शक्ति की आवश्यकता होती है, जो उसे उचित और अनुचित के बीच का भेद बता सके। बिना अच्छी तरह विचारे किए गए कार्य कष्टदायक होते हैं।

किसी भी मनुष्य की सफलता का श्रेय उसके विवेक को ही जाता है। किस समय कौन-सा निर्णय लिया गया, इस पर हमारा भविष्य बहुत कुछ निर्भर करता है। हमें सोच-विचारकर ही कोई कार्य करना चाहिए। बिना विचार किया गया कार्य पश्चाताप का कारण बनता है।

इसलिए हमें जो भी कहना है, उस पर मनन करें, चिंतन करें। जो कुछ भी कहें, उसे सोच-समझकर विवेक की कसौटी पर कसकर ही कहें। अविवेकी मनुष्य मूर्खतापूर्ण कार्य करता है और अपने जीवन को आपत्तियों से भर लेता है। अगर कोई हितैषी उसे आपत्तियों से बचाते हुए उचित मार्ग पर चलने की परामर्श भी देता है, तो वह हितैषी उसे परम शत्रु प्रतीत होता है।

(3) सेवा तीर्थयात्रा से बढ़कर है।

सेवा से बढ़कर कोई दूसरा धर्म नहीं है। इस तथ्य को सभी जानते हैं। लेकिन लोग सेवा को भूलकर तीर्थयात्रा के लिए यह सोचकर निकल पड़ते हैं कि उन्हें मोक्ष मिलेगा। लोग भूल जाते हैं कि सेवा का भाव ही संपूर्ण मानवता को चिरकाल तक सुरक्षित कर सकेगा।

सेवा समाज के प्रति कृतज्ञ लोगों का आभूषण है। मानव सेवा एवं प्राणिमात्र की सेवा संपूर्ण तीर्थयात्राओं का फल देने वाली होती है। ऐसे व्यक्ति हमारे आस-पास ही मिल जाते हैं, जिन्हें सेवा की आवश्यकता होती है। तीर्थयात्रा करने का फल कब मिलेगा, कैसा होगा? कोई नहीं जानता।

परंतु सेवा सदा शुभ फल ही देती है। ‘सेवा करे सो मेवा पाए।’ अतः हमें सेवा धर्म अपनाना चाहिए।

(4) जो तोको काँटा बुवै, ताहि बोइ तू फूल।

संसार का यह चलन है कि आपके शुभचिंतक कम मिलेंगे, अहित करने वाले या बुरा सोचने वाले अधिक। ऐसे लोगों के प्रति क्रोध की भावना होना स्वाभाविक है। साधारण मनुष्य यही करते भी हैं, परंतु अहित करने वाले का हित सोचना, काँटे बिछाने वाले के लिए फूल बिछाना, मारने वाले को क्षमा करना महान मानवीय गुण है। हमारी संस्कृति प्रारंभ से ही अहिंसा प्रधान रही है। सबके प्रति सद्भावना रखना एक प्रकार की साधना है।

प्रकृति भी हमें यही शिक्षा प्रदान करती है। वृक्ष पत्थर मारने वाले को फल देते हैं। सरसों निष्पीड़न करने वालों को तेल देती है। पत्थर पर घिसा जाने के बाद चंदन सुगंध और शीतलता देता है। जब ये पदार्थ निर्जीव होते हुए भी अपकार करने वालों का उपकार करते हैं तो मनुष्य को तो विधाता ने स्वभाव से ही परोपकारी बनाया है।

शत्रु को मित्र बनाने, विरोधियों का हृदय परिवर्तन करके उन्हें अनुकूल बनाने का यही सर्वोत्तम और स्थायी उपचार है कि हम उत्पीड़क को क्षमा करें। जो हमारा बुरा करता है, उसका भला करें। उसके मार्ग के कँटक दूर करके वहाँ फूल बिछा दें। भला करने वाला, फूल बिछाने वाला सदा लाभ में ही रहता है। काँटा बिछाने वाला स्वयं ही उसमें उलझकर घायल हो सकता है। अतः हमें अपकार करने वाले का भला करना चाहिए।

पल्लवन शब्दार्थ

आकलन	समझना।
अवलोकन	दर्शन।
शंका	भय।
व्याख्या	विवरण।
तात्पर्य	मतलब।
सहज	सरल।
आत्मसात	अपने अधीन करना।
प्रतिशब्द	पर्याय।
संक्षेपण	संक्षेप करने की क्रिया।
सूक्ति	सुंदर वाक्य।
उद्धरण	किसी लेख के अंश को दूसरे लेख में प्रयोग करना।
लोकोक्ति	लोगों द्वारा कही गयी उक्ति अर्थात कथन।
दृष्टांत	उदाहरण।
काल्पनिक	कल्पना से उत्पन्न।
सूक्ष्म	बहुत छोटा।
प्रतिभा	बुद्धि।
विश्लेषण	अलग करना।
संश्लेषण	मिलाना।
तार्किक क्षमता	तर्क करने की योग्यता।
अभिव्यक्तिगत कौशल	प्रकाशन की कला।
आख्याता	उपदेशक।
गरिमा	गौरव।
चिंतक	मनन करने वाला।
अनुभूति	अनुभव।
सम्यक	उचित।
मर्मस्पर्शी	हृदय को छूने वाला।
संदर्भ	विषय।
जिज्ञासा	उत्सुकता।
सराहनीय	प्रशंसा करने योग्य।
मौलिक	मूल संबंधी।
उत्कृष्ट	उत्तम।
उपयुक्त	उचित।
प्रवाहमयता	गति।
क्रमबद्धता	क्रम के अनुसार।
प्रवर्तन	कार्य आरंभ करना।
रोचकतापूर्ण	मनोहरता से पूर्ण।
प्रतिपादन	निश्चित किया हुआ।
उपसंहार	समाप्ति।
संक्षिप्त	थोड़ा।
सम्मत	उचित।
संयोजन	मिलाना, जोड़ना।
असंगत	अनुचित।
परोक्ष	जो सामने न हो।
अद्भुत	अनोखा।
सामर्थ्य	क्षमता।
सद्भाव	अच्छे भाव।
प्रयासरत	श्रम में लगा हुआ।
आंतरिक	भीतरी।
सर्वोत्कृष्ट	सबसे उत्तम।
सर्वाधिक	सबसे अधिक।
कृति	कार्य।
संकल्प	दृढ़ निश्चय, विकल्प।
मनोबल	मानसिक बल।
अविवेक	अज्ञान।
संपदा	संपत्ति।
कष्टदायक	कष्ट देने वाले।
कसौटी	जाँच।
परमो धर्म	सबसे बड़ा धर्म।
अवहेलना	तिरस्कार।
चिरकाल	दीर्घ काल।
सद्यफल	जिसका फल तुरंत मिल जाए।
दायिनी	देने वाली।
शुभचिंतक	हितैषी।
स्वाभाविक	प्राकृतिक।
प्रतिक्रिया	किसी क्रिया के परिणाम में क्रिया।
मैत्री भाव	मित्रता का भाव।
निष्पीड़न	निचोड़ना।
सर्वोत्तम	सबसे उत्तम।
उत्पीड़क	पीड़ा देने वाला।
अपकार	अहित।
निष्कंटक	बाधारहित।
रोचक	रुचि उत्पन्न करने वाला।
सविस्तार	विस्तार के साथ।
पुनरावलोकन	फिर से अच्छी तरह देखना।
आशंका	भय।

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Hindi Yuvakbharati 12th Digest Chapter 13 कनुप्रिया Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Hindi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 13 कनुप्रिया

12th Hindi Guide Chapter 13 कनुप्रिया Textbook Questions and Answers

कृति-स्वाध्याय एवं उत्तर

आकलन

प्रश्न 1.
(अ) कृति पूर्ण कीजिए :

(a) कनुप्रिया की तन्मयता के गहरे क्षण सिर्फ – ………………………………………………
उत्तर :
कनुप्रिया की तन्मयता के गहरे क्षण सिर्फ –

• भावावेश थे।
• सुकोमल कल्पनाएँ थीं।
• रँगे हुए अर्थहीन शब्द थे।
• आकर्षक शब्द थे।

(b) कनुप्रिया के अनुसार यही युद्ध का सत्य स्वरूप है – ………………………………………………
उत्तर :

• टूटे रथ, जर्जर पताकाएँ।
• हारी हुई सेनाएँ, जीती हुई सेनाएँ।
• नभ को कँपाते हुए युद्ध घोष, क्रंदन-स्वर।
• भागे हुए सैनिकों से सुनी हुई अकल्पनीय, अमानुषिक घटनाएँ।

प्रश्न 2.
कनुप्रिया के लिए वे अर्थहीन शब्द जो गली-गली सुनाई देते हैं – ………………………………………………
उत्तर :
कनुप्रिया के लिए वे अर्थहीन शब्द जो गली-गली सुनाई देते हैं – कर्म, स्वधर्म, निर्णय, दायित्व।

(आ) कारण लिखिए :

(a) कनुप्रिया के मन में मोह उत्पन्न हो गया है।
उत्तर :
कनुप्रिया के मन में मोह उत्पन्न हो गया है – (कनुप्रिया कल्पना करती है कि वह अर्जुन की जगह है।) क्योंकि कनु के द्वारा समझाया जाना उसे बहुत अच्छा लगता है।

(b) आम की डाल सदा-सदा के लिए काट दी जाएगी।
उत्तर :
आम्रवृक्ष की डाल सदा-सदा के लिए काट दी जाएगी – क्योंकि कृष्ण के सेनापतियों के वायुवेग से दौड़ने वाले रथों की ऊँची-ऊँची गगनचुंबी ध्वजाओं में यह नीची डाल अटकती हैं।

अभिव्यक्ति

प्रश्न 3.
(अ) ‘व्यक्ति को कर्मप्रधान होना चाहिए’, इस विषय पर अपना मत लिखिए।
उत्तर :
संसार में दो तरह के लोग होते हैं। एक कर्म करने वाले लोग और दूसरे भाग्य के भरोसे बैठे रहने वाले लोग। बड़े-बड़े महापुरुष, वैज्ञानिक, उद्योगपति, शिक्षाविद, देश के कर्णधार तथा बड़े-बड़े अधिकारी अपने कार्यों के बल पर ही महान कहलाए। कर्म करने वाले व्यक्ति ही अपने परिश्रम के फल की उम्मीद कर सकते हैं। हाथ पर हाथ रखकर भगवान के भरोसे बैठे रहने वालों का कोई काम पूरा नहीं होता।

निष्क्रिय बैठे रहने वाले लोग भूल जाते हैं कि भाग्य भी संचित कर्मों का फल ही होता है। किसान को अपने खेत में काम करने के बाद ही अन्न की प्राप्ति होती है। व्यापारी को बौद्धिक श्रम करने के बाद ही व्यवसाय में लाभ होता है। कहा भी गया है कि ‘कर्म प्रधान विश्व करि राखा। जो जस करे सो तस फल चाखा।’ इस प्रकार कर्म सफलता की ओर ले जाने वाला मार्ग है।

(आ) ‘वृक्ष की उपयोगिता’, इस विषय पर अपने विचार लिखिए।
उत्तर :
वृक्ष मनुष्यों के पुराने साथी रहे हैं। प्राचीन काल में जब मनुष्य जंगलों में रहा करता था, तब वह अपनी सुरक्षा के लिए पेड़ों पर अपना घर बनाता था। पेड़ों से प्राप्त फल-फूल और जड़ों पर उसका जीवन आधारित था। पेड़ों की छाया धूप और वर्षा से उसकी मदद करती है। पेड़ों की हरियाली मनुष्य का मन प्रसन्न करती है। अब भी मनुष्य जहाँ रहता है, अपने आसपास फलदार और छायादार वृक्ष लगाता है।

वृक्ष मनुष्य के लिए बहुत उपयोगी होते हैं। अनेक औषधीय वृक्षों से मनुष्यों को औषधियाँ मिलती हैं। वृक्ष वातावरण से कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड सोखते हैं और ऑक्सीजन छोड़ते हैं, जिससे हमें साँस लेने के लिए शुद्ध वायु मिलती है। पेड़ों का सबसे बड़ा फायदा वर्षा कराने में होता है। जहाँ पेड़ों की बहुतायत होती है, वहाँ अच्छी वर्षा होती है। पेड़ों से ही फर्नीचर बनाने वाली तथा इमारती लकड़ियाँ मिलती हैं। इस तरह पेड़ हमारे लिए हर दृष्टि से उपयोगी होते हैं।

पाठ पर आधारित लघूत्तरी प्रश्न

प्रश्न 4.
(अ) ‘कवि ने राधा के माध्यम से आधुनिक मानव की व्यथा को शब्दबद्ध किया है, इस कथन को स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर :
‘कनुप्रिया’ काव्य में राधा अपने प्रियतम कृष्ण के ‘महाभारत’ युद्ध के महानायक के रूप में अपने से दूर चले जाने से व्यथित है। वह इस बात को लेकर तरह-तरह की कल्पनाएँ करती है। कभी अपनी व्यथा व्यक्त करती है, तो कभी अपने प्रिय की उपलब्धि पर गर्व करके संतोष कर लेती है।

यह व्यथा केवल राधा की ही नहीं है। उन परिवारों के मातापिता की भी है, जिनके बेटे अपने परिवारों के साथ नौकरी व्यवसाय के सिलसिले में अपनी गृहस्थी के प्रति अपना दायित्व निभाने के लिए अपने माता-पिता से दूर रहते हैं। उनसे विछोह की व्यथा उन्हें भोगनी पड़ती है। भोले माता-पिता को लाख माथापच्ची करने पर भी समझ में यह नहीं आता कि सालों-साल तक उनके बेटे माता-पिता को आखिर दर्शन क्यों नहीं देते हैं।

पर वहीं उनको यह संतोष और गर्व भी होता है कि उनका बेटा वहाँ बड़े पद पर है, जो उसे उनके साथ रहने पर नसीब नहीं होता। इसी तरह किसी एहसान फरामोश के प्रति एहसान करने वाले व्यक्ति के मन में उत्पन्न होने वाली भावनाओं में भी राधा के माध्यम से आधुनिक मानव की व्यथा व्यक्त होती है।

(आ) राधा की दृष्टि से जीवन की सार्थकता बताइए।
उत्तर :
राधा के लिए जीवन में प्यार सर्वोपरि है। वह वैरभाव अथवा युद्ध को निरर्थक मानती है। कृष्ण के प्रति राधा का प्यार निश्छल और निर्मल है। राधा ने सहज जीवन जीया है और उसने चरम तन्मयता के क्षणों में डूबकर जीवन की सार्थकता पाई है। अतः वह जीवन की समस्त घटनाओं और व्यक्तियों को केवल प्यार की कसौटी पर ही कसती है। वह तन्मयता के क्षणों में अपने सखा कृष्ण की सभी लीलाओं का अनुमान करती है।

वह केवल प्यार को सार्थक तथा अन्य सभी बातों को निरर्थक मानती है। महाभारत के युद्ध के महानायक कृष्ण को संबोधित करते हुए वह कहती है कि मैं तो तुम्हारी वही बावरी सखी हूँ, तुम्हारी मित्र हूँ। मैंने तुमसे सदा स्नेह ही पाया है और मैं स्नेह की ही भाषा समझती हूँ।

राधा कृष्ण के कर्म, स्वधर्म, निर्णय तथा दायित्व जैसे शब्दों को । सुनकर कुछ नहीं समझ पाती। वह राह में रुक कर कृष्ण के अधरों की कल्पना करती है… जिन अधरों से उन्होंने प्रणय के शब्द पहली बार उससे कहे थे। उसे इन शब्दों में केवल अपना ही राधन्… राधन्… राधन्… नाम सुनाई देता है।

इस प्रकार राधा की दृष्टि से जीवन की सार्थकता प्रेम की पराकाष्ठा में है। उसके लिए इसे त्याग कर किसी अन्य का अवलंबन करना नितांत निरर्थक है।

रसास्वादन

प्रश्न 5.
‘कनुप्रिया’ काव्य का रसास्वादन कीजिए।
उत्तर :
(1) रचना का शीर्षक : कनुप्रिया। (विशेष अध्ययन के लिए)
(2) रचनाकार : डॉ. धर्मवीर भारती।
(3) कविता की केंद्रीय कल्पना : इस कविता में राधा और कृष्ण के तन्मयता के क्षणों के परिप्रेक्ष्य में कृष्ण को महाभारत युद्ध के महानायक के रूप में तौला गया है। राधा कृष्ण के वर्तमान रूप से चकित है। वह उनके नायकत्व रूप से अपरिचित है। उसे तो कृष्ण अपनी तन्मयता के क्षणों में केवल प्रणय की बातें करते दिखाई देते हैं।
(4) रस-अलंकार :
(5) प्रतीक विधान : राधा कनु को संबोधित करते हुए कहती है कि मेरे प्रेम को तुमने साध्य न मानकर साधन माना है। इस लीला क्षेत्र से युद्ध क्षेत्र तक की दूरी तटा करने के लिए तुमने मुझे ही सेतु बना दिया। यहाँ लीला क्षेत्र और युद्ध क्षेत्र को जोड़ने के लिए सेतु जैसे प्रतीक का प्रयोग किया गया है।
(6) कल्पना : प्रस्तुत काव्य-रचना में राधा और कृष्ण के प्रेम
और महाभारत के युद्ध में कृष्ण की भूमिका को अवचेतन मन वाली राधा के दृष्टिकोण से चित्रित किया गया है।
(7) पसंद की पंक्तियाँ तथा प्रभाव : दुख क्यों करती है पगली, क्या हुआ जो/कनु के वर्तमान अपने/तेरे उन तन्मय क्षणों की कथा से/ अनभिज्ञ हैं/उदास क्यों होती है नासमझ/कि इस भीड़भाड़ में/ है तू और तेरा प्यार नितांत अपरिवर्तित/छूट गए हैं। गर्व कर बावरी/कौन है जिसके महान प्रिय की/अठारह अक्षौहिणी सेनाएँ हों? इन पंक्तियों में राधा को अवचेतन मन वाली राधा सांत्वना है देती है।

(8) कविता पसंद आने का कारण : कवि ने इन पंक्तियों में राधा के अवचेतन मन में बैठी राधा के द्वारा चेतनावस्था में स्थित राधा को यह सांत्वना दिलाई है कि यदि कृष्ण युद्ध की हड़बड़ाहट में तुमसे और तुम्हारे प्यार से अपरिचित होकर तुमसे दूर चले गए हैं तो तुम्हें उदास नहीं होना चाहिए।

तुम्हें तो इस बात पर गर्व होना चाहिए। क्योंकि किसके महान है प्रेमी के पास अठारह अक्षौहिणी सेनाएँ हैं। केवल तुम्हारे प्रेमी के पास ही न।

Hindi Yuvakbharati 12th Digest Chapter 13 कनुप्रिया Additional Important Questions and Answers

कृतिपत्रिका के प्रश्न 3 (अ) के लिए
पद्यांश क्र. 1
प्रश्न. निम्नलिखितपद्यांशपढ़कर दी गई सूचनाओं के अनुसार कृतियाँ कीजिए :

कृति 1 : (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.
आकृति पूर्ण कीजिए :

उत्तर :

प्रश्न 2.
उत्तर लिखिए :
ऐसा है राधा का सेतु जिस्म –
(1) …………………………………….
(2) …………………………………….
(3) …………………………………….
(4) …………………………………….
उत्तर :
ऐसा है राधा का सेतु जिस्म –
(1) सोने के पतले गुंथे तारों वाले पुल-सा
(2) निर्जन
(3) निरर्थक
(4) काँपता-सा।

कृति 2 : (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.
उत्तर : लिखिए :
(1) पद्यांश में प्रयुक्त एक सुंदर वृक्ष का नाम – …………………………………….
(2) सैनिकों की गणना करने के काम आने वाला शब्द – …………………………………….
(3) इन्हें पथ से अलग हटकर खड़ी होने की सलाह – …………………………………….
(4) आकाश ऐसा था – …………………………………….
उत्तर :
(1) कदंब।
(2) अक्षौहिणी।
(3) राधा को।
(4) धूल भरा।

प्रश्न 2.
आकृति पूर्ण कीजिए :

उत्तर :

पद्यांश क्र. 2
प्रश्न. निम्नलिखितपद्यांश पढ़कर दी गई सूचनाओं के अनुसार कृतियाँ कीजिए :

कृति 1 : (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.
कारण लिखिए :
आज राधा उस पथ से दूर हट जाए – ……………………………………………
उत्तर :
आज राधा उस पथ से दूर हट जाए – क्योंकि आज उस पथ से द्वारिका की युद्धोन्मत्त सेनाएँ गुजर रही हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
आकृति पूर्ण कीजिए:

उत्तर :

कृति 2 : (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.
उत्तर लिखिए :
(1) कनु सबसे ज्यादा इसका है – …………………………………………
(2) राधा इसके रोम-रोम से परिचित है – …………………………………………
(3) अगणित सैनिक इसके हैं – …………………………………………
(4) राधा को ये बिलकुल नहीं पहचानते – …………………………………………
उत्तर :
(1) राधा का।
(2) कनु (कृष्ण) के।
(3) कनु (कृष्ण) के।
(4) कनु (कृष्ण) के सैनिक।

कृति 3 : (अभिव्यक्ति)

प्रश्न 1.
‘धार्मिक दृष्टि से पवित्र माने जाने वाले वृक्ष’ विषय पर 40 से 50 शब्दों में अपने विचार लिखिए।
उत्तर :
यों तो हर प्रकार के वृक्ष मनुष्य के काम आते हैं, पर कुछ वृक्ष ऐसे होते है, जिन्हें धार्मिक दृष्टि से पवित्र माना जाता है। उनमें से कुछ वृक्षों की पूजा-अर्चना की जाती है और कुछ वृक्षों की पत्तियों का उपयोग धार्मिक कार्यों के लिए किया जाता है। पीपल और नीम के वृक्षों में क्रमशः भगवान शंकर और देवी जी का बास मानकर इन वृक्षों में श्रद्धालु जल छोड़ते हैं। वट पूर्णिमा को सुहागन स्त्रियाँ पति के दीर्घायु के लिए वट वृक्ष की पूजा करती हैं।

अशोक की पत्तियों का शुभ अवसर पर तोरण बनाकर मंडपों आदि को सजाया जाता है। आम का वृक्ष तो शुभ माना ही जाता है। पूजा में कलश पर रखने के लिए आम की पल्लव अनिवार्य होती है। आम की पत्तियाँ तोरण बनाने के काम में आती हैं। इसके अलावा आम की लकड़ी हवन के काम भी आती है।

छोटे पौधों में तुलसी पवित्र मानी जाती है। पूजा में तुलसी- पत्र और पान की पत्तियों का उपयोग भी आवश्यक होता है।

इसी तरह नारियल के वृक्ष को भी पवित्र माना जाता है। नारियल और सुपारी के बिना कोई महत्त्वपूर्ण धार्मिक कार्य संपन्न नहीं होता। इस तरह धार्मिक दृष्टि से पवित्र माने जाने वाले वृक्षों का बहुत महत्त्व है।

पद्यांश क्र. 3
प्रश्न. निम्नलिखित पद्यांशपढ़कर दी गई सूचनाओं के अनुसार कृतियाँ कीजिए :

कृति 1 : (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.
उत्तर : लिखिए :
(1) कनुप्रिया (राधा) को उदास नहीं होना चाहिए – ……………………………………..
(2) कनुप्रिया (राधा) को गर्व करना चाहिए – ……………………………………..
उत्तर :
(1) कनुप्रिया (राधा) को उदास नहीं होना चाहिए – कि भीड़भाड़ में वह और उसका प्यार नितांत अपरिचित छूट गए हैं।
(2) कनुप्रिया (राधा) को गर्व करना चाहिए – कि उसके प्रिय के अठारह अक्षौहिणी सेनाएँ हैं।

कृति 2 : (आकलन)

प्रश्न 2.
कनु (कृष्ण) के अनुसार युद्ध सत्य –
उत्तर :
कनु (कृष्ण) के अनुसार युद्ध सत्य –

• पाप-पुण्य
• धर्म-अधर्म
• न्याय-दंड
• क्षमाशीलता।

कृति 3 : (अभिव्यक्ति)

प्रश्न 1.
‘प्राचीन काल एवं आधुनिक काल की सेनाओं के बारे में 40 से 50 शब्दों में अपने विचार व्यक्त कीजिए।
उत्तर :
प्राचीन काल में आज की तरह तकनीकी विकास नहीं हुआ था। इसलिए सेनाओं के पास आज की तरह द्रुत गति से मारक और विनाशक अस्त्र-शस्त्र नहीं थे। प्राचीन काल की सेनाएँ पैदल सैनिकों पर आधारित होती थीं। उनमें पैदल सेना, अश्व सेना, गज सेना आदि प्रमुख थीं। राजा और सामंत लड़ाई के समय रथों का प्रयोग करते थे। सेनाओं के पास धनुष-बाण, भाले, तलवारें, कटार-बी तथा गदा जैसे हथियार होते थे।

लड़ाइयाँ अधिकतर आमने-सामने होती थीं। इसलिए सैनिकों की संख्या बहुत अधिक होती थी। आज की सेनाएँ आधुनिक हथियारों से लैस होती हैं। ये थल सेना, जल सेना तथा वायु सेना में बँटी होती हैं। इनके पास अत्यधिक तेज गति से मार करने वाले हथियार होते हैं। थल सेना के पास आधुनिक राइफलें, विकसित तकनीक वाले दूर-दूर तक मार करने वाले टैंक, गोला-बारूद, हजारों मील दूर तक मार करने वाली मिसाइलें होती हैं।

वायु सेना के पास आवाज की गति से तेज चलने वाले फाइटर विमान, तरह-तरह के संहारक बम तथा जल सेना के पास अनेक युद्धक जहाजें तथा पनडुब्बियाँ होती हैं, जो क्षण भर में भारी विनाश कर सकती हैं। इस तरह प्राचीन काल की सेनाओं और आधुनिक काल की सेनाओं में जमीन-आसमान का अंतर हैं।

पढ्यांश क्र. 4
प्रश्न. निम्नलिखित पद्यांश पढ़कर दी गई सूचनाओं के अनुसार कृतियाँ कीजिए :

कृति 1 : (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.

उत्तर :

कृति 2 : (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.
कृति पूर्ण कीजिए :
(1) कनुप्रिया कनु से इनकी तरह सब कुछ समझना चाहती है सार्थकता – ………………………………
(2) कनुप्रिया की तन्मयता के गहरे क्षण – ………………………………
(3) कनुप्रिया के लिए वे सारे शब्द तब अर्थहीन हैं – ………………………………
उत्तर :
(1) कनुप्रिया कनु से इनकी तरह सब कुछ समझना चाहती है सार्थकता – अर्जुन की तरह।
(2) कनुप्रिया की तन्मयता के गहरे क्षण – रँगे हुए अर्थहीन आकर्षक शब्द।
(3) कनुप्रिया के लिए वे सारे शब्द तब अर्थहीन हैं – जब वे कनु के काँपते अधरों से नहीं निकलते।

कृति 3 : (अभिव्यक्ति)

प्रश्न 1.
‘युद्ध विनाश एवं शांति विकास का कारण होता है’ इस विषय पर 40 से 50 शब्दों में अपने विचार लिखिए।
उत्तर :
युद्ध कोई नहीं चाहता, क्योंकि युद्ध का परिणाम बहुत भयानक होता है। लेकिन कभी-कभी स्थितियाँ ऐसी हो जाती हैं कि न चाहकर भी युद्ध करना पड़ता है। युद्ध में दोनों पक्षों की भारी क्षति होती है। अनेक सैनिक मारे जाते हैं, जिनके कारण अनेक और अस्त्र-शस्त्रों की व्यवस्था करने में भारी आर्थिक क्षति होती है। विकास कार्यों में लगने वाला धन युद्ध के खर्च में लग जाता है। इससे देश का आर्थिक ढाँचा चरमरा जाता है।

युद्ध का परिणाम आने वाली पीढ़ियों को वर्षों तक भोगना पड़ता है। किसी देश के लिए शांति का समय विकास का समय होता है। इससे युद्ध पर होने वाले अनावश्यक खर्च से बचत होती है। देश का धन विकास कार्यों पर खर्च होता है। इसका लाभ देश की जनता को मिलता है।

इससे शासक वर्ग और शासित जनता दोनों खुशहाल होते हैं। रोजगार के अवसर प्राप्त होते हैं और लोग संपन्न बनते हैं। युद्ध और शांति एक-दूसरे के विरोधी हैं। इस तरह युद्ध से विनाश और शांति से विकास होता है।

पद्यांश क्र. 5
प्रश्न. निम्नलिखित पद्यांश पढ़कर दी गई सूचनाओं के अनुसार कृतियाँ कीजिए :

कृति 1 : (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.
कारण लिखिए :
कन का तेज कनुप्रिया के मूर्च्छित संवेदन को धधका रहा है – ………………………………………..
उत्तर :
कनु का तेज कनुप्रिया के मूर्च्छित संवेदन को धधका रहा है – क्योंकि वह कनु को अपलक देख रही है और उनके हर शब्द को वह अँजुरी बनाकर बूंद-बूंद उन्हें पी रही है।

प्रश्न 2.
आकृति पूर्ण कीजिए :

उत्तर :

कृति 2 : (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.
उत्तर लिखिए :
(1) कनु के फूलों की तरह झरते हुए शब्द कनुप्रिया को इस तरह सुनाई पड़ते हैं – ………………………………………..
(2) कनुप्रिया के लिए कनु के सभी शब्दों के केवल एक अर्थ – ………………………………………..
उत्तर :
(1) राधन्, राधन्, राधन्।
(2) मैं … मैं … मैं …।

प्रश्न 2.
कृति पूर्ण कीजिए : जब कनु राधा को समझाते हैं, तो उसे यह लगता है –
(1) ………………………………………..
(2) ………………………………………..
(3) ………………………………………..
(4) ………………………………………..
उत्तर :
(1) जैसे युद्ध रुक गया है।
(2) जैसे सेनाएँ स्तब्ध खड़ी रह गई हैं।
(3) जैसे इतिहास की गति रुक गई है।
(4) समझाया जाना उसे (राधा को) अच्छा लगता है।

रसास्वादन अर्थ के आधार पर

प्रश्न 1.
‘कनुप्रिया में लेखक ने राधा के मन की व्यथा का सुंदर चित्रण किया है’ इस कथन के आधार पर कविता का रसास्वादन कीजिए।
उत्तर :
डॉ. धर्मवीर भारती लिखित काव्य ‘कनुप्रिया’ आधुनिक मूल्यों वाला नया काव्य है। महाभारत की पृष्ठभूमि पर लिखी गई इस कृति में कनुप्रिया यानी राधा के मानसिक संघर्ष के प्रसंग व्यक्त हुए हैं। कवि ने राधा के माध्यम से कृष्ण को संबोधित करते हुए उनसे कई प्रश्न पुछवाए और उनके जवाब भी राधा से दिलवाए हैं। इस काव्य में कई प्रसंग बहुत सुंदर ढंग से पिरोए गए हैं।

अवचेतन मन में बैठी राधा चेतनास्थित राधा से कहती है कि ‘वह आम्र की डाल जिसका सहारा लेकर कृष्ण वंशी बजाया करते थे अब काट डाली जाएगी, क्योंकि वह कृष्ण के सेनापतियों के रथों की ध्वजाओं में अटकती है।’ या ‘चारों दिशाओं से, उत्तर को उड़-उड़ कर जाते हुए, गिद्धों को क्या तुम बुलाते हो (जैसे बुलाते थे भटकी हुई गायों को)’। इन पंक्तियों में कवि ने राधा के अपने मन की व्यथा व्यक्त की है।

कवि ने नई कविता के मुक्त छंदों में सीधे-सादे सरल शब्दों में राधा के मन की बात कही है। प्रस्तुत कविता में प्रसाद गुण की प्रमुखता है और समूचे काव्य में अतुकांत छंदों का प्रयोग किया गया है, जो नई कविता की अपनी विशेषता है।

कनुप्रिया Summary in Hindi

कनुप्रिया कवि का परिचय

कनुप्रिया कवि का नाम :
डॉ. धर्मवीर भारती। (जन्म 25 दिसंबर, 1926; निधन 4 सितंबर, 1997.)

कनुप्रिया प्रमुख कृतियाँ :
गुनाहों का देवता, सूरज का सातवाँ घोड़ा (उपन्यास); सात गीत वर्ष, ठंडा लोहा, कनुप्रिया (कविता संग्रह), मुर्दो का गाँव, चाँद और टूटे हुए लोग, ऑस्कर वाइल्ड की कहानियाँ, बंद गली का आखिरी मकान (कहानी संग्रह), नदी प्यासी थी (एकांकी), अंधा युग, सृष्टि का आखिरी आदमी (काव्य नाटक), सिद्ध साहित्य (साहित्यिक समीक्षा), एक समीक्षा, मानव मूल्य और साहित्य, कहानी अकहानी, पश्यंती (निबंध) आदि।

कनुप्रिया विशेषता :
आधुनिक काल के रचनाकारों में डॉ. धर्मवीर भारती मूर्धन्य साहित्यकार के रूप में प्रतिष्ठित हैं। ‘कनुप्रिया’ आपकी अनोखी और अद्भुत कृति है। डॉ. धीरेंद्र वर्मा के निर्देशन में सिद्ध साहित्य’ पर शोध प्रबंध, जिसका हिंदी साहित्य अनुसंधान के इतिहास में विशेष स्थान है। टाइम्स ऑफ इंडिया पब्लिकेशन के प्रकाशन ‘धर्मयुग’ के वर्षों तक संपादक। आपको पद्मश्री, व्यास सम्मान तथा कई अन्य राष्ट्रीय पुरस्कारों से अलंकृत किया गया है।

कनुप्रिया विधा :
पद्य (नई कविता)।

कनुप्रिया विषय प्रवेश :
‘कनुप्रिया’ राधा और कृष्ण के प्रेम और महाभारत की कथा से संबंधित कृति है। कृति में बताया गया है कि प्रेम सर्वोपरि है और युद्ध का अवलंब करना निरर्थक है। राधा कृष्ण से महाभारत युद्ध को लेकर कई प्रश्न पूछती है। महाभारत युद्ध में हुई जीत-हार, कृष्ण की भूमिका, युद्ध का उद्देश्य, युद्ध की भयावहता, सैन्य संहार आदि बातों से संबंधित राधा का कृष्ण से हुआ तर्कसंगत संवाद इस काव्य में चार चाँद लगा देता है।

कनुप्रिया कविता का सरल अर्थ

सेतु : मैं

राधा कहती है, “हे कनु (कृष्ण) नीचे की घाटी से ऊपर के शिखरों पर जिसे जाना था, वह चला गया। (लेकिन बलि मेरी ही चढ़ी) मेरे ही सिर पर पैर रख मेरी बाहों से इतिहास तुम्हें ले गया।” हे कनु, इस लीला क्षेत्र से उठकर युद्ध क्षेत्र तक की अलंघ्य दूरी तय करने के लिए क्या तुमने मुझे ही सेतु बना दिया?

अब इन शिखरों और मृत्यु-घाटियों के बीच बने इस सोने के पतले और गुंथे हुए तारों से बने पुल की तरह मेरा यह सेतु-रूपी शरीर काँपता हुआ निर्जन और निरर्थक रह गया है। जिसे जाना था वह चला गया।

अमंगल छाया

अवचेतन मन में बैठी हुई राधा अपने चेतन मन वाली राधा को संबोधित करते हुए कहती है, हे राधा! यमुना के घाट से ऊपर आते समय कदंब के पेड़ के नीचे खड़े कनु को देवता समझकर प्रणाम करने के लिए तुम जिस मार्ग से लौटती थी, हे बावरी! आज तुम उस मार्ग से होकर मत लौटना।

ये उजड़े हुए कुंज, रौंदी हुई लताएँ, आकाश में छाई हुई धूल, क्या तुम्हें यह आभास नहीं दे रहे हैं कि आज उस मार्ग से कृष्ण की अठारह अक्षौहिणी सेनाएँ युद्ध में भाग लेने जा रही हैं!

हे बावरी! आज तू उस मार्ग से दूर हटकर खड़ी हो जा। लताकुंज की ओट में अपने घायल प्यार को छुपा ले। क्योंकि आज इस गाँव से द्वारिका की उन्मत्त सेनाएँ युद्ध के लिए जा रही हैं।

हे राधा! मैं मानती हूँ कि कन्हैया सबसे अधिक तुम्हारा अपना है। मैं मानती हूँ कि तुम कृष्ण के रोम-रोम से परिचित हो। मैं मानती हूँ कि ये असंख्य सैनिक तुम्हारे उसके (कन्हैया के) हैं, पर तू यह जान ले कि ये सैनिक तुझे बिलकुल नहीं पहचानते हैं। इसलिए हे बावरी! इस मार्ग से दूर हट जा।

यह आम की डाल तुम्हारे कन्हैया की अत्यंत प्रिय थी। जब तक तू (यहाँ) नहीं आती थी, सारी शाम कन्हैया इस डाल पर टिककर बंशी में तेरा नाम भर-भरकर तुम्हें टेरा करता था।

आज यह आम की डाल सदा-सदा के लिए काट दी जाएगी। इसका कारण यह है कि कृष्ण के सेनापतियों के तेज गति वाले रथों की ऊँची-ऊँची पताकाओं में यह डाल उलझती है… अटकती है। इतना ही नहीं, रास्ते के किनारे यह छायादार पवित्र अशोक का पेड़ भी आज टुकड़े-टुकड़े कर दिया जा सकता है। अगर इस गाँव के लोग सेनाओं के स्वागत में (इस वृक्ष की पत्तियों के) तोरण नहीं बनाएँगे, तो शायद यह गाँव उजाड़ दिया जाएगा।

अरे पगली! दुखी क्यों होती है। क्या हुआ, यदि आज के कृष्ण तुम्हारे साथ पहले बिताए हुए तन्मयता के गहरे क्षणों को भूल चुक हैं।

हे राधे! तू उदास क्यों होती है कि इस भीड़भाड़ में तुम्हें और तुम्हारे प्यार को पहचानने वाला कोई नहीं है।

राधे, तुम्हें तो गर्व होना चाहिए। क्योंकि किसके महान प्रेमी के पास अठारह अक्षौहिणी सेनाएँ हैं। (केवल तुम्हारे ही प्रेमी के पास न!)

एक प्रश्न

राधा अपने कनु (कृष्ण) को संबोधित करते हुए कहती है कि मेरे महान कनु, मान लो… क्षणभर के लिए मैं इस बात को स्वीकार कर लूँ कि मेरे वे तन्मयता वाले सारे गहरे क्षण केवल मेरे भावावेश थे… मेरी कोमल कल्पनाएँ थीं… केवल बनावटी, निरर्थक और आकर्षक शब्द थे।

मान लो, एक क्षण के लिए मैं यह स्वीकार कर लूँ कि तुम्हारा महाभारत का यह युद्ध पाप-पुण्य, धर्म-अधर्म, न्याय-दंड तथा क्षमा-शील वाला है। इसलिए इस युद्ध का होना इस युग की सच्चाई है। फिर भी कनु, मैं क्या करूँ? मैं तो वही तुम्हारी बावरी मित्र हूँ।

मुझे तो केवल उतना ही ज्ञान मिला है, जितना तुमने मुझे दिया है। तुम्हारे दिए हुए समस्त ज्ञान को समेट कर भी मैं तुम्हारे इतिहास, तुम्हारे उदात्त और महान कार्यों को समझ नहीं पाई हूँ।

कनु, अपनी यमुना नदी, जिसमें मैं अपने आप को घंटों निहारा करती थी, अब उसमें हथियारों से लदी हुई असंख्य नौकाएँ रोज-रोज न जाने कहाँ जाती हैं? नदी की धारा में बह-बह कर आने वाले टूटे हुए रथ और फटी हुई पताकाएँ किसकी हैं?

हे कनु, युद्ध क्षेत्र से हारी हुई सेनाएँ, जीती हुई सेनाएँ, गगनभेदी युद्ध घोष, विलाप के स्वर और युद्ध क्षेत्र से भागे हुए सैनिकों के मुँह से सुनी हुई युद्ध की अकल्पनीय और अमानवीय घटनाएँ, … क्या यह सब सार्थक है? गिद्ध जो चारों दिशाओं से उड़-उड़ कर उत्तर : दिशा की ओर जा रहे हैं, हे कनु, क्या इन्हें तुम बुलाते हो? (जैसे तुम भटकी हुई गायों को बुलाते थे।)

हे कनु, मैंने अब तक तुमसे जितनी समझ पाई है, उस समझ को बटोर कर भी मैं यह जान पाई हूँ कि और भी बहुत कुछ है तुम्हारे पास, जिसका कोई भी अर्थ मेरी समझ में नहीं आता।

हे कनु, जिस तरह तुमने युद्ध क्षेत्र में अर्जुन को युद्ध का प्रयोजन और उसकी सार्थकता समझाई थी, वैसे मुझे भी समझा दो कि सार्थकता क्या है? राधा कहती है कि मान लो कि मेरी तन्मयता के गहरे क्षण रंगे हुए, अर्थहीन परंतु आकर्षक शब्द थे, तो तुम्हारी दृष्टि से सार्थक क्या है? इस सार्थकता को तुम मुझे कैसे समझाओगे?

शब्द – अर्थहीन

…शब्द, शब्द, शब्द! राधा कहती है, मेरे लिए इन शब्दों की कोई कीमत नहीं है। हे कनु, जो शब्द मेरे पास बैठकर तुम्हारे काँपते हुए होठों से नहीं निकलते वे सभी शब्द मेरे लिए अर्थहीन हैं, निरर्थक हैं। वह कहती हैं कि कर्म, स्वधर्म, निर्णय और दायित्व जैसे शब्द मैंने भी गली-गली में सुने हैं। अर्जुन ने इन शब्दों में भले ही कुछ पाया हो, हे कनु! इन शब्दों को सुनकर मैं कुछ भी नहीं पायी। मैं रास्ते में ठहरकर तुम्हारे उन होठों की कल्पना करती हूँ । जिन होठों से तुमने प्रणय के शब्द पहली बार कहे होंगे।

मैं कल्पना करती हूँ कि अर्जुन की जगह मैं हूँ और मेरे मन में मोह उत्पन्न हो गया है। मुझे कुछ पता नहीं है, युद्ध कौन-सा है और मैं किसके पक्ष में हूँ। मुझे कुछ पता नहीं कि समस्या क्या है और लड़ाई किस बात की है। लेकिन मेरे मन में मोह उत्पन्न हो गया है। क्योंकि तुम्हारा समझाना मुझे बहुत अच्छा लगता है। जब तुम मुझे समझा रहे हो तो सेनाएँ स्तब्ध खड़ी रह गई हैं और इतिहास की गति रुक गई है। और तुम मुझे समझा रहे हो।

तुम कर्म, स्वधर्म, निर्णय, दायित्व जैसे जिन शब्दों को कहते हो, ये मेरे लिए बिलकुल अर्थहीन हैं। कनु, मैं इन सबसे हट करके एकटक तुम्हें देख रही हूँ। तुम्हारे प्रत्येक शब्द को अँजुरी बनाकर मैं बूंद-बूंद तुम्हें पी रही हूँ। तुम्हारा तेज, तुम्हारा व्यक्तित्व जैसे मेरे शरीर के एक-एक मूर्छित संवेदन को दहका रहा है। लगता है तुम्हारे जादू भरे होठों से शब्द रजनीगंधा के फूलों की तरह झर रहे हैं – एक के बाद एक।

कनु कनु, स्वधर्म, निर्णय और दायित्व आदि जो शब्द तुम्हारे मुँह से निकलते हैं, वे शब्द मुझ तक आते-आते बदल जाते हैं। मुझे ये शब्द राधन्, राधन्, राधन् के रूप में सुनाई देते हैं। तुम्हारे द्वारा कहे जाने वाले शब्द असंख्य हैं, उनकी गणना नहीं की जा सकती। पर मेरे लिए उनका अर्थ केवल एक ही है – मैं … मैं … केवल मैं। है फिर बताओ कनु, इन शब्दों से तुम मुझे इतिहास कैसे समझाओगे!

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 12 India Transformed Part 2 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 12 India Transformed Part 2

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
In 1995, the health department of the Indian government launched the campaign, dubbed as __________
(a) Measles-Rubella
(b) Pulse Polio
(c) B.C.G.
(d) Triple vaccine
Answer:
(b) Pulse Polio

Question 2.
The first district in __________ to become completely literate was Ernakulum.
(a) Gujrat
(b) Kerala
(c) Karnataka
(d) Tamil Nadu
Answer:
(b) Kerala

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) National Human Rights Commission	Protection of Human Rights
(b) Centre for Science and Environment	Study of Pollution in Delhi
(c) SEESCAP	Institute for conservation of turtles
(d) INTACH	Organisation creating awareness for conservation of heritage

Answer:
SEESCAP – Institute for conservation of long-billed vultures

2. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
Commission established vide Human Right Protection Act –
Answer:
National Human Rights Commission

Question 2.
The player who was awarded the highest title, ‘Bharat Ratna’ –
Answer:
Mr. Sachin Tendulkar

3. Complete the following concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

4. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Speed Post
Answer:

• The Indian postal department started the service of speed post in 1986 which changed the nature of post service.
• This service was used by the majority of Indians, more than three crore letters and parcels were delivered from this service.
• The customer will get the message of successful delivery of their items.
• The postal department now offers courier services like passport delivery, business parcels, cash-on-delivery, logistics posts, and air freights.
• The post office even offers a packaging service. Over one lakh and fifty thousand post offices are offering the services like paying bills, sending festive cards and other objects.
• Since 2016, the postal department has started service of delivering Ganges water from Rishikesh and Gangotri at personal addresses.
• Buying personalised postage stamps with personal photographs and special schemes for philatelists are also available at ‘Post Shops’ opened at 80 post offices.

Question 2.
Air Pollution
Answer:

• The entire world, nowadays, is facing the problem of air pollution which is mainly done by vehicles.
• All most every state in India is facing the problem of air pollution.
• The ‘Centre for Science and Environment’, studied and proved that the increasing number of automobiles and vehicles of poor maintenance are the causes of air pollution in Delhi.
• The institution recommended the following suggestions to curb air pollution:
  • Use of CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) as fuel.
  • It was decided that vehicles without a ‘PUC’ certificate will not qualify for insurance and renewal of insurance.
• In this way, we can curb air pollution and make our environment clean and pure.

Question 3.
Eradication of Polio.
Answer:

• The government of India launched a campaign for the eradication of polio from India.
• The health department of the Indian government launched the campaign known as ‘Pulse Polio’ which was started with the joint sponsorship of‘World Health Organisation – WHO, Rotary International, UNICEF, and Indian Government.’
• The objective of the campaign was not to leave a single child under the age of five years without administering the polio vaccine.
• Awareness camps, home visits, and extensive advertising made this campaign successful.

5. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Explain the sports policy of the Government of India.
Answer:
India is home to a diverse population playing and showing their talent in a variety of different sports. Every nation needs a well-knit sports policy.

• In 2001, the Government of India announced its sports policy. The main objective of this policy is:
  • To take sports to all parts of India.
  • To help the players to develop special skills.
  • To build supportive and fundamental sports facilities.
  • To help the National Sports Federation of India and associated institutions to search for sports talent.
  • To initiate co-operation from industries, corporate and private institutions for the cause of sports.
  • To create awareness of the importance of sports and interest in sports among people.
• In 2011, the Indian government announced a novel scheme for sports named ‘Come and Play’.
• Sports Authority of India gave permission to use five sports complexes in Delhi to local youths.
• They were also provided an opportunity to train under Sports Authority of India (SAI) coaches.
• The National Sports University was founded in Manipur in 2018.
• This university offers different courses from Bachelor and Masters to M.Phil. and Ph.D. Apart from this, sports universities also offer courses in sports, education, sports management, sports psychology, coaching, etc. Research in sports is also encouraged in the sports university.
• Khelo India.

Question 2.
Which programmes and facilities are created by the Ministry of Tourism of the Indian government to attract tourists?
Answer:
India has a rich cultural heritage. Several tourists visit India each year to see its cultural heritage, monuments, etc. The tourism industry is a continuously growing industry which also gives foreign exchange to the country. The Indian Government has adopted different policies to attract tourists. They are as follows:

• The government provides different facilities to the tourists who visit India. The three ministries of home affairs, tourism, and foreign affairs together created the facility of e-visa which included e-business visas, e-medical visas, and e-visa.
• A facility of giving information to tourists on mobile in Hindi and 10 other foreign languages, for 24 hours throughout the week was started.
• To avail of this facility, tourists have to dial 1363. The information regarding cruise tours, health, and sports tourism, eco-friendly tourism, adventurous sports tourism, film festivals are given through this service.
• Hotels with amenities and premium quality accommodation including luxurious services are available to the tourists.
• The Institutes which offer training courses in ‘Hospitality and Hotel Management’ have been established in major cities of India.
• An advertisement campaign called ‘Atulya Bharat’ was designed to attract tourists.
• A travel show entitled ‘GONORTHEAST’ was released on the Discovery channel to boost the tourism of beautiful places in the northeastern states of India.
• The government took the help of electronic and digital media channels like Discovery, BBC, History is showcasing various programs introducing India’s historical and cultural heritage.
• Swadesh’ and ‘Prasad’ schemes were launched by the Ministry of Tourism of Government of India to encourage visits to 95 pilgrimage and spiritual centers in India.
• The Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, and Federation of Associations in Indian Tourism and Hospitality (FAITH) organized Indian Tourism Mart – 2018. This was the first event based on the model of International Tourism Marts in other countries.

6. State your opinion.

Question 1.
Joint military practice sessions are beneficial for both participant countries.
Answer:

• Such sessions are extremely helpful for both countries because of the technological exchange that happens on these occasions.
• It also helps the armies of both the countries to know, learn and practice new methods of resolving problems.
• The process of modernization of arms gives impetus to further research.
• Due to the development of science and technology, there is increasing scope for the exchange of the latest technology to fight terrorism, to augment our own competencies, and optimum use of modern technology for the end of terrorism.
• The Indian army carried out exercises with different countries e.g., exercise with Oman army at Bakloh, there were combined exercises of Mangolian army and Jammu and Kashmir Rifles.

Question 2.
All of us have the responsibility of taking care of our heritage places.
Answer:

• India has an extraordinary and vast cultural heritage. It is in the form of ancient monuments, buildings, and other archaeological sites and remains.
• These monuments are the living witnesses of our golden historic era.
• It is our duty to preserve the monuments for the next generations. A little initiate from our side can save our heritage.
• The tourism industry generated foreign exchange on a large scale. Tourists come to India every year to see its cultural heritage. Therefore, it is our duty to preserve and protect our heritage.
• As a citizen of India, we should spread awareness among the people about the importance of the preservation of monuments. A little effort on our side can create desirable changes which will make past, present, and future generations of the country and the entire world proud of us.

Class 12 History Chapter 12 India Transformed Part 2 Intext Questions and Answers

Try to do this: (Textbook Page No. 100)

NRHM – Make a list of the benefits of the National Rural Health Mission to people.
Answer:

• The Indian government launched National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) in April 2005 with an aim to strengthen the health systems in rural and urban areas. The list of the benefits of the NRHM are as follows:
• It aims to provide equitable, affordable, and quality healthcare services.
• It has strengthened the healthcare infrastructure.
• It has brought down the maternal mortality rate among poor pregnant women.
• The prevalence of tobacco use and the number of tobacco users have been reduced.
• The Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram entitles pregnant women to give birth in public health institutions at no expense.
• The government launched different schemes for community participation under NRHM. Rogi Kalyan Samiti is responsible for maintaining the facilities and ensuring the provision of better facilities for the patients in the hospital.
• Established the Global Knowledge Hub for smokeless tobacco. It also issued an advisory to ban Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems.
• After the implementation of various initiates under NHRM many states have shown improved progress in healthcare facilities.

Try to do this: (Textbook Page No. 100)

Make a list of solutions to reduce the levels of air pollution.
Answer:
Air pollution is the biggest threat to the environment and to all living species. Following are some of the solutions to reduce the level of air pollution:

• Public Transport: Encourage greater use of public transport i.e. the use of railways, bus services or metros, etc. Instead of using private vehicles, people should encourage to use public transport.
• Use of CNG Vehicles: Citizens should also be encouraged to use CNG vehicles as it is a much cleaner fuel than petrol or diesel. New registration should be discouraged by increasing registration charges of vehicles.
• Use bicycles: Using bicycles is the best way to reduce air pollution. The government should mark out bicycle lanes in residential colonies as well as on roads.
• Plant and care for trees: Trees filter pollutants and absorb carbon dioxide. Trees release oxygen into the atmosphere. The practice of planting trees provides more benefits to the environment.
• Use less energy: Use energy-efficient appliances. Turn off electrical appliances when not in use. Get an energy audit done and follow the advice.
• Avoid the use of crackers: Avoid the use of crackers during festivals and weddings as it creates a lot of air pollution and is harmful to birds and animals including human beings.
• Reuse, Reduce and Recycle: The three ‘Rs’ are the best way to reduce air pollution.
• Avoid using chemical products: Avoid using chemical products like paint, perfumes, sprays, etc as they contain harmful products. Try to use products with less chemical content.
• Prevention of forest fires and burning of garbage: Don’t burn garbage or leaves because it releases harmful smoke in the air which decreases the quality of air.

Try to do this: (Textbook Page No. 102)

1990 was the ‘International Year of Literacy’. Make a list of similarly declared international years for special causes and campaigns launched on the occasion.
Answer:
The following are the international years currently observed by the United Nations.
2024:

• International Year of Camelids

2022:

• International Year of Artisanal Fisheries and Aquaculture

2021:

• International Year of Peace and Trust
• International Year of Creative Economy for Sustainable Development
• International Year of Fruits and Vegetables
• International Year of Eliminations of Child Labour

2020:

• International Year of Planet Health
• International Year of the Nurse and Midwife

2019:

• International Year of Indigenous Languages
• International Year of Moderation
• International Year of Periodic Table of Chemical Elements

2017:

• International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development.

2016:

• International Year of Pulses

2015:

• International Year of Light and Light-based Technologies
• International Year of Soils

2014:

• International Year of Solidarity with the Palestinian People
• International Year of Small Island Developing States
• International Year of Crystallography
• International Year of Family Farming

2013:

• International Year of Water cooperation
• International Year of Quinoa

2012:

• International Year of Cooperatives
• International Year of Sustainable Energy for All

2011:

• International Year of Forest
• International Year of Chemistry
• The International Year of African Descent

2010:

• The International Year of Biodiversity
• The International Year for the Rapprochement of cultures
• The International Year of Youth

2009:

• The International Year of Astronomy
• The International Year of Human Rights Learning
• The International Year of Natural Fibres
• The International Year of Reconciliation

2008:

• The International Year of Languages
• The International Year of Planet Earth
• The International Year of the Potato
• The International Year of Sanitation

2007-08:

• International Polar Year

2006:

• International Year of Deserts and Desertification

2005:

• International Year of Physics
• International Year of Sport and Physical Education
• International Year of Microcredit

2004:

• International Year of Rice
• International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition

2003:

• International Year of Freshwater
• Year of Kyrgyz Statehood

2002:

• International Year of Mountains
• International Year of Eco-tourism
• United Nations Year for Cultural Heritage

2001:

• International Year of Volunteers
• International Year of Mobilisation against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia, and Related Intolerance
• United Nations Year of Dialogue among Civilisation

2000:

• International Year of Thanksgiving
• International Year for the Culture of Peace

Find out and tell us (Textbook Page No. 106)

Make a list of employment opportunities generated by the tourism industry.
Answer:
The travel and tourism industry in India is growing rapidly so many opportunities are available in the coming years in this field. Some of the opportunities that are available in the tourism industry are as follows:
(i) Hotels: Many job perspectives are available in the hotel industry. Some fields of hotel industries are

• Manager
• Operations
• Housekeeping
• Food and Beverage
• Front office
• Gardener
• Security officer/personnel etc.

(ii) Airlines: One can take up the following job in airlines

• Pilot
• Ground staff (Traffic Assistant, Counter staff, Booking, and Reservation)
• Flight Attendant

(iii) Tourism Department:

• Tour guides
• Tour planner
• Information assistants
• Reservation and counter staffs
• Sales and Marketing
• Interpreters
• Translators

(iv) Transportation Industry:
This is an ever-growing industry where one can have many job opportunities. Job opportunities are available in all types of transportation i.e.

• Railway service
• Bus service
• Cruise service or ferry service
• Private transportation – Cars, Rickshaws, Horse riding, etc.

(v) The employment opportunities are also available in the management of adventure sports, theme parks, amusement parks, water sports, mountaineering, children’s fantasy land, etc.

(vi) The other job opportunities in this field include Destination Manager, Itinerary Planner, Travel Agent, Foreign Exchange, Counselor, etc.

Find out and tell us (Textbook Page No. 106)

Suggest ways and means to enhance the heritage and historical tourism in India.
Answer:
Heritage and historical tourism tend to attract many tourists. Different ways and means to enhance, this type of tourism are as follows:

• Build better roads and access points to the heritage sites, packaged train travel, proper bus connections should be provided to the tourists.
• Aggressive tourism and marketing strategies are also necessary whether it is broadcasting the ‘Incredible India’ campaign abroad, holding different seminars, or offering Indian locations with facilities to promote foreign film productions in the country are some of the strategies.
• The Government of India has already started making a lot of improvements in this area. We need to capitalize on India as a destination. The government should make a documentary based on the heritage of India. One can even design a promotional campaign to enhance historical tourism.
• The historical places always have a story to tell. They offer amazing aesthetics and attract people from all over the world. If tourism is accompanied by mind-blowing hotels, resorts, good public transportation facilities, and delectable cuisine then it becomes an added advantage to the tourist.

Project (Textbook Page No. 108)

Make a list of various business opportunities available at tourist destinations.
Answer:
Introduction: Tourism is a continuously growing industry. By the early 21st century, international tourism had become one of the world’s most important activities. Various business opportunities are available at the tourist destinations and they are as follows:
(i) Travel Agency: Everyone needs a platform where customers can come to and take advice about tour packages of different places which travel agency provides. The travel agency helps tourists in planning their travel for which they charge their commission.

(ii) Hotel: Hotel business is the best opportunity from which you can gain a high rate of return as well as expand your chain of hotels in the future.

(iii) Online Travel Business: In the modern era, the way of doing business is changing. Now everything is available online. With the change in technology, the way of doing business has also changed. One can start an online business portal where customers have easy access to everything online.

(iv) Photography: Tourists always want to save the memories of the places they visit and a photographer helps them to restore their memories through their art of photography. There is a huge demand for photographers.

(v) Vehicle Renting: Some tourists like to plan their tours according to their own wishes. They don’t want any unknown person to be a part of their travel for safety reasons. Such tourists search for a vehicle that they can get on rent and go in the direction that they want. To invest in this business is profitable.

(vi) Tour Guide: A Tourist guide is a person who guides visitors in the language of their choice and interprets the cultural and natural history of the particular place. This is a challenging field with an increase in tours and travels.

(vii) Executive Chef: The executive chef is in charge of a restaurant’s kitchen and is responsible for managing the kitchen staff, planning the menu, and making sure that food hygiene is maintained. This is a well suitable job for people who are passionate about cooking.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 11 India Transformed Part 1 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 11 India Transformed Part 1

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
A legal agreement was signed in Geneva which is known as ____________
(a) SEATO
(b) NATO
(c) GATT
(d) SAARC
Answer:
(c) GATT

Question 2.
An act similar to ‘Right to Information’ was first applied in ____________ in 1776.
(a) Sweden
(b) France
(c) England
(d) India
Answer:
(a) Sweden

Question 3.
The birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda is observed as ____________
(a) National Education Day
(b) National Youth Day
(c) National Integration Day
(d) National Science Day
Answer:
(b) National Youth Day

2A. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
In 2004, this became the biggest firm in Asia providing software services –
Answer:
Tata Consultancy Services

Question 2.
In 2002, the Metro railway was flagged off –
Answer:
The Delhi Metro Railway

2B. Choose the correct reason from those given below and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
India became member of World Trade Organisation, because ____________
(a) India want to compete with other nations
(b) India cannot stay aloof from the global economy
(c) India adopted the policy of liberalisation
(d) India wanted to be in the leading position at the global level
Answer:
(c) India adopted the policy of liberalisation

3. Complete the following concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

4. Write short notes.

Question 1.
The Youth Policy of Government of India.
Answer:

• India is a country with a maximum proportion of young people. Individuals in the age group of 15-29 are considered as ‘youth’.
• Youth, if provided with opportunities, for education and skill training, can contribute significantly to the development of India.
• A number of centers of‘Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan’ were established in 1972 for the training of young people in various skills.
• The programmes run by these centers were eventually merged in the ‘National Youth Empowerment Programme’. This programme put a thrust on topics like literacy, education, health and hygiene, family welfare, preservation and conservation of the environment, awareness of social issues, rural development, and self-employment.
• 12th January the birth anniversary of Swami Vivekanand is celebrated as ‘National Youth Day. National Youth Festival is also celebrated in the month of January. This festival is designed to provide a platform for the artistic talents of young individuals.
• ‘Youth Hostels Association of India’ has established youth hostels in various parts of the country which works for encouraging adventure skills among young people.
• Training programmes are arranged by this association through ‘Bharat Scout and Guides, National Service Scheme and National Cadet Corps’.

Question 2.
‘Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana’.
Answer:

• The Government of India knows the importance of having roads in good condition in the interior areas started ‘Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana’ in 2000.
• Initially, the work of building roads began by linking the villages of population strength up to 1000. In 2001 this programme was merged in ‘Pradhan Mantri Gramoday Yojana’.
• The roads measuring about 75000 km. were completed till 2005. The purpose of this work was to extend the benefits of the country’s economic growth to people living in rural areas and to bring transformation in their lives.
• It aimed at providing amenities for good health, education, drinking water, dwellings, roads, and electricity.

5. State your opinion.

Question 1.
India is a leading country in the field of space research.
Answer:

• In 2007, India entered a new field of space research. It commercially launched the Italian satellite.
• Other countries had submitted tenders quoting very high rates, to get this contract. However, India got this contract by quoting reasonable rates.
• Before entering this field on a commercial basis, India had already successfully launched the satellite of Argentina, Belgium, South Korea, Indonesia, and Germany.
• In 2008, India launched ‘Chandrayaan-1’, the first lunar probe. India could collect evidence for the presence of water on the moon through this satellite.
• After that India also launched ‘Chandrayaan-2’ and ‘Mangalyaan’.
• All these achievements proved that India is a leading country in the field of space research.

6. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Which programmes were launched in India for making the opportunities of wage-earning?
Answer:
Creating employment opportunities for an ever-increasing population is a major challenge for the government. There are several programmes launched by the government of India for wage earners.
These programs are as follows:

• Pradhan Mantri Rojgar Yojana and ‘Rojgar Hami Yojana’: To create job opportunities for educated youth the ‘Ministry of Commerce and Industry of the Government of India started this plan on 2nd October 1993 on the birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi.
• Rojgar Hami Yojana was to assure daily wages to the unemployed agricultural labourers. The objective of this plan was to provide wage-earning opportunity, who was in search. This programme was launched in 257 districts in India. A goal was to provide work to two young laborers in each family below the poverty line. In 2001, this plan was merged in ‘Gramin Rojgar Yojana’.
• In 1998, to provide support to farmers in difficult times “Kisan Credit Card” plan was started. It helps the farmer to avail funds for essential equipments and seeds for cultivation. Later, an insurance facility was also offered to farmers, who were Kisan Credit Card holders.
• Suvarnajayanti Gramin Svayam Rojgar Yojana: This plan was launched in 1999 by merging various plans together namely ‘Ekatmik Gramin Vikas Yojana’, Self-employment training programmes, ‘Ganga Kalyan Yojana’ etc.
• Jawahar Gram Samruddhi Yojana: In 1999, a new plan was implemented with the intention to provide adequate employment for unemployed men and women. It was merged in ‘Sampoorna Gramin Rojgar Yojana’ in 2001.
• Sampoorna Gramin Rojgar Yojana: This plan made provision for creating opportunities in rural areas of earning wages, to provide food grains in exchange for work, etc. This scheme was started in 150 economically backward districts in the country. In 2006, this scheme was merged in ‘Rashtriya Gramin Rojgar Hami Yojana’.
• Rashtriya Gramin Rojgar Hami Yojana: Under this scheme, each family in rural areas were given assurance of at least 100 days of work.

7. Answer the following question with the help of the given points.

Question 1.
Give information about the ‘Right to Information Act.
(a) Background of the act and the beginning of this movement in India.
(b) Definition of ‘Information’.
(c) The rights of citizens under this act.
Answer:
(a) Background of the act and the beginning of this movement in India:

• This kind of Act was first implemented in Sweden in 1776. In 1946, ‘United Nations’ declared the ‘Right to Information to be the fundamental human right.
• In 1982, L.K. Kulwant, a resident of Jaipur in Rajasthan, a social activist initiated the process by applying to know the Jaipur Municipal Corporation’s work for cleaning the city.
• The High Court gave a clear verdict stating that ‘Right to Information is a fundamental right of all citizens.
• In 1990, Aruna Roy started the movement called ‘Majdoor Kisan Shakti Sanghatan’. A need for ‘Right to Information was started through this movement.
• Harsh Mander, the Divisional Commissioner of Bilaspur showed courage to disclose official information while serving as a bureaucrat.
• The struggle of Anna Hazare in 2001, had a decisive role in Maharashtra in this matter. The Act was implemented in Maharashtra on 12th October 2005.

(b) Definition of ‘Information’:
The definition of term ‘Information’ includes official records, documents, memoranda, emails, comments, consultations, press notes, circulars, orders, logbooks, tenders, reports, correspondence, formats, models, electronic data, the information of a private institution or an individual that is available in the records of any public establishment.

(c) The rights of citizens under this act:

• Right to information grants access to official documents, records, permission to obtain their copies, to take notes, to extract passages, to get samples of authorised material and prints of data stored in CDs, Floppy discs, tapes, video cassettes, or in any other form, or stored on computers.
• Citizens can get the desired information after submitting an application to the ‘Information officer’ of a ‘Public Authority.

Class 12 History Chapter 11 India Transformed Part 1 Intext Questions and Answers

Collect information of following schemes: (Textbook Page No. 92)

National Pension Scheme, Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Vima Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Vima Yojana, Atal Pension Yojana, Indian Post Payments Bank.
Answer:
(A) National Pension Scheme:

• The National Pension Scheme is a voluntary contribution of the pension system in India which is sponsored by the government of India.
• This scheme was started by the Government of India in 2004 for all government employees.
• The scheme was made open to all citizens in 2009. It is a voluntary and long-term retirement scheme. It is regulated by Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) and the central government.
• Any employee from the public, private, and even the unorganized sectors can opt for this.
• Personnel from the armed forces are not allowed. The scheme is open to all across industries and locations.

(B) Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Vima Yojana:

• The scheme is available to people in the age group 18 to 70 years with a bank account who give their consent to join/enable auto-debit on or before 31st May for the coverage period 1st June to 31st May on an annual renewal basis.
• Aadhar would be the primary KYC for the bank account. The risk coverage under the scheme is ₹ 2 lakh for accidental death and full disability and ₹ 1 lakh for partial disability.
• The premium of 112 per annum is to be deducted from the account holder’s bank account through ‘auto-debit facility in one installment.

(C) Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Vima Yojana:

• Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Vima Yojana is available to people between 18 and 50 years of age with a bank account.
• This scheme was launched on 9th May 2015 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in Kolkata.
• It has an annual premium of ₹ 330. In case of death due to any cause, the payment to the nominee will be ₹ 2 lakh.
• As of 31st March 2019, 5.92 crore people have already enrolled for this scheme.

(D) Atal Pension Yojana:

• Atal Pension Yojana is a pension scheme under the Government of India.
• This scheme replaces the Swavalamban Yojana and was established to provide old age income security to the workers belonging to the unorganized sector.
• The Atal Pension Yojana was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 9th May 2015 in Kolkata.
• The scheme focuses on encouraging workers of the unorganized sectors to save for their future (Age limit 18-40 years).

(E) Indian Postal Payments Bank :

• The Indian Postal Payment Bank was launched on September 1, 2018, by Prime Minister Narendra Modi that aims at making banking services available at people’s doorstep.
• This is a 100% Government-owned public sector bank, operating with the Department of Posts under the Ministry of Communications.
• IPPB would be like any other bank but it will operate at a smaller scale without involving any credit risks and can’t issue advance loans or issue credit cards.

Let us know: (Textbook Page No. 92)

Collect information with the help of the internet about the ‘Rafi Ahmad Kidwai National Postal Academy (Gaziabad).

Answer:

• Rafi Ahmad Kidwai National Postal Academy, recently called Postal Staff College India (PSCI) is the apex training institution of Indian postal services.
• It was set up in the year 1977. Initially, the college functioned from Sanchar Bhavan and later from Dak Bhavan in Delhi.
• It was shifted to its present location in Gaziabad in the year 1990. It is a central training institute and has the primary role of training and grooming the young officers who get recruited to the Indian Postal Service.
• It also conducts various in-service training programmes on postal management for Postal Service officers in India and other foreign postal administrations.
• Its goal is to make the officers of the department of posts professionally competent to handle the ever-changing communication market.
• Training Program:
  • Advanced Development Program
  • Executive Development Program
  • Technology Management Program
  • Postal Life Insurance
  • Leadership Development for postmasters and mangers
  • Quality Management

Let us collect information (Textbook Page No. 92)

Collect information about various services like ‘Sarvabhaum Suvarn Rokhe’ (Gold Bonds issued by the Government), ‘Electronic Indian Postal Order’, ‘E-Dakghar’, ‘E-Payment Portal’, ‘Mobile App’ etc. by interviewing the Postmaster of any branch.
Answer:
(A) Sarvabhaum Suvarn Rokhe:

• This scheme was launched by Government in November 2015, under Gold Monetisation Scheme. The issues are made open for subscription in tranches by RBI in consultation with GOI.
• As per RBI instructions, every application must be accompanied by the PAN number issued by the income tax department to the investors as the PAN number of the first/ sole applicant is mandatory.
• SGBs are government securities denominated in grams of gold. They are substitutes for holding physical gold. Investors have to pay the issue price in cash and the bonds will be redeemed in cash on maturity. The bond is issued by Reserve Bank on behalf of the government of India.
• The SGB offers a superior alternative to holding gold in physical form. The quantity of gold for which the investor pays is protected since he receives the ongoing market price at the time of redemption /premature redemption.

(B) Electronic Indian Postal Order:

• The Department of Personnel and Training and Department of Posts have launched a service called e-IPO (Electronic Indian Postal Order) to enable the Indian citizens abroad to purchase an Indian Postal Order electronically by paying fee on-line through the e-post Office portal i.e., http://www.epostoffice.gov.in.
• It also facilitates them to file the Right to Information (RTI) application. Registration is mandatory to avail of this facility. Options for new account creation, user verification, search e-IPO, etc are available.

(C) e-Payment portal:

• e-Payment is a smart option for businesses and organizations to collect their bills or other payments through post office networks.
• When businesses require the collection of bills and other payments from customers across the country, Post offers them a simple and convenient solution in the form of e-payment.
• e-Payment is a many-to-one solution that allows the collection of money (telephone bills, electricity bills, examination fees, taxes, university fees, school fees, etc) on behalf of any organization. The collection is consolidated electronically using web-based software and payment is made centrally through cheque from a specified Post Office of billers choice.
• The information and MIS regarding the payment can be seen by the biller online. The MIS will contain the five fields of billers choice like name, telephone number, application number, etc. The services are currently available through more than 14,000 Post offices across the country.
• There is an agency in the market today with a large reach and establishing trust as the Post Office where the public can comfortably deposit all their bills in their neighbourhood.

(D) e-Dak Ghar:
The e-Post Office of India post offers a variety of online Postal services to the users. One can avail services-philately (purchase of stamps), PLI/RPLI (payment of the premium), and IPO (purchase order for RTI).

(E) Mobile app:

• The IPPB app is available on both Android and iOS platforms. This app, however, can only be used by those individuals who have an account in a core banking-enabled post office. KYC of the account should also be completed in advance.
• Internet banking and mobile banking services should also be completed in advance.
• Using the mobile app, account holders can also view account balances and statements, transfer funds, request a checkbook, stop payment on a cheque, use sweep-in-sweep-out facilities, and pay utility bills.

Project (Textbook Page No. 98)

Collect information about the States of India and Union Territories, as well as the names of their capital cities, with the help of the internet.
Answer:
The states of India and its capitals are as follows:

States	Capital
1. Andhra Pradesh	Hyderabad
2. Arunachal Pradesh	Itanagar
3. Assam	Dispur
4. Bihar	Patna
5. Chhattisgarh	Raipur
6. Goa	Panaji
7. Gujrat	Gandhinagar
8. Haryana	Chandigarh
9. Himachal Pradesh	Shimla
10. Jharkhand	Ranchi
11. Karnataka	Bengaluru
12. Kerala	Thiruvananthapuram
13. Madhya Pradesh	Bhopal
14. Maharashtra	Mumbai
15. Manipur	Imphal
16. Meghalaya	Shillong
17. Mizoram	Aizawl
18. Nagaland	Kohima
19. Odisha	Bhubaneswar
20. Punjab	Chandigarh
21. Rajasthan	Jaipur
22. Sikkim	Gangtok
23. Telangana	Hyderabad
24. Tamil Nadu	Chennai
25. Tripura	Agartala
26. Uttar Pradesh	Lucknow
27. West Bengal	Kolkata
28. Uttarakhand	Dehradun

Union Territories and its Capitals:

Union Territories	Capitals
1. Anadaman and Nicobar Island	Port Blair
2. Chandigarh	Chandigarh
3. Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu	Daman
4. Delhi	New Delhi
5. Lakshadweep	Kavaratti
6. Puducherry	Pondicherry
7. Ladakh	Leh (summer), Kargil (winter)
8. Jammu and Kashmir	Srinagar (summer) Jammu (winter)

 

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 10 Cold War Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 10 Cold War

1. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
The headquarters of SEATO were located at ___________
(a) Thailand
(b) the Philippines
(c) Pakistan
(d) the United Kingdom
Answer:
(a) Thailand

Question 2.
A fund named ‘Africa Fund’ was raised at ___________ for providing necessary aid to neighbouring nations of South Africa.
(a) Jakarta
(b) Harare
(c) Namibia
(d) Indonesia
Answer:
(b) Harare

2A. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
On 30th June 1977, this organisation ceased to exist –
Answer:
SEATO

Question 2.
The idea of Commonwealth games was introduced by –
Answer:
Reverend Astley Cooper

2B. Choose the correct reason from those given below and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
No country was included in the ANZUS treaty except Australia, New Zealand, and the United States of America ___________
(a) they did not want to let the United Kingdom and France have an upper hand
(b) it was a military pact
(c) it was a secret pact
(d) it was a pact only among countries with friendly relations
Answer:
(a) they did not want to lot the United Kingdom and France to have an upper hand

3. Complete the concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

4. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Cold War.
Answer:

• Definition: The tussle between Capitalist nations and Communist nations for power and ideological influence, which began after the Second World War is referred to as the ‘Cold War.
• Walter Lippmann, an American political columnist was the first to use the term ‘Cold War’.
• ‘Cold War’ is characterized by the following factors –
  • No Direct War.
  • The intense race for armament.
  • Aggressive Political Policies.
  • Mutual lack of Faith among Nations.
  • Political and Economic Pressurisation.
  • Ideological Conflict.
• The aftermath of the Second World War created conditions leading to the Cold War.
• England and France lost their primary positions in world politics.
• During the world war, Russia gained prominence in Eastern Europe while America, England, and France gained prominence in Western Europe.
• The Eastern European nations under the influence of Soviet Russia adopted communist ideology while the Western European nations under the influence of America adopted capitalist ideology and democratic system. This situation caused the emergence of the ‘Cold War.

Question 2.
Non- Alignment Movement.
Answer:

• After the Second World War, India decided not to join either Russia or America. India adopted the policy of development by its own efforts and shape its own strategies leading towards peace. This policy is known as the ‘NAM-Non Alignment Policy’.
• Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Dr. Sukarno (Indonesia), Nkrumah (Ghana), Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt), and Marshal Tito (Yugoslavia) were the architects of the concept ‘NAM’.
• The nations, which adopt an independent foreign policy based on the concept of peaceful co-existence, support other nations in their independence struggle, and do not involve themselves in the military agreements or bilateral treaties with the superpowers is known as ‘Non-Aligned Nations’.
• Non-Alignment is a concept concerned more with progress and peace than war and poverty, so it is positive.

5. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
CENTO became non-operational.
Answer:

• CENTO stands for Central Treaty Organisation.
• CENTO earlier known as the ‘Baghdad Pact’ or Middle East Treaty Organisation (METO) is a treaty among four nations namely, Turkey, Pakistan, Iran, and England.
• This treaty was signed on 24th February 1955. Iraq joined later.
• America started providing the member nations of CENTO economic and military aid.
• America feared that if Soviet Russia attacked any of the member nations, then all member nations should fight it collectively.
• But in reality, none of the member nations had the military capacity to fight.
• Except for the United Kingdom, the rest of the three were in need of military and technological aid but America was too involved to pay attention to their need.
• Hence, the other members of CENTO were not satisfied. They wanted to withdraw from the treaty and act independently.
• Iran and Pakistan withdrew from the treaty and hence CENTO became non-operational.

Question 2.
SAARC has achieved success in some fields.
Answer:

• SAARC has achieved success in some fields for e.g. a centre for the dissemination of agro-related information was started in Bangladesh and it has also been used as a platform for research related to seeds, animal husbandry, and fisheries.
• A SAARC center for meteorological research was established in Dhaka.
• In Kathmandu, an orthopedic center was established.
• Efforts are being made to promote tourism in SAARC countries.
• SAARC is also working to eliminate poverty in South Asia with the help of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific (ESCAP).
• An inter-Governmental group was established to formulate an agreement (SAFTA- South Asia Free Trade Area) for promoting free trade and economic cooperation among SAARC nations.
• The SAARC Documentation Centre was established in Delhi for the dissemination of information.
• SAARC Human Resources Development Centre was established in Islamabad (Pakistan).
• Agreements were signed to counter the smuggling of narcotic drugs. Committees were appointed for development in the fields of postal services and transportation.

6. State your opinion.

Question 1.
The Cold War began between America and Soviet Russia.
Answer:

• The tussle between the Capitalist nations and Communist nations for power and ideological influence which began after the second world war is referred to as the ‘Cold War.
• During the world war, Russia gained prominence in Eastern Europe while America, France, and England gained prominence in Western Europe.
• The Eastern European nations under the influence of Soviet Russia adopted Communist ideology.
• The Western European nations under the influence of America adopted a Capitalist ideology and democratic system.
• This situation caused the emergence of the ‘Cold War’ between Soviet Russia and America.

Question 2.
India has always opposed colonialism.
Answer:

• India is acknowledged as a great democracy in the world.
• After independence, India adopted the policy of active non-alignment in international politics.
• India would always strive to establish global peace.
• India would not tolerate foreign intervention in her internal matters. India shall respect the regional unity and sovereignty of other countries.
• India emphasizes the principle of ‘live and let live’ supported by peaceful co-existence.
• For e.g. in the post-independence period in 1949, a conference was held in Delhi in which support was declared to the issue of Indonesia’s independence. It was demanded that the Dutch should leave Indonesia before 1950 and grant its independence.
• The position India took in the case of Africa, is also very important. India took a strong initiative in demanding independence of African countries especially the protectorates of European nations.
• India insisted that the foreign rulers (colonialist European countries) should leave the colonies.
• India cared about Africa because of its long-standing relations with African countries.
• Mahatma Gandhi showed Africa the path to satyagraha for independence.
• Thus, India had been at the forefront of the struggle against colonialism.

Class 12 History Chapter 10 Cold War Intext Questions and Answers

Try to do this (Textbook Page No. 77)

Collect information about the ‘United Nations’ with the help of the internet. Create groups of students in the class and let them compile the information of various specialized agencies of the United Nations.
Answer:
The United Nations was established after World War II with the aim of preventing any war in the future and establishing peace in the world. UN is the largest and most powerful intergovernmental organisation in the world. It was established on 24th October 1945. Currently, 193 countries in the world are members of the UN. The headquarter of the UN is located in New York, USA. Since its establishment UN has been working for maintaining world peace and avoiding conflict among nations, it also works for remoting sustainable development, protection and preservation of the environment, and protecting human rights.

The important agencies of the UN are as follows:
(i) International Labour Organisation (ILO):
Established in – 1919 to improve the conditions and living standards of workers.
Headquarters – Geneva.

(ii) International Monetary Fund (IMF):
Established in – 1945 to promote international monetary cooperation.

(iii) Food and Agricultural Organisation:
Established in – 1945

(iv) United National Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO):
Established in – 1945.

(v) World Health Organisation:
Established in – 1948

(vi) International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA):
Established in – 1957

(vii) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP):
Established in – 1965

(viii) World Trade Organisation (WTO):
Established in – 1995

(ix) UN Women:
Established in – 2010

(x) United Nation Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC):
Established in – 1997

(xi) United Nation Environmental Programme (UNEP):
Established in – 1972

(xii) International Development Association (IDA):
Established in – 1960

(xiii) United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF):
Established in – 1946

(xiv) International Telecommunication Union (ITU):
Established in – 1865

Try to do this (Textbook Page No. 83)

Review the proceedings of NAM conferences held during the period from 1992 to the Venezuela conference of 2016.
Answer:
NAM was established in 1961 in Belgrade, SR Serbia, Yugoslavia through an initiative of the Indian Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is an organization of Redeveloping nations that are not formally aligned, with any major power flex. Here is the list of NAM summits:

• 10th NAM Summit: 1-6 September 1992 – Jakarta, Indonesia.
• 11th NAM Summit: 18-20 October 1995 – Cartagena, Colombia.
• 12th NAM Summit: 2-3 September 1998, Durban, South Africa.
• 13th NAM Summit: 20-25 Feb 2003, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
• 14th NAM Summit: 15-16 September 2006, Havana, Cuba.
• 15th NAM Summit: 11-16 July 2009, Sharm-El-Sheikh, Egypt.
• 16th NAM Summit: 26-31 August 2012, Tehran, Iran.
• 17th NAM Summit: 13-18 September 2016, Porlamar, Venezuela.

Try to do this (Textbook Page No. 85)

Collect information about SAARC conferences till 2014, with the help of the internet.
Answer:
SAARC also known as The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation is the regional intergovernmental organisation in South Asia. Total 8 countries are members of SAARC.

1. Nepal
2. Bhutan
3. India
4. the Maldives
5. Sri Lanka
6. Pakistan
7. Bangladesh
8. Afghanistan.

• The First Summit was held in Dhaka, Bangladesh on 7-8 December 1985, signed the SAARC charter on 8 December 1985 thereby establishing the regional association and study groups on the problems of terrorism, drug trafficking, etc.
• Second Summit India: Date – 17-18 November 1986 in Bangalore.
  Appointment of Ambassador Abdul Ahsan of Bangladesh as the first Secretary-General of South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation.
• 3rd Summit: 2-4 November 1987 in Kathmandu, Nepal.
• 4th Summit: 29-31 December 1988 in Islamabad, Pakistan.
• 5th Summit: 21-23 November 1990 in Male, Maldives.
• 6th Summit: 21 December 1991 in Colombo, Sri Lanka
• 7th Summit: 10-11 April 1992, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
• 8th Summit: 2-4 May 1995, New Delhi, India
• 9th Summit: 12-14 May 1997, Male, Maldives.
• 10th Summit: 29-31 July 1998, Colombo, Sri Lanka
• 11th Summit: 4-6 January 2002, Kathmandu, Nepal.
• 12th Summit: 4-6 January 2004, Islamabad, Pakistan.
• 13th Summit: 12-13 November 2005, Dhaka, Bangladesh
• 14th Summit: 3-4 April 2007, New Delhi, India
• 15th Summit: 1-3 August 2008, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
• 16th Summit: 28-29 April 2010, Thimphu, Bhutan
• 17th Summit: 10-11 November 2011, Addu City, Maldives.
• 18th Summit: 26-27 November 2014, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Project (Textbook Page No. 87)

Collect information about the ‘Commonwealth Games’ with the help of the internet.
Answer:
The Commonwealth Games is an international multi-sport event involving athletes from the Commonwealth of Nations. The event was first held in 1930, and, with the exception of 1942 and 1946, has taken place every four years since then. The Commonwealth Games were known as the British Empire Games from 1930 to 1950, the British Empire and Commonwealth Games from 1954 to 1966, and British Commonwealth Games from 1970 to 1974. Athletes with a disability are also included as full members of their national teams, making the Commonwealth Games the first fully inclusive international multi-sport event. It is also the world’s first multi-sport event that inducts an equal number of women’s and men’s medal events and was implemented recently in the 2018 Commonwealth Games. With such unique features, the World Economic Forum called the event inspiring and significant.

Their creation was inspired by the Inter-Empire Championships, as a part of the Festival of Empire, which was held in London, England in 1911. Melville Marks Robinson founded the games as the British Empire Games which were first hosted in Hamilton, Canada in 1930. During the 20th and 21st centuries, the evolution of the movement of the game has resulted in several changes to the Commonwealth Games. Some of these adjustments include the creation of the Commonwealth Winter Games for snow and ice sports for the commonwealth athletes, the Commonwealth Paraplegic Games for commonwealth athletes with a disability, and the Commonwealth Youth Games for commonwealth athletes aged 14 to 18. The first edition of the winter games and paraplegic games were held in 1958 and 1962 respectively, with their last edition held in 1966 and 1974 respectively and the first youth games were held in 2000. The 1942 and 1946 Commonwealth Games were canceled because of the Second World War.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 9 World: Decolonisation Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 9 World: Decolonisation

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
In the First World War ____________ and Turkey were defeated.
(a) America
(b) France
(c) England
(d) Germany
Answer:
(d) Germany

Question 2.
In 1935 ____________ was separated from India.
(a) Myanmar
(b) Sri Lanka
(c) the Maldives
(d) Iran
Answer:
(a) Myanmar

Question 3.
In 1947, first conference of ____________ countries was held.
(a) Unity
(b) Asian
(c) Atlantic
(d) Manchester
Answer:
(b) Asian

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
a. Bandung	Bandung conference
b. Paris	The first Pan-African Congress in 1919
c. London	The first Conference of ‘African Association’ in 1900
d. Manchester	Asian Unity Conference

Answer:
Manchester – The 5th Pan-African Congress in 1945

2. Choose the correct reason from those given below and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
During the Second World War, the independence movements in Africa were more intensified ____________
(a) The colonies in Africa threw away the dominance of alien European powers
(b) African leaders were trained in the western education system
(c) During the Second World War the British and the French began to give some rights to the people in their colonies
(d) European countries were involved in the Second World war
Answer:
(c) During the Second World War the British and the; French began to give some rights to the people in their colonies

3. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Bandung Conference.
Answer:

• India called the first conference of Asian countries in 1947 which was attended by the representatives of 25 Asian countries.
• In this conference, the concept of Asian regionalism was shaped. The issues like common problems faced by Asian people, the social, economic, and cultural problems of the Asian countries, and the need for mutual co-operation among Asian countries were discussed in this conference.
• This conference was followed by the first conference of Asian and African countries held in 1955 at Bandung in Indonesia. This is known as the ‘Bandung Conference’.
• In this conference, the problems of Afro-Asian countries were discussed and it was decided to focus on world peace and mutual co-operation.

Question 2.
Concept of African Unity.
Answer:

• The concept of African unity was first put forward by H.S. Williams. He formed an organization while in London, called as ‘African Association’ (later called as Pan-African Association).
• He organised its first conference in 1900. W.E.B. Du Bois, an American sociologist of African origin was present at this conference.
• In 1919, the second conference of African leaders and thinkers was held in Paris, known as the ‘Pan-African Congress’.
• Thereafter, W.E.B. Du Bois and his associates called a series of Pan-African Congress at various places. This resulted in the idea of Pan-African unity taking deep roots in Africa.
• The 5th Pan-African Congress was held at Manchester in 1945 by people of African origin living in Manchester.

4. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
There were three wars fought between the British and Myanmar.
Answer:

• Myanmar is a Southeast Asian country. In 1599 the Portuguese defeated the king of one of the kingdoms in Myanmar.
• However, in 1611 various dynasties ruling in Myanmar got together, defeated the Portuguese, and amalgamated their kingdoms.
• United Myanmar adopted an expansionist policy and conquered Manipur and Assam.
• It means that the British Indian territory was under threat of being invaded, a situation that caused three wars between the British and Myanmar is known as the Anglo-Burmese war.
• The first war in 1826 was won by the British and they took over Assam and Manipur and Arakan.
• British also defeated Myanmar in the second war. At about the same time the French had taken over the regions of ‘Upper Burma’.
• In the third war, the British won this region too, thereby ruling over the entire Myanmar.
• In this way during three Anglo-Burmese wars British annexed the entire Myanmar.

Question 2.
The end of the Second World War created an environment in which the process of decolonisation gained speed.
Answer:

• The Second World War dealt a serious blow to the colonial powers, depriving them of their former prestige.
• The process of decolonisation accelerated in a short time because of the conflicts among European coloniser countries and the anti-colonial movements in the colonies.
• The European countries could not have reasoned out colonisation and the exploitation of colonies from an intellectual platform.
• The Asian and African continents were filled with a heightened spirit of independence movements.
• The awareness about these movements spread rapidly. Many countries in both continents obtained their freedom.
• In ten years following the end of the Second World War, with successive waves of decolonisation in Asia and Africa, the Third World took its place as a new player in the international arena.

Class 12 History Chapter 9 World: Decolonisation Intext Questions and Answers

Get to know: (Textbook Page No. 72)

Collect more information regarding the ‘Atlantic Charter’ and organise a class discussion on the topic.
Answer:
Introduction: The Atlantic Charter was a pivotal policy statement issued on August 14, 1941, that defined goals for the post-war world. The Atlantic Charter was drafted by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and U.S. President F.D. Roosevelt at the Atlantic Conference in Newfoundland. All the allies of World War II later confirmed it. The terms of the Atlantic Charter were as follows:

• No territorial expansion and territorial changes were against the wishes of the people.
• All people had a right to self-determination.
• No territorial gains were sought by the U.S. and the U.K.
• Trade and barriers were to be lowered.
• There was to be global economic co-operation and advancement of social welfare.
• The participants would work for a world free of want and fear.
• The participants would work for freedom of the seas.
• There was to be disarmament of aggressor nations and post-war common disarmament. This agreement proved to be one of the first steps towards the formation of the United Nation.

Discuss in the Class (Textbook Page No. 75)

Make a list of the colonies of the British colonies in Asia and Africa with their geographical locations and discuss in the class their independence struggle and the dates of their independence.
Answer:
Introduction: The decolonisation of Asia was the gradual growth of independence movements in Asia, leading ultimately to the retreat of foreign powers and the creation of a number of nation-states in the region. A number of events were catalysts for this shift, most importantly the Second World War.

The freedom struggle of some of the countries like Sri Lanka, Maldives is mentioned in the textbook. The countries of Asia and Africa which got independence from British rule are as follows:
1. British colonies in Asia
Hong Kong:

• Hong Kong is a coastal city and major port in southern China.
• It was returned to the United Kingdom following its war. It was controlled directly by a British governor until the expiry of the 99-year lease of the New Territories which occurred in 1997. From that date, the territories were called as a Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China.

2. Singapore:

• Singapore officially known as the Republic of Singapore is a sovereign island city-state in maritime Southeast Asia.
• In 1819, Sir Thomas Raffles negotiated a treaty whereby King Johor allowed the British to locate a trading port on the island, leading to the establishment of the British crown colony of Singapore.
• After the end of World War II British granted self-government culminating in Singapore’s merger with Malaysia.
• On 9th August 1965, Singapore separated from Malaysia to become an independent and sovereign state.

3. India:

• India is situated in South East Asia surrounded by the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Indian Ocean on the south.
• India got independence from British rule on 15th August 1947. Indian National Movement under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi played an important role in the freedom of the country.

4. Pakistan:

• Pakistan is in Asia, the neighbouring country of India.
• As the United Kingdom agreed to the partitioning of India in 1947, the modern state of Pakistan was established on 14th August 1947.

5. Cyprus:

• Cyprus is an island in the Eastern Basin of the Mediterranean Sea in Western Asia.
• In 1914 it was annexed by U.K Between 1945 and 1959 EOKA was created that fought a campaign for the end of British rule in Cyprus.
• An independent ‘The Republic of Cyprus’ was created in 1960.

6. British colonies in Africa:

• On 31st May 1910, Britain gave South Africa nominal independence.
• This union was a dominion that included the former colonies of the Cape and Natal.
• This union only became fully sovereign in 1931 when all powers Britain had over the country were abolished.

7. Egypt:

• Egypt has coastlines on the Mediterranean Sea, the River Nile, and the Red Sea.
• The Egyptian Revolution of 1919 was a countrywide revolution against the British occupation of Egypt.
• The revolution led to Great Britain’s later recognition of Egyptian independence in 1922.

8. Nigeria:

• Lagos was invaded by British forces in 1851 and annexed in 1865.
• It became a British protectorate in 1901 while her colonization lasted until 1960 when an independence movement succeeded in gaining independence and Nigeria became an independent republic in 1979.

9. Ghana:
Got independence on 6 March 1957.

10. Kenya:
Became independent on 12 December 1963.

Project (Textbook Page No. 76)

Collect information with the help of the internet regarding French colonies in Asia and Africa.
Answer:
In the 19th century starting with the conquest of Algiers in 1830 France began to establish a new empire in Africa and Southeast Asia. The following is a list of all countries that were part of the French colonial empires in the last 500 years.

1. French Indochinese Union (1887 – 1954)
2. Laos (protectorate) (1893 – 1953)
3. Cambodia (protectorate) (1863 – 1953)
4. Vietnam
5. India and Sri Lanka: French establishment of India composed of Puducherry (1765 – 1954), Karikal (1725 – 1954), Chandranagar (1673 – 1952), Yanam (1673 – 1952)
6. Taiwan (1884 – 1885)
7. Basilan (1845)
8. Lebanon (1920 – 1946)
9. Syria (1920 – 1946)
10. China: The territory of Kouang-Tcheou-Wan (1898 – 1945), The province of Yunan, Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi and Shamian island (1859 – 1949)

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 4 Supply Analysis Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 3B Elasticity of Demand

1. Complete the following statements:

Question 1.
Price elasticity of demand on a linear demand curve at the X-axis is ……………
a) zero
b) one
c) infinity
d) less than one
Answer:
a) zero

Question 2.
Price elasticity of demand on a linear demand curve at the Y-axis is equal to
a) zero
b) one
c) infinity
d) greater than one
Answer:
c) infinity

Question 3.
Demand curve is parallel to X axis, in case of …………..
a) perfectly elastic demand
b) perfectly inelastic demand
c) relatively elastic demand
d) relatively inelastic demand
Answer:
a) perfectly elastic demand

Question 4.
When percentage change in quantity demanded is more than the percentage change in price, the demand curve is ………………..
a) flatter
b) steeper
c) rectangular
d) horizontal
Answer:
a) flatter

Question 5.
Ed = 0 in case of ………………
a) luxuries
b) normal goods
c) necessities
d) comforts
Answer:
c) necessities

2. Give et onomic terms:

Question 1.
Degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded o change in income only.
Answer:
Income elasticity

Question 2.
Degree of responsiveness of a change in quantity demanded of one commodity due to change in the price of another commodity.
Answer:
Cross elasticity

Question 3.
Degree of responsiveness of a change of quantity demanded of a good to a change in its price.
Answer:
Elasticity of demand

Question 4.
Elasticity resulting from infinite change in quantity demanded.
Answer:
Perfectly elastic demand

Question 5.
Elasticity resulting from a proportionate change in quantity demanded due to a proportionate change in price.
Answer:
Price elasticity

3. Complete the correlation:

1) Perfectly elastic demand: Ed = ∞ :: ……………. : Ed = 0
2) Rectangular hyperbola : ………………. : Steeper demand curve : Relatively inelastic demand.
3) Straight line demand curve : Linear demand curve:: …………….. non linear demand curve.
4) Pen and ink : …………….. :: Tea or Coffee: Substitutes.
5) Ratio method : Ed = \(\frac{\% \Delta \mathbf{Q}}{\% \Delta \mathrm{P}}\) :: …………… : Ed = \(\frac{\text { Lower segment }}{\text { Upper segment }}\)
Answer:

1. Perfectly inelastic demand
2. Unitary elastic demand
3. Unitary elastic (convex to origin)
4. Complementary goods
5. Point or Geometric method

4. Assertion and Reasoning type questions:

Question 1.
Assertion (A) : Elasticity of demand explains that one variable is influenced by another variable.
Reasoning (R) : The concept of elasticity of demand indicates the effect of price and changes in other factors on demand.
Options: 1) (A) is True, but (R) is False
2) (A) is False, but (R) is True
3) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
4) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
Answer:
3) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

Question 2.
Assertion (A) : A change in quantity demanded of one commodity due to a change in the price of other commodity is cross elasticity.
Reasoning (R) : Changes in consumers income leads to a change in the quantity demanded.
Options:
1) (A) is True, but (R) is False
2) (A) is False, but (R) is True
3) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
4) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
Answer:
4) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

Question 3.
Assertion (A) : Degree of price elasticity is less than one in case of relatively inelastic demand.
Reasoning (R): Change in demand is less then the change in price.
Options: 1) (A) is True, but (R) is False
2) (A) is False, but (R) is True
3) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
4) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
Answer:
3) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

5. Distinguish between:

Question 1.
Relatively elastic demand and Relatively inelastic demand.
Answer:
Relatively Elastic Demand

1. When percentage change in quantity demanded is greater than the percentage change in price then demand is said to be Relatively Elastic demand.
2. The numerical co-efficient is greater than one (e > 1).
3. Demand curve slopes flatter.
4. 
5. Example : luxury goods like LCD, TV, Car etc.

Relatively inelastic demand.

1. When percentage change in quantity demanded is less than percentage change in price then demand is said to be Relatively Inelastic demand.
2. The numerical co-efficient is less than one (e < 1).
3. Demand curve slopes steeper.
4. 
5. Example : foodgrains.

Question 2.
Perfectly elastic demand and Perfectly inelastic demand.
Answer:
Perfectly elastic demand :

1. When a small change in price brings an infinite change in quantity demanded, then demand is said to be Perfectly Elastic demand.
2. The numerical value of Perfectly Elastic demand is infinite i.e. e = ∞
3. The demand curve is horizontal straight line parallel to X-axis.
4. Such a demand is a myth or theoretical.
5. 

Perfectly inelastic demand.

1. When a change in price does not bring any change in quantity demanded, then demand
   is said to be Perfectly Inelastic demand.
2. The numerical value of Perfectly Inelastic demand is zero i.e. e = 0.
3. The demand curve is a vertical straight line parallel to Y—axis.
4. Such demand is found in case of life saving drugs, salt, etc.
5. 

6. Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Explain the factors influencing elasticity of demand.
Answer:
The concept of Price Elasticity was developed i by great neo-classical economist Dr. Alfred \ Marshall in the year 1890.
According to Dr. Alfred Marshall, “The elasticity or responsiveness of demand in a market is great or small, according to the amount demanded which increases much or little for a given fall in price, and diminishes much or little for a given rise in price. ”
Elasticity of demand in fact refers to the £ degree of responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a commodity to change in the variable on which demand depends.

Question 2.
Explain the total outlay method of measuring elasticity of demand?
Answer:
Total Outlay Method : This method was introduced by Dr. Alfred Marshall. The limitation of this method is that in this method unlike ratio method, the exact numerical value of the elasticity of demand cannot be determined. According, to this method, the elasticity of demand is measured on the basis of expenditure incurred by consumer when the price of a commodity changes.

Total outlay or total expenditure can be calculated by multiplying the price with the quantity demanded (Price x Quantity demand = Total Expenditure). Depending upon the kind of change in total outlay, whether it increases, or decreases, or remain constant with the change in price we will be able to decide the type of elasticity. This can be explained with the following example:-

1. If the total outlay remains the same with a rise or fall in price then the demand is said to be unitary (e = 1) elastic.
2. If the total outlay decreases with a rise in price and increases with a fall in price, the elasticity of demand is greater than one or Relatively Elastic e > 1.
3. If the total outlay increases with a rise in price and decreases with a fall in price, then elasticity is less than one or relatively inelastic, e < 1.

Question 3.
Explain importance of elasticity of demand.
Answer:

• Nature of Commodity : By nature, commodities are classified as necessaries, comforts and luxuries. Normally demand for j necessaries like food grains are relatively inelastic and for comforts and luxuries like diamond, perfumes, etc is relatively elastic.
• Availability of Substitutes : The larger the number of substitutes available for a commodity, the greater would be the elasticity. Demand for products like soap, soft drinks, detergents, tooth paste, etc. have many substitute so demand is elastic, ‘j However, salt, garlic, onions have no substitute so demand is inelastic.
• Durability of the Commodity : The demand for durable goods like T.V., car, fridge, etc is relatively inelastic in the short run and elastic in the long run. Whereas the demand for perishable goods is relatively inelastic.
• Uses of Commodity : Single use commodities have less elastic demand and multi-use goods like coal, electricity, sugar, etc. have relatively elastic demand.
• Range of Price : The demand for commodities which are highly priced and will have a inelastic demand like AC, car, etc. Even very low priced goods have inelastic demand.
• Consumer’s Income : Generally if income is very high, the demand for over allcommodities tends to be relatively inelastic. The demand pattern of the rich people is rarely affected even when there is significant price change.
• Influence of Habits and Customs : When a person is habituated to consume a certain commodity, the demand will be inelastic for that commodity. E.g. demand for cigarettes to a chain smoker is inelastic.
• Time Period : The demand for goods is less elastic in the short period and more elastic in the long period. This is because (1) in the long period consumer are better informed about their price (2) habits of consumer’s change in the long run (3) durable goods get worn out in the long period.
• Proportion of Income Spend : If consumer spends a very small proportion of his income on a commodity, the demand for it will be relatively inelastic & vice-versa. For e.g. demand for salt, newspaper, pins are inelastic.
• Urgency and Postponement : If the demand for a commodity is urgent then demand for it will be inelastic. E.g. demand for medicine for a patient. Whereas, if the demand for a commodity can be postponed it will have elastic demand.
• Complementary Goods : Complementary goods are those goods which are demanded jointly such as car and petrol, mobile and sim cards, etc. Demand for petrol will be inelastic as car cannot run without petrol.

7. Observe the following figure and answer the questions:

Question 1.
Identify and define the degrees of elasticity of demand from the following demand curves.

Answer:

Concept: Perfectly Inelastic demand (Ed = 0) Explanation : When change in price has no effect on the quantity demanded of that commodity, then it is called as perfectly inelastic demand. Demand curve ‘DD’ is a vertical straight line parallel to ‘Y’ – axis.

Concept: Perfectly Elastic demand (Ed = ∞) (infinity)
Explanation: When a change in price leads to infinite change in quantity demanded of a commodity then it is called as perfectly) (d) elastic demand.
Demand curve is horizontal straight line ( parallel to ‘X’ – axis.

Concept: Ed = 1 Unitary elastic demand Explanation : When proportionate or percentage change in quantity demanded is exactly equal to proportionate or percentage change in price, then it is called as Unitary Elastic demand. Demand curve is called as rectangular hyperbola.

Concept: Relatively Elastic Demand (Ed > 1)
Explanation : When proportionate or percentage change in quantity demanded is more than proportionate change it its price, then it is called as Relatively Elastic Demand. Demand curve is called as flatter curve.

Question 2.
In the following diagram AE is the linear demand curve of a commodity. On the basis of the given diagram state whether the following statements are True or False. Give reasons to your answer.

1) Demand at point ‘C’ is relatively elastic demand.
2) Demand at point ‘B’ is unitaiy elastic demand.
3) Demand at point ‘D’ is perfectly inelastic demand.
4) Demand at point ‘A’ is perfectly elastic demand.
Answer:

1. Demand at point ‘C’ is relatively elastic demand.
2. False, it is relatively inelastic demand.
3. False, it is relatively elastic demand.
4. False, it is unitary elastic demand.
5. True, it is perfectly elastic Ed = ∞

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 3A Demand Analysis Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 3A Demand Analysis

1. Complete the following statements:

Question 1.
The relationship between demand for a good and the price of its substitute is ……………
(a) direct
(b) inverse
(c) no effect
(d) can be direct and inverse
Answer:
(a) direct

Question 2.
The relationship between income and demand for inferior goods is …………….
(a) direct
(b) inverse
(c) no effect
(d) can be direct and inverse
Answer:
(b) inverse

Question 3.
Symbolically, the functional relationship between Demand and Price can be expressed as …………….
(a) D = f(Px)
(b) Dx = f (P2)
(c) D = f(y)
(d) D = f(T)
Answer:
(a) D = f(Px)

Question 4.
When less units are demanded at high price it shows ……………..
(a) increase in demand
(b) expansion of demand
(c) decrease in demand
(d) contraction in demand
Answer:
(d) contraction in demand

2. Give economic terms

1. A situation where more quantity is demand at lower price…………….
2. Graphical representation of demand schedule……………….
3. A commodity which can be put to several uses……………….
4. More quantity is demanded due to changes in the factors determining demand other than price…………..
5. A desire which is backed by willingness to purchase and ability to pay……………
Answers:
(1) Expansion or Extension of Demand
(2) Demand Curve
(3) Composite Demand
(4) Increase in Demand
(5) Demand

3. Distinguish between:

Question 1.
Desire and Demand
Answer:

Desire	Demand
1. Desire is a mere wish for something. For example desire for a chartered plane.	1. Demand refers to desire backed by ability and willingness to pay for a particular commodity.
2. Desire has no limits.	2. Demand is limited by ability to pay and willingness to pay.
3. Desire is not related or dependent on price.	3. Demand is inversely related to price.
4. Desire is wider in scope as it includes demand.	4. Demand is narrow in scope as it is a part of desire.
5. Example : Desire of a beggar to own a car.	5. Example: Demand for a BMW Car by business man who has ability and willingness to pay.

Question 2.
Expansion of demand and Contraction of demand
Answer:

Expansion of demand	Contraction of demand
1. Expansion of demand refers to a rise in demand only due to a fall in price.	1. Contraction of demand refers to a fall in the demand due to a rise in price.
2. Expansion of demand takes place solely due to falling in price. All other factors affecting demand remain constant.	2. Contraction of demand takes place solely due to a rise in price. All other factors affecting demand remain constant.
3. Expansion of demand is shown by a downward movement on the same demand curve.	3. Contraction of demand is shown by an upward movement on the same demand curve.

Question 3.
Increase in demand and Decrease in demand
Answer:

Increase in Demand	Decrease in Demand
(a) Increase in demand refers to a rise in demand due to changes in other factors, price remaining constant.	(a) Decrease in demand refers to fall in demand due to changes in other factors, price remaining constant.
(b) Increase in demand occurs when more is purchased at the same price.	(b) Decrease in demand occurs when less is purchased at the same price.

4. State with reasons whether you agree or disagree with the following statements:

Question 1.
Demand curve slopes downward from left to right.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

Reasons justifying downwards sloping demand curve are as follows:

• The law of DiminishingMarginal Utility: Marginal utility goes on diminishing when there is increase in the stock of commodity and consumer tends to buy more when price falls and vice-versa.
• Income Effects : Whenever there is a fall in price of a commodity, purchasing power of a consumer gets increased, which enables him to buy more of that commodity.
• Substitution Effect : When price of commodity rises consumer tends to buy more of cheaper substitute goods and less of the commodity whose price has increased.
• Multi-purpose Uses : When a commodity can be used for satisfying multiple needs, its demand will rise with a fall in its price and vice-versa.
• New Consumers : When there is fall in price of a commodity, a new consumer class buy the commodity as they can afford it. Thus total demand for commodity increases with fall in price.

Question 2.
Price is the only determinant of demand.
OR
Price is the only factor that affects demand for a commodity
Answer:
No, I do not agree with the given statement. This is because there are various factors that determine demand other than price.

Reason:
The following are a few determinants:
Income of the consumer – Change in the income of the consumer also affects the market demand for goods. The effect of the change in income on the market demand depends on the type of the good.

Type of Good – The market demand for normal goods shares a positive relationship with the consumer’s income. The market demand for inferior goods (such as coarse cereals) has a negative relationship with the consumer’s income.

The market demand for Giffen goods also has a negative relationship with the income.
Consumer’s tastes and preferences – Consumers’ tastes and preferences highly influence the demand for goods. Other things being constant, if all consumers prefer a commodity over another, then the market demand for that commodity increases and vice versa.

Population size – The market demand for a commodity is also affected by the population size. Other things being equal, an increase in the population size increases the market demand for a commodity and vice-versa. This is because with the change in population size, the number of consumers in the market changes.

Question 3.
When price of Giffen goods fall, the demand for it increases.
Answer:
I Disagree with the statement.
Reason:
When price of Giffen goods falls, the demand for its decreases.
Inferior goods or low-quality goods are those goods whose demand does not rise even if their price falls. At times, demand decreases when the price of such commodities fall. Sir Robert Giffen observed this behaviour in England in relation to bread declined, people did not buy more because of an increase in their real income or purchasing power. They preferred to buy superior-good like meat. This is known as Giffen’s paradox.

5. Observe the following table and answer the following questions:

Question 1.

a) Complete the market demand schedule.
Answer:

b) Draw market demand carve based on above market demand schedule.
Answer:

Question 2.
Observe the given diagram and answer the following questions:

1) Rightward shift in demand curve …………….
2) Leftward shift in demand curve …………….
3) Price remains …………….
4) Increase and decrease in demand comes under …………….
Answer:

1. Increase in demand (D₁D₁).
2. Decrease in demand (D₂D₂).
3. Constant.
4. Change in demand.

Question 3.
Explain the diagrams:

1) Diagram A represents ……………. in demand
Answer:
Expansion or Extension.

2) In diagram A movement of demand curve is in ………………… direction
Answer:
Downward.

1) Diagram B represents …………………… in demand
Answer:
Constraction.

2) In diagram B movement of demand curve is in …………………… direction
Answer:
Upward.

6. Answer in detail :

Question 1.
State and explain the law of demand with exceptions.
Answer:
(A) Introduction : The law of demand is one of the important law of consumption which explain the functional relationship between price and quantity demanded of a commodity. Prof. Alfred Marshall in his book ‘Principle of Economics’ which was published in 1890, has explained the consumer’s behaviour as follows:

(B) Statement of the Law : According to Prof. Alfred Marshall, “Other things being equal, higher the price of a commodity, smaller is the quantity demanded and lower the price of a commodity, larger is the quantity demanded.
In other words, other things remaining constant, demand varies inversely with price. Marshall’s law of demand describes the functional relationship between demand and price. It can be presented as:
D_x = f(P_x)
where D = Demand for Commodity
x = Commodity
f = function
P_x = Price of a commodity
(C) Assumption :

• Prices of Substitute goods remain constant : The price of substitute goods should remain unchanged, as change in the price will affect the demand for the commodity.
• Prices of Complementary goods s remains constant : A change in the price j of one good will affect the demand for other,  thus the prices of complementary goods  should remain unchanged.
• No Expectation about future changes jj in prices: The consumers do not expect any \ significance rise or fall in the future prices.
• No change in Taxation Policy : The level of direct and indirect tax imposed by the government on the income and goods should remain constant.
• Constant Level of Income : Consumer’s income must remain unchanged because if income increases, consumer may buy more even at a higher price not following the law of demand.
• No Change in Tastes, Habits, Preference, Fashions, etc. : If the taste changes then the consumers preference will also change which will affect the demand. When commodities are out of fashion, then demand will be low even at a lower price.

(D) Explanation of the law of Demand :
The law of demand is explained with the help of the following demand schedule and diagram:
Demand Schedule

Price of Commodity ‘X’ (in Rs.)	Quantity Demanded of Commodity ‘X’ (in kgs)
50	1
40	2
30	3
20	4
10	5

From the above demand schedule we observe that at higher price of ₹ 50 per kg, quantity demanded is 1 kg. When price fall from ₹ 50 to ₹ 40, quantity demanded rises from 1 kg to 2 kg. Similarly, at price ₹ 30 quantity demanded is 3kg and when price falls from ₹ 20 to ₹ 10 quantity demanded rises from 4 kg to 5 kg. This shows an inverse relationship between price and demand.

In the above diagram X-axis represent quantity demanded and Y-axis represent the price of the commodity. The demand curve DD slopes downwards from left to right ] showing an inverse relationship between price and demand. It has a negative slope.

(E) Exceptions to the Law of Demand :
No, I do not agree with this statement.
There are some important cases in which the demand for the commodity is greater when price rises and smaller when price falls. Such cases are called exceptions to the law of Demand. In such case, demand curve slopes upwards from left to right and it has a positive slope.

• Prestige Goods : Rich people buy more expensive goods like gold, diamonds, etc., even when there prices are high to maintain their status.
• Giffen Paradox : Demand for low quality goods and inferior goods decrease even if there prices falls.
  According to Sir Robert Giffen when price of bread declined, people did not buy more because of increase in their real income and they prefer to buy superior goods like meat.
• Speculation : People are tend to buy more commodities if they expect prices to rise further. E.g. prices of oil, sugar, etc., are expected to rise before Diwali, so people buy more of these commodities even at higher price.
• Habitual goods : Due to habit of
  consumption, certain goods like tea is purchased in required quantities even at higher price.
•  Ignorance : Sometimes people completely ignore the price of commodity and buy more of that commodity ignoring higher price.
• Price Illusion: Consumer feels that good at higher price are of better quality, therefore demand for such goods are higher even at rise in their prices.

Question 2.
Explain in detail the determinants of demand.
Answer:
Meaning of Demand : Demand refers to a desire or want for goods. Desire is the willingness to have some commodity which is backed by willingness and ability to pay.
Definition : According to Benham, “The demand for anything at a given price is the amount of it, which will be bought per unit of time at that price.

Features of Demand :

1. Demand is a relative concept.
2. Demand is essentially expressed with reference to time and price. ?

Determinants of Demand :

1. Price of Complementary Goods : Demand changes with changes in price of complementary goods like car and petrol, etc.
2. Advertisement : Effective advertisement and sales promotion will lead to greater demand of product. E.g. cosmetics, toothbrush, etc.
3. Price : Demand for a commodity is mainly influenced by its price. Normally at a higher price the demand is less and at a lower price it is more. Thus, demand varies inversely with price of a commodity.
4. Taste, Habits and Fashions : Habits influence market demand. If people habituated to the consumption of certain goods they will not give up such habits easily. E.g. demand for liquor, cigarettes, etc. Sometimes fashion change attitude and preference of people which in turn changes market demand.
5. Income: Income determines the purchasing power. Rise in income will lead to a rise in demand of a commodity and fall in income will lead to a fall in demand of a commodity.
6. Other Factors : (a) Climatic condition, (b) Changes in technology, (c) Government policy, (d) Customs and traditions, etc.
7. Nature of Product: Under necessary and unavailable circumstances the demand of a commodity will continue to be same irrespective of the corresponding price. E.g. medicine to control blood-pressure.
8. Level of Taxation : There would be increase in price of goods and services due to high rates of taxes which results in a decrease in demand and vice-versa.
9. Expectation about the Future Prices : If the consumer expect a rise in price in the near future they will demand more at present price. Similarly, when they expect price to fall, then they will buy less at present prices.
10. Price of Substitute Goods : Demand for cheaper substitute goods will rise when there is fall in price of such goods. E.g. when sugar price rises, then the demand for jaggery will rise.
11. Size of Population: Demand for commodity depends upon size and composition of population like age structure, gender ratio which influence demand for certain goods. E.g. larger the child population, more will be the demand for toys, chocolates, etc.

Intext Questions

Activity : (Textbook Page no. 17)

Identify the concepts :

(i) A poor person wants to have a car.
Answer:
Desire : because he does not have ability and capacity to pay the price for a car.

(ii) A rich person bought a car.
Answer:
Demand : because a rich person has a desire as well as capacity to pay a car.

Activity : (Textbook Page no. 19)

Prepare a monthly demand schedule of your family for various commodities. For example, vegetables, fruits, medicines, etc.
Answer:
[Students should do this activity by themselves]

Activity : (Textbook Page no. 19)

Complete the following hypothetical demand schedule.

Answer:

Activity : (Textbook Page no. 20)

Complete the table.


Answer:

Activity : (Textbook Page no. 22)

Draw a demand curve from the following demand schedule :

Answer:

Activity : (Textbook Page no. 23)

Find out : Examples of the given exceptions to the law of demand.

(1) Prestigious Goods
Answer:
Car, Gold, Diamond, etc.

(2) Habitual Goods
Answer:
Cigarette, Tea, Drugs, Chocolates, etc.

(3) Branded Goods
Answer:
Godrej Lockers, Levis Jeans, Sony T.V, etc.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 2 Utility Analysis Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 2 Utility Analysis

1. Complete the following statements by choosing the correct alternatives.

Question 1.
In the law of diminishing marginal utility, Alfred Marshall assumes that the marginal utility of money …………..
(a) increases
(b) remains constant
(c) decreases
(d) rises and then falls
Answer:
(b) remains constant

Question 2.
As per the law of diminishing marginal utility, measurement of utility is assumed to be ……………
(a) ordinal
(b) cardinal
(c) both ordinal and cardinal
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(b) cardinal

Question 3.
MU of the commodity becomes negative when TU of a commodity is ………….
(a) rising
(b) constant
(c) falling
(d) zero
Answer:
(c) falling

Question 4.
Point of satiety means ……………….
(a) TU is rising and MU is falling
(b) TU is falling and MU is negative
(c) TU is maximum and MU is zero
(d) MU is falling and TU is rising
Answer:
(c) TU is maximum and MU is zero

Question 5.
When MU is falling, TU is ………………
(a) rising
(b) falling
(c) not changing
(d) maximum
Answer:
(a) rising

2. Choose the correct option:

Question 1.

Group ‘A’		Group ‘B’
1. Time utility	(a)	Transportation
2. Place utility	(b)	Blood bank
3. Service utility	(c)	Mobile phone
4. Knowledge utility	(d)	Doctor
	(e)	Music

Options :
(1) 1 – d, 2 – b, 3 – a, 4 – c.
(2) 1 – b, 2 – a, 3 – d, 4 – c.
(3) 1 – a, 2 – b, 3 – e, 4 – d.
(4) 1 – b, 2 – c, 3 – d, 4 – e.
Answer:
(2) 1 – b, 2 – a, 3 – d, 4 – c.

Question 2.
Statments Indicating consumer equilibrium:
a) MU is greater than price
b) MU is equal to price
c) MU is less than price
d) Price is less than one
Options:
I) a and b
II) a, b,c and d
Ill) a,b and c
IV) only b
Answer:
IV) only b

3. Identify and explain the concept from the given illustrations.

Question 1.
Salma purchased sweater for her father in winter season.
Answer:
Concept: Time utility.
Explanation : When utility of a commodity increases during a particular season it is called time utility.
Utility of sweater increases in winter season.

Question 2.
Nilesh purchased ornaments for his sister.
Answer:
Concept: Possession utility.
Explanation : When the ownership of a product changes from seller to buyer, it is called possession utility.
In the given example, ornaments are purchased by Nilesh for his sister. Ownership of a product changed, so it is an example of possession utility.

Question 3.
Kavita consumed five units of oranges one after the other.
Answer:
Concept: Successive consumption.
Explanation : To experience the law of DMU, there should be consumption of units of commodity, without time gap. It is called successive consumption.
The given example explains that five oranges are consumed by Kavita one after another without interval of time.

Question 4.
Bhushan refused to eat fifth chapati after eating four chapatis.
Answer:
Concept: Disutility.
Explanation : When the want is fully satisfied, a consumer realises full satisfaction i.e. point of satiety.
But, beyond this point, he experiences negative utility. So, he refuses to consume any more unit of commodity.
If consumption continues, it results into disutility.

Question 5.
Lalita satisfied her want of writing on essay by using pen and notebook.
Answer:
Concept: Utility.
Explanation : Utility is want satisfying capacity of a commodity.

The given example explains that, Lalita’s want of writing an essay can be satisfied with the help of pen and note-book.

4. Observe the given table and answer the questions:

Units of Com. ‘X’	TU Units	MU Units
1	6	6
2	11	5
3	15	4
4	15	0
5	14	-1

1) Draw total utility curve and marginal utility curve.
2) a) When total utility is maximum marginal utility is …………….
b) When total utility falls, marginal utility becomes ……………
Answers:
1.

2. Zero
3. Negative

5. Answer in detail:

Question 1.
State and explain the law of diminishing margmal utility with exceptions.
OR
State and explain the law of DMU? Explain its assumptions.
Answer:
Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility :
(A) Introduction:
The law of diminishing M.U. explains economic behaviour of a rational consumer.
The law was first proposed by Prof. Gossen and further explained in detail by Prof. Alfred Marshall in his book “Principles of J economics” published in 1890.
The law of DMU is universal in nature. It ) indicates common consumer’s behaviour that Marginal Utility diminishes with reduction in the intensity of want.

(B) Statement of the Law :
According to Prof. Alfred Marshall, “Other things remaining constant, the additional benefit which a person derives from a given increase in his stock of a thing, diminishes with every increase in the stock that he already has”.
In simple words, law of DMU can be stated as follows :
“Other things being the same, MU goes on ) diminishing with every successive unit of a j commodity consumed.”

Thus, the law of DMU explains that, the more of a thing you have, the less you want to have more of it.
In short, as consumption of identical units of commodity increases, MU diminishes.

(C) Assumptions of the law of DMU :
Assumptions are those conditions which are necessary for the validity of the law. They are as follows :

• Cardinal Measurement: The law assumes that utility can be measured cardinally i.e. in numbers. So, it is possible to express and compare the utility derived from each unit of commodity consumed.
• Homogeneity : It is assumed that all the units of commodity consumed are homogeneous or same. They are identical in case of size, shape, taste, colour, flavor, etc.
• Rationality : A consumer is assumed to be rational. His behaviour is normal from economic’s point of view. It means, he tries to get maximum satisfaction.
• Continuity : All units of commodity are consumed successively, one after another, without time interval.
• Reasonability : The law assumes that, all the units of commodity consumed are reasonable in size. The unit of measurement is neither too big nor too small e.g. a cup of tea, glass of water, etc.
• Divisibility : A commodity is assumed to be divisible. So it is possible to divide the units of commodity in a proper size.
• Constancy : It is assumed that related factors like income, taste and preference, habits, choice of a consumer remain constant. MU of money is also assumed to be constant.
• Single want: A given commodity is used to satisfy a single want of a person. So that it is possible to experience full satisfaction from a single want.
• Schedule and Diagram :
  The law can be explained with the help of following schedule and diagram :

Units of Commodity	Marginal Utility (M.U)
1	10
2	8
3	6
4	4
5	2
6	0
7	-2

The above given schedule shows that MU goes on diminishing with an increases in units of commodity consumed.
Graphical Presentation :

In the above given diagram, X-axis indicates units of commodity and Y-axis measures marginal utility.
Various points are plotted on the graph which indicates MU derived from each unit } of commodity consumed.
When all these point are joined, we get MU curve. It slopes downward from left to right. It shows that MU diminishes as consumption of a commodity increases.
The shaded portion of the diagram shows negative utility. It is because, beyond a certain level, further consumption of a commodity results into disutility.

(E) Exceptions to the law of Diminishing M.U.
Exceptions are those cases for which the law is not applicable. They are as follows :

1. Hobbies
2. Miser
3. Addictions
4. Power
5. Money
6. Reading

They are explained as under :
(1) Hobbies : The law of DMU is not applicable in case of collection of stamps, coins, rare paintings, etc. It is because, when its stock increases, M.U. may increases because it gives more and more satisfaction.
However, it violates the assumptions like homogeneity and continuity.

(2) Miser : For a miser, every additional rupee gives him more and more pleasure.
So, when the stock of money increases, MU of money tends to rise.
However, the behavior of a miser is irrational. It violates the assumption of rationality.

(3) Addictions : It is said that, the level of intoxication increases for drunkard with every additional consumption of liquor. It may increase MU for him.
This condition is similar to most of the addictions.
Here again, the assumptions like rationality and continuity are violated.

(4) Power: It is an exception to the law of DMU because, when a person acquires power, his craze for power increases MU from power. As a person gets power, he desires to have more and more of it.
But, it violates the rationality, assumption.

(5) Money : Money is used as a medium of exchange. It helps to buy goods to satisfy human want. So MU of money increases with an increase in its stock.
MU of money never becomes zero. The law holds true to money too. MU of money declines slowly as its stock increases. So MU of money is more for poor than rich people.

(6) Reading : When a person reads more and more, he gets deeper and deeper knowledge so MU of reading tends to increase. Similarly the law does not hold true in case of music, dance, etc.
However, assumptions like continuity, homogeneity, etc. are violated.
The law of DMU is universal in nature. These cases are not real exceptions as they violate some assumptions.
So, it is said that, there are no real exceptions to the law of DMU.

Intect Questions

Try this (Textbook Page 8)

Make a list of 10 commodities which satisfy your wants.
Answer:
Book, pen, mobile, foot-wear, watch, umbrella, bag, dress, bed sheet, soap.

Try this (Textbook Page 8)

Make a list of 10 commodities which ( satisfy the wants of particular individuals performing specific activities. For example, A chalk has utility for a teacher.
Answer:

• A stethoscope has utility for a doctor.
• A net has utility for a fisherman.
• A thermometer has utility for a nurse.
• A cow has utility for a farmer.
• Cooking gas has utility for a housewife.
• A scissor has utility for a barber.
• Wood has utility for a carpenter.
• Needle has utility for a tailor.
• Mud has utility for a potter.
• A pen has utility for a writer.

Try this (Textbook Page 10) :

Following are the various types of utility and their respective examples. Arrange the information in the form of pairs:
Answer:
Types of utility : Time utility, possession utility, service utility and place utility.
Examples :

• A dentist giving dental treatment to a patient.
• A mountaineer using oxygen cylinder at a high altitude.
• A farmer selling rice stored in the warehouse at the end of the season.
• A retail trader purchasing 100 chairs from the wholesale trader.

Example	Type of Utility
(a) A dentist giving dental treatment to a patient.	Service utility
(b) A mountaineer using oxygen cylinder at a high altitude.	Place utility
(c) A farmer selling rice stored in the warehouse at the end of the season	Time utility
(d) A retail trader purchasing 100 chairs from the wholesale trader.	Possession utility

Try this (Textbook Page 11)

Complete the following chart :
Answer:
Total Utility :

(a) Total Utility is the sum total of the individual utilities derived from the consumption of all units of good.
(b) Total Utility increases at a diminishing rate.
(c) At a point of satiety, Total Utility is maximum.
(d) Total Utility declines if consumption continues.
(e) Total Utility determines value-in-use of a commodity.
(f) Total Utility is always positive.

Marginal Utility :
(a) Marginal Utility is the addition made to the Total Utility from every additional unit consumed.
(b) Marginal Utility goes an diminishing.
(c) At a point of satiety, Marginal Utility = 0
(d) Marginal Utility becomes negative if consumption continues.
(e) Marginal Utility determines value-in­exchange of a commodity.
(f) Marginal Utility can be positive, zero or negative.

Try this (Textbook Page 14) :

Write an informative note on the paradox of values along with examples.
Answer:
The paradox of values –
The concept of value paradox is introduced by Adam Smith.
The term value has two meanings
(i) Value in use
(ii) Value in exchange
Some goods have greater value in use but a smaller value in exchange e.g. water.
However, some goods have smaller value in use but a greater value in exchange e.g. diamond.
So, the paradox of value is also called a water-diamond dilemma.
Greater value in use denotes high total utility whereas, greater value in exchange shows high marginal utility.
Thus, the concept paradox of value is very useful to understand the concepts of utility i.e., Total Utility & Marginal Utility.