Category: Class 10

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 English Solutions My English Coursebook Chapter 1.4 Be SMART Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 My English Coursebook Solutions Chapter 1.4 Be SMART…!

My English Coursebook Standard Ten Guide Chapter 1.4 Be SMART Textbook Questions and Answers

Warming up!

Chit-chat:

1. Planning your career is not an easy task. But we can reduce the distress by making a proper choice. If we do, what we love to do, the journey becomes smooth and leads to success.
The following diagram shows important factors to be considered while choosing a career. Discuss in your group, which factors you regard as important ones.

2. An Acroslic is a form of writing where the first letters in each of the lines form another word.
For example FRIEND

Prepare on your own such acrostics for-

• Your dearest family member
• Name of your best friend
• A quality or feeling
• Any profession

Question 1.
Prepare your own such acrostics for:
Your favourite family member.
Name of your best friend.
A quality or feeling.
Any profession.
Answer:
1. Best friend: TEJAL
True
Efficient
Jolly
Ambitious
Loving

2. Quality: Smart
Sober
Mannerly
Active
Radiant
Talented

3. Say whether the underlined words in the following sentences are used as a Noun or Verb or Adjective.

Question 1.
(a) I walk to school everyday. (………….)
(b) I go for a walk everyday. (………….)
(c) They gave me a gift everyday. (………….)
(d) You can gift her a story book. (………….)
(e) It was sold as a gift pack. (………….)
(f) They bought a new house on 10th street. (………….)
(g) The water – tanks leak a lot. (………….)
(h) The old-age home houses loo aging and homeless people. (………….)
Answer:
(a) I walk to school everyday. – Verb
(b) I go for a walk everyday – Noun
(e) They gave me a gift everyday – Noun
(d) You can gift her a story book – Verb
(e) It was sold as a gift pack – Adjective
(f) They bought a new house on 10th street – Noun
(g) The water-tanks leak a lot – Verb
(h) The old-age home houses 100 aging and homeless people. – Verb

English Workshop:

1. Complete the following web with the words associated with the passage and the given title :

Question 1.
Complete the following web with the words associated with the passage and the given title

Answer:

2. (A) Pick out examples from the text that support each of the following facts :

Question a.
Goals should be achievable.
Answer:
Example: We can’t become a President, a Prime Minister, but we can hope to hold the office of an important social worker and deliver results.

Question b.
A time-limit should be set to achieve goals.
Answer:
Example: To reduce weight we know how to go about it. But without consistent time-bound action, it never becomes a reality. It may be exercise, diet and stress-free thoughts. All these have to be practised and implemented within a deadline.

Question c.
A specific field/area has to be fixed to achieve goals.
Answer:
Example: If it is building a house, what exactly is the capacity required and how long can it stretch?

Question d.
Good results depend upon the quality and quantity of work put in.
Answer:
Example: Life is like a trumpet. If we don’t put anything in, we can’t get anything out.

Question e.
A benchmark is needed to track progress.
Answer:
Example: While playing football, a player’s exact role and position has to be clearly defined.

3. Complete the following sentences.

Question 1.
Complete the following sentences
(a) SMART goals are …………….
(b) Two valuable assets of setting goals are …………
Answer:
(a) SMART goals are a methodology of thinking I that helps people reach success.
(b) Two valuable assets of setting goals are-a ! sense of originality and a stepping stone to illuminate the path.

4. Read this quote.
‘If we don’t put anything in, we can’t get anything out.’ Guess the meaning. Discuss in pairs and find similar quotes that bring in the same meaning.
Question 1.
‘If we don’t put anything in, we can’t get anything out.’ Guess the meaning. Discuss in pairs and find similar quotes that bring in the same meaning.
(a) You reap as you sow
(b) Input is equal to output
(c) …………………………….
(d) …………………………….
(e) …………………………….
Answer:
(a) As you sow, so shall you reap.
(b) Input is equal to output.
(c) No pains, no gains.
(d) Nothing ventures, nothing have.
(e) The longer you work, the more you get.
(f) Well begun is half done.

5. Drafting a Speech. Discuss in groups each block and make notes about it.

Question 1.
Drafting a Speech. Discuss in groups each block and make notes about it.

Answer:
Do it yourself.

6. Speech development
(A) Content
(a) Greeting and introduction of the topic
(b) Exposition of main theme/clarity of message/organised thoughts and ideas.
(c) Moral and practical application with examples.
(d) Conclusion

(B) Speaking Presentation
(a) Verbal clarity – pronunciation of words, voice modulation and projection.
(b) Presentation/Speaking style – mannerism, audience eye contact, ability to keep the audience engaged.
(c) Confidence – gestures and expressions, stage courage

(C) Useful phrases and vocabulary
(a) It’s pleasure to see you all/I am happy to see you today/It’s good to see you all here.
(b) Today’s topic is ………../My talk is about………….. My topic is …………….
(c) The purpose/aim of this speech. …………
(d) I will focus on one/two/three major issues.
(e) If you have any question, feel free to ask me.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

7. Dos and Don’ts for delivering a speech. Add some more points.

Answer:

Dos	Don’ts
Talk slowly	Don’t mumble
Emphasize keywords	Don’t look up /down
Be confident	Don’t use too many hand gestures
Maintain a good posture	Don’t keep your speech too lengthy
Make eye contact with the entire audience	Don’t repeat the same words multiple times

8. You are going to participate in interschool elocution competition. The subject given to you is “How to achieve success in life.” Draft a speech to present it, in a competition.

Question 1.
You are going to participate in interschool elocution competition. The subject given to you is “How to achieve success in life.” Draft a speech to present it, in a competition.

Answer:
How to achieve success in life?
Honourable chairperson, respected headmaster, teachers and my dear friends. Today I am going to give my speech on “How to achieve success in life.” I request you to listen to me carefully. So my friends, success is very important in everyone’s life.

Everyone has a dream of becoming a successful human being in life. There is a good saying that, “Success is a journey and not a destination.” How true it is! If we look at the life of all successful people, we realize the truthfulness of the statement. The definition of success is different for every person. For a child, success is to solve a puzzle, for a S.S.C. student, success is to get good marks, for a businessman, success is to get a contract and for grandparents, success is to see the whole family live happily together.

Everyone wants to become rich and successful in life. To achieve ambition, there are many steps which are to be followed. First of all, we have to set our goal, means we have to decide what we are and what we want to be. So proper plan and execution of the plan are very important. The tragedy of life does not lie in not reaching the goal, the tragedy lies in having no goal to reach.

For a great success we need a lot of confidence, patience, knowledge, perseverance and hard work. We should not waste our time because time is money. Don’t compare yourself with any other person in the world. If you do so you are demeaning yourself. The main thing is that we should always think positively and never give up hope. Many of our failures are the people who did not realize how close they were to success when they gave up.

Always remember that the word “Impossible” means, I’m possible and if destiny is accompanied with the three D’s : determination, dedication and devotion, then everything becomes possible. We should learn from our own mistakes. We should always follow in the footsteps of great, successful people. Let’s take an example of Dhirubhai Ambani.

He was born in a poor family, but struggled a lot to achieve his ambition and never gave up hope because he knew that there is always a room at the top. He kept the hope alive in his heart and tried his level best and as you know he became one of the richest industrialists in the world. After all, no gains, without pains.

There is a great saying that successful people do not do different things, they do the things differently. So work hard, continuously. God’s blessings are always there with you. Thank you for listening to me carefully.
Jai Hind.

9. Project Work :
Your goal, this year, is to successfully pass out from secondary school. So let us be SMART and note down the following.
(a) Specific Area :
(Subjects) and number of units/lessons
1. English 4 units
2. ………………..
3. ………………..
4. ………………..
5. ………………..
6. ………………..

(b) Measurable :
Comparison of scores in previous examinations and in recent one.

(c) Achievable goal :
(Target scores/performance in SSC Exams.)
1. Good %
2. ……………
3. ……………
4. ……………
5. ……………
6. ……………

(d) Realisitc approach :
Plan of action that matches with your expertise/resources.
For example :
1. Make a study time table and follow it regularly.
2. ……………………………………………………..
3. ……………………………………………………..
4. ……………………………………………………..
5. ……………………………………………………..

(e) Time-bound Action :
Days required for revision

Answer:
Do it yourself.

Language Study:

Gerund:
When the – ‘ing’ form of a verb is used as a noun, it is known as a gerund a verbal noun. For example, The fighting went on. Here, we see that the – ‘ing’ form of the verb ‘fight’ is used as a subject in ‘The fighting went on’. It does a work of a noun.
Read the following examples of gerunds:

• Gardening is an art.
• Cooking is a science.
• I enjoy reading poems.
• I like reading more than writing.

Rewrite the above sentences using other appropriate gerunds in place of the given here.

Question 1.
Rewrite the above sentences using other appropriate gerunds in place of the given here.
Answer:

1. Painting is an art.
2. Banking is a science.
3. I enjoy acting.
4. I like riding more than swimming.

Infinitives:
Sometimes the form of a verb in a sentence names the action but does not change according to tense, number or person. Such a form is known as a non-finite form or an infinitive. An infinitive is used with or without ‘to’.
Examples: How did people first begin to drink tea? Can you name the beverage?
Underline the infinitive in the following sentences.
It was funny to read words that stood still.
Can I read the book?
To be or not to be – that is the question.

Question 1.
Underline the infinitive in the following sentences :
(The answers are directly given and underlined.)
Answer:

1. It was funny to read words that stood still.
2. Can I read the book?
3. To be or not to be – that is the question.

Finite:

Underline the verbs and choose the correct option from the brackets.

Thus, we see that verb forms show tense, number, etc. Here, the verb form changes according to the subject. A verb form which is decided by and changes according to the subject of the sentence is known as a Iuikite verb.
Example: ‘You are very kind.’ If the subject ‘you’ is changed to ‘she’, the sentence will be ‘She is very kind.’

Now change the verb form according to the change in the subject.

• I don’t know: Change ‘I’ to ‘She’ ……….
• My father knows: Change ‘My father’ to ‘We’ ……….
• I am following in your footsteps: Change ‘I’ to ‘He’ ……….

Underline the gerund/present participles/infinitive.
(a) Setting goal may appear easy, but it is quite challenging.
(b) Quantifying goals provide specific ways to track progress.
(c) It is important to create goals that are within a current skill set or area of expertise.
(d) We need to bring down life images down to earth and plan to execute our strategies.
(e) Finding the right footing, precisely mastering the skills and getting to the next place, all depend on how we approach and tackle the problem.

Classify the following words in their respective columns.
tackle, trumpet, directly, execute, aggressive, natural, absence, exactly, achieve, clearly, imagination, precisely, create, important, expert, specific. of, if, and, oh, from, we, but, it.

Changing word class:

Sometimes, the word class of a word changes without adding any prefix or suffix. For example, ‘run’ is used as a verb. So, ‘verb’ is its word class in ‘I can run faster than him.’ But when ‘run’ is used as a noun, its word class changes. For example, India has to score ten more runs to win the match.’ This is called a change of word class. Look at the following examples. Change of word class from verb to noun :
‘I doubt if I can write as fast as you can’ (verb). I have a doubt about this topic (noun). Similarly : laugh, walk, catch, throw, turn
Change of word class from noun to verb :
‘Remove the potato peels (noun). Peel the potato (verb).
‘She works as a nurse (noun). You have to nurse a patient till he/she recovers (verb).

Change the verb form according to the change in the subject.

• I don’t know: Change ‘I’ to ‘She’ ……….
• My father knows: Change ‘My father’ to ‘We’ ……….
• I am following in your footsteps: Change ‘I’ to ‘He’ ……….

Question 1.
I don’t know. (Change T to ‘She’.)
Answer:
She doesn’t know.

Question 2.
My father knows it. (Change ‘My father’ to ’We)
Answer:
We know it.

Question 3.
I am following in your footsteps.
(Change T to ‘He’)
Answer:
He is following in your footsteps.

Underline the gerund/present participles/infinitive.
(a) Setting goal may appear easy, but it is quite challenging.
(b) Quantifying goals provide specific ways to track progress.
(c) It is important to create goals that are within a current skill set or area of expertise.
(d) We need to bring down life images down to earth and plan to execute our strategies.
(e) Finding the right footing, precisely mastering the skills and getting to the next place, all depend on how we approach and tackle the problem.

Question 1.
Underline the gerund/present participles/infinitive.
(Answers are directly given.)
(a) Setting goal may appear easy, but it is quite challenging.
(b) Quantifying goals provide specific ways to track progress.
(c) It is important to create goals that are within a current skill set or area of expertise.
(d) We need to bring down life images down to earth and plan to execute our strategies.
(e) Finding the right footing, precisely mastering the skills and getting to the next place, all depend on how we approach and tackle the problem.

Classify the following words in their respective columns.

Question 1.
Classify the following words in their respective columns.
(Answers are directly given.)
vision, professional, natural, achieve, originality, 1 simply, failure, absence, expert, specific, easily, thrive, appear, five
Answer:

Nouns	Adjectives	Adverbs	Verbs
vision	natural	simply	achieve
professional	expert	easily	thrive
originality	specific		appear
failure	five
absence

Question 2.
Classify the following words in their respective columns.
(Answers are directly given.)
improvement, exactly, achievement, exact, clearly, important, create, aggressive, skill, help, hope, ability, defensive.
Answer:

Nouns	Adjectives	Adverbs	Verbs
improvement	exact	exactly	create
achievement	important	clearly	help
skill	aggressive		hope
help	defensive
hope
ability

Question 3.
Classify the following words in their respective columns.
(Answers are directly given.)
increase, consistent, imagination, execute, directly, tackle, reach, successful, expertise, unrealistic, reduce, precisely, hesitation, problem, valuable
Answer:

Nouns	Adjectives	Adverbs	Verbs
imagination	consistent	directly	increase
expertise	successful	precisely	execute
hesitation	unrealistic		tackle
problem	valuable		reach
			reduce

Question 4.
Classify the following words in their respective columns.
(Answers are directly given.)
ah, of, if, and, oh, from, we, but, it, hurrah
Answer:

Pronoun	Preposition	Conjunction	Interj­ection
we	of	if	oh
it	from	and	ah
		but	hurrah

My English Coursebook 10th Digest Chapter 1.4 Be SMART Additional Important Questions and Answers

Read the following passage and do the activities :

Simple Factual Activity :

Question 1.
Write whether the following statements are True or False :
Answer:

1. We won’t achieve our goals unless we take action to achieve them. – True
2. We all don’t have natural talents. – False
3. The skill must be stronger than will. – False
4. Goals help to steer a course of life. – True

Question 2.
Write whether the following sentences are True or False : (Board’s Model Activity Sheet)
Answer:

1. Quantifying goals provides specific ways to track progress against goals. – True
2. Setting goals that can’t be completed in the designated period of time. – False
3. It is important to create goals that are within one’s current skill set or area of expertise. – True
4. Being realistic will make it difficult to be successful at attaining goals. – False

Question 3.
Complete the following sentences with the help of the passage :
(Answers are directly given and underlined.)
Answer:

1. Specific goals make it easier to set parameters and work towards the goal.
2. Achievable goals may act like stepping stones to help meeting broader goals.
3. Expecting to become an expert in a short amount of time is unrealistic.

Question 4.
Complete the sentences with the help of the information in the passage :
(Answers are directly given and underlined.)
Answer:

1. For reducing weight, exercise, diet and stress- I free thoughts should be practised and implemented without hesitation.
2. Vision, wishes, intentions and dreams spark off imagination and encourage us to define where we want to reach.
3. The quality and quantity of energy we put forth, directly impact the results.
4. Success is a walk in the dark.

Complex Factual Activities:

Question 1.
Complete the web :
(Answer is directly given.)
Answer:

Question 2.
Complete the sentences using the information from the passage :
(Answers are directly given and underlined.)
Answer:

1. If we use our talent to set our goal in life, we can easily get success in life.
2. One has to decide what one wants to achieve in the end.
3. Setting goals sometimes appear easy but for some it is quite challenging.
4. We shall not achieve our goals if we do not take action to achieve them.

Question 3.
How does quantifying goals help us?
Answer:
Quantifying goals help us to provide detailed and exact ways to track progress against goals. This makes it easy to benchmark performance throughout the goal period, including areas to improve. In the game of football, the player’s exact role and position has to be clearly defined.

Question 4.
What factor is unreal, while setting goals?
Answer:
Expecting to become an expert in a short amount of time is an unreal factor, while setting goals. Building expertise always takes time.

Activities based on Vocabulary:

Question 1.
Find from the passage adjectives for :

1. nature
2. value
3. success
4. ease

Answer:

1. nature – natural
2. value – valuable
3. success – successful
4. ease – easy

Question 2.
Find from the passage adjectives for the following :

1. area
2. period
3. role
4. stones
5. picture

Answer:

1. specific – area
2. goal – period
3. exact – role
4. stepping – stones
5. clear – picture

Question 3.
Cross the odd man out:
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

Question 4.
Write from the passage noun forms of the following :
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

1. accountable – accountability
2. real – reality
3. imagine – imagination
4. hesitate – hesitation

Question 5.
Write from the passage words related to qualities required for success :
Answer:
accountability, consistent, vision, wish, intention, dream, imagination, execute, energy, skills, approach, strategy.

Activities based on Contextual Grammar :

Question 1.
Underline the gerund /present participles/ infinitives:
(Answers are directly given and underlined.)
Answer:

1. After all, one has to decide what one wants to achieve in the end.
2. If we use that talent to set in our Life, we call easily get success in Life.
3. They help to steer a course of our Life.

Question 2.
Underline the Present Participles/ Infinitives :
(Answers are directly given and underlined.)
Answer:

1. It makes it easier to set parameters.
2. These goals may act like stepping stones to help broader goals.
3. So expecting to become an expert in a short time is unrealistic.
4. Being realistic will make it easy to be successful at attaining goals.
5. You must have the ability to adhere to that picture.

Do as directed:

Question 1.
We all have natural talents,
(Add a question tag.)
Answer:
We all have natural talents, haven’t we?

Question 2.
The will must be stronger than the skill.
(Begin with-The skill must not be and change into positive degree.)
Answer:
The skill must not be as strong as the will.

Question 3.
It is important to create goals.
(Pick out the infinitive)
Answer:
to create.

Question 4.
These goals may act like stepping stones.
(Pick out the present participle)
Answer:
stepping.

Question 5.
Life is like a trumpet. (Frame a Wh-question to get the underlined word as answer.)
Answer:
What is life like?

Question 6.
Establish time parameters around each goal. (Rewrite the sentence beginning with ‘Let’and change the sentence into passive voice.)
Answer:
Let time parameters around each goal be established.

Question 7.
If we don’t put anything in, we can’t get anything out. (Rewrite the sentence using ‘unless’ in the beginning.)
Answer:
Unless we put anything in, we can’t get anything out.

Question 8.
It will help increase focus and accountability.
(Identify the Tense of the sentence.)
Answer:
Simple Future Tense

Question 9.
Complete the words by using correct

1. d r_a m
2. g o_l s
3. s m_r t
4. r i_h t

Answer:

1. dream
2. goals
3. smart
4. right

Question 10.
Put the following words in alphabetical order :
1. situation, some, specific, skill
2. stretch, involve, goal, rubric
Answer:
1. situation, skill, some, specific
2. goal, involve, rubric, stretch

Question 11.
Punctuate the following sentences :
1. Where are you going at this time said raja to smeeta
(2) The servant said what a kind nobleman he is
Answer:
1. “Where are you going at this time?” said Raja to Smeeta.
2. The servant said, “What a kind nobleman he is!”

Question 12.
Make four smaller words each (minimum 3 letters each) using the letters in the word : measurable
Answer:
meal, able, sure, marble

Question 13.
Write related words as shown in the example :
(Answer is directly given and underlined.)
Answer:

Question 14.
Complete the following word-chain based on nouns. Add four words, each beginning with the last letter of the previous word :
Tree → …………. → …………. → …………. → ………….
Answer:
Tree → egg → goat → team → mat.

1. Attempt any one :

a. Make your own meaningful sentence using the phrase ‘down to earth’ :
Answer:
He has achieved many awards but he remains down to earth all the time.
OR
b. Add a clause to the following sentence to expand it meaningfully :
I asked him
Answer:
I asked him if he was ready to come with me.

2. Attempt any one :
a. Add a prefix or suffix to make new words.
1. correct
2. fear
Answer:
1. incorrect
2. fearful/fearless
OR
b. Make meaningful sentence using any one of the following words :
1. correct
2. fear
Answer:
1. Whatever he said was correct.
2. The girl was shaking with fear.

Personal Response :

Question 1.
Do you have a goal in your life? What efforts will you make to achieve it?
Answer:
Yes, I do have decided my goal in my life. I aspire to be a top musician. To achieve my goal I will ‘ keep on trying and going ahead despite difficulties with the help of talent and hard work. I am sure that my faith in God, my perseverance, courage and , positive thinking will lead me to success.

Question 2.
Why do think that your goal should be achievable?
Answer:
I think, I must be very careful about choosing my goal. My goal must be achievable. That should be completed within the set deadline.
I should consider my talent and ability and then go for such a goal which will not remain incomplete and unsuccessful.

Question 3.
Why is it necessary to set our goals realistic?
Answer:
It is important to create goals that are within j your current skills limit. You must be expert in the area you have undertaken. Your approach towards your goal must be realistic and positive. You must have to work hard and know how and when you can | attain the goal.

Question 4.
Do you think, your attitude will change sifter your great success? Explain.
Answer:
No, I don’t think my great success will change my attitude towards the world. I shall be as humble as before. I shall not allow my success to go to my head. I shall be always down to earth. I will never trumpet my achievement and will express my views about my success without sounding boastful. Nothing will change in my life.

Question 5.
‘If we don’t put anything in, we can’t get anything out.’ Explain,
Answer:
When we wish to achieve something we must have to give time and put forth every quality and quantity of our energy. You have to prepare plan and execute it meticulously, concentrating on your goal. We will have to put everything at stake to get fruitful results. Efforts we put in the process wholeheartedly can only give us the output (success) we desire. The more you work in the direction of success, the more benefits you get.

Writing Skill:

Drafting a Speech :

Points: Understand the given topic for the speech – Collect all information from all sources – put your thoughts, ideas clearly, systematically in correct sequence – use good but – simple and impressive language – use slogans, quotes, maxims, proverbs, etc. – give examples to justify your points of view – emphasize your good points – conclude with thanks.

Delivering the Speech : Begin with greetings – introduce the topic – modulate your voice – be bold, straightforward and confident – look straight at the audience – speak slowly but loudly and clearly – avoid odd mannerisms or gestures – impress the audience – end the speech with thanks to audience.

Activities:

Question 1.
Your goal, this year, is to successfully pass from Secondary School to Higher Secondary School. So let us be SMART and note down the following :
(Note : Students should try to fill in their own ideas/information in the tables given on the coursebook pages 27 and 28.)
Points :
(a) Specific area : Note down the subjects and units.
(b) Measurable : Compare the scores of previous tests.
(c) Achievable goal: Set goals/target to be achieved.
(d) Realistic approach : Make action plans to get good marks.
(e) Time-bound Action : Study, Revision-required days

Language Study:

Question 1.
Change of word class from noun to verb :
Answer:
1. Remove the potato peels (noun). Peel the potato (verb).
2. She works as a nurse (noun). You have to nurse a patient till he/she recovers (verb).

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 English Solutions Unit 4.2 The Luncheon Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 English Kumarbharati Textbook Solutions Unit 4.2 The Luncheon

Maharashtra Board Class 10 English Solutions Unit 4.2 Warming Up Questions and Answers

The Luncheon Questions And Answers Class 10 Question 1.
Talk with your partner and discuss the following questions:
(a) Have you ever been invited to lunch, at any hotel, by your friend?
(b) What was the occasion?
(c) Did you enjoy the lunch? Why?
Answer:
(a) Have you ever been invited for a lunch to any hotel by your friend? (You can think of the name of the hotel, what you ate there, what you saw there, etc.)
(b) What was the occasion? (Was it for a birthday, a celebration of some sort, a get-together, etc.)
(c) Did you enjoy the lunch? Why? (Was the food good/bad, was the service good/ bad, was the place clean/unclean/noisy, etc.)

The Luncheon Questions And Answers Question 2.
Discuss in pairs:
People with foibles are often not conscious of them. Do you agree or disagree? Why?
Answer:
I agree with this. My grandmother has a foible that we all know about, but she is not conscious of it. When the house is untidy, she gets irritated. She will tuck in the edge of her sari and walk about the house, muttering to herself. She is not even aware of this peculiar behavior.

The Luncheon English Workshop Question 3.
As you know, every country has its own currency. Find out the currency of at least 6 countries along with their current exchange rate in India, with the help of the internet. One is done for you.
For example, Switzerland: franc; 1 franc = 66.73 INR

Country	Currency	Exchange Rate in Indian Currency

Answer:

Country	Currency	Exchange Rate in Indian Currency
1. Switzerland	franc	1 franc = 66.73 INR
2. United States of America	Dollar	1 dollar = 72.04 rupees
3. Afghanistan	Afghani	1 Afghani= 0.9532 rupees
4. Japan	Yen	1 Yen =0.6422 rupees
5. Indonesia	Rupiah	1 Rupiah= 0.005 rupees
6. Malaysia	Malaysian ringgit	1 Malaysian ringgit= 17.412 rupees

The Luncheon Class 10 English Workshop Questions and Answers Maharashtra Board

1. Choose the correct option from the bracket and fill in the blanks given below.
(addressed, luncheon, generously, unwise, insist)
(a) The chief guest …………………… the students.
(b) The crow was …………………… to sing.
(c) I invited my relatives to ……………………
(d) Parents always …………………… on children to be allrounders.
(e) The king decided to donate his wealth among his subjects ……………………
Answer:
(a) addressed
(b) unwise
(c) luncheon
(d) insist
(e) generously

Question 2.
Go through the story again and find out various instances which create humour in ‘The Luncheon’. Complete the table by picking up various humorous instances and the particular line from the story. One is done for you.

Humorous Instance	Line from the story
The woman is a voracious eater	‘‘Follow my example, and never eat more than one thing for luncheon.’’

Answer:

Humorous instance	Line from the passage
1. The author ordered a single mutton chop.	(i) “I see you’re in the habit of eating a heavy luncheon.” (ii) “Why don’t you follow my example and eat just one thing?”
2. The woman wanted to eat asparagus.	(i) “I couldn’t possibly eat anything more unless they had some of those giant asparagus. I should be sorry to leave Paris without eating some of them.” (ii) “I’m not in the least hungry, but if you insist, I don’t mind having some asparagus.”
3. The writer was afraid that he would not have enough money to pay the bill.	I would put my hand in my pocket and with a dramatic cry. start-up and say that it had been picked.

Question 3.
Who said these words/sentences? Under what circumstances?

Words/Sentences	Who said?	Under what circumstances?
1. I never eat anything for luncheon. 2. It’s many years since we first met. 3. Are you still hungry? 4. I don’t believe in overloading my stomach. 5.  I’ll eat nothing for dinner tonight.

Answer:

Words/Sentences	Who said?	Under what circumstances?
1. I never eat anything for luncheon.	Guest	When the writer was startled on seeing the prices on the menu.
2. It’s many years since we first met.	The Guest	When she met the writer at a play and called him over during the interval to talk to him.
3. Are you still hungry?	Author	When the guest said that one should get up from a meal feeling that one could eat a little more, and she had already eaten quite a lot.
4. I don’t believe in overloading my stomach.	Guest	When the writer ordered a mutton chop for himself.
5.  I’ll eat nothing for dinner tonight.	Author	When the luncheon was over and they were leaving the hotel, he knew that he had the whole month before him and he did not have any money for food. That was when he said the words.

Question 4.
Answer in your own words.
(a) Although the author was not a vindictive man, he was very happy to see her weigh twenty one stone and had finally had his revenge. What makes him say this? Explain.
Answer:
Twenty years earlier, the writer was earning barely enough money to make both ends meet. The lady wanted him to give her a luncheon at Foyot’s, an expensive restaurant. The writer thought that he could stand her a modest luncheon. The lady reassured him by saying that ‘she never ate anything for luncheon’. However, she ended by eating about six different items, some of which were very expensive yet she insisted till the end that she never ate more than one thing for luncheon and advised him against ‘filling his stomach with a lot of meat’ when all he had eaten was one small mutton chop – the cheapest item on the menu. The writer was finally left with a whole month before him and no money in his pocket. He could not forget this incident, and when he met her twenty years later, she had become very fat and weighed twenty-one stone. This made the writer feel that though he was not a vindictive man, he had got his revenge.

(b) There are quite a few places where the author uses the expressions ‘My heart sank, panic seized’ etc. What was the reason for this ? Explain.
Answer:
The writer was living in a tiny apartment in Paris and earning barely enough money to make both ends meet. The lady wanted him to give her a little luncheon at Foyot’s, an expensive restaurant. When they met, she ordered some of the most expensive dishes available. The writer was terribly worried about whether he had enough money to pay the bill. Hence, he has used the expressions ‘my heart sank’, ‘panic seized me’, etc.

(c) What are the instances which create humour in “The Luncheon”?
Answer:
The instances in the story that create humour are:
(i) when the writer sees the woman at Foyot’s.
(ii) when she orders dish after dish, after first saying that she eats nothing for luncheon, and then stretching the irony she insists that she ate only one thing for luncheon,
(iii) when she tells the writer, who is eating only a mutton chop – the cheapest item on the menu – that he should not overload his stomach,
(iv) when she says that the writer has insisted on her eating asparagus,
(v) when the writer imagines what he would do while paying the bill,
(vi) when the writer says that he would not eat anything for dinner that night,
(vii) when the writer tells us the woman’s weight, when he sees her aghin after twenty years.

(d) Describe the use of irony and humour in “The Luncheon”.
Answer:
In this story, the writer uses humour and irony to depict the character of the woman. The narrator takes the woman to an expensive restaurant called Foyot’s. He is startled when he sees the high prices on the menu, but relieved when his guest tells him, “I never eat anything for luncheon,” and “I never eat more than one thing.” After stating this, ironically, the woman eats some of the most expensive things available, like salmon and caviar, while the poor author only eats a mutton chop. Looking at it, she takes him to task for eating a ‘heavy’ luncheon, and tells him that he should follow her example and never eat more than one thing for luncheon. She said that she would eat the asparagus because the writer ‘insists’, when it was she who had asked for them. In the end, when she repeats once again that he should follow her example and never eat more than one thing for luncheon, the writer retorts that he would do better than that— he would not eat anything for dinner that night!

Question 5.
Pick out the words and phrases in the story that indicate that the author was not financially well off. One is done for you.

Words	not afford	–
Phrases	beyond my means	–

Answer:

Words	not afford	modest, cheapest, borrow, mean.
Phrases	beyond my means	earning barely enough money, manage well enough, prices were a great deal higher, horribly expensive, ten francs short, what they cost, inadequate tip, not a penny in my pocket, eat nothing for dinner.

Question 6.
After reading the story, put the following events into correct order:
(a) She gave me her last kind advice how to improve my eating habits.
(b) I met her in the theatre after many years and I could hardly recognize her.
(c) Twenty years ago, I lived in Paris and earned just enough money to get by.
(d) I was really scared what could happen when I would pay the bill.
(e) “I never eat anything for luncheon.”
(f) I ordered a mutton chop for myself.
(g) She had read a book of mine.
(h) She ordered asparagus.
(i) She suggested him to invite her to a famous and expensive restaurant.
(j) I didn’t have dinner for the rest of the month.
Answer:
(c) Twenty years ago, I lived in Paris and earned just enough money to get by.
(b) I met her in the theatre after many years and I could hardly recognize her.
(g) She had read a book of mine.
(i) I invited her to a famous and expensive restaurant.
(e) “I never eat anything for luncheon.”
(f) I ordered a mutton chop for myself.
(h) She ordered asparagus.
(d) I was really scared what could happen when I would pay the bill.
(a) She gave me her last kind advice on how to improve my eating habits.
(j) I didn’t have dinner for the rest of the month.

Question 7.
The irony is the expression of meaning through the use of language signifying the opposite. Describe the use of irony in ‘The Luncheon’. Pick the sentences from the story that are examples of irony. Fill in the table ‘A’ the general direct meaning while in table ‘B’ its hidden meaning or the opposite meaning intended by the speaker. One is done for you.

Sentence	Direct meaning	Hidden meaning
If I cut out coffee for the next two days,	to stop drinking coffee	to stop spending money in order to save money for some purpose.

Answer:

Sentence	Direct Meaning	Irony (Hidden meaning)
(1) I never eat more than one thing.	I am careful and do not eat much; I eat only one thing.	She goes on to eat six expensive items during the luncheon.
(2) I don’t believe in overloading my stomach.	I do not eat much, but in limited quantities.	She has a hearty and expensive meal.
(3) If you insist, I don’t mind ‘ having some asparagus.	I am eating asparagus because you are forcing me to.	The writer had certainly not insisted; she had asked for it.
(4) I’m not in the least hungry.	I am not at all hungry and cannot eat anything.	She thrusts the asparagus down her throat in large mouthfuls.
(5) One thing I thoroughly believe in—one should get up from a meal feeling one could eat a little more.	One should always leave space in the stomach for more food.	She has had a hearty meal and was probably very full.
(6) I have a cup of coffee in the morning and then dinner, but I never eat more than one thing for luncheon. I’ve just had a snack.	I am a very light eater; I hardly eat anything during the day.	She has had six different items for luncheon.
(7) You’ve filled your stomach with a lot of meat.	You have eaten a lot.	The writer had just one little miserable mutton chop.
(8) I’ll eat nothing for dinner tonight.	I won’t have anything for dinner tonight.	The writer had no money left.

Question 8.
Fill in the blank a word or a phrase given in the brackets in their appropriate forms. (startle, catch sight of, overload, water, pass)
1. “I never …………………… my stomach”, she said.
2. I was …………………… when the menu was brought.
3. The author …………………… the guest at the play.
4. I had seen asparagus in the shops, my mouth often …………………… at the sight of them.
5. The author’s guest was …………………… through Paris.
Answer:
1. overload
2. startled
3. caught sight of
4. watering
5. passing

Question 9.
Use appropriate articles.
1. I have just had …………………… snack.
2. I have …………………… cup of coffee in the morning.
3. I want just …………………… ice cream and coffee.
4. Author and his guest gave …………………… order and then waited for asparagus to be cooked.
Answer:
a
a
an
The

Question 10.
Classify the following words in the given table appropriately. (modest, luncheon, generously, rank, restaurant, appearance, large, expensive, watch, coffee, brought, afford, practical, apartment, moment, brightly, started, thoroughly)

Noun	Verb	Adjective	Adverb

Answer:

Noun	Verb	Adjective	Adverb
luncheon, restaurant, appearance, watch, coffee, apartment, moment	brought, afford, started, sank	modest, large, expensive, practical,	generously, brightly, thoroughly

Question 11.
Study the different uses of ‘could’. Identify what it indicates.
(a) Lack of rain could cause draught. (possibility/condition)
(b) Abhi could perform well in his school days. (suggestion/past ability)
(c) Instead of playing computer games you could play real games with friends. (past ability/suggestion)
(d) Could I use your computer for surfing net? (possibility/request)
(e) We could go on an excursion, if we didn’t have exam. (suggestion/condition)
Answer:
(1) could – possibility
(2) could – past ability
(3) could – suggestion
(4) could – request
(5) could – condition

Question 12.
Fill in the gaps with appropriate Prepositions to make the passage meaningful.
I waited …………………… the airport …………………… Atlanta. My old school-mate was going to arrive …………………… New Airlines …………………… Mumbai, …………………… 21st March …………………… the year 2018. We had not met …………………… 40 years …………………… 1978. She was going to stay …………………… a week …………………… me …………………… Atlanta …………………… 21st …………………… 27th March, 2018.

My joy knew no bounds, when I saw her …………………… 40 years. …………………… home, I introduced her …………………… my family. Then I took her …………………… a big mall …………………… shopping. It was just …………………… my house. We went …………………… the street and climbed …………………… using the elevator, …………………… the staircase.

Answer:
I waited at the airport in Atlanta. My old school-mate was going to arrive by New Airlines from Mumbai, on the 21st of March in the year 2018. We had not met for 40 years, since 1978. She was going to stay for a week with me in Atlanta, from the 21st to 27lh of March, 2018.

My joy knew no bounds when I saw her after 40 years. At home, I introduced her to my family. Then I took her to a big mall for shopping. It was just near my house. We went across the street and climbed up using the elevator near the staircase.

Question 13.
On the occasion of Diwali, write a letter to your friend to invite him/her to celebrate the festival in an innovative way. Use the following hints. time and place special dish is prepared – other friends have also invited post-lunch fun programs, innovative activity
Answer:
Manju Mhatre
8-B, Tulsi Angan
Garodia Nagar
Ghatkopar
Mumbai – 400 077
21st October, 2020

Dear Diya,
Hi there! How are you? You seem to have forgotten me completely afteroining college! Well, I haven’t, and I am writing this letter for a special reason.

This is an invitation for lunch at my place on 4 November on the occasion of Diwali. This will be a sort of house-warming too-you can see from the address above that I have shifted to a new place.

I have also called our other badminton friends—Divya, Rajni, Shubha and Kirti. My Mom has promised to I prepare traditional Diwali dishes, which I am sure ! you will enjoy. And after that—well, that’s going to be i a surprise! But I am sure all of us will enjoy this too.

So do come. Come at about 12.30. Be prepared to be here till 5. Bye.

Your friend,
Manju

Question 14.
Further reading:
(a) “The Phantom Luncheon” by Saki.
(b) “The Ant and the Grasshopper” by William Somerset Maugham.

Form 4 groups of the class. Every group will visit the school’s library or use the internet to read both the creations of Saki and W. S. Maugham. After reading them, every group will summarise both the creations and later read out in the class.

Question 15.
Choose the correct options from the bracket and fill in the blanks: (younger, eighty, twenty, interval)
(1) 1 went over during the interval and sat down beside her.
(2) None of us are getting any younger.
(3) It was twenty years ago.
(4) I had eighty francs to last me the rest of the month.
Answer:
(1) interval
(2) younger
(3) twenty
(4) eighty

Question 16.
Complete the following:
(1) The profession of the narrator: a writer.
(2) The lady was free on the following Thursday.
(3) At the time when the writer met the lady, he was living in a tiny apartment in Paris.
(4) The lady wanted to meet the narrator to have a chat with him.
Answer:
(1) a writer
(2) on the following Thursday
(3) tiny apartment in Paris
(4) have a chat with him

Question 17.
Where and when did they decide to have luncheon?
Answer:
They decided to have a little luncheon at Foyot’s restaurant on the following Thursday.

Question 18.
Choose the correct options from the brackets and fill in the blanks: (pass, caught sight of, overload, modest, addressed, luncheon, interval)
(1) The film was so boring that we went home during the interval.
(2) Though it was a modest apartment, it was extremely clean.
Answer:
(1) interval
(2) modest

Question 19.
Find out the ‘Synonyms’ from the passage for the words:
(1) A set of rooms:
(2) Acknowledged:
(3) Handle:
(4) Directed a remark:
Answer:
(1) Apartment
(2) Recognized
(3) Manage
(4) Addressed

Question 20.
Rewrite the following sentence using the antonym of the underlined word: We’re none of us getting any younger.
Answer:
We’re all of us getting older.

Question 21.
Rewrite the following sentence using ‘except’: The only free moment she had was on the following Thursday.
Answer:
She had no free moment except on the following Thursday.

Question 22.
I hardly think about it. (Begin the sentence with ‘How …!)
Answer:
How little I think about it!

Question 23.
She had read a book of mine. (Begin the sentence with ‘Hadn’t …?)
Answer:
Hadn’t she read a book of mine?

Question 24.
If you were in the place of the narrator, how would you have reacted in the given situation?
Answer:
If I were in the place of the narrator, I would have bluntly told the lady that I was a struggling writer and could not afford to give her a luncheon at Foyot’s. I would have suggested some cheaper restaurant that I could afford. I would not try to show off, or spend more than I can afford,ust to impress someone.

Question 25.
They decided to have luncheon at Foyot’s restaurant at half-past twelve on a Thursday.
Answer:
Foyot’s restaurant at half-past twelve on a Thursday.

Question 26.
The writer ‘was startled when the menu was brought because ………………
Answer:
The prices were a great deal higher than what he had thought.

Question 27.
What do you think the woman reassured the narrator about?
Answer:
The woman realized that the narrator was startled when he saw the prices on the menu. So she indirectly reassured him that he would not have to spend much, for she never ate anything for luncheon.

Question 28.
‘I never eat anything for luncheon’. Explain the irony in this line.
Answer:
The irony is that after informing the author that she never ate anything for luncheon, the lady immediately wanted salmon and caviar, some of the most expensive items available.

Question 29.
From the sentences given below pick out the sentence that indicates that the lady was doing exactly the opposite of what she was saying.
(1) ‘I think you’re unwise to eat meat.”
(2) ‘‘I don’t believe in overloading my stomach.”
Answer:
“I don’t believe in overloading my stomach.”

Question 30.
Choose the correct options from the brackets and fill in the blanks: (pass, startled, overload, imposing, afford, generously, reassured, unwise)
(1) I was …………… when I saw that I remembered all that I had revised.
(2) The monument was really very ………………… .
(3) You cannot ………… to waste time with friends during exams. (Board’s Model Activity Sheet)
Answer:
(1) reassured
(2) imposing
(3) afford

Question 31.
Change the voice of the following sentences:
(1) She reassured me.
(2) I ordered it for my guest.
Answer:
(1) I was reassured by her.
(2) It was ordered for my guest, (by me)

Question 32.
“You’re unwise to eat meat,” she said. (Rewrite in indirect speech)
Answer:
She told him that he was unwise to eat meat.

Question 33.
Are you careful in your eating habits?
Answer:
My mother sees that I eat healthily, and I like I fruits and salads. However, when I am with friends and we go out, I eatunk food. I know it is important to eat healthy food and I take good care to do so.

Question 34.
Name the food items mentioned in the passage
Answer:
The food items mentioned in the passage are:
(1) caviar,
(2) mutton chops,
(3) salmon,
(4) asparagus

Question 35.
Explain what the use of the word ‘sank’ suggests about the narrator’s feelings.:
Answer:
The use of the word ‘sank’ suggests that the narrator was getting unhappy and worried about his guest’s desire to eat expensive food.

Question 36.
From the sentences given below, pick out the sentence that indicates that the lady was doing the exact opposite of what she was saying: (Board’s Model Activity Sheet)
(1) “I see that you’re in the habit of eating a heavy luncheon.”
(2) “Why don’t you follow my example andust: eat one thing.”
Answer:
“Why don’t you follow my example andust eat one thing.”

Question 37.
Choose the correct options from the brackets and fill in the blanks: (pass, quite seriously, water, gaily, insist, mortifying, dramatic)
(1) The ……………… turn of events shocked all of us.
(2) It was ……………. to apologise to the bully.
(3) My mother waved ………………… to me as she went for the hike.
(4) The author’s guest took him ………………. to task.
Answer:
(1) dramatic
(2) mortifying
(3) gaily
(4) quite seriously

Question 38.
Fill in the blanks with the words from the brackets: (Board’s Model Activity Sheet) (task, menu, wondered)
(1) The ……………… to rescue the flood victims was very difficult.
(2) I was thinking about buying a new vehicle and …………………. if we had the money.
(3) The restaurant …………………. seemed to be tempting.
Answer:
(1) task
(2) wondered
(3) menu

Question 39.
She ate the caviar and she ate the salmon. (Begin the sentence with not only … but also and rewrite the sentence.)
Answer:
Not only did she eat the caviar but she also ate the salmon.

Question 40.
Rewrite the following sentence as an affirmative sentence: I couldn’t possibly eat anything more unless they had some of those giant asparagus.
Answer:
I could possibly eat something more only if they had some of those giant asparagus.

Question 41.
Which food do you prefer to eat-home food or restaurant food. Why?
Answer:
My mother cooks very tasty food and hence I prefer to eat home food. It is also always fresh. Restaurant food is generally oily, spicy and often prepared under unhygienic conditions. All this is unhealthy. I believe that health is wealthhence I prefer home food.

Question 42.
Complete the web: (The answers are given directly and underlined.)
Answer:

Question 43.
‘Thera a terrible thing happened.’ Describe the narrator’s emotions at this point in the story. Why does he mot express this emotion?
Answer:
At this point in the story, the writer had given up ail hopes that he could pay the bill. He was resigned to his fate. He had mentally decided on different methods to save his reputation. He does not express this emotion because the lady had already eaten a lot of expensive food: the damage was already done. Besides, he did not want to look mean in her eyes.

Question 44.
Match the columns:

‘A’	‘B’
(1) head	(a) peaches
(2) terrible	(b) mouthfuls
(3) huge	(c) waiter
(4) large	(d) thing

Answer:

‘A’	‘B’
(1) head	(c) waiter
(2) terrible	(d) thing
(3) huge	(a) peaches
(4) large	(b) mouthfuls

Question 45.
Complete the table:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative

Answer:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
(1) hungry	hungrier	hungriest
(2) terrible	more terrible	most terrible

Question 46.
Rewrite the following in reported speech: “Are you still hungry?” I asked faintly.
Answer:
I asked her faintly whether she was still hungry.

Question 47.
Pick out the modal auxiliaries from the following sentence and write what they indicate: “One should always get up from a meal feeling one could eat a little more.”
Answer:
Should – indicates advice. Could – indicates ability.

Question 48.
‘I was past caring now’. Explain why, in your view, the narrator feels this way.
Answer:
The writer had been worried from the beginning that he would not be able to pay the bill. To add to that, his guest had ordered some of the most expensive items on the menu. He had now given up all hopes of being able to pay the bill. Hence, he says that he was past caring now.

Question 49.
Write if the following statements are True or False:
(1) The writer thought that the lady was mean.
(2) The writer’s tip was rather inadequate.
(3) The lady was now like a stone.
(4) The writer planned to have a heavy dinner.
Answer:
False
True
False
False

Question 50.
Complete the reasons:
(a) The writer planned to ‘eat nothing’ for dinner that night because….
Answer:
The writer had no money left after paying for the luncheon. He also wanted to make his luncheon guest aware of how much she had made him spend. Hence, he said that he planned to ‘eat nothing’ for dinner that night.

(b) The lady thought that the writer was mean because
Answer:
The writer had only three francs left to tip the waiter. His guest did not know this, and seeing this inadequate sum, thought he was mean.

Question 51.
Complete the table by picking the various humorous instances and the particular lines from the passage.

Humorous instance	Line from the passage

Answer:

Humorous instance	Line from the passage
1. The woman is a voracious eater.	“Follow my example, and never eat more than one thing for luncheon.” *
2. The writer had no money for dinner.	“I’ll do better than that,” I retorted, “I’ll eat nothing for dinner tonight.”
3. The woman had become very fat.	Today she weighs twenty- one stone.

Question 52.
Fill in the blanks with one word from the passage for the following: (The answers are given directly and underlined.)
(1) Something that is not enough: ………………….
(2) A man who is revengeful: ………………….
(3) A person who fills his or her writings with humour: ………………….
(4) A person who is stingy and does not like to spend money: ………………….
Answer:
(1) inadequate.
(2) a vindictive man.
(3) a humorist.
(4) a mean person.

Question 53.
Pick out the verbs from the following sentences and write their tense:
(1) I’ have just had a snack and I shall enjoy a peach.
(2) The bill came and when 1 paid it I found that I had only enough for a quite inadequate tip.
Answer:
(1) have had – present perfect tenseshall enjoy – simple future tense.
(2) came, paid, found, had – simple past tense.

Question 54.
Do you think that the lady never ‘ate more than one thing for luncheon’ on a regular basis?
Answer:
No, I’m sure she ate a large luncheon every day, but fooled herself into thinking that she was eating only one thing. She seems to be a foolish and thick-skinned woman who believes whatever is convenient to her.

Question 55.
(1) Pick out an infinitive from the lesson and use it in your own sentence.
(2) Punctuate: humorist she cried gailyumping into a cab youre quite a humorist
(3) Find out five hidden words from the given word: satisfaction
(4) Use the following phrase in your own sentence: the only free moment
(5) Spot the errors and rewrite the correct sentence: She have read a book of mine and have written to me about it.
(6) Identify the type of sentence: How time does fly!
(7) Write the correct verb + present/past participles from the following:
(1) attract
(2) write
(3) pass
(4) bear
(5) eat
(6) meet
(8) Arrange the following in alphabetical order: table, tumbler, tablespoon, teaspoon
Answer:
(1) to eat: I was hungry, and I knew it was time to eat.
(2) “Humorist!” she cried gaily,umping into a cab. “You’re quite a humorist!”
(3) satisfaction: fiction, fission, faint, stint, satin
(4) the only free moment: The Principal was so busy that the only free moment she had was during lunch.
(5) She had read a book of mine and had written to me about it.
(6) Exclamatory sentence
(7) (1) attract-atractting
(2) write-written
(3) pass-passing
(4) bear-bearring
(5) eat-eatten
(6) meet-meeted
(8) table, tablespoon, teaspoon, tumbler

Question 56.
Use the following word and its homograph in two separate sentences : mine
Answer:
(i) I knew that the book was mine,
(ii) Three people entered the coal mine to inspect it.

Question 57.
‘I’m not in the least hungry,” my guest sighed, “but if you insist, I don’t mind having some asparagus.” (Rewrite in reported speech.)
Answer:
My guest told me with a sigh that she was not in the least hungry, but that if I insisted, she wouldn’t mind having some asparagus.

Question 58.
Word Register: Complete the web showing the things that the woman ate or drank throughout the luncheon.

Answer:

Question 59.
Why don’t you follow my example? (Change the voice beginning Why ….)
Answer:
Why isn’t my example followed (by you)?

Question 60.
Use the following word as a verb and a noun in two separate sentences: mind
(2) I chose the cheapest dish on the menu. (Rewrite in the positive and comparative forms.)
Answer:
(1)

• “Mind your language, young man,” said the shopkeeper angrily, (verb)
• I knew that I had to keep all the instructions in my mind, (noun)

(2) I chose the dish that was cheaper than all the other dishes on the menu, (comparative)
No other dish on the menu was as cheap as the one I chose, (positive)

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 English Solutions Unit 1.6 The Alchemy of Nature Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 English Kumarbharati Textbook Solutions Unit 1.6 The Alchemy of Nature

Maharashtra Board Class 10 English Solutions Unit 1.6 Warming Up Questions and Answers

Alchemy Of Nature Class 10 Question 1.
Rearrange the good qualities in each set, so that the first letter of each of the words should make a meaningful word. Join the sets and get a message.

Set 1: U nderstanding/A daptable/Tolerant/N eat/Encouraging Resourceful.
– The word is ……………………………………………………
Set 2: Selfless/Inspiring
– The word is ……………………………………………………
Set 3: Youthful/Modest
– The word is ……………………………………………………
Set 4: Affectionate/Compassionate/Empathetic/Earnest/Honest/Reliable/Trustworthy
– The word is ……………………………………………………
– The message is …………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………
Answer:
NATURE
IS
MY
TEACHER
The message Is: NATURE IS MY TEACHER.

Alchemy Of Nature Class 10 Questions And Answers Question 2.
Various aspects of Nature have special features that make them differ from one another.
For example, Birds :- appearance, shape, colour, size, food habits, habitat, sound etc.
Write such special features of each of the following.
Land …………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………
Water …………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………
Trees …………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………
Animals …………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………
Insects …………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………
Answer:
Land: geographical features, soil colour, terrain, fertility, chemical composition, crops grown.

Water: width and length of various water bodies, chemical composition (sweet water, salt water), colours (according to sand beds), rocks, coral reefs, variety of sea creatures.

Trees: height and shape of leaves, changing (or unchanging) colour during seasons, fruits, flowers, medicinal products, types of soil, climate and habitat required for their existence.

AnImals: shapes, sizes, colours, different habitats, kinds: wild or domestic, place in the food chain.

Insects: shapes, sizes, colours, number of legs, different habitats, soundš, carriers of dIseases.

The Alchemy Of Nature Question Answer Question 3.
Make a list of living creatures in the alphabetical order. You can write more than one beginning with the same letter.
A …………………………………………………… B ……………………………………………………
C …………………………………………………… D ……………………………………………………
E …………………………………………………… F ……………………………………………………
G …………………………………………………… H ……………………………………………………
I …………………………………………………… J ……………………………………………………
K …………………………………………………… L ……………………………………………………
M …………………………………………………… N ……………………………………………………
O …………………………………………………… P ……………………………………………………
Q …………………………………………………… R ……………………………………………………
S …………………………………………………… T ……………………………………………………
U …………………………………………………… V ……………………………………………………
W …………………………………………………… Y ……………………………………………………
Z ……………………………………………………
Answer:
A -alligator, antelope, ant, etc., B ……………. Z.

The Alchemy of Nature Class 10 English Workshop Questions and Answers Maharashtra Board

The Alchemy Of Nature Questions And Answers Question 1.
What things in nature teach us the following :
(a) Nothing is impossible to achieve ……………………………………………………
(b) Problems are not permanent ……………………………………………………
(c) Be humble and adjust ……………………………………………………
(d) Make the best use of time and opportunity ……………………………………………………
(e) Be persistent ……………………………………………………
(f) Many hands make work light ……………………………………………………
(g) Delicate structures are not a sign of weakness ……………………………………………………
Answer:
(a) Nothing is impossible to achieve: ants small bits of grass peeping from cracks In the concrete
(b) Problems are not permanent: trees that are bare in winter
(c) Be humble and adjust: water
(d) Make the best use of time and opportunity: flowers
(e) Be persistent: ants waler
(f) Many bands make light work: ants
(g) Delicate structures are not a sign of weakness: picr_webs

The Alchemy Of Nature English Workshop Question 2.
Read the questions from the lesson. What do they imply?
(a) Are you listening? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) What if we too lived our lives, however short, to its fullest? ……………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) What if we too are consistent, organised, focused . . . ? ……………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Answer:
(a) It implies that one must listen.
(b) It Implies that we too should live our lives to… the fullest, however short they may be.
(c) It Implies that we too could do wonders If we were consistent, organised focussed

Question 3.
Go through the lesson again and complete the flow-chart that highlights the life of a ‘hibiscus’ flower.

Answer:

Alchemy Of Nature Class 10 English Workshop Question 4.
Fill in the web.

Answer:

English Workshop 10th The Alchemy Of Nature Question 5.
The writer explains the contrasting features of ‘water’ and ‘rock’ in the lesson. Write all the features of both water and rock in the given table.

Water	Rock
1.	1.
2.	2.
3.	3.
4.	4.

Answer:

Water	Rock
1. gentle	1. hard
2. persistent	2. humble
3. persevering	3. yielding
4. determined	4. adaptable

Alchemy Of Nature Class 10 Solutions Question 6.
The writer has very positively described the different things in nature. Discuss with your partner the special features of each one of them. Add on the list.

Part of Nature	Special feature	Value learned
1. Rainbow	……………………	……………………
2. Caterpillar	……………………	……………………
3. ……………………	……………………	……………………
4. ……………………	……………………	……………………
5. ……………………	……………………	……………………
6. ……………………	……………………	……………………
7. ……………………	……………………	……………………

Answer:

Part of nature	Special feature	Value learnt
1. rainbow	cheerfulness; acceptance.	Even when there are problems in the surroundings, we must be cheerful and spread colour and happiness.
2. caterpillar	patience; acceptance.	There is a bright and beautiful future ahead.
3. hibiscus flower	optimism; cheerfulness	However short life may be, we must live it to the fullest.
4. rocks	obedience to nature; adjustment; humility	Obey the commands of nature; adjust to the situation; be humble
5. bits of grass	optimism; perseverance.	However impossible things may look, there is an opening.
6. bare tree	optimism, faith; conviction	However difficult things are in the present, it will not remain so forever. With conviction we should remind ourselves that this too will pass.
7. water	perseverance; determination; humility.	(i) Even colossal problems can be surmounted if we persist. (ii) Learn to adapt to others without any hint of ego.

Alchemy Of Nature Questions And Answers Question 7.
Think and answer in your own words.
(a) How should you deal with difficulties and problems?
Answer:
When coming across problems In lilt. I turn towards nature for inspiration. I try to understand how the different elements in nature deal with their difficulties and try to solve my own problems in the same way.

(b) ‘An oyster turns a grain of sand into a pearl.’ What can we learn from this example?
Answer:
We learn that there Is a mysterious power or magic In nature that can change things dramatically.

(c) How does nature succeed in its ‘Alchemy’? What can it turn a small person into?
Answer:
Nature succeeds in Its ‘Alchemy’ by changing things in a mysterious way. It can turn a small person Into anything he/she wishes one touches nature and becomes gold oneself.

(d) Which two aspects of nature teach us to accept change and adjust according to the situation?
Answer:
With gentle humility, water changes its form according to the dictates of the sun and the wind. The bare trees wait patiently during the winter months for the arrival of spring, when they get Wesh green leaves. These two aspccts of nature teach us to accept change and adjust according to the situation.

(e) Why does the writer begin by quoting the lines from William Blake’s poem (Auguries of Innocence)?
Answer:
These lines show that it we pause to relleci, there Is much beauty In nature and plenty that we cari learn from it. The write-up expands on the sanie idea, thus reflecting the philosophy of the quoted lines from William Blake.

Question 8.
(A) Pick out from the lesson 10 examples of each.
Concrete Nouns (that you can touch or see)
For example, sand
(1) …………………………………………
(2) …………………………………………
(3) …………………………………………
(4) …………………………………………
(5) …………………………………………
(6) …………………………………………
(7) …………………………………………
(8) …………………………………………
(9) …………………………………………
(10) …………………………………………
Answer:
(1) bird,
(2) ant,
(3) oyster.
(4) pearl.
(5) caterpillar,
(6) butterfly
(7) flower,
(8) ocean,
(9) rock,
(10) water.

Abstract Nouns (that which you cannot touch or see)
For example, infinity
(1) …………………………………………
(2) …………………………………………
(3) …………………………………………
(4) …………………………………………
(5) …………………………………………
(6) …………………………………………
(7) …………………………………………
(8) …………………………………………
(9) …………………………………………
(10) …………………………………………
Answer:
(1) majesty.
(2) conviction.
(3) perseverance,
(4) passion
(5) infinity.
(6) Imagination,
(7) joy,
(8) significance,
(9) experience,
(10) difference.

(B) Underline the verbs in the sentences below and say whether they are Transitive (needing an Object) or Intransitive (need not have an Object).
(1) One can witness and experience the beauty of Heaven.
(2) It leaves me in complete awe.
(3) Nature soothes and nurtures.
(4) It withers completely.
(5) The flower comes to life only for a day.
(6) A rainbow colours the entire sky.
(7) It smiles and dances.
Answer:
(1) One can witness and experience the beauty of Heaven. (T)
(2) It leaves mc In complete awe. (T)
(3) Nature soothes and nurtures. (I)
(4) It withers completely. (I)
(5) The flower comes to life one for a day. (I)
(6) A rainbow colours the entire sky. (T)
(7) It smiles and dances. (I)

Question 9.
(A) Compose about 8 to 10 sets of imaginary dialogues between a bird, a tree and its fruit regarding the effects of environmental changes. Write it in your notebook.
Answer:
Conversation between a bird, a tree and its fruit:
Conversation 1:
Bird: Hi there, tree! How are you doing?
Tree: Not too well. I can’t breathe. There’s too much of dust and smoke here.
Bird: What, here too? I’ve come here to escape just that!
Fruit: Wrong place, birdie. Look at me do I look healthy? I’m not growing. Too many insecticides have been sprayed on me.
Bird: Oh, oh. Maybe I should leave this place too.

Conversation 2:
Tree: Oh, no! Something is happening! My roots are getting loose!
Bird: That’s called erosion. Soil erosion.
Tree: What happens next?
Bird: The next time it rains heavily-boom! Down you will go! And away I will fly.
Tree: Can’t someone help me?
Fruit: What about me?

(B) Prepare a Fact file of any of the following plants/trees, using the points given.
[coconut / neem / basil / cactus / apple]

• Name of Plant/Tree …………………………………………
• Scientific name …………………………………………
• Region and climate …………………………………………
• Features …………………………………………
• Growth …………………………………………
• Size, shape and colour …………………………………………
• Uses …………………………………………
• Any special feature …………………………………………

Answer:
Profile of the Coconut Tree and Fruit
(1) Names: English name – Coconut Sanskrit name – Narikela Hindi name – Nariyal.
(2) Scientific name: cocos nucifera belongs to the family ‘Palmae’ or the palm family (also known as Arecaceae).
(3) Region and Climate: Tropical and sub-tropical coastal regions, especially near sea beaches.
(4) Features:

• Fruit: has a thick fibrous coir over the hard shell inside the kernel colourless liquid;
• leaves: feather-shaped and split into lots of leaflets.

(5) Growth – Size and shape: Coconut trees can: grow from 15 to 30 metres in height in plantations. Coconut fruits are oval in shape. The trunk of the coconut tree is ringed with scars where old leaves have fallen. The top of the trunk is crowned with a rosette of leaves. The leaves can grow up to 7 feet long and can have 250 leaflets.
(6) Uses:

• Coir and leaves: matting, thatching and weaving.
• Hard outer shell about 10 to 15 inches in length used to make articles such as spoons, eating utensils, charcoal, etc.
• Inside of the shell: lined with a white edible layer called the meat used for cooking, or extraction of oil which is used in making soaps or cosmetics also to make chemical, industrial and medicinal products contains coconut water which is very nutritious.
• Husk and leaves: used as material to make a variety of products for furnishing and decorating,

(7) Any special feature: Known in India as ‘kalpavriksha’ or the ‘tree of heaven’ because of its many uses the term coconut is derived from the 16th century Portuguese and Spanish, meaning ‘grinning face’, from the three small holes on the coconut shell that resemble human facial features.

Question 10.
‘Impossible’ itself says ‘I M possible’. Do you agree? Justify your answer by citing something that you have experienced or heard from someone.
Answer:
Yes, I agree. It is possible to do the most , difficult of things providing we have the will and conviction to do so. The example that comes to my mind as justification is that of Sudha Chandran, the j dancer. Though her leg was amputated below the knee, with great grit and determination she restarted dancing, and went on to become a famous dancer ! and actress. This shows that one can do things which seem to be impossible.

Question 11.
You have an environment protection week celebration in your school. You have invited an environmentalist. Your friend interviews him/her about how to save the environment. Frame suitable Interview Questions.
Answer:
Jai interviews Mr. Ali, an environmentalist:
Jai: Good morning, Sir. Welcome to our school. I would like to ask you a few questions for a write-up in our school magazine. My first question: What is your opinion about the concept of having am ‘environment protection week’ celebration?

Mr. Ali: I think it’s a wonderful idea, though I would not call it a ‘celebration’.

Jai: Why is that, sir?

Mr. Ali: Well, you have a celebration when you are happy about something. In our town, the protection of the environment is so poor that I, as an environmentalist, am not at all happy about it.

Jai: Can you give us some tips to protect the environment?

Mr. Ali: Certainly, my boy. First of all, we should grow more trees wherever possible. It should be made mandatory for every factory, office, residential building, etc. to plant trees before starting construction.

Jai: What about the menace of plastic, sir?

Mr. Ali: We cannot eliminate plastic completely however, the thickness of plastic bags and the methods of disposal should be made clear to all. Air, water and noise pollution must be dealt with too.

Jai: Please expand on that, sir.

Mr. Ali: Well, industrial and vehicular pollution must be controlled water bodies must be kept clean. Those who break rules must be penalized. Loudspeakers must be banned during the night hours. Oh, there are lots of things to be done, lots of things.

Jai: Thank you sir, for giving some of your precious time for this interview.

Question 12.
Write a News Report on the ‘Environment Day’ celebrated in your school.
Answer:
Environment Day Celebrations
Nagpur, June 7: ‘World Environment Day’ was celebrated in New Era School with great fanfare on June 5. The main purpose of the celebration was j to spread awareness about the need to protect the: environment and the ways to do it.

The day was flagged off by a tree plantation drive in the locality. Three hundred quick-growing trees, which do not need much water on a daily basis, were planted near the school wall and in the surrounding area. An eminent environmentalist, Mr. A.T. Ali, spoke on the ways to protect the environment. He also judged the ‘Posters and Photographs’ exhibition “and gave away prizes for the best entries. Environmentally- friendly articles, like disposable plates and cups made from bamboo and banana stem, bags made from leaf waste, etc. were on sale. Students gave power-point ) presentations on the threats to the environment. Last i but not least, was the spirited debate on the topic ‘Man: The worst enemy of the Environment’.

All in all, the day was a great success, and has certainly made a difference to the way we view our environment.

– Josh Matthew
New Era School.

Question 13.
Just For Laughs! Enjoy!
Divide the class into two groups. On 12 to 15 slips of paper, Group A writes 12 to 15 conditional clauses beginning with ‘If’.
(For example, If I work very hard, ………………………………………………)
Group B writes 12 to 15 main clauses.)
(For example, I would/shall have a pizza.)
Now, one student from Group ‘A’ reads the first conditional clause (possibility) and one student from Group ‘B’ reads the first main clause. It forms crazy sentences, just for laughter and fun. ENJOY!

Question 14.
Pick out the statements that are false and write them correctly:
(1) On the beach. the author found rocks carved and sculpted by the wInd.
(2) The hibiscus flower smiles with the sun and dances with the wind.
(3) Rocks take the shape that (he water commands.
(4) Our problems are big and so are we.
Answer:
Statements (1) and (4) are false. The corrected statements are:
(1) On the beach, the author found rocks carved and sculpted by the water.
(4) Our problems are very big, and we are very small.

Question 15.
ExplaIn how the hibiscus flower makes the most of Its short life span.
Answer:
The hibiscus flower smiles with the sun and dances with the wind. The flower comes to life only for a day yet It makes the most of the day by living its short life in full splendour, with big, bright and tender blooms.

Question 16.
Complete the flowchart that highlights the life of a hibiscus flower:
Answer:
The life of a hibiscus flower

Question 17.
Guess the meaning of the ‘splendour’.
Answer:
Splendour – great beauty which attracts admiration and attention.

Question 18.
Choose the correct ‘not only … but also …….’ form of the sentence:
Natures soothes and nurtures.
(a) Not only nature soothes but nurtures also.
(b) Nature soothes not only but also nurtures.
(c) Nature soothes but also nurtures not only.
(d) Nature not only soothes but also nurtures.
Answer:
(d) Nature not only soothes but also nurtures.

Question 19.
By evening It falls and becomes one with the earth again. (Rewrite using the ‘-tng form of the underlined word.)
Answer:
By evening it falls, becoming one with the earth agaIn.

Question 20.
Who Is stronger – water or rocks? Justify your answer.
Answer:
I think water is stronger. It wears down tue hard rock by its gentle patience, persistence and perseverance

Question 21.
State whether the ¿ilowlng statements are True or False: (The answers are given directly and underlined.)
Answer:
(i) The spider’s webs are delicate as well as weak. ‘ False
(Ii) The teamwork and perseverance of ants were Impressive. True

Question 22.
What teaches us that hard times do not last forever? How?
Answer:
The following things teach us that hard times do not last forever:
(i) bits of grass peeping through small cracks in a concrete pavement and
(ii) the green leaves on a tree In spring The grass had been nearly destroyed by the concrete but had come to life again. The tree had been bare all through the cold winter months, before regaining Its former green majesty.

Question 23.
Choose the sentence In the Past Perfect Tense from the sentences given below:
(a) The ants had organised themselves around the fly.
(b) The ants organized themselves around the fly.
(c) The ants hat’e organized themselves around the Jly.
Answer:
(a) The ants had organised themselves around the fly.

Question 24.
A rainbow colours the entire sky. (Begin the sentence with The entire sky …‘)
Answer:
The entire sky is coloured by a rainbow.

Question 25.
However Impossible things may look, there Is always an opening. (Rewrite beginning with ‘Even if..’.)
Answer:
Even if things, look Impossible. there is always an openIng.

Question 26.
Spider webs are delicate, yet very strong. (Rewrite beginning with ‘Although ….)
Answer:
Although spider webs arc delicate, they are very strong.

Question 27.
(1) PIck out an Infinitive from the lesson and use It In your own sentence.
(2) Punctuate what If we too had lived our lives however short to its fullest
(3) Find out two hidden words from the given word: approaches
(4) Make a meaningful sentence by using the given phrase: set In
(5) Spot the error and rewrite the correct sentence: When I do. It leave me In complete awe.
(6) IdentIfy the type of sentence: However dimcult things are right now, it will not remain so forever.
(7) WrIte the following words In alphabetical order: perseverance, withers, majesty, ‘oysters.
(8) Pick ont the verb from the following that can form both the present and past participle by doubling the last letter, and write the forms: hit. admtt. turn, feed
Answer:
(1) I went to the beach because I wanted to see the ship.
(2) What if we too had lived our lives, however short, to Its fullest?
(3) approaches — approach, perch (cheap, peach, preach)
(4) Many people try to avoid being In Mumbal when the summer sets in.
(5) When I do, It leaves me In complete awe,
(6) Assertive sentence (negative)
(7) majesty, oysters, perseverance, withers
(8) admit — admitting, admitted

Question 28.
Write 4 words related to things in nature.
Answer:
(1) (i) We must plant more trees to attract rain.
(ii) The new plant started production last year.
(2) We had gone to a rocky beach.
(3) We are soothed and nurtured by nature.
(4) Nature: sand, flower, tree, sun, ocean, rock. water, grass

Question 29.
(1) Use the following word as a verb and a noun in two separate sentences: touch
(2) Analyse the sentence: We saw small bits of grass peeping through the small cracks in a concrete pavement.
Answer:
(1) (i) “Can you touch the sky. Papa7 asked the little girl. (verb)
(ii) The old lady would wake UI) at the slightest touch. (noun)
(2) Simple Sentence.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 English Solutions My English Coursebook Chapter 4.5 Joan of Arc Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 My English Coursebook Solutions Chapter 4.5 Joan of Arc

My English Coursebook Standard Ten Guide Chapter 4.5 Joan of Arc Textbook Questions and Answers

Warming up:
Chit-chat

1. Discuss in groups whether you would like to join the Armed Forces. Yes/No. Say Why? Why not? Each one should give 2 to 3 reasons for their responses.

Question 1.
Discuss in groups whether you would like to join the Armed Forces. Yes/No. Say Why? Why not? Each one should give 2 to 3 reasons for their responses.
Answer:
(a) Yes, I would like to join the Armed Forces because ……………..

1. It is my passion to serve my country by joining Armed forces.
2. It gives an opportunity to serve at different places and interact with different people everyday.
3. It keeps us physically and mentally fit.

(b) No, I wouldn’t like to join the Armed Forces because …………………..

1. I am not physically and mentally prepared for this field.
2. I have decided another career option for myself.
3. I don’t like to leave my parents and live away from them.
4. I am afraid of wars and killing and disaster that comes with them. I hate them all.

Question 2.
Also discuss what areas of work are open for women in Armed forces in India.
Answer:
All wings of the Indian Armed Forces allow women in combat roles (Junior rank) and combat supervisory roles (Officers).

1. They can work in administrative sections in the Armed Forces.
2. They can work in the medical field as a doctor, nurse or any other related post.
3. They can join the paramilitary forces of India.

1. Discuss in groups/pairs and make lists of the weapons used in the old times and in the present times:

Question 1.
Discuss in groups/pairs and make lists of the weapons used in the old times and in the present times:

Answer:

Weapons used in the Past	Weapons used nowadays
Sword Axe Spear Shield Dagger and knives	Rifles, Machine guns, Tanks, Grenade Aircraft Submarines Chemical weapons (gas, etc.) Biological weapons (germs, etc.)

2. Imagine that you are the captain of your school Kabaddi/Football team. Your final match is against a very strong team. Prepare a short pep-talk of about 60 to 80 words that you would give as a Captain, to encourage your team.

Question 1.
Imagine that you are the captain of your school Kabaddi/Football team. Your final match is against a very strong team. Prepare a short pep-talk of about 60 to 80 words that you would give as a Captain, to encourage your team.
Answer:
My dear teammates,

I have heard about a good quotation-winning or losing a game is not important but playing with spirit is important. We get good and useful experiences as participants. Success is not always about winning but being happy with the participation and playing to fullest ability.

We know that strength of our team is each individual member and the strength of each member is the team. The player that fights and works the hardest will always come out on the top. If you find out the strength in you and push forward to work hard for yourself and for the team, I am sure you can do a lot.

Leave your negativity and get in the habit of the doing things the right way in the game. Blaming others for not reaching your goal is pointless. It is your goal and you are the only one who can achieve it. I know champions are those who work to the point of exhaustion when no one else is watching.

Use your calibre and be a champion and success will be yours.
All the best!

3. When different Prepositions are added to the same action verb, meaning of the phrase thus formed changes.

Question 1.
When different Prepositions are added to the same action verb, meaning of the phrase thus formed changes.
Examples:

1. call out – announce
2. call at – visit
3. call far – summon
4. call up – make a telephone call

Try to guess the meanings of the underlined phrases and write them down:

Question (a)
He promised me to look into the matter.
Answer:
to inspect carefully, to investigate.

Question (b)
He wanted to look for his lost book.
Answer:
to search for.

Question (c)
An epidemic of cholera broke-out in the village.
Answer:
widely spread.

Question (d)
The thieves broke into the apartment.
Answer:
entered by force.

Question (e)
She has to carry out her duty regularly.
Answer:
discharge/perform

Question (f)
You must carry on trying for success.
Answer:
continue

English Workshop:

1. Read the extract from G. B. Shaw’s play on Joan of Arc and fill in the Tree diagram:

Question 1.
Read the extract from G. B. Shaw’s play on Joan of Arc and fill in the Tree diagram: (Answer is directly given.)

Answer:

2. Pick out from the play 2 lines each that prove the following:

Question 1.
Pick out from the play 2 lines each that prove the following:
Joan of Arc
Her confidence
1. …………………..
2. …………………..
Her courage
1. …………………..
2. …………………..
Her determination
1. …………………..
2. …………………..
Answer:

1. Her confidence	1. The Dauphin will give me, all I need, to free Orleans. 2. Three men will be enough for you to send with me.
2. Her courage	1. You wouldn’t see me. But here I am. 2. I can find a soldier’s armour that will fit me well enough.
3. Her determination	1. There will be no trouble for you, Squire. 2. I will teach them all to fight for France.

3. Match the comparisons as given in the extract:

Question 1.
Match the comparisons as given in the extract:

A	B
1. as easy as	(a) like sheep
2. as mad as	(b) like a rat in the corner
3. drive the soldiers	(c) a bit of a miracle
4. The Dauphin is	(d) as she is
5. Joan of Arc is	(e) the steward
	(f) chasing a cow

Answer:

1. as easy as – chasing a cow
2. drive the soldiers – like sheep
3. The Dauphin is – like a rat in a corner
4. Joan of Arc – a bit of miracle
5. as mad as – she is

4. Say Why?

Question (a)
Joan wanted to meet the Captain Squire? (%MT wq iN^dl ift?)
Answer:
Captain Squire was to give her a horse, armour and some soldiers and send her to the Dauphin. He thought that she wouldn’t dare to meet him. But being courageous she came to meet the Captain and showed her confidence. She wanted the Captain to give her his order to go to Dauphin, the prince of France.

Question (b)
Joan did not ask for many soldiers from the Captain Squire?
Answer:
Joan did not ask for many soldiers from the Captain Squire because she was fully confident about fighting against the English with a few warriors who would join her in the battle. She was also sure that the Dauphin would give her soldiers and all that she needed to free Orleans.

Question (c)
Poulengey, Jack and Dick offered to accompany Joan?
Answer:
Being kind and a gentleman Jack would go willingly with Joan and even she managed Poulengey as he was sure that she was like a miracle. They had promised to go with Joan because they had faith in her valour. Every one was as mad as she was for freedom of their country; so they had offered to accompany Joan.

Question (d)
French soldiers were always beaten?
Answer:
The French soldiers were always beaten because they used to fight only to save their skins. They used to run away from the battlefield to save their lives. They always cared only for their own lives, and not for their nation.

Question (e)
Captain Squire Robert said, “I wash my hands off it.”-Why did he say so?
Answer:
Captain Squire Robert realised that Joan could inspire anybody. But he was not ready to take any responsibility, because he knew that he was taking a big chance and was not sure about the win. He wanted to stay away if anything went wrong by his decision. He would be responsible only for sending Joan to Dauphin and nothing else. So he said, “I wash myhands off it.”

5. Using a dictionary, find the difference between the following pairs of phrases. Make sentences of your own with each of them:

Question 1.
Using a dictionary, find the difference between the following pairs of phrases. Make sentences of your own with each of them:

Answer:

Phrases	Meaning	Own Sentences
1. (a) to cut in (b) to cut out	(a) interrupt (b) remove/cut	(a) When I was talking with Arjun, Abid cut in our conversation. (b) The director cut out several scenes when objection was raised by Censor Board.
2. (a) to be held by (b) to be held up	(a) kept/maintained/will take place (b) delay/stop/block the movement	(a) The meeting will be held by next Saturday. (b) The match was held up by heavy rains.
3. (a) to run away (b) to run for	(a) to leave a place secretely (b) run for something	(a) He ran away from home when he was only fifteen. (b) The picnickers ran for shelter when the rain started.
4. (a) to be known as (b) to be known for	(a) to be best known as (b) to be famous or known because of something	(a) Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi is known as Mahatma Gandhi to all of us. (b) Miller is known for his whimsical paintings and sculpture.
5. (a) to go with (b) to go after	(a) to choose or accept something (b) to try to catch or stop something	(a) I think we should go with yellow for the drawing room. (b) You would better go after her and tell her you’re sorry.
6. (a) to put fire into (b) to put fire out	(a) heat up/put on the fire. (b) to extinguish a fire.	(a) She spends much of her time in putting fire into others lives. (b) The firemen were able to put out the fire before too much damage.

6. From an Indian history book or Internet find out information about Indian Women (queens) who led battles.

Question 1.
From an Indian history book or Internet find out information about Indian Women (queens) who led battles. (For example, Rani of Jhansi and Rani Karnawati of Mewad). Write out 3 points of similarity and 3 points of contrast between any one of the above Indian Queens and Joan of Arc. Write in your own words:

Answer:

Similarities	Contrast
(a) young and beautiful	(a) Joan of Arc was unmarried.
(b) brave and courageous	(b) She was poor being a peasant girl.
(c) fought for their kingdom/nation.	(c) Rani of Jhansi fought for her adopted son and her kingdom. Rani Karnawati of Mewad fought for her kingdom but Joan of Arc fought for her nation and led the French army to several victories during the Hundred Years War.

7. Read the script from:

Question 1.
Read the script:
Answer:
Joan: Good morning, … … … … … … … … … promised to come with me. On Coursebook page 157.
Write a summary of that part of the script (in Indirect Speech) in 15 to 20 lines.
Answer:
Wishing Good morning to Captain Squire, Joan said that he was to give her a horse and armour and some soldiers, and send her to the Dauphin. Robert felt that, that girl was indeed mad so he asked Steward why he had not told him about it. Hearing this Steward told him not to anger her and requested him to give her what she wanted.

After hearing his remark Robert got furious and told Joan that he would send her back to her father with orders to put her under lock and key. But Joan was confident and told him that he thought he would. But it wouldn’t happen that way. She further said that he said he would not see her but there she was. Robert asked her if she was assuming that he would give her what she wanted.

Joan confidently said that he would do so and continued that a horse would cost sixteen francs. It was a big amount of money. But she could save it on the armour. She didn’t need beautiful armour made to her measure, she could find a soldier’s armour that would fit her well enough. She wouldn’t want many soldiers and the Dauphin would give her all, she needed, to free Orleans. After hearing her Robert was shocked and asked if she could free Orleans. She continued with confidence and told him that, it was true and only three men would be enough for him to send with her. Polly and Jack had promised to come with her.

Language Study:

Question (A)
Make the following sentences affirmative without change of meaning.
(a) Negative: I am not so sure, now.
Affirmative: …………………………………..
(b) Negative: He will not be able to stop them.
Affirmative: …………………………………..
(c) Negative: I dont’t remember.
Affirmative: ……………………………………
(d) Negative: I can do no more.
Affirmative: ……………………………………
(e) Negative: Sir, do not anger her.
Affirmative: ……………………………………
(f) Negative: I shall not want many soldiers.
Affirmative: ……………………………………

Question (B)
Fill in the gaps in the table.

Answer:

Noun	Verb	Adjective	Adverb
1. success	succeed	successful	successfully
2. inspiration	inspire	inspirational	inspirationally
3. safety	safe	safe	safely
4. belief	believe	believable	believably
5. thought	think	thoughtful	thoughtfully
6. brightness	brighten	bright	brightly
7. courage	encourage	courageous	courageously
8. haste	hasten	hasty	hastily

My English Coursebook 10th Digest Chapter 4.5 Joan of Arc Additional Important Questions and Answers

Simple Factual Activities:

Question 1.
Name the following:
Answer:

1. Military officer – Captain Robert de Baudricourt
2. A peasant girl – Joan
3. The oldest son of the King France – Dauphin
4. The persons who Joan needed to free Orleans – Squire Jack, John Godsave, Dick the Archer, John of
   Honecourt and Julian

Question 2.
State whether the following statements are True or False :
Answer:

1. Monsieur de Poulengey and Monsieur de Metz want to go with Joan – True
2. Chinon is one of the cities in England. – False
3. Poulengey was sure that only miracle can save them. – True
4. Joan’s words have put fire into Robert. – False

Question 3.
Complete the following sentences: (Answers are directly given and underlined.)
Answer:

1. Soldiers called Joan ‘the Maid’.
2. Joan wanted a soldier’s dress.
3. The shortest way to save your skin is to run away.
4. According to Joan, their soldiers
5. Joan is a person of immense faith.

Complex Factual Activities:

Question 1.
Was the Dauphin fit to be a Prince and heir?
Answer:
No, Dauphin was not at all fit to be a Prince and heir.

Question 2.
What was the Squire’s opinion about miracles?
Answer:
According to the Squires miracles don’t happen nowadays.

Question 3.
What did Robert tell the Steward?
Answer:
Robert told the Steward to go with Joan and keep eyes on her.

Question 4.
What did Robert accuse Poulengey of?
Answer:
Robert accused Poulengey that he was as mad as Joan.

Activity-based on Vocabulary:

Question 1.
Find out two adjectives and two adverbs from the passage :
Answer:
1. Adjectives – wrong, mad
2. Adverbs – seriously, obstinately

Question 2.
What shows Joan was a person of immense faith?
Answer:
Robert thought that his soldiers would not be inspired by anything but Joan was very sure that she along with her soldiers would drive the enemy like sheep and there would not be a single English soldier on the soil of France. It shows that Joan was a person of immense faith.

Question 3.
What made Robert finally agree to the plan?
Answer:
When Robert realized that if Joan could put fire into Poulengey, she could put it into anybody. She could inspire his soldiers too, so he finally agreed to the plan.

Question 4.
Give one word for the following :
Answer:

1. A person of high rank – Squire
2. A stupid person – blockhead
3. To take for granted – to assume
4. Military unit consisting of armoured fighting vehicles – armour

Question 5.
Find out synonyms:
Answer:

1. looting – plundering
2. seriously- gravely
3. following- chasing
4. hayfield – meadow.

Activities based on Contextual Grammar:

Question 1.
He is a very kind gentleman.
(Make it exclamatory.)
Answer:
What a kind gentleman he is!

Question 2.
She is a well-built strong country girl.
(Make it exclamatory.)
Answer:
What a well-built, strong country girl she is!

Make the following sentences affirmative without change of meaning:

Question 1.
Sir, do not anger her.
Answer:
Sir, be calm with her.

Question 2.
I shall not want many soldiers.
Answer:
I shall want few soldiers.

Make it affirmative:

Question 1.
I am not sure, now.
Answer:
I am unsure (doubtful) now.

Question 2.
He will not be able to stop them.
Answer:
He will be unable to stop them.

Choose the correct question tag:

Question 1.
Choose the correct question tag:
(haven they?, doesn’t he?, aren’t you?, am I?)

1. The Steward retreats hastily.
2. You are as mad as she is,
3. I am not so sure now,
4. Jack and Dick have offered to go with her,

Answer:
doesn’t he? aren’t you? am I? haven’t they?

Rewrite as affirmative sentences:

Question 1.
I don’t remember.
Answer:
I forget.

Question 2.
You do not understand Squire.
Answer:
You fail to understand Squire.

Question 3.
I can do no more.
Answer:
I am unable to do anything more.

Personal Response:

Question 1.
Describe any brave lady as Joan of Arc, from India who fought for her nation.
Answer:
Lakshmibai, the Rani of Jhansi, was the queen of the Princely state of Jhansi in North India. She was one of the leading figures of the first Indian War of Independence of 1857 and became the symbol of resistance to the British Raj by Indian nationalists.

After the death of her husband, the then Head of the British Government of India, Lord Dalhousie, refused to allow her adopted son to become Raja of Jhansi. British then forcibly took possession of Jhansi. Rani Lakshmibai with Tatya Tope and others fought against the British rule. She sacrificed her life to regain her kingdom.

Question 2.
What is your opinion about Joan?
Answer:
I think Joan was really a courageous and brave lady. She dared to fight against the enemy for her country without caring for her own life and family life. It shows that she was really a patriotic person who was proud of her country and loved her country from the bottom of her heart.

Question 3.
Do you love your country? Why?
Answer:
I love my country from the bottom of my heart. It is the place where I was born, brought up and saw this beautiful world. I owe everything to this country. I always think about the betterment of
my country because I really love my country as it is my birthplace, my motherland.

Do as directed:

Question 1.
Complete the words by using correct letters:

1. h o _ s e
2. t h i _ k
3. m o _ e y
4. c r a _ y

Answer:

1. horse
2. t h i n k
3. m o n e y
4. c r a z y

Question 2.
Put the words in alphabetical order:
1. order, trouble, captain, promise.
2. assume, armour, afraid, always.
Answer:
1. captain, order, promise, trouble.
2. afraid, always, armour, assume.

Question 3.
Punctuate the following sentences:
1. joan said i dont think it can be very difficult if god is on your side
2. joan said and the dress i may have a soldiers dress squire
Answer:
1. Joan said, “I don’t think it can be very difficult if God is on your side.”
2. Joan said, “And the dress? I may have a soldier’s dress, Squire?”

Question 4.
Make four words (minimum 3 letters each) using the letters in the word : ‘plundering’
Answer:
plunder, ring, under, pun.

Question 5.
Write related words as shown in the example: (Answers are directly given and underlined.)
Answer:

Question 6.
Complete the word-chain of nouns. Add four words, each beginning with the last letter of previous word:
officer, → r…………., …………., …………., ………….
Answer:
officer, → ration , nation , novel, logo.

1. Attempt any one:

Question (a)
Make a meaningful sentence by using the phrase :’ to be afraid of’
Answer:
Most of the people are afraid of ghosts and darkness.

OR

Question (b)
Add a clause to expand the sentence:
This is the young boy
Answer:
This is the young boy who bagged the National Championship in boxing.

2. Attempt any one:

Question (a)
Add prefix or suffix to make new words.
1. talk
2. except
Answer:
1. talkative
2. exceptional

OR

Question (b)
Make a meaningful sentence using any one of the following words:
1. talk
2. except
Answer:
1. We talked on the phone about our problem.
2. Except Mother, everyone went out for dinner.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 English Solutions My English Coursebook Chapter 4.3 O Captain! My Captain! Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 My English Coursebook Solutions Chapter 4.3 O Captain! My Captain!

My English Coursebook Standard Ten Guide Chapter 4.3 O Captain! My Captain! Textbook Questions and Answers

Warming Up:
Chit-chat

1. Discuss the following with your classmates:

Question (a)
What are the important games played in your school?
Answer:
We play cricket, baseball, kabaddi, foot-ball, langadi, etc. in our school.

Question(b)
Who are the captains of the various team games? Name them:
Answer:

Games	Captain
1. Cricket	Roshan More
2. Baseball	Karan Shirke
3. Kabaddi	Akshay Dalvi
4. Football	John D’Mello
5. Langadi	Kshitija Bhosale

Question (c)
What is the role played by a team-game captain? What are his/her responsibilities?
Answer:
A team-game captain plays a pivotal role for the team. He/She is the backbone of the team. He inspires and motivates the team. He creates team spirit among his players. He also plays ; crucial role to maintain good relations among all the teammates. He/She keeps the bonding with the team. He keeps the team united. He takes the responsibility of drawbacks and defeats of the team.

Question (d)
What is the role of a captain of a ship? What are the responsibilities of a captain of a ship?
Answer:
A captain of a ship plays an important role. He is solely responsible for keeping the ship safe and sound. He guides and takes the ship safely to its destination. He navigates safely to reach wherever he wants to take the ship and the people on the ship. He is responsible for the safety of the ship and his crew. Sometimes he has to risk his life to overcome difficulties he faces on his way.

1. In pairs find as many meaningful words as you can from the following grid within five minutes. You can find words horizontal and vertically. (Hint – The words are related to battles or battleships. For example, soldier.

Question 1.
In pairs find as many meaningful words as you can from the following grid within five minutes. You can find words horizontal and vertically. (Hint – The words are related to battles or battleships. For example, soldier. (Answers are directly given.)

Answer:

English workshop:

1. Pick out from the poem all words related to ‘ship’. Make a list of them in a word register:

Question 1.
Pick out from the poem all words related to ‘ship’. Make a list of them in a word register:
(a) Port
(b) …………..
(c) …………..
(d) …………..
(e) …………..
(f) …………..
(g) anchored
(h) …………..
Answer:
(a) port
(b) keel
(c) vessel
(d) captain
(e) deck
(f) flag
(g) ship anchored voyage.
(h) shores

2. Read the poem again and complete the following sentences.

Question 1.
Read the poem again and complete the following sentences.
(a) The Captain lies on the deck ……………………….
(b) The Captain doesn’t answer as ……………………
(c) Captain does not feel anything ……………………
(d) The bugle and flag are ……………………………….
Answer:
(a) The Captain lies cold and dead on the deck.
(b) The Captain doesn’t answer as he is dead.
(c) The captain does not feel anything beneath the poet’s arm because he has no pulse nor will.
(d) The bugle is trilled and the flag is flung.

3. The poem has a direct reference to the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln on 15th April, 1865, after the Civil War was won. Match the symbols/images in Column A with what they refer to, in Column B.

Question 1.
The poem has a direct reference to the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln on 15th April, 1865, after the Civil War was won. Match the symbols/images in Column A with what they refer to, in Column B.

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
1. the ship	(a) victory (in the war)
2. the fearful (trip/ voyage)	(b) the President of USA
3. the port	(c) United States of America
4. the bells (ringing)	(d) lifeless/dead
5. Captain	(e) the deadly Civil War
6. anchored safe	(f) celebrating victory
7. no pulse, nor will	(g) peace after winning the war

Answer:

1. the ship – United States of America
2. the fearful (trip/voyage) – the deadly Civil War
3. the port – peace after wining the war
4. the bells (ringing) – celebrating victory
5. Captain – the President of USA
6. anchored safe – victory (in the war)
7. no pulse, nor will – lifeless/dead

4. The figures of speech ‘Apostrophe’ exists throughout the poem. Pick out lines where the poet directly addresses:

Question (a)
the dead captain:
Answer:
1. O Captain! My Captain!
2. rise up and hear the bells.

Question (b)
The grief in his heart:
Answer:
1. But O heart! heart! heart!
2. O the bleeding drops of red.

Question (c)
The sea shore:
Answer:
1. Exult, O shores and ring,
2. O bells!

B. Find from the poem, one example of each of the following.

Question (B)
Find from the poem, one example of each of the following.
Answer:
(a) Personification – O Captain! My Captain! Our fearful trip is done.
(b) Alliteration – The ship is anchor’d safe and sound, its voyage closed and done.
(c) Tautology – Where on the deck my Captain lies, fallen cold and dead.
(d) Exclamation – But O heart! heart! heart!
(e) Antithesis – While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring.

5. Find and answer in your own words:

Question (a)
What are the signs that the captain has passed away?
Answer:
Everyone’s eyes follow the steady keel of the ship, the vessel that seems so serious and bold. Where on the deck my Captain lies, fallen cold and dead. These lines shows that the captain has passed away.

Question (b)
Why was the crowd on the shore eagerly waiting to felicitate their captain?
Answer:
As the people saw the ship very close to the port, they felt that their captain is back. So they started shouting and enjoying to welcome their king. They wanted to felicitate their king for his great victory in the Civil War.

Question (c)
What are the signs that show the people are celebrating victory ?
Answer:
The bells are ringing when the victorious ship is near. The flag is flung. The bugle is playing loudly. People are crowding along the shores. They are rejoicing. They have come with bouquets and ribboned garlands to welcome their victorious Captain. These signs show that the people are celebrating victory.

Question (d)
……. dear father! This arm beneath your head…” Why do you think the speaker in the poem puts his arm under the Captain’s head?
Answer:
The speaker in the poem puts his arms under the Captain’s head because he wants to help him to hear the bells of happiness, he wants to show him the flag of victory and the happiness of the people who were there with bouquets and wreaths.

Question (e)
Describe the grief that the speaker in the poem feels at the death of his Captain.
Answer:
When the speaker in the poem saw steady keel of the ship that seems serious and bold; his heart is suddenly filled with very strong emotion. He urged his captain to rise up and hear the bells. He told him to rise up because the flag is flung for him. For him the bugle sounds. For him people have brought bouquets and wreaths. People are crowding along the shore to welcome him. He felt very sad and lamented after seeing captain’s dead body on the deck.

6. Glance through the poem again to find who the speaker addresses in the first two stanzas and the last stanza.

Question 1.
Glance through the poem again to find who the speaker addresses in the first two stanzas and the last stanza.
Answer:
In the first two stanzas the speaker addresses the Captain of the ship. In the last stanza, the speaker addresses the crowd gathered at the shore to welcome the Captain.

7. Fill the qualities in the diagram given below: (Answers is directly given.)

Question 1.
Fill the qualities in the diagram given below: (Answers is directly given.)

1. courage
2. naval expert
3. integrity
4. visionary
5. confidence
6. humane
7. self-disciplined
8. sympathetic
9. leadership
10. foresight
11. knowledge of weather signs
12. positive attitude
13. role – model
14. selfless service
15. good administrator

Answer:

8. Complete the following sentences choosing from the alternatives:

Question 1.
Complete the following sentences choosing from the alternatives:
(Answers are directly given and underlined.)
Answer:
(a) The rhyme scheme of the poem is aabbcded. (aabbccdd/abcdede/aabbcded)
(b) The line repeated in every stanza fallen cold and dead. (O Captain! My Captain!/Fallen cold and dead)
(c) The steady rhythm in the poem consists of a pattern of three beats (three/four/five)
(d) In the third stanza the speaker does not address the Captain, (first/second/third)
(e) The type of poem is elegy because it is composed in memory of a passed away personality. (sonnet, lyric, elegy)

9. The feeling of grief and pain of the speaker in this poem are comparable to those of a great Maratha leader, inspite of winning the battle at a fort in Maharashtra. Guess who the great Maratha leader was and the Captain who was killed in the battle. Write down other basic historical facts of the above.

Question 1.
The feeling of grief and pain of the speaker in this poem are comparable to those of a great Maratha leader, inspite of winning the battle at a fort in Maharashtra. Guess who the great Maratha leader was and the Captain who was killed in the battle. Write down other basic historical facts of the above.
Answer:
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, the king of Marathas, wished to capture the strong and unconquerable Kondana fort, which was under the Mughal Emperor, Aurangazeb. Keeper of the Kondana was Udaybhan Rathor, a great warrior of the Mughals. Tanaji Malusare, the brave lion-hearted general of Shivaji Maharaj took the responsibility to fulfil his king’s wish.

Tanaji, with a few mavalas climbed up the fort at night with the help of ropes. He fought gallantly against the Mughals and conquered Kondana. Unfortunately Tanaji was killed in the battle. When Maharaj heard that heart-breaking news of the great warrior’s death, he expressed his grief and pain with the words – ‘I have won the fort but I have lost my lion.’ Since then the Kondana fort was called as ‘Sinhagadh.’

10. The poem has described the sad demise of the Captain. How would you console the son of | the Captain? Write a short paragraph using the points given below:

Question 1.
The poem has described the sad demise of the Captain. How would you console the son of | the Captain? Write a short paragraph using the points given below:
(a) Expressing grief on the death,
(b) An act of God.
(c) Words/sentences giving strength and courage to face the situation.
(d) Add your own points.
Answer:
Consoling the son of the Captain

I am at a total loss for words to express my feelings. I don’t understand how to console you for ! the loss of your father. Your father was a great man, full of integrity and character. Losing your dad can | be extremely difficult for you because you have lost your source of strength, stability and consistency in your life. I am extremely sorry for your loss.

He was a real hero for the nation and a real patriot giving inspiration to all. Your dad was a brave man. He had great courage and valour. He will be missed greatly and always remembered during the time of crisis. I extend my heartfelt sympathy to you and your family. May the soul of your father be at peace with our Heavenly father.

11. Read the poem. Write an appreciation of the poem in about 12 to 15 sentences.

Question 1.
Read the poem. Write an appreciation of the poem in about 12 to 15 sentences.
Answer:

1. Title: O Captain! My Captain!
2. Poet: Walt Whitman.
3. Rhyme Scheme: The rhyme scheme for the stanzas 1, 3, and 5 is ‘aabb’. For stanzas 2, 4, and 6, it is ‘abcb’.
4. Figure of Speech (Any 1): Repetition, Tautology, Personification.
5. Theme/Central Idea: The Central Idea of the poem is the lamentation (an expression of great sadness) for the death of the Captain.

Here, America, which had undergone the Civil War, is compared to a ship that had weathered a rough voyage; Abraham Lincoln, who steered the state through the Civil War is compared to the Captain. Five days after the war ended Abraham Lincoln was shot dead. The poet laments the death of this great leader.

My English Coursebook 10th Digest Chapter 4.3 O Captain! My Captain! Additional Important Questions and Answers

Simple Factual Activities:

Question 1.
State whether the following statements are True or False:
Answer:

1. The speaker expresses his relief that the ship has reached its home port. – True
2. Captain’s dead body is lying on the land. – False
3. According to the speaker, his captain’s death feels like a horrible dream. – True
4. The people are cheering because the voyage of the ship is successful. – True

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks and complete the following sentences:
(Answers are directly given and underlined.)
Answer:

1. The Captain lies cold and dead on the deck.
2. When the ship reached its home port he heard the people rejoicing and celebrating.
3. The poet tells the Captain to rise up and hear the bell.
4. The speaker is filled with grief because his captain is fallen cold and dead.
5. The location of the battleship is near the port.
6. While waiting to welcome the captain of the ship the people are rejoicing and celebrating.

Question 3.
State whether you agree or disagree with the following statements:
Answer:

1. Stanza II portrays how people celebrate the triumph of the ship and their leader. – Agree
2. The poet refers to the fallen Captain as “Father”- the father of nation. – Agree
3. Stanza III expresses the poet’s profound sorrow for President Lincoln’s death. – Agree
4. The poet is celebrating victory with the people of his country with joy. – Disagree

Question 4.
Fill in the blanks:
(Answers are directly given and underlined.)
Answer:

1. The poet steps slowly and sadly on the deck.
2. It is like a dream the Captain is fallen on the deck cold and dead.
3. The poet tells his Captain to rise up and hear the bells.

Complex Factual Activities:

Find out the line/lines from the extract as ‘a proof’ for the following:

Question 1.
The civil war has ended.
Answer:
our fearful trip is done.

Question 2.
America has braved the tough storm of Civil War.
Answer:
The ship has weather’d every rack.

Question 3.
The speaker calls out to the Captain to rise up and join in the celebration of the end of the war.
Answer:
O Captain! My Captain! rise up and hear the bells.

Question 4.
The Captain is felicitated for the victory in the war.
Answer:
for you the flag is flung-for you the bulge trills.

Complete the following:

Question 1.
Complete the following:
(Answers are directly given and underlined.)
Answer:
(a) Captain does not feel anything because he has no pulse nor will as he is cold and dead.
(b) The ship is anchored safe and sound.

Activities based on Poetic Devices:

Question 1.
Find from the extract one example each of the following:
Answer:

1. Exclamation – Exult O shores, and ring, O bells!
2. Tautology – My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still.
3. Personification – From fearful trip, the victor ship, comes in with object won.

Question 2.
Pick out rhyming pairs from the extract.
Answer:
1. Stanza 1: done-one; exulting-daring; red-dead
2. Stanza 2: bells-trills; a crowding-turning head-dead.

Refer More:

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Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 English Solutions My English Coursebook Chapter 1.1 A Teenager’s Prayer Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 My English Coursebook Solutions Chapter 1.1 A Teenager’s Prayer

My English Coursebook Standard Ten Guide Chapter 1.1 A Teenager’s Prayer Textbook Questions and Answers

Warming up!
Chit-chat

1. Form Groups of 5 to 6 and discuss. Give a rating of 1 to 5 to each of the following.
When you have to make important decisions what do you generally do?
(a) Consult parents/elders [ ]
(b) Contact friends for advice [ ]
(c) Pray to God for guidance [ ]
(d) Think deeply in silence [ ]
(e) Ask your teacher for help [ ]
(f) Toss a coin to decide [ ]

Question 1.
Form Groups of 5 to 6 and discuss. Give a rating of 1 to 5 to each of the following.
When you have to make important decisions what do you generally do?
(Answer is directly given in the box.)
(a) Consult parents/elders [b]
(b) Contact friends for advice [d]
(c) Pray to God for guidance [e]
(d) Think deeply in silence [a]
(e) Ask your teacher for help [c]
(f) Toss a coin to decide [f]
Note: Students may note their own rating after discussion.

2. In poetry, very often, there are lines in which the poet seems to talk directly to an absent person, an abstract idea or thing/object.
Such a tactic/device used by the poet is the Figure of Speech ‘Apostrophe’.
For example,
Twinkle, twinkle little star …………
Death! Where is thy sting?
O Cave man! I wish I could live with you.
Now, complete the following, creating examples of Apostrophe of your own.
(a) O, Life! How ………………………………………………………………………..
(b) Dear God, Please ………………………………………………………………….
(c) Books! You are ……………………………………………………………………..
(d) Exams! I wish ………………………………………………………………………
(e) O, You beautiful sky ……………………………………………………………….

Question 1.
complete the following, creating examples of Apostrophe of your own.
(a) O, Life! How ………………………………………………………………………..
(b) Dear God, Please ………………………………………………………………….
(c) Books! You are ……………………………………………………………………..
(d) Exams! I wish ………………………………………………………………………
(e) O, You beautiful sky ……………………………………………………………….
Answer:
(a) O, Life! How Strange are your ways?
(b) Dear God, Please keep me calm in my difficult days.
(c) Books! You are my dear companions.
(d) Exams! I wish you were never there, never!
(e) O, you beautiful sky send all your beauty to the earth.

English Workshop:

1. Choose the correct alternatives and complete the sentences :

Question 1.
Choose the correct alternatives and complete the sentences :
(a) According to the poet, …………. are brought by each new day. (new beginnings/new endings)
(b) We must decide to take the road which leads to ……………. . (great distress/great success)
(c) The poet prays to the Lord to help him stand for what is ………………. . (might! right)
(d) The poet wants to see that his teenage years have been the ………… years of his life. (worst/best)
Answer:
(a) According to the poet, new beginnings are brought by each new day. (new beginnings / new endings)
(b) We must decide to take the road which leads to great success. (great distress/great success)
(c) The poet prays to the Lord to help him stand for what is right. (might/right)
(d) The poet wants to see that his teenage years have been the best years of his life, (worst/ best)

2. Find and write the pairs of rhyming words from the poem.
1. …………, 2. …………., 3. …………., 4. …………, 5. ……………

Question 1.
Find and write the pairs of rhyming words from the poem.
Answer:
1. make – take
2. success – distress
3. see – me
4. way – day

3. What is the rhyme scheme of the poem? Choose the correct one from the following options.
(i) aabb (ii) abcd (iii) abcb (iv) abba

Question 1.
What is the rhyme scheme of the poem? Choose the correct one from the following options.
(i) aabb (ii) abed (iii) abeb (iv) abba
Answer:
(iii) abeb.

4. Match the lines in Column A with the Figures of Speech in Column B.

Question 1.

Answer:

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(i) Decisions, I must make	(a) Apostrophe
(ii) Please open up my eyes, dear Lord.	(b) Alliteration
(iii) Travel down the darkened road	(c) Metaphor
(iv) I can choose to take the road of life.	(d) Inversion

5. Elements of Planning An Interview : (Group Activity)
Form groups and discuss each element of planning an interview and prepare notes on each element.

6. Prepare a set of 10 questions to interview any successful teenager. You may use the following guidelines.

Question 1.
Prepare a set of 10 questions to interview any successful teenager. You may use the following guidelines.

Answer:
Interview questions for blind musician :

1. Could you please tell me about your family?
2. How did your blindness affect your career as a musician and composer?
3. Who supported you in your venture?
4. Who were your Gurus and what sort of training did you receive?
5. What is your speciality in singing?
6. Which was the best performance in your life according to you?
7. What are the awards you have received?
8. What are your plans for future?
9. What is your advice to young aspirants?
10. What can you do to encourage them?

7. Read the poem. Write an appreciation of the poem in about 12 to 15 sentences with the help of the following points.

Question 1.
Read the poem. Write an appreciation of the poem in about 12 to 15 sentences with the help of the following points.

Answer:

1. Title: ‘A Teenager’s Prayer’.
2. The name of the Poet: J. Morse.
3. Rhyme scheme: The rhyme scheme of the poem is ‘abeb.’
4. Figure of speech (Any 1): Apostrophe, Inversion, Metaphor.
5. Theme/Central Idea: The theme of the poem is a teenager’s dilemma about making the right decisions.

The responsibility of choice falls fully on him/her. A wrong decision may ruin the whole life. Hence the teenager in the poem prays to God for His help and guidance.

8. Compose a short prayer in English asking God to guide you in your teenage years. Later, you can even try to make the lines rhyme to give it a poetic form.

Question 1.
Compose a short prayer in English asking God to guide you in your teenage years. Later, you can even try to make the lines rhyme to give it a poetic form.
Answer:

• O God, bless me with friends
• with purest heart,
• Who’ll always stand by me in dark and dust.
• Let our friendship grow clean and right.
• My future bright will be in my sight.

9. Look around in your vicinity – your family, friends, neighbours, classmates, etc. and write about any four teenagers who have made a name for themselves by doing something extraordinary.

Question 1.
Look around in your vicinity – your family, friends, neighbours, classmates, etc. and write about any four teenagers who have made a name for themselves by doing something extraordinary.

Answer:

Teenager Group	Name	Special/extraordinary tasks/things performed
1. Family	Vishal	Healthy young boy-body-building was his passion-trained-hard work-took part in various competitions-became ‘Mumbai Shree’at the age of 20-opened his own Gym-trained many body-builders-they won many titles-became rich and famous.
2. Friends	Meera	Disabled-lost a leg in an accident-prosthetic leg at the age of 15-she excelled in studies-after graduation she appeared for Maharashtra Public Service Commission exams-passed at first attempt-ranked 5th among all-became Tehsildar-worked for common man-all people loved and admired her administration.
3. Neighbours	Yashraj	Special child-born blind-inclined to music since childhood-distressful life-did not give up-used to listen to songs on transistor and TV.-practised-learnt harmonium, guitar, tabla, etc.-sang classical songs-mastered every type of music-arranged many concerts-today he is a famous music director at the age of 30.
4. Classmates	Jacob	Wealthy family-were in big business-father wanted him to get into business-but he wanted to change the face of villages-adopted some backward villages-worked selflessly with the poor and needy people-with great patience, perseverance and sacrifice did his noble work-brought transformation in their life-improved their overall quality of life-he is respected as God by the villagers.

My English Coursebook 10th Digest Chapter 1.1 A Teenager’s Prayer Additional Important Questions and Answers

Complex Factual Activity :
Complete the webs : (Answer is directly given.)

1.

2.

Complex Factual Activities :

Question 1.
Complete the sentences with the help of the extract:
(Answers are directly given and underlined.)

1. The person should strictly say ‘no’ to any temptation that comes in his way,
2. It’ll keep a person’s body clean and fit.

Question 2.
Whose company does the poet wish for, in the walk of life? Why?
OR
What effect does the speaker wish to see in himself at the end of his teens?
Answer:
The poet wishes the company of God because, by the time his teenage years are over, he will know that the life he lived under the guidance and help of the Almighty, was the best.

Question 3.
In what condition does the poet wish to maintain his body?
Answer:
The poet wishes to maintain his body and keep it clean and fit each day, when temptation attracts him to do anything bad or wrong.

Activities based on Poetic Devices :

Question 1.
Identify the following figures of speech :
Answer:

1. Please open up my eyes, – Apostrophe dear Lord.
2. And fit for life each day. – Alliteration

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Marathi Solutions Aksharbharati Chapter 4.1 मोठे होत असलेल्या मुलांनो… Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Marathi Aksharbharati Solutions Chapter 4.1 मोठे होत असलेल्या मुलांनो…

Marathi Aksharbharati Std 10 Digest Chapter 4.1 मोठे होत असलेल्या मुलांनो… Textbook Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
टिपा लिहा.

(अ) बार्क.
उत्तरः
‘बार्क’ हे ‘भाभा अॅटॉमिक रिसर्च सेंटर’ म्हणजे ‘भाभा अणुसंशोधन केंद्र’ या नावाचे लघुरूप आहे. डॉ. होमी भाभा यांनी भारतातील अणुसंशोधनाचा पाया घातला. त्यांची आठवण म्हणून त्यांचे नाव या संस्थेला दिलेले आहे. ही संस्था आता प्रचंड मोठी झालेली आहे. अणुसंशोधनाच्या क्षेत्रात कार्य करू पाहणाऱ्या अनेक नवीन मुलांना तिथे कार्य करण्याची संधी उपलब्ध करून दिली जाते. अनेक मुले इथल्या ट्रेनिंग स्कूलमध्ये संशोधन करत असतात. योग्य प्रशिक्षण घेऊन स्वत:ला सक्षम करून स्वत:चे मार्ग शोधून पुढे जातात, आपले उज्ज्वल भविष्य घडवत असतात.

(आ) डॉ. होमी भाभा.
उत्तरः
डॉ. होमी भाभा यांनी भारतातील अणुसंशोधनाचा पाया घातला. भारतातील अणुसंशोधन केंद्राला त्यांचेच नाव दिले आहे. ‘बार्क’ ही ‘भाभा अॅटॉमिक रिसर्च सेंटर’ म्हणजे ‘भाभा अणुसंशोधन केंद्र’ या नावाने ओळखली जाते. अनेक मुलेमुली इथल्या ट्रेनिंग स्कूलमध्ये संशोधन करत असतात. या शिक्षण घेणाऱ्या मुलांना भेटायला, त्यांना प्रोत्साहित करायला डॉ. होमी भाभा नेहमी तिथे येत असत. डॉ. होमी भाभा म्हणजे प्रचंड स्फूर्तिदायक असे व्यक्तिमत्त्व होते. लेखक स्वत: या ट्रेनिंग स्कूलमध्ये शिक्षण घेत असताना डॉ. भाभा तीन-चार वेळा स्वतः तिथे आले होते. त्यावेळी स्वत:ला सक्षम कसे करावे, ऊर्जा कशी मिळवावी, स्वत:च स्वत:चे मार्ग कसे शोधावेत यासाठीचे त्यांचे मार्गदर्शन लेखक डॉ. अनिल काकोडकर यांच्यासाठी फारच महत्त्वाचे ठरले होते.

प्रश्न 2.
‘स्काय इज द लिमिट’ ही परिस्थिती केव्हा निर्माण होऊ शकते ते पाठाच्या आधारे लिहा.
उत्तरः
लेखक बार्क संस्थेत ट्रेनिंग स्कूलला गेले होते. तेव्हा ती संस्था सुरू होऊन जेमतेम सात वर्षे झाली होती. लेखक ट्रेनिंग स्कूलला असताना होमी भाभा तीन-चार वेळा तेथे आले होते. एकदा लेखकांनी त्यांना विचारलं, “आम्ही इतकी मुलं-मुली आहोत; पण सर्वांना पुरेल इतकं काम कुठे आहे इथे?” तेव्हा ते म्हणाले, “तुम्ही त्याची काळजी न करता सर्वजण संशोधन करा. त्यासाठी सरकारला किती खर्च येतो याचा आता विचार करू नका. तुम्ही स्वतःच काम निर्माण करा. बॉसने सांगितले तेवढचं काम करायचं आणि सांगितलं नसेल तर आपल्याला कामच नाही असं समजायचं, हे चूक आहे. ही प्रवृत्ती गेली पाहिजे.

भाभांनी सांगितलेल्या या मुद्द्यातून लेखकांनी स्वत:च स्वतःला सक्षम बनवले. त्यातूनच त्यांना ऊर्जा मिळवता आली आणि स्वत:चे मार्ग शोधता आले. यावरूनच लेखकांना कळले की आकाशाला कितीही मोठी पोकळी असली तरी आपण स्वतःचा मार्ग स्वत:च कोणाचाही आधार न घेता सततच्या प्रयत्नाने शोधला तर तोही मिळतोच. अशावेळी ‘स्काय इज द लिमीट’ अशी परिस्थिती निर्माण होऊ शकते.

प्रश्न 3.
मेटलायझिंग प्रक्रियेवर काम न होण्यामागची कारणे कोणती असावीत असे तुम्हांस वाटते?
उत्तरः
लेखक ट्रेनिंग स्कूलमधील प्रशिक्षण संपवून बार्कमध्ये इंजिनियर म्हणून जॉईन झाले. तेव्हा तिथे मेटलायझिंग प्रक्रियेवर काम करायला त्यांना सांगण्यात आले. त्यासाठी लागणारी सामग्री तिथे होती, पण आतापर्यंत ती कोणीही वापरलेली नव्हती. त्यामुळे लेखक म्हणाले की, ते काम करण्यास तयार आहेत, केवळ त्यांना मदतीसाठी एक वेल्डर आणि एक फोरमनची गरज आहे. त्यावेळी त्यांना नकार देण्यात आला. आपल्याला स्वत:लाच सगळे करावे लागेल असेही सांगण्यात आले. वरिष्ठांची आज्ञा म्हणून लेखकाने सुरुवात केली. बरीच धडपड करून लेखकाने ते काम पूर्ण केले.

मग वरिष्ठांकडून या कार्यक्रमाची व्याप्ती वाढवण्यात आली. ‘हे करूया, ते करूया’, असे बरेच काही काही बोलले गेले. नंतर वरिष्ठांनी लेखकाला विचारले की, “आता सांग, तुला काय काय पाहिजे? तुला वेल्डर मिळेल, फोरमन मिळेल, आणखी काही हवे असेल तर तेही मिळेल.” त्यावेळी लेखक म्हणाले की, “मला आता काहीच नको. मी स्वतः सगळे काम करीन.” त्यावेळी लेखकाला सांगण्यात आले की, काम सुरू करण्याआधीच लोक वेगवेगळ्या मागण्या करतात आणि त्यांच्या या वृत्तीमुळेच मेटलायझिंग प्रक्रियेवर काम अजिबात झालेले नव्हते. स्वत:ला काम करता येत नसताना दुसऱ्यांवर काम ढकलण्याच्या प्रक्रियेमुळेच मेटलायझिंग प्रक्रियेवर काम सुरू झालेले नव्हते, असे मला वाटते.

प्रश्न 4.
‘आधी केले मग सांगितले’, या उक्तीची यथार्थता स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तरः
महाराष्ट्राला संतांची फार मोठी परंपरा लाभली आहे. आधी केले, मग सांगितले या उक्तीप्रमाणे सर्व संतांनी कार्य करून दाखवले आहे.

उदाहरणे दयायचीच तर संतांनी प्राण्यांवर दया करण्याचा संदेश आपल्या अभंगातून फक्त दिला नाही तर संतांनी ते करूनही दाखवले. संत नामदेव भुकेल्या कुत्र्याच्या मागे तुपाची वाटी घेऊन धावत गेले. संत एकनाथांनी भर उन्हात तडफडत असणाऱ्या गाढवाला काशीहून आणलेल्या गंगेचे पाणी पाजून समाजापुढे एक नवा आदर्श ठेवला.

राष्ट्रसंत तुकडोजी महाराज व थोर समाजसेवक व समाजसुधारक गाडगे महाराज यांनी स्वतः आधी हातात झाडू घेऊन गावातील केरकचरा दूर करण्यापासून ते विष्ठा उचलण्याची कामे केली. देवाच्या नावाने कर्मकांड करण्यापासून अडवले. मूर्तीपूजा न करता गोरगरीब मानवाची पूजा करा, त्यांची सेवा करा हे लोकांना आपल्या कीर्तनाच्या माध्यमातून पटवूनही दिले.

बाबा आमटे हे ही आधुनिक काळातील राष्ट्रसंतच म्हटले पाहिजेत. रस्त्यावर महारोग होऊन पडलेल्या तुळशीरामला पाहून त्यांच्या मनात कुष्ठरोग्यांच्या बद्दल सेवाभाव जागृत झाला व त्यातूनच चंद्रपूर येथे ‘आनंदवनाची’ निर्मिती झाली. त्यांनी केलेल्या कामाची दखल घेत पाश्चात्य देशांनी त्यांना पुरस्कृतही केले.

या सर्व उदाहरणांवरून ‘आधी केले, मग सांगितले’ या उक्तीची सार्थकता स्पष्ट झाल्यासारखे वाटते.

प्रश्न 5.
‘प्रत्यक्ष अनुभवांतून शिकणे हे अधिक परिणामकारक असते’, हे विधान स्वानुभवातून स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तरः
शिकवणे आणि शिकणे ही प्रक्रिया निरंतर चालणारी आहे. आपले गुरूजन आपणांस शिकवण्याचे काम करत असतात. आजच्या शिक्षणप्रणालीत शिक्षक वर्गात फळ्यावर जरी प्रत्येक गणित सोडवून देत असले तरी विदयार्थ्यांनी तीच गणिते पुन्हा घरी जाऊन सोडवली तर त्यातून मिळणारा स्वानुभव हा परीक्षेत चांगले गुण मिळवून देऊ शकतो.

विज्ञान प्रदर्शनात गुरूजनांच्या मार्गदर्शनाखाली एखादा प्रयोग, एखादी प्रतिकृती तयार केली तरी ती बनवत असताना आलेला अनुभव हाच प्रदर्शनात परीक्षकांच्या पुढे उत्तरे देताना धाडस निर्माण करून देतो. याच अनुभवातून विदयार्थी परीक्षकांनी विचारलेल्या प्रश्नांना उत्तरे देताना अडखळत नाहीत. त्यामुळे त्यांचा आत्मविश्वासही वाढलेला दिसून येतो.

यावरून असे लक्षात येते की, कोणतेही काम एखादयाने सांगितल्यावर त्याप्रमाणे कृती करून पूर्ण करणे व पुन्हा तेच काम कोणाचेही मार्गदर्शन न घेता स्वतः करणे यातील अनुभव म्हणजेच खरा स्वानुभव होय असे म्हटले पाहिजे. शिवाय असे शिक्षण अधिक परिणामकारक असते.

टिपा लिहा.

प्रश्न  1.
‘कोणतेही काम कमी दर्जाचे न मानता ते करायची सवय ठेवली तर मोठी कामे करताना अडचणी येत नाहीत’ याबद्दल तुमचे मत लिहा.
उत्तरः
कोणतेही काम लहान व मोठे नसते. आपण जर त्या कामाला सकारात्मक विचाराने स्वीकारून फक्त ते काम करण्यास सुरुवात जरी केली तरी ते काम अर्धेअधिक पूर्ण झालेच म्हणून समजा. राहिलेले अर्धे काम, काम करण्यास सुरुवात करताच पूर्ण होत जाते. कोणतेही काम लहान व कमी दर्जाचे आहे असे मानून ते कधीही टाळू नये, कारण कोणतेच काम कमी दर्जाचे नसते. ते आपल्या करण्यावर अवलंबून असते.

आपणांस लहान-सहान कामाची सतत सवय असली पाहिजे. ही कामे आपण अगदी लहान वयातच करायला शिकले पाहिजे उदा. स्वत:चे कपडे स्वत: धुणे, फाटलेले कपडे स्वत: शिवणे, जेवताना स्वत:चे पान स्वत: वाढून घेणे, पिण्याच्या पाण्याचा तांब्या भरून घेणे, स्वत:च्या कपड्यांना इस्त्री करणे, स्वत:च्या बूटांना पॉलीश करणे इत्यादी कामांची सवय जर आपणांस लहानपणापासून असेल तर मोठेपणी जेव्हा घराची संपूर्ण जबाबदारी स्वत:वर येऊन पडते तेव्हा, त्या कामांचे ओझे वाटत नाही. मोठी कामे अवघड वाटत नाहीत. सर्वप्रकारची कामे आपण सहज पूर्ण करू शकतो, अशा प्रकारच्या कामातून आनंद तर मिळतोच पण मानसिक समाधान मिळते ते वेगळेच.

मोठे होत असलेल्या मुलांनो… शब्दार्थ‌‌

• खात्री‌ ‌-‌ ‌विश्वास‌ ‌-‌ ‌(trust)‌ ‌
• अभ्यास‌ ‌-‌ ‌सराव‌ ‌-‌ ‌(study,‌ ‌practice)‌ ‌
• लघुरूप‌ ‌-‌ ‌लहान‌ ‌रूप‌ ‌-‌ ‌(short‌ ‌form)‌
• प्रचंड‌‌ -‌ ‌खूप‌ ‌‌-‌ ‌(excessive)‌ ‌
• जेमतेम‌ ‌-‌ ‌सुमारे‌ ‌-‌ ‌(just)‌ ‌
• पुरेल‌ ‌-‌ ‌पूर्ण‌ ‌होईल‌ ‌-‌ ‌(sufficient)‌ ‌
• प्रवृत्ती/वृत्ती‌ ‌-‌ ‌स्वभाव‌ ‌-‌ ‌(nature)‌ ‌
• स्वानुभव‌ ‌‌-‌ ‌स्वत:चा‌ ‌अनुभव‌ ‌-‌ ‌(self‌ ‌experience)‌ ‌
• अंतिमतः‌ ‌-‌ ‌शेवटी‌ ‌-‌ ‌(at‌ ‌last)‌ ‌
• सक्षम‌‌ -‌ ‌बलवान‌‌ -‌ ‌(strong)‌‌
• सामग्री‌ -‌ ‌साहित्य‌ ‌-‌ ‌(equipment)‌
• ‌वरिष्ठ‌ ‌-‌ ‌मोठे‌ ‌अधिकारी‌ ‌-‌ ‌(senior‌ ‌officer)‌ ‌
• व्याप्ती‌ ‌‌-‌ ‌स्वभाव‌ ‌-‌ ‌(nature)‌
• आशय‌‌ -‌ ‌विषय‌‌ ‌-‌ ‌(subject)

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 English Solutions My English Coursebook Chapter 1.5 His First Flight Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 My English Coursebook Solutions Chapter 1.5 His First Flight

My English Coursebook Standard Ten Guide Chapter 1.5 His First Flight Textbook Questions and Answers

Warming up!

Chit-chat:

1. Form Groups of 5. Remember your past days and share with your friends about memories of your first day at school or your first attempt at cooking. What role did your parents, siblings play to help you to overcome your fear?

1. Discuss and answer.

Question 1.
Discuss and answer.

Answer:

1. Are there any situations when you get afraid?	– I Yes, I am afraid of sleeping in the dark at night, cold weather, street dogs, ghost stories and quarrels.
2. How would you react if you had to travel alone?	– I would be greatly disturbed and depressed if I had to travel alone. It annoys me and I feel uncomfortable.
3.  How would you react if you have to stay alone at home?	– It would be afraid of staying alone at home and become uneasy and endlessly think that something untoward will happen when I am alone at home.
4. What would you do if you were lost in a new city?	would cause confusion in my mind. I would lose my nerve and run helter- skelter to find any lead to my home or I shall collect myself and reach the police to get help from them.

2. Complete the following table.

Question 1.
Complete the following table.

Answer:

Idioms	Meanings	Your own sentences
1. bird’s-eye view	view from somewhere high	We enjoyed the bird’s-eye view from the top of the mountain.
2. as free as a bird	If he/she is care-free	After finishing her exam, she will be as free as a bird.
3. eagle’s eye	His ability to observe something closely	The detective was watching every move of the thief with his eagle eyes.
4. spread one’s wings	to try to work on things independently	After getting his training in papermaking, Kumar spread his wings to start his own paper mill.

Find more such idioms using the following keywords.

Question 1.
Find more such idioms using the following keywords.

Answer:

• Fly – with flying colours, fly high, fly the nest, fly the coop, fly at somebody, fly into rage/temper, get off to flying start.
• Animals – the lion’s share, let sleeping dog lie, a dog in the manger, a snake in the grass, rain cats and dogs, to lead a cat and dog life, let the cat out of the bag, to smell a rat.
• Colours – loose colours, with flying colours on black and white, catch red-handed, to become red and blue, a bolt from blue, once in a blue moon, look at the black side of things, stick to one’s colour.
  (Note: Students may collect more such idioms and their meanings from good dictionary.)

English Workshop:

1. State whether the following statements are true or false.

Question 1.
State whether the following statements are true or false.
(a) The young seagull was not confident about the ability of his wings.
(b) The young seagull’s parents guided and improved his siblings in the art of flying.
(c) When the young seagull pretended to be falling asleep, his parents noticed him.
(d) Flying across the young seagull, the mother dropped a piece of fish into his beak.
Answer:
(a) The young seagull was not confident about the ability of his wings. – True
(b) The young seagull’s parents guided and improved his siblings in the art of flying. – True
(c) When the young seagull pretended to be falling asleep, his parents took notice of him. – False
(d) Flying across the young seagull, the mother dropped into his beak a piece of fish. – False

2. Complete the following statements.

Question 1.
Complete the following statements.
(a) The seagull was afraid to fly because …………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) Young birds are afraid to make their first flight because …………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Human beings find it difficult to face great challenges because ……………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Answer:
(a) the seagull is afraid to fly because he thought that his small, short wings would never support him to fly and he would fall and drown in the sea.
(b) Young birds are afraid to make their first flight because they are not confident at their first flight.
(c) Human beings find it difficult to face great challenges because I think, human being also finds it a challenge to take its first steps. It is their natural instinct. When they try to stand and then to take further steps, they are afraid of falling and getting injured, so they are cautious and alert but do not give up.

3. Read the following words carefully and make meaningful sentences of your own, and write in your notebook.

Question 1.
Read the following words carefully and make meaningful sentences of your own, and write in your notebook.

4. Read the following words carefully and fill in the blanks by choosing appropriate word given in brackets.

Question 1.
Read the following words carefully and fill in the blanks by choosing appropriate word given in brackets.
(afraid, plunged, appeared, shrilly, skimmed, devoured, cowardice)
(a) Arun is full of ……….. .
(b) The violin played very ……….. .
(c) Ravi said, “Are you really ……….. of the dark?”
(d) The whole village ……….. into darkness.
(e) The lions ……….. their prey, hungrily.
(f) He ……….. through the report.
(g) One by one, the stars ……….. in the sky.
Answer:
(a) Arun is full of cowardice.
(b) The violin played very shrilly and merrily.
(c) Ravi said, “Are you really afraid of the dark?”
(d) The whole village plunged into darkness.
(e) The lions devoured their prey, hungrily.
(f) He skimmed through the report.
(g) One by one, the stars appeared in the sky.

5. Read about the space mission of Sunita Williams. Imagine you are going to interview her. Frame 10 to 12 interview relevant questions regarding –

1. her early life, training
2. education
3. her actual flight into space
4. future plans
5. her message to viewers.

Question 1.
Read about the space mission of Sunita Williams. Imagine you are going to interview her. Frame 10 to 12 interview relevant questions regarding –
Answer:
Interview Questions to Sunita Williams :
Hello Madam! Congratulations on your great achievements in the Space Mission! May I ask you a few questions about your career and mission?

1. 1. Could you please tell me about your birthplace, family and early education?
   2. What motivated you to do M.Sc. in engineering Management? Where did you do it?
   3. What was your experience as a Naval Aviator in 1989?
   4. When and where did you begin your Astronaut Candidate Training?
   5. When were you selected by NASA for Astronaut Program?
   6. Will you please tell me about your experience at NASA?
   7. How did you feel when you were aboard the space shuttle Discovery to join the Expedition 14?
   8. How many days did you stay in the space during the Expedition 14?
   9. You have eclipsed the record in space by a woman. What was that record?
   10. What can you tell me about your second Expedition 32/33. What was your part in it?
   11. You took to the ISS a copy of Bhagavat Gita and a figurine of the God Ganesh and samosas. What was the thought behind it?
   12. How did the Government of India honour you? Why?
   13. What is your message to the young Indian generation?

6. Describe in your notebook the challenges you faced while learning to ride a bicycle, swimming or any skilL Take hints from the web to complete your write-up.

Question 1.
Describe in your notebook the challenges you faced while learning to ride a bicycle, swimming or any skilL Take hints from the web to complete your write-up.
Answer:
Riding a Bicycle:
Though some people think that riding a bicycle is a very simple easy thing, but it is not true. It is a challenging job. When you begin to learn cycle you must have to drive away and win over the fear of falling. While riding a cycle you are bound to fall once or twice or more and may get injured. So you must be bold and forget your fear of falling.

Secondly as a beginner don’t fully depend on a trainer or a supporter, otherwise you will never learn cycling. You should ride on your own with determination. You must be steady, stable and patient. You will have to look straight ahead of you and not to the handle or pedal or anywhere else. Sit properly on the seat and hold the handle firmly. Balancing is the next task/challenge. Be alert and ride the cycle carefully.

Pay attention to the vehicles coming in your way and you should be able to avoid them or there will be a possibility of an accident. Your concentration must be only on riding. Remember the traffic rules and follow them. After practising a lot you will be able to ride a bicycle confidently.

7. Project :

Question a.
Collect the career options related to flying. Find out the institutes where training of your options is given.
Find out the detailed information about the fees, duration of training and future prospects of it.
Answer:
(Students should collect the information asked for and present them in their class.)

Question b.
Collect or draw different pictures of birds from your surroundings and write about them. Make a chart with some information about each.
Answer:
(Make a chart with some information about the birds.)

Language Study:

1. There are words that have the same pronunciation but differ in spellings. They are called Homophones. For example, (a) fair – fare (b) know – no Sometimes the words have the same spellings and pronunciation but can have different meanings in different situations.
They are called Homographs.
For example:
(a) watch – observe watch – portable timepiece
(b) fair – not very good, not very bad
fair – an exhibition and sale of items
fair – of complexion, skin tone
Note: Homophones and Homographs are together known as Homonyms.
Give the Homophones of the following.
(a) blue …. (b) bear …… (c) beet……… (d) to……… (e) son …………

Question 1
Give the Homophones of the following.
Answer:
(a) blue – blew
(b) bear – bare
(c) beet – beat
(d) to – two
(e) son – sun

2. Find from the lesson the Homophones of the following.

Question a.
Pick the Homophones from the text.

1. see –
2. wood –
3. there –
4. scene –
5. won –
6. eye –
7. peace –
8. threw –
9. hence –
10. knot –

Answer:

1. see – sea
2. wood – would
3. there – their
4. scene – seen
5. won – one
6. I – eye
7. peace – piece
8. threw – through
9. hence – hens
10. knot – not

Question b.
Explain how the underlined Homographs differ in meaning.
1. (a) He saw his two brothers. ……………………….
(b) The woodcutter cut the weakened branch with his sharp saw ……………………….
2. (a) The bird injured his wings. ………………………..
(b) He lives in the ‘c’ wing of the building. ……………………….
3. (a) The aeroplane will land at 9.00 pm. sharp. ……………………….
(b) He owns 10 acres of land ………………………..
4. (a) The head of the institution was on leave. ……………………….
(b) He bent his head down with chin. ………………………….
Answer:
1. (a) He saw his two brothers.
(b) The woodcutter cut the weakened branch with his sharp saw.
Answer:
In the sentence:
(a) the Homograph ‘saw’ is the past tense of the word ‘see’.

In the sentence:
(b) the Homograph ‘saw’ means a tool of a carpenter used for cutting wood.

2. (a) The bird injured his wing.
(b) He lives in the ‘C’ wing of the building.
Answer:
In the sentence:
(a) the Homograph ‘wing’ means the part of the body of a bird used for flying.

In the sentence:
(b) the Homograph ‘wing’ is one of the parts of a large building.

3. (a) The aeroplane will land at 9.00 pm. sharp.
(b) He owns 10 acres of land.
Answer:
In the sentence
(a) the Homograph ‘land’ means to come down through the air onto the ground.

In the sentence
(b) land means an area of ground used for some purpose.

4. (a) The head of the institution was on leave.
(b) He bend his head down with respect.
Answer:
In sentence
(a) head means the person in charge of an institution/organization.

In sentence
(b) head means the part of the body on top of the neck.

3. Read the following sentences carefully, underline the verbs and find out the tenses in the sentences.

Question 1.
(a) The sun was now ascending the sky.
(b) Still they took no notice of him.
(c) She is standing on a little high hump on the plateau.
(d) He leaned out eagerly.
(e) He just felt dizzy.
Answer:
(a) The sun was now ascending the sky. – Past Continuous Tense
(b) Still they took no notice of him. – Simple Past Tense
(c) She is standing on a little high hump on the plateau. – Present Continuous Tense
(d) He leaned out eagerly. – Simple Past Tense
(e) He just felt dizzy. – Simple Past Tense

Live English :

Form Filling:

Form filling is a skill. It is a functional skill and a life skill. Today, a big amount of data is collected offline and online through forms. From a tedious task to an interesting task, the online tools have made form filling a unique experience. We will see how offline and online forms are filled and what steps are followed and what care is taken while filling the forms.

Preparing for the form filling process:

• Gather all the essential information. (personal, professional, educational etc.)
• Verify names, addresses, references, contact details to be entered.
• Know the information not to be provided.
• Get a template and create a model form.

Question 1.


Answer:

My English Coursebook 10th Digest Chapter 1.5 His First Flight Additional Important Questions and Answers

Read the following passage and do the activities :

Simple Factual Activity :

Question 1.
State whether the following statements are True or False :
Answer:

1. The wings of the young seagull were not as short as his own. – False
2. The whole family of seagulls commended him for his cowardice. – False
3. The young seagull was fed a piece of fish by his mother. – False
4. The young seagull’s father was preening the feathers on his white back. –True

Question 2.
Complete the following sentences using information in the passage:
(Answers are directly given and underlined.)
Answer:

1. The young seagull commended himself to dive and soar and curve.
2. He completely forgot that he had not always been able to fly.
3. He flapped his wings once and he soared upwards.
4. He turned his beak sideways and cawed amusedly.

Complex Factual Activities :

Question 1.
How did the seagull parents perfect the young seagull’s brothers and sister in the art Of flight?
Answer:
The parents of the seagull flew about with his brothers and sister, perfecting them in the art of flying. They trained them how to skim the waves and how to dive for fish. When they succeeded in the art, the parents circled about them raising a proud cackle to encourage them.

Question 2.
Complete the web describing the young seagull’s feelings while trying to fly:
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

Question 3.
What were the young seagull’s parents doing?
Answer:
The young seagull’s father was cleaning his white back feathers smooth with his beak. His mother was looking at the young seagull. She stood on a little high hump on the plateau. Her white breast was thrust forward. Now and again, she tore at a piece of fish that lay at her feet and then scrapped each side of her beak on the rock. She was trying to attract the young one’s attention towards the piece of fish.

Question 4.
Complete the web :
(Answers are directly given and underlined.)
Answer:

Question 5.
How did the young seagull learn his first flight?
Answer:
When the young seagull was calling his mother plaintively, his mother had picked up a piece of fish and was flying across to him with it. He leaned out eagerly trying to get nearer to her as she flew across. But when the piece of fish in her beak was almost within his reach, his mother halted, her wings motionless. Maddened by hunger, the young one dived at the fish.

While doing so he fell outwards and downwards into space. He was frightened but the next moment he felt his wings spread outwards. The wind rushed against his breast, then under his stomach and against his wings. His wings cut through the air. He was not falling headlong now. He was soaring gradually downwards and outwards. This is how he learnt his first lesson of flight.

Question 6.
Complete the web :
(The answers are directly given and underlined.)
Answer:

Question 7.
What did the young seagull forget? What did he do then?
Answer:
The young seagull completely forgot that he had not always been able to fly. He commended himself for his diving and soaring and curveting shrieking shrilly.

Question 8.
When did the young seagull get his prized scraps of dog-fish?
Answer:
The young seagull was completely exhausted after his first flight. He drooped his legs to stand on the green sea. His legs sank in it. He screamed with fright and tried to rise again flapping his wings. But he was tired and weak with hunger and he could not rise. His feet sank into the green sea and then his belly touched it and he could sink no farther. He was floating on it. His family admired his feat (achievement) and offered him scraps of dog-fish which he deserved.

Activities based on Vocabulary:

Question 1.
Guess the meanings of:
Answer:

1. muster up courage – to gather courage
2. cliff – a high steep face of a rock
3. upbraiding – scolding
4. brink – the edge of a steep place

Question 2.
Match the words in Column ‘A’ with their meanings in Column ‘B’ :

‘A’	‘B’
1. ascending	(a) grabbed
2. maddened	(b) flying upward into the air
3. soaring	(c) made one very angry
4. seized	(d) rising up

Answer:

‘A’	‘B’
1. ascending	(d) rising up
2. maddened	(c) made one very angry
3. soaring	(b) flying upward into the air
4. seized	(a) grabbed

Question 3.
Find the present participles from the passage :
Answer:
ascending, standing, falling, lying, dozing, preening, looking, scrapping, begging, calling, flying, tapping, trying, wondering, cutting, soaring.

Question 4.
Match adjectives given in Column ‘A’ with the nouns given in Column ‘B’ :

‘A’	‘B’
1. high	(a) scream
2. joyful	(b) nightfall
3. monstrous	(c) hump
4. previous	(d) terror

Answer:

‘A’	‘B’
1. high	(c) hump
2. joyful	(a) scream
3. monstrous	(d) terror
4. previous	(b) nightfall

Question 5.
Read the following words carefully and make meaningful sentences of your own by using them :

1. plaintively
2. monstrous
3. whet
4. soar.

Answer:

1. The young widow plaintively mourned when she saw her husband’s dead body in a coffin covered by tricolour.
2. A monstrous wave swallowed the boat with some fishermen in it.
3. He whetted his knife to cut the unwanted plants in the garden.
4. The rocket soared up into the air.

Question 6.
Read the following words and fill in the blanks by using appropriate words given in the brackets :
(Answers are directly given and underlined.)
(commended, attempted, exhausted, soared)
Answer:

1. The rocket soared up into space.
2. Our achievements in Science Exhibition was highly commended by our Principal.
3. He was totally exhausted after the day’s tedious work.
4. The thief attempted to give the slip, but was caught by the police.

Question 7.
Match the words in Column ‘A’ with their meanings in Column ‘B’ :

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
1. ridge	(a) wear out
2. exhaust	(b) small and thin pieces
3. shriek	(c) a chain of hills
4. scraps	(d) make a loud cry

Answer:

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
1. ridge	(c) a chain of hills
2. exhaust	(a) wear out
3. shriek	(d) make a loud cry
4. scraps	(b) small and thin pieces

Question 8.
Read the following words and make meaningful sentences of your own by using them :

1. beckon
2. curveting
3. exhausted
4. amusedly

Answer:

1. They were all beckoning him to join their team, but he did not respond.
2. The eagle was curveting to land onto the ground to catch his prey.
3. The old man was completely exhausted after the day’s long work.
4. The children played in the rain merrily and amusedly.

Activity-based on Contextual Grammar :

Question 1.
Read the following sentences carefully, underline the verbs and then find out the tenses in the sentences : (Verbs are directly underlined.)
Answer:

1. His two brothers and his sister had already flown away. – Past Perfect Tense
2. But for the life of him he could not move. – simple Past Tense
3. He became afraid. – simple Past Tense
4. Since then nobody had come near him. – Past Perfect Tense

Question 2.
Identify the tense and then change it to Present Perfect Continuous tense:
The sun is ascending the sky.
Answer:
The sun has been ascending the sky.

Personal Response:

Question 1.
Are you afraid of playing any outdoor game? Explain why?
Answer:
Yes, I am afraid of playing Kabbadi. It appears to me that it is a very rough and tough game. I am very much afraid of the injuries caused in it. I cannot endure the thought of injury. I believe that it is a game for only strong and hefty people.

Question 2.
You are a teacher directing a play for your school/Annual Gathering. A boy is not acting according to your instructions. How will you make him act well?
Answer:
At first I shall tell the boy about the scene and the emotions in dialogues by giving him demonstration. If he goes wrong, I myself will show him how to do the piece. If he repeatedly makes mistakes, I will scold him and even threaten him of the consequences. But anyhow finally I will make him act well, acting the scene myself repeatedly.

Question 3.
How does your family help you to achieve your goal?
Answer:
My family is always there to help me in my work. Each one of them, especially my parents, help me in deciding my goal. If I neglect any day, they remind me of my goal all the while. They all are ready to guide me, in their own way, to achieve whatever I desire. They always encourage, admire and praise me even for my smallest achievement.

Activity-based on Contextual Grammar:

Do as directed:

Question 1.
He was near the sea now. (Frame a Wh-question to get the underlined as an answer.)
Answer:
Where was he now?

Question 2.
He could not rise. (Add a question tag.)
Answer:
He could not rise, could he?

Question 3.
But he was tired and weak with hunger.
(Use ‘not only – but also’.)
Answer:
But he was not only tired but also weak with hunger.

Activities based on Language Study

Do as directed :

Question 1.
Complete the words by using correct

1. s t _ n d
2. y o _ n g
3. c l _ f f
4. d i z _ y

Answer:

1. s t a n d
2. y o u n g
3. c 1 i f f
4. d i z z y

Question 2.
Put the following words in alphabetical order :

1. motionless, scrapped, leaned, opposite
2. feathers, felt, flapped, father

Answer:

1. leaned, motionless, opposite, scrapped.
2. father, feathers, felt, flapped

Question 3.
Punctuate the following sentences :

1. ga ga ga he cried begging her to bring him some food
2. the young seagulls father was curveting banking and soaring

Answer:

1. “Ga, ga, ga”, he cried begging her, to bring him some food.
2. The young seagull’s father was curveting, banking and soaring.

Question 4.
Make four words each (minimum 3 letters each) using the letters in the given word brother:
Answer:
both, bother, rot, other

Question 5.
Write related words as shown in the example :
(Answer is directly given and underlined.)
Answer:

Question 6.
Complete the following word chain of nouns. Add four words each beginning with the last letter of the previous word :
ledge → ……………… → ……………… → ……………… → ………………
Answer:
ledge → egg → goal → land → doll

Do as directed :

1. Attempt anyone :

a. Make a meaningful sentence using the given phrase:
to muster up courage
Answer:
The young man could not muster up courage to pick up the mysterious box on the road.

OR

b. Add a clause to the following sentence to expand it meaningfully :
The bird dared not fly
Answer:
The bird dared not fly because he was afraid of falling in the sea.

2. Attempt anyone :

a. Add a prefix or suffix to make new words :
1. manage
2. arrange
Answer:
1. management
2. rearrange

OR

b. Make a meaningful sentence using any one of the following words :
1. manage
2. arrange
Answer:
1. He could manage to collect enough money to pay his school fees.
2. She arranged the flowers in a vase.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 English Solutions My English Coursebook Solutions Chapter 3.4 Let us March! Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 My English Coursebook Solutions Chapter 3.4 Let us March!

My English Coursebook Standard Ten Guide Chapter 3.4 Let us March! Textbook Questions and Answers

Warming up:
Chit-chat

Discuss in your group:

Question 1.
What difference do you notice in the two images?
Answer:
The boy in the first picture is working and the boy in the second picture is going to school on his bicycle.

Question 2.
Which of the two situations should change?
Answer:
The situation in the first picture should change.

Question 3.
How and when can the situation be changed?
Answer:
The boy in the first picture should be sent to school. Somebody should convince his parents that it is not his right age to work. He should go to school at this age. Then the situation can change.

Question 4.
How can you, as a student, contribute and help make a difference to the needy children?
Answer:
As a student I will help the needy children to go to school and take education. If possible I will try to give them monetary help to take education. I will also convince their parents
to understand the importance of education.

1. A good well-organized speech contains the following characteristics and steps.

Question (A)
A good well-organized speech contains the following characteristics and steps.
Answer:

1. A speech should be well-planned.
2. The language used should be suitable to the audience.
3. It should have the right duration.
4. It should be supported with good examples, episodes or visual aids, where possible.

Question (B)
Refer to Page 26 for a reference to the steps to be followed in the speech and do the activity given below. Read the expressions given below on Coursebook and insert them in the proper boxes:
(a) Imagine what will happen after ten years.
(b) I would like to share with you an example from my own experience.
(c) Hon. chief guest, eminent dignitaries, respected management and staff, student – friends
(d) The research report says that ……………
(e) I don’t understand why we are so negative about this issue.
(f) Think again and again and then move forward.
(g) Today, I would like to put forth my views on ………………
(h) The renowned personality xyz says “……………..”
(i) Good Morning, one and all present today.
(j) I would like to express my gratitude towards the organisers of this function for giving me opportunity ……………
(k) If we think about the situation around us, we notice that ………………
(l) Let me explain this to you ……………..

Answer:

Greeting / Salutation	Introduction	Body of the speech	Conclusion
1. Good morning, one and all present today.	1. If we think about the situation around us we notice that	1. The renowned personality xyz says “……………………….	1. Think again and again and then move forward.
2. Hon. Chief guest, eminent dignitaries respected management and staff, student- friends.	2. Let me explain this to you	2. The research report says that …………………..	2. I would like to express my gratitude towards the organizers of this function for giving me the opportunity ………
	3. Today, I would like to put forth my views on	3. I don’t understand why we are so negative about this issue.
	4. Imagine what will happen after ten years.	4. I would like to share with you an example from my own experience.

English Workshop:

1. Name the following:

Question (a)
The persons to whom Kailash Satyarthi gives the highest credit of his honour:
Answer:
Kaalu Kumar, Dhoom Das and Adarsh Kishore from India and Iqbal Masih from Pakistan.

Question (b)
The greatest personalities from the great land-India.
Answer:
Lord Buddha, Guru Nanak and Mahatma Gandhi.

Question (c)
The daughters of Kailash Satyarthi mentioned in this speech:
Answer:
Malala, Kayanat and Shazia

Question (d)
The foreign activists of equal rights mentioned in this speech:
Answer:
Nelson Mandela and Martin Luther King.

2. Mention the social issues highlighted by Kailash Satyarthi in his speech. One social issue is given for you.

Question 1.
Mention the social issues highlighted by Kailash Satyarthi in his speech. One social issue is given for you.
(a) Child labour
(b) …………………
(c) …………………
(d) …………………
(e) …………………

3. Complete the following diagram/chart:

Question 1.
Complete the following diagram/chart:

Answer:

4. Complete the following web-chart:

Question 1.
Complete the following web-chart:

Answer:

5. Find out the describing words used for the following nouns and make your own sentences by using any three combinations.

Question 1.
Find out the describing words used for the following nouns and make your own sentences by using any three combinations.
(a) …………… sacrifice
(b) …………… faces
(c) …………… militia
(d) …………… challenge
(e) …………… globalise
(f) …………… agencies
Answer:
(a) supreme sacrifice
(b) beautiful faces
(c) extremist-militia
(d)great challenge
(e) globalise – globe, globalization
(f) intergovernmental agencies

6. Choose the correct option and write in front of the given word:

Question (a)
divinity: ……………
Answer
divinity: godliness
1. goodness
2. godliness
3. god fearing

Question (b)
extremist: militant
1. militant
2. robber
3. spy

Question (c)
culminate: rise to a peak
1. destroy
2. succeed
3. rise to a peak

7. What will you do in the following situations?

Question (a)
If you see a child working in a restaurant.
Answer:
I will lodge a complaint against the owner under the Child Labour Act, 1986.

Question (b)
If you find a child working on a construction site.
Answer:
I will lodge a complaint in the police station nearby and convince them to send him to a nearby school.

Question (c)
If you find a child working on a brickwork site.
Answer:
I will tell his parents not to do so, instead to send him to a school nearby.

Question (d)
If you come across a beggar child.
Answer:
I will tell the child, it is not good to beg. I will also tell him the importance of schooling and help him to go to school.

(B) Write any 2 efforts that you can make to enrol deprived children/ out of school children into a school. One is given for you.
(a) I will persuade parents of such children to send them to school.
(b) …………………………………………………………………………………….. .
(c) …………………………………………………………………………………….. .
(d) …………………………………………………………………………………….. .
(e) …………………………………………………………………………………….. .

8. Today, it is time for every child to have a right to –

education, ……………….., ……………….. .
……………….., ……………….., ……………….. .
……………….., ……………….., ……………….. .

9. Make a list of Indian Nobel laureates.

Question 1.
Make a list of Indian Nobel laureates.
Answer:

Name	Field	Year
1. Rabindranath Tagore	Literature	1913
2. C. V. Raman	Physics	1930
3. Mother Teresa	Peace	1979
4. Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar	Physics	1983
5. Amartya Sen	Economics	1998
6. Kailash Satyarthi	Peace	2014

10. Make a list of prestigious awards in India:

Question 1.
Make a list of prestigious awards in India:

Answer:

Civilian Awards	Highest gallantry awards
Bharat Ratna	Param Vir Chakra
Padma Vibhushan	Maha Vir Chakra
Padma Bhushan	Vir Chakra
Padma Shri	Ashok Chakra

11. Make a meaningful sentence by using the phrases:

Question 1.
Make a meaningful sentences by using the phrases: (Note: One phrase will be asked in the activity sheet.)
(a) in the pursuit of
(b) to be afraid of
(c) to give up
Answer:
(a) Most of the people spend a lot of time in the pursuit of money.
(b) Don’t be afraid of saying what you sincerely think.
(c) His wife finally persuaded him to give up smoking.

12. Write minimum 5 hidden words of more than 4 letters from- ‘intergovernmental’.

Question 1.
Write minimum 5 hidden words of more than 4 letters from- ‘intergovernmental’
Answer:

1. internal
2. government
3. torment
4. term
5. governmental

13. Imagine your school invites Malala to preside over celebration of ‘Children’s Day’. Draft a welcome speech for this noble young girl. Gather her bio-data from the internet.

Question 1.
Imagine your school invites Malala to preside over celebration of ‘Children’s Day’. Draft a welcome speech for this noble young girl. Gather her bio-data from the internet.
Answer:
Honourable Chairperson, respected Principal, teachers, our today’s guest Malala Didi and all my dear friends.

We have gathered here to celebrate Children’s Day. On this auspicious occasion I would like to limit my few words on the Children’s Day. Children are the integral part of the society and home as well as the future of the country. We cannot ignore their involvement and contribution in the life of parents teachers and other related people all through the life.

Children are blessed by God and they conquer our hearts with their beautiful eyes, innocent activities and smiles. Life becomes very boring andupset without them. This day is celebrated every year to pay tribute to all the children all over the world. In India it is celebrated on 14th November on the birth anniversary of the legendary freedom fighter and the first Prime Minister of the independent India; Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.

The celebration of this day reminds us to renew our commitment towards children’s welfare including their health, care and education. It is an occasion to appreciate the qualities of childhood. Children are considered as the building blocks of the strong nation. They have capabilities to change the nation positively. They are the responsible citizens of tomorrow. The development of the country lies in their hand. Children’s Day celebration also reminds us about their rights.

Children are leaders of tomorrow so they need to get respect, special care and protection from their parents, teachers and from the society. Do they really get it? They are being abused in many ways in our nation by their family members, relatives, neighbours or other people. Government should work on it to help them to live life happily. Malala Didi is a Pakistani activist who works for girls’ females’ education. She works for the human rights, especially the right to education of women and children.

We are really proud of her. On this auspicious day if we take inspiration from her, no child will be abused, no girl will be molested. She is a great source of inspiration and so she is here with us. We are eager to hear her valuable thoughts and voice, so I think I would better stop here. Wish you all happy Children’s Day and all the best for your future endeavour. Thanks a lot for listening to me patiently and attentively.

Jai Hind!

14. Use the following words as a noun and a verb and make meaningful sentences:

Question 1.
Use the following words as a noun and a verb and make meaningful sentences:

1. march
2. honour
3. credit
4. stitch

Answer:

1. march – The workers began their march to protest against their factory owners, (noun)
   The physical education teacher marched the children to the playground, (verb)
2. honour – A dinner was arranged in his honour, (noun)
   The actor was honoured with the Padmashri.(verb)
3. credit – The bank refused to extend their credit.(Noun)
   She has been wrongly credited as the author. (Verb)
4. stitch – The wound needed eight stitches, (noun)
   The tailor was asked to stitch the clothes quickly, (verb)

Language Study:

Question (a)
Match the sentences given in part ‘A’ with the sentences given in part ‘B’. Note the differences in structure.
Answer:

Question (b)
Observe the following underlined phrases. Here ‘have/has’ are followed by the past participle form of the verb. This construction indicates the perfect present tense. Find more such sentences from the speech.
Answer:

1. We have made progress in the last couple of decades.
2. We have prevented millions of child deaths.
3. It has happened.
4. We have reduced the number of out-of-school children by half.
5. We have reduced the child labourers by a third.

Question (c)
In the following sentences the underlined words are called infinitives. Find such examples from the speech and underline the infinitives.
Answer:

1. Every child is free to grow.
2. I refuse to accept that all the laws and constitutions, police and judges are unable to protect our children.
3. that all the temples and mosques and churches and prayer houses have no place for the dreams of our children.
4. just one week of global military expenditure can bring all the children to classrooms.
5. The shackles of slavery can be stronger than the quest for freedom.

Question (d)
Pick out from the lesson, the Antonyms of
Answer:

1. ignorance × knowledge
2. deny × admit
3. immortality × mortality
4. violence × non-violence
5. well-known × known
6. slavery × freedom

(e) Do as directed.

Question (i)
Make nouns of the following.

Answer:

Words	Nouns
1. deliberate	deliberation
2. organize	organization/organiser
3. violent	violence
4. tolerant	tolerance
5. extreme	extremism/extremist
6. educate	education/educator
7. globalize	globalization
8. distant	distance
9. prescribe	prescription/prescriber

Question (ii)
Make verbs of the following.

Answer:

1. universal – universalize
2. global – globalize

Question (f)
Complete the following sentences with the help of the sentence given below:
(Answers are directly given and underlined.)
(a) The biggest challenge knocking on the doors of human kind is fear and intolerance.

(i) No other challenge knocking …………………………………………………… .
as big as …………………………………………………………………………………… .
(ii) Fear and intolerance are bigger ……………………………………………….. .
………………………………………………………………………………………………… .

(b) The Nobel Prize is one of the greatest honours in the world.

(i) Very few honours …………………………………………………………… .
(ii) The Nobel Prize is greater than …………………………………………. .
………………………………………………………………………………………………… .
Answer:
(a) The biggest challenge knocking on the doors of humankind is fear and intolerance.
1. No other challenge knocking on the doors of humankind is as big as fear and intolerance.
2. Fear and intolerance are bigger than any other challenge knocking on the doors of humankind.

(b) The Nobel Prize is one of the greatest honour in the world.
1. Very few honours in the world are as great as the Nobel Prize.
2. The Nobel Prize is greater than most other honours in the world.

My English Coursebook 10th Digest Chapter 3.4 Let us March! Additional Important Questions and Answers

Simple Factual Activities:

1. Name the following:

Question 1.
The American politician, attorney and author mentioned in the speech –
Answer:
Tom Harkin.

Question 2.
Answer in one word:
Answer:

1. The motherland of Kailash Satyarthi – India
2. The country which Iqbal Masih represents – Pakistan
3. The place where Nobel Prize distribution programme was held – Norway
4. The ancient texts of wisdom – Vedas

Question 3.
State whether you agree or disagree with the following statements:
Answer:

1. The Holy Quran s ays the kingdom of God belongs to the children.
2. Jesus says not to kill your children because of poverty. – Disagree
3. Denying the dreams of our children is greater violence. – Agree
4. The writer has never given up against any threat or attack. – Agree

Question 4.
Match the following:
Answer:

1. A small, skinny child labourer – to care for our children
2. A Sudanese child-soldier – children’s frightened and exhausted eyes
3. Satyarthi had looked into – was forced to kill his friends and family.
4. The great religions teach us – The world forced me to take a gun or a tool

Question 5.
State whether the following statements are True or False:
Answer:

1. The biggest challenge of humankind is fear and intolerance. – True
2. Education gives the meaning and objective of life. – True
3. An unprecedented violence will not be suicidal for humankind. – False
4. Rights, security, hope can only be restored through education. – True

Question 6.
Complete the following sentences:
(Answers are directly given and underlined.)
Answer:

1. Even though we have made progress in the last couple of decades, we are facing great challenges.
2. An education gives a sense of global citizenship among the youth.
3. Small groups, local organisations and individuals are confronting with the problem every day.

Question 7.
Answer in few words:

1. he age in which we live –
2. The serious disconnect of the world –
3. We can unite the world through –
4. Children are questioning and watching our –

Answer:

1. rapid globalization
2. lack of compassion
3. the compassion for our children
4. inactions and actions

Question 8.
Complete the sentences:
(Answers are directly given and underlined.)
Answer:

1. A tiny bird was rushing towards the fire.
2. A heavy fire had broken out in the forest.
3. The speaker is appealing to compassion.
4. The tiny bird was going to extinguish the fire.

Question 9.
Make a list of the problems that we are facing and creating violence against children –
Answer:

1. slavery
2. trafficking
3. child marriage
4. child labour
5. sexual abuse
6. illiteracy

Question 10.
Complete the following web:
(Answers are directly given and underlined.)
Answer:

Question 11.
State whether the following statements are Right or Wrong:
Answer:

1. We should have vision for today not tomorrow. – Right
2. If we close our eyes and feel the child inside us, we can listen to that child. – Right
3. Mahatma Gandhi, Nelson Mandela and Martin Luther King are calling on us. – Right
4. Mahatma Gandhi, Nelson Mandela and Martin Luther King are calling on us. – Right
5. Satyarthi’s vision of tomorrow is to see that cobbler’s boy sitting with him in his classroom. – Right

Complex Factual Activities:

Question 1.
Complete the following sentences:
(Answers are directly given and underlined.)
Answer:

1. We can create knowledge for all that benefits all by learning from the experiences of our ancestors.
2. The mantras that carries a prayer has the potential to liberate humanity from all man-made crises.
3. The writer humbly accepts this award on behalf of all martyrs, his fellow activists across the world and his countrymen.
4. The journey of the writer, that is India to Norway is a connect between two centres of global peace and brotherhood, ancient and modern.
5. The speaker feels honoured to recite a mantra from the ancient text of wisdom.

Question 2.
Complete the following web:
Answer:

Question 3.
What are the children’s issues highlighted by Kailash Satyarthi in this passage?
Answer:
The children’s issues highlighted by Kailash Satyarthi in this passage are-

1. The burning problem in India-child labour
2. The Right of children to free and compulsory education
3. Mortality and malnutrition,
4. Child labour as a human rights issue as well as a welfare matter and charitable cause.

Question 4.
Complete the following web stating the sign of progress mentioned by Satyarthi:
Answer:

Question 5.
What social role are the ‘three daughters’ laying?
Answer:
These three daughters are rising up and choosing peace over violence, tolerance over extremism and courage over fear.

Question 6.
Complete the following web:
Answer:

Question 7.
What problems do the poor children face?
Answer:
The poor children face the following problems –

1. They harvest cocoa yet they have never tasted chocolate.
2. They are dying of Ebola.
3. They are kidnapped and held hostage.
4. They stitch football, yet they never play with it.

Question 8.
What did millions of individuals demand eighteen years ago?
Answer:
Eighteen years ago, millions of individuals demanded a new international law for the abolition of worst form of child labour.

Question 9.
Why does the eight-year-old girl’s question shake Mr Satyarthi? (r^T srrc qqMi HyfMi srt SKcfTT Wt?)
Answer:
The eight-year-old girl’s question ‘Why did you not come earlier?’ itself implies that the girl was really suffering a lot. Even though we are grown ups, we have failed to rescue number of small girls from forced labour. So her question shakes not only Satyarthi, but also the whole world.

Question 10.
What matters according to Satyarthi?
Answer:
Every single minute, every single child and every single childhood matters according to Satyarthi.

Question 11.
Complete the following web:
(Answer is directly given and underlined.)
Answer:

Question 12.
Complete the following sentences:
(Answers are directly given and underlined.)
Answer:
1. Government should make child-friendly policies and invest in education and young people.
2. Faith leaders, institutions and all of us must stand with our children.

Question 13.
Complete the following web:
(Answer is directly given.)
Answer:

Question 14.
What was the response of the boy’s father? What was Satyarthi’s reaction to it?
Answer:
The response of the boy’s father was that he had never thought about it and they were born to work. His answer made Satyarthi angry and it still makes him angry.

Question 15.
Complete the following:
(Answers are directly given and underlined.)
Answer:
1. Satyarthi requests the listeners to put their hands close to their heart, close their eyes and feel the child inside them.
2. The writer calls all the listeners for a march,

1. from → exploitation to → education
2. from → exploitation to → education
3. from → poverty to → shared prosperity
4. from → slavery to → liberty
5. from → violence to → peace
6. from → ignorance to → awakening
7. from → darkness to → light
8. from → mortality to → divinity

Question 16.
Complete the following web-chart:
(Answers are directly given)
Answer:

Activities based on Vocabulary:

Question 1.
Find out the describing words used for the following nouns and make your own sentences using any two combinations:
(a) peace
(b) chair
Answer:
(a) global peace
(b) empty chair

Sentences:
1. UNO was founded (established) for global peace.
2. We should never forget the supreme sacrifice of our martyrs.

Question 2.
Match the words with their meanings:

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
1. aspiration 2. potential 3. dignity 4. liberate	(a) inherent capacity (b) set free (c) ambition (d) self-respect

Answer:

1. aspiration – ambition
2. potential – inherent capacity
3. dignity – self-respect
4. liberate – set free

Question 3.
1. eyes
Answer:
1. exhausted-eyes.
Sentence: Extremist militia is an active force found in Sudan.

Question 4.
Choose the correct option and write in front of the given word:
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:
courageous: brave

1. cowards
2. brave
3. friendly

Question 5.
Make a word register related with “God” from the passage.
Answer:
Jesus, Holy Quran, temples, mosques, churches, prayer houses, religions, the kingdom of God.

Question 6.
Find out antonyms for the following from the passage:

1. reject
2. ignore
3. timid

Answer:

1. reject × accept
2. ignore × notice
3. timid × fearless

Question 7.
Choose the correct option and write infront of the given word:
(Answers are directly given and underlined.)
Answer:
crisis: unstable situation

1. unstable situation
2. problems
3. difficulty

Question 8.
Find out the describing words used forthe following nouns and make your own sentences by using any three combinations:

1. organizations
2. citizenship
3. groups

Answer:

1. local organizations
2. global citizenship
3. small groups

Sentences:

1. Global citizenship nurtures personal respect and respect for others.
2. The role of local organizations are often overlooked by the government.
3. We can understand any difficult thing very well in small groups.

Question 9.
Classify the following words in Nouns and Verbs in the form of a table:
labour, prevent, knock, start, include, peace, world, problem.
Answer:

Nouns	Verbs
labour peace world problem	prevent knock start include

Question 10.
Find out the describing words used for the following nouns and make your own sentence by using any one combination:
1. globalization
2. compassion
Answer:
1. rapid globalization
2. global compassion
Sentence: Due to rapid globalization we have been facing number of problems.

Question 11.
Choose the correct meaning from the option and write in front of the given word:
Answer:
1. adamant: stubborn
(a) stubborn
(b) flexible
(c) kind

2. abolition: termination
(a) fixation
(b) termination
(c) prevention

3. neutrality: indifference
(a) interesting
(b) sadness
(c) indifference

4. compassion: kindness
(a) kindness
(b) passion
(c) wish

Question 12.
Find out the describing words from the passage for the following words:
(Answers are directly given and underlined.)
Answer:

1. rapid globalization
2. tiny bird
3. high-speed internet
4. serious disconnect.

Question 13.
Write the antonyms of:
(Answers are directly given and underlined.)
Answer:
1. recognized × unrecognized
2. known × unknown

Question 14.
Write the infinitive forms of the following and use any two of them in your own sentences:
Answer:

1. dancing – to dance
2. playing – to play
3. growing – to grow
4. happening – to happen

Sentences:
1. Anish wanted to dance in the procession but his father did not allow him.
2. It is our duty to grow more and more trees to save the planet Earth.

Question 15.
Choose the correct option and write in front of the given word:
(Answers are directly given and underlined.) J
Answer:
mortality: death rate

1. birth rate
2. life rate
3. death rate

Question 16.
Find out the describing words used for the following noun and make your own sentences by using any combination:
…………………… partnership
Answer:
innovative partnership

Sentence: In a developing country like India, intergovernmental agencies play important role in / the process of development.

Question 17.
Pick out any four “infinitives” from the passage:
Answer:
to put, to innovate, to accelerate, to work

Activities based on Contextual Grammar:

Question 1.
Indirect speech:
1. I asked my teachers, “Why is he working outside? Why is he not with us in the school?”
2. The boy’s father said to the writer, “I have never thought about it. We are born to work.”
Answer:
1. I asked my teacher why he was working outside and why he was not with them in the school.
2. The boy’s father told the writer that he had ; never thought about it. He further told him that ; they were born to work.

2. Make the sentences affirmative:

Question 1.
My teacher had no answer,
Answer:
My teacher was speechless.

Question 2.
I have never thought about it.
Answer:
I have always ignored it.

Activity-based on Contextual Grammar:

Question 1.
Name the tense:

1. The Nobel committee has generously invited me to present a “Lecture.”
2. I am representing the millions of children.
3. I humbly accept this award on behalf of all my fellow activists across the world.
4. I have kept an empty chair here as a reminder.

Answer:

1. Present Perfect Tense
2. Present Continuous Tense
3. Simple Present Tense
4. Present Perfect Tense

Question 2.
Make adjectives of:

1. honour
2. create
3. silence
4. peace

Answer:

1. honour – honourable
2. create – creative
3. silence – silent
4. peace – peaceful.

1. Change the voice:

Question 1.
He was kidnapped by an extremist militia. (Begin the sentence with “An extremist militia….)
Answer:
An extremist militia kidnapped him.

Question 2.
He was forced to kill his friends and family.
(Begin the sentence with “They….”)
Answer:
They forced him to kill his friends and family.

Question 3.
All the great religions teach us to care for our children. (Begin the sentence with “We are….)
Answer:
We are taught to care for our children by all the great religions.

Question 4.
I have held their injured bodies. (Begin the sentence with “Their injured bodies…)
Answer:
Their injured bodies have been held by me.

Rewrite the following into indirect speech:

Question 1.
Rewrite the following into indirect speech:
Answer:
A skinny child labourer asked Satyarthi, “Is the world so poor that it cannot give me a toy and a book, instead of forcing me to take a gun or a tool?” Ans. A skinny child labourer asked Satyarthi if the world was so poor that it could not give him a toy and a book, instead of forcing him to take a gun or a tool.

Question 1.
Change these sentences into indirect speech:

1. The lion asked the bird, “What are you doing?”
2. The bird said to the lion, “I am going to extinguish the fire.”
3. The lion said, “How can you do it keeping just one drop of water in your beak?”
4. The bird said, “I am doing my bit.”

Answer:

1. The lion asked the bird what it was doing.
2. The bird told the lion that it was going to extinguish the fire.
3. The lion asked how it could do it keeping just one drop of water in its beak.
4. The bird said that it was doing its bit.

Question 2.
Add a question tag:

1. We are connected through high-speed internet.
2. We exchange our goods and services in one single global market.
3. Let us globalize compassion.
4. All the animals were running away.

Answer:

1. We are connected through high-speed internet, aren’t we?
2. We exchange our goods and services in one single global market, don’t we?
3. Let us globalize compassion, shall we?
4. All the animals were running away, weren’t they?

Question 3.
He asked the bird “What are you doing?” (Make it indirect)
Answer:
He asked the bird what he was doing.

Question 4.
Make nouns of the following:
1. play
2. grow
Answer:
1. play – play, player
2. grow – growth

Question 5.
Make verbs of the following:
1. knowledge
2. exploitation
Answer:
1. knowledge – know
2. exploitation – exploit

Personal Response:

Question 1.
What type of text is this? How do you decide it?
Answer:
This text is a speech. I have decided it on the basis of the beginning of the text. In the beginning the speaker has addressed the dignitaries and the audience assembled in the hall /auditorium. This shows that the text is a speech/lecture.

Question 2.
What do you know about Kailash Satyarthi?
Answer:
Kailash Satyarthi is an activist who fought for the Indian children’s rights. He is a Nobel Peace Prize recipient and the Founder of Bachpan Bachao Andolan. He and his team at the Bachpan Bachao Andolan have liberated more than 86,000 children in India from child labour slavery and trafficking. He is basically from Vidisha in Madhya Pradesh.

Question 3.
What efforts will you take to enrol the out-of-school children?
Answer:
If I see any children out of school, I will tell them the importance of education in their life. I will also tell them about the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education. By convincing them I will help them to take admission in schools nearby so that they can stand and face the life independently and get success in their life. Also, I shall try to convince their parents to send their children to school.

Question 4.
What is the role of education in nation-building?
Answer:
Education plays a very critical and crucial role in deciding the growth of a nation. Educated citizens of the country bring fame, wealth and prosperity to the country which helps in development of a country. People who are educated think and work to achieve the dream of any country. Education helps in dream building so education is a big invaluable asset in nation-building.

Question 5.
What lesson does the story of the lion and the tiny bird teach us?
Answer:
I think the story of the lion and the tiny bird teaches us not to belittle other individuals who atleast do something and make an effort. No matter how small it is in their eyes but it might be big in result. Small things shouldn’t be valued too little sometimes. Big things always start from something small.

Question 6.
What will you do for our country?
Answer:
First I will try to take higher education. As for as possible I will try to use that knowledge for the developement of our country, I will also help the people to take education so that they will also help our country to prosper and become a developed country.

Question 7.
What is your vision of tomorrow?
Answer:
My vision for tomorrow is to empower the people with a vision to have the confidence and ability to achieve their dream. If I help them to gain their confidence, they will work hard to achieve their goal. Ultimately they will help the nation to prosper.

Question 8.
Do you think, our parents are the most beautiful gift of our life?
Answer:
Our life is a journey full of joy, sorrow fantasy, expectations, hellos, goodbyes and farewells. Our parents are always with us in all ups and downs; so we can live our life happily. They are always with us to solve our problems and to sort out any situation. So they are the most beautiful gift of our life.

Question 9.
What do you mean by “Every child has a right to life”?
Answer:
The right to life is a moral principle based on the belief that a human being has the right to live. Every child has some inherent right to life which is protected by laws. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his life. So it is our duty to protect every child and help him/her to live a happy and healthy life.

Question 10.
Why should the government invest in education and young people?
Answer:
Education is the systematic process of gaining knowledge and skills. It has positive impact on our life. It also promotes national interest. It is the backbone of developing countries. If the government invests in education and young people, they help the nation to develop as they are called real nation-builders and future of the country so the government should invest in education and young people.

Question 11.
Why should we stop “Child labour”?
Answer:
“Child labour” is a stigma on our society. It is sure to interfere with his/her right to education. It is also harmful to their physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social development. It is harmful to the development of any country, as “the child” is the future citizen of every country. So we should stop child labour and child exploitation.

Do as directed:

Question 1.
Complete the words/spellings by using correct letters:
Answer:

1. m a _ c h – m a r c h
2. p l _ n t – p l a n t
3. w o _ l d – w o r l d
4. N _ b e l – N o b e l

Question 2.
Put the words in alphabetical order:
1. create, activist, world, freedom
2. exhausted, experience, extinguish, equality
Answer:
1. activist, create, freedom, world.
2. equality, exhausted, experience, extinguish.

Question 3.
Punctuate the following sentences:
1. the lion laughed and said how can you do it keeping just one drop of water in your beak
2. lets walk together.
Answer:
1. The lion laughed and said, “How can you do it keeping just one drop of water, in your beak?”
2. Let’s walk together.

Question 4.
Write related words as shown in the example:
(Answers are directly given and underlined.)
Answer:

Question 5.
Complete the word-chain of ‘adjective’. Add four words each beginning with last letter of the previous letter :
Supreme, → e ……………, …………., …………., ……………..
Answer:
Supreme, → easy, young , grateful, less.

1. Attempt anyone:

Question (a)
Add a clause to expand the following sentence meaningfully.
The bird ………………
Answer:
The bird which was in a cage was at last freed by his owner.

2. Attempt any one:

Question (a)
Add preffix or suffix to make new words:
1. inspire
2. expend
Answer:
1. inspiration
2. expenditure

OR

Question (b)
Make a meaningful sentence by using one of the following words:
1. inspire
2. expand
Answer:
1. Our parents always inspire us to do something good.
2. Reading always expands our knowledge.

Writing Skill

Malala’S Bio-Data

Name: Malala Yousafzai
Father’s Name: Ziauddin Yousafzai
Mother’s Name: Tar Pekal Yousafzai
Date of birth: 12 July, 1997
Religion: Sunni Islam
Occupation: Activist for rights to female education.
Awards:

• Nobel Peace Prize
• Simone de Beauvour Prize
• National Youth Peace Prize
• Honorary Canadian
• Citizenship

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Science Solutions Part 1 Chapter 1 Gravitation Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Science Solutions Part 1 Chapter 1 Gravitation

Class 10 Science Chapter 1 Gravitation Exercise Question 1.
Study the entries in the following table and rewrite them putting the connected items in a single row :

I	II	III
Mass	m/s2	Zero at the centre of the earth
Weight	kg	Measure of inertia
Acceleration due to gravity	N.m2/kg2	Same in the entire universe
Gravitational constant	N	Depends on height

Answer:

I	II	III
Mass	kg	Measure of inertia
Weight	N	Depends on height
Acceleration due to gravity	m/s2	Zero at the centre of the earth
Gravitational constant	N.m2/kg2	Same in the entire universe

Gravitation Class 10 Maharashtra Board Question 2.
Answer the following questions.
(a) What is the difference between mass and weight of an object? Will the mass and weight of an object on the earth be the same as their values on Mars? Why?
Answer:
The mass of an object is the amount of matter present in it. It is same everywhere in the Universe and is never zero. It is a scalar quantity and its SI unit is kg. The weight of an object is the force with which the earth (or any other planet/ moon/star) attracts it. It is directed towards the centre of the earth. The weight of an object is different at different places on the earth. It is zero at the earth’s centre. It is a vector quantity and its SI unit is the newton (N). The magnitude of weight = mg.

The mass of an object will be the same on the earth and Mars, but the weight will not be the same because the value of g on Mars is different from that on the earth.

(b) what are (i) free fall, (ii) acceleration due to gravity (iii) escape velocity (iv) centripetal force?
Answer:
(i) Free fall:
Whenever an object moves under the influence of the force of gravity alone, it is said to be falling freely.

(ii) Acceleration due to gravity:
The acceleration produced in a body due to the gravitational force of the earth is called the acceleration due to gravity.
[Note: On the earth’s surface, the value of the acceleration due to gravity is almost uniform. If a body falls from a low altitude, the value of the acceleration due to gravity is almost the same.]

(iii) Escape velocity:
When a body is thrown vertically upward from the surface of the earth, the minimum initial velocity of the body for which the body is able to overcome the downward pull by the earth and can escape the earth forever is called the escape velocity.

(iv) Centripetal force:
In uniform circular motion of a body, the force acting on the body is directed towards the centre of the circle. This force is called centripetal force.

(c) Write the three laws given by Kepler. How did they help Newton to arrive at the inverse square law of gravity?
Kepler’s first law :
The orbit of a planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the foci.

Figure 1.5 shows the elliptical orbit of a planet revolving around the Sun (S).

Kepler’s second law :
The line joining the planet and the Sun sweeps equal areas in equal intervals of time.
A → B, C → D and E → F are the displacements of the planet in equal intervals of time.
The straight lines AS, CS and ES sweep equal areas in equal intervals of time.
Area ASB = area CSD = area ESF.

Kepler’s third law :
The square of the period of revolution of a planet around the Sun is directly proportional to the cube of the mean distance of the planet from the Sun.
Thus, if r is the average distance of the planet from the Sun and T is its period of revolution, then,
T² ∝ r², i.e., \(\frac{T^{2}}{r^{3}}\) = constant = K

For simplicity, we shall assume the orbit to be a circle.

In Fig. 1.6,
S denotes the position of the Sun, P denotes the position of a planet at a given instant and r denotes the radius of the orbit (= the distance of the planet from the Sun). Here, the speed of the planet is uniform.

If m is the mass of the planet, the centripetal force exerted on the planet by the Sun (= gravitational force),

According to Kepler’s third law,

Thus, F ∝ \(\frac{1}{r^{2}}\) as \(\frac{4 \pi^{2} m}{K}\) is constant in a particular case.

(d) A stone thrown vertically upwards with initial velocity u reaches a height ‘h’ before coming down. Show that the time taken to go up is same as the time taken to come down.
Answer:

We have, v = u + at …..(1)
and s = ut + \(\frac{1}{2}\) at² …..(2)
∴ s = (v – at) t + \(\frac{1}{2}\) at²
= vt – at² + \(\frac{1}{2}\) at²
∴ s = vt – \(\frac{1}{2}\) at² …..(3)
As the stone moves upward from A → B,
s = AB = h, t = t₁,
a = -g (retardation),
u = u and v = 0
∴ From Eq. (3), h = 0 – \(\frac{1}{2}\) (-g)t₁²
∴ h = \(\frac{1}{2}\)gt₁² …..(4)
As the stone moves downward from B → A,
t = t₂, u = 0, s = h and a = g
∴ from Eq. (2), h = \(\frac{1}{2}\) gt² …..(5)
From Eqs. (4) and (5), t₁² = t₂²
∴ t₁ = t₂ (∵ t₁ and t₂ are positive)

(e) If the value of g suddenly becomes twice its value, it will become two times more difficult to pull a heavy object along the floor. Why?
Answer:
To pull an object along the floor, it is necessary to do work against the force of friction between the object and the surface of the floor. This force of friction is proportional to the weight, mg, of the object. If the value of g becomes twice its value, the weight of the object and hence the force of friction will become double. Therefore, it will become two times more difficult to pull a heavy object along the floor.

10th Gravitation Chapter Exercise Question 3.
Explain why the value of g is zero at the centre of the earth.
The value of g changes while going deep inside the earth. It goes on decreasing as we go from the earth’s surface towards the earth’s centre.

We shall treat the earth as a sphere of uniform density. If we consider a particle of mass m at point P at a distance (R – d) from the earth’s centre, where R is the radius of the earth and d is the depth below the earth’s surface, the gravitational force on the particle due to the earth is

F = \(\frac{G m M^{\prime}}{(R-d)^{2}}\), where ‘M’ is the mass of the sphere of radius (R – d).

because the outer spherical shell is not effective (Fig. 1.10). In this case, the acceleration due to gravity is

where M is the mass of the earth. Thus, g decreases as d increases. It is less than that at the earth’s surface (\(\frac{G M}{R^{2}}\)) At the earth’s centre, d = R
∴ g = 0.

[Note : The formulae given in the answer are not given in the textbook. The formula density = \(\frac{\text { mass }}{\text { volume }}\) is used to find M’.]

Std 10 Science Chapter 1 Gravitation Question Answer Question 4.
Let the period of revolution of a planet at a distance R from a star be T. Prove that if it was at a distance of 2R from the star, its period of revolution will be \(\sqrt{8} T\).
Answer:
T= \(\frac{2 \pi}{\sqrt{G M}} \quad r^{3 / 2}\), where T = period of revolution of a planet around the Sun, M = mass of the Sun, G = gravitational constant and r = radius of the orbit assumed to be circular = distance of the planet from the Sun.
For r = R, T =T₁.

Class 10 Science 1 Chapter 1 Gravitation Question 5.
Solve the following examples.
(a) An object takes 5 s to reach the ground from a height of 5 m on a planet. What is the value of g on the planet?
Solution:
Data: u = 0 m/s, s = 5m, t = 5s, g = ?

(b) The radius of planet A is half the radius of planet B. If the mass of A is M_A, what must be the mass of B so that the value of g on B is half that of its value on A?  (Practice Activity Sheet – 4)
Solution:
Data : R_A = R_B/2, gB = \(\frac{1}{2}\) g_A, M_B = ?

(c) The mass and weight of an object on the earth are 5 kg and 49 N respectively. What will be their values on the moon? Assume that the acceleration due to gravity on the moon is l/6th of that on the earth.
Solution:
Data: m = 5 kg, W = 49 N,
gM = \(\frac{g_{E}}{6}\),m (on the moon) = ?, W(on the moon) = ?
(i) The mass of the object on the moon = the mass of the object on the earth = 5 kg
(ii) W = mg

(weight of the object on the moon).

(d) An object thrown vertically upwards reaches a height of 500 m. what was its initial velocity? How long will the object take to come back to the earth? Assume g = 10 m/s²
Solution:
100 mn/s and 20 s

(e) A ball falls off a table and reaches the ground in 1 s. Assuming g = 10 m/s², calculate its speed on reaching the ground and the height of the table.
Solution:
Data: t = 1s, g = 10 m/s², u = 0 m/s,
s = ?, v = ?
(i) s = ut + \(\frac{1}{2}\)gt²
= \(\frac{1}{2}\)gt² for u = 0 m/s
∴ s = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 10 m/s² × (1s)²
=5 m
∴ The height of the table = 5 m.

(ii) v = u +at = u + gt
= 0 m/s + 10 m/s² × 1 s
= 10m/s
∴ The velocity of the ball on reaching the ground = 10 m/s.

(f) The masses of the earth and moon are 6 × 10²⁴ kg and 7.4 × 10²² kg, respectively. The distance between them is 3.84 × 10⁵ km. Calculate the gravitational force of attraction between the two. Use G = 6.7 × 10^-11 N.m² kg^-2.
Solution:
Data : m₁ = 6 × 10²⁴ kg,
m₂ = 7.4 × 10²² kg,
r = 3.84 × 10⁵ km = 3.84 × 10⁸ m,
G = 6.7 × 10^-11 N.m² kg^-2, F = ?

This is (the magnitude of) the gravitational force between the earth and the moon.

(g) The mass of the earth is 6 × 10²⁴ kg. The distance between the earth and the Sun is 1.5 × 10¹¹ m. If the gravitational force between the two is 3.5 × 10²² N, what is the mass of the Sun? (Use G = 6.7 × 10^-11 N.m² kg^-2)
Solution:
Data : m₁ = 6 × 10²⁴ kg,
r = 1.5 × 10¹¹ m, F = 3.5 × 10²² N,
G = 6.7 × 10^-11 N.m²kg^-2, m₂ = ?

= 1.96 × 10³⁰ kg (mass of the sun)

Gravitation Class 10 Exercise Answers Project:
Take weights of five of your friends. Find out what their weights will be on the moon and the Mars.
Answer:
Help: The weight of a body
(i) On the earth. W₁ = mg₁
(ii) on the moon, W₂ = mg₂
(iii) on Mars, W₃ = mg₃
∴ W₂ = W₁ × \(\frac{g_{2}}{g_{1}}\) and W₃ = W₁ × \(\frac{g_{3}}{g_{1}}\)
Now, g₁ = 9.81 m/s², g₂ = 1.67 m/s² and g₃ = 3.72 m/s²
If W₁ = 500 N,
W₂ = 500 × \(\frac{1.67}{9.81}\)N = 85.12N(approx.)
and W₃ = 500 × \(\frac{3.72}{9.81}\)N = 189.6 N (approx.)

Can you recall? (Text Book Page No. 1)

10th Class Science Part 1 Chapter 1 Gravitation Exercise Question 1.
What are the effects of a force acting on an object? (Note: a body ≡ an object)
Answer:

• A force can set a body in motion. For example, if a ball at rest on the floor is pushed, it rolls on the floor.
• A force can stop a moving body. For example, a moving bicycle can be brought to rest by application of brakes.
• A force acting on a body can change the speed of the body. For example, when brakes are applied to a moving bicycle, its speed decreases due to the friction between the brake shoes and the rim of the tire.
• A force can change the direction of motion of the body. For example, in a uniform circular motion of a body, the direction of motion of the body keeps on changing due to the applied force.
• A force can change the speed as well as the direction of motion of the body. For example, when a ball bowled by a bowler is hit by a batsman, there occurs a*change in the speed as well as the direction of motion of the ball.
• A force can change the shape and size of the body on which it acts. For example, when a rubber ball is pressed, it gets deformed and hence no longer remains spherical. Also, there can be a decrease in its volume.

1 Gravitation Exercise Question 2.
What types of forces are you familiar with?
Answer:
The gravitational force between the earth and the moon, the electromagnetic force between two charged particles in motion, the nuclear force between a proton and a neutron in the nucleus of an atom.

Gravitation 10th Class Exercise Question 3.
What do you know about the gravitational force?
Answer:
The gravitational force is a universal force, i.e., it acts between any two objects in the universe.

Can you recall? (Text Book Page No. 1)

Science Part 1 Gravitation Exercise Question 1.
What are Newton’s laws of motion?
Answer:
(1) Newton’s first law of motion: An object continues to remain at rest or in a state of uniform motion along a straight line unless an external unbalanced force acts on it.

(2) Newton’s second law of motion: The rate of change of momentum is proportional to the applied force and the change of momentum occurs in the direction of the force.

(3) Newton’s third law of motion: Every action force has an equal and opposite reaction force that acts simultaneously.
[Note: Equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.]

Use your brainpower! (Text Book Page No. 4)

10th Science Part 1 Gravitation Exercise Question 1.
If area ESF in figure 1.5 is equal to area ASB, what will you infer about EF?
Answer:
The time taken by the planet to move from E to F equals the time taken by the planet to move from A to B.

Use your brainpower (Text Book Page No. 7)

Gravitation Exercise 10th Class Question 1.
According to Newton’s law of gravitation, every object attracts every other object.
Thus, if the earth attracts an apple towards itself, the apple also attracts the earth towards itself with the same force. Why then does the apple fall towards the earth, but the earth does not move towards the apple?
Answer:
The earth and the apple move towards each other, but the magnitude of the displacement of the earth is negligible relative to that of the apple. Also the observer is located on the earth.
[Note: The mass of the earth is far greater than that of an apple. Hence, the magnitude of the acceleration of the earth is negligible relative to that of the apple.]

Gravitation Class 10 Question And Answer Question 2.
The gravitational force due to the earth also acts on the moon because of which it revolves around the earth. Similar situation exists for the artificial satellites orbiting the earth. The moon and the artificial satellites orbit the earth. The earth attracts them towards itself but unlike the falling apple, they do not fall on the earth, why?
Answer:
This is because of the velocity of the moon and the satellites along their orbits. If this velocity was not there, they would have fallen on the earth.

Think about it (Text Book Page No. 8)

Std 10 Science Chapter 1 Gravitation Exercise Question 1.
What would happen if there were no gravity?
Answer:
There would be no gravitational attraction between any two particles and hence no formation of the solar system, galaxy, etc.

Science 1 Gravitation Question 2.
What would happen if the value of G was twice as large?
Answer:
The gravitational force between any two particles would become double, also the value of g would become double.

Can you tell? (Text Book Page No. 8)

Gravitation Class 10 Exercise Question 1.
What would be the value of g on the surface of the earth if its mass was twice as large and its radius half of what it is now? (March 2019)
Answer:

∴ g₂ = 8g₁
Thus, the value of g on the surface of the earth would be eight times the present value.

Think about it (Text Book Page No. 9)

Std 10 Science Chapter 1 Gravitation Answers Question 1.
Will the direction of the gravitational force change as we go inside the earth?
Answer:
No.

Gravitation Class 11 Exercise Solutions State Board Question 2.
What will be the value of g at the centre of the earth?
Answer:
Zero.

Use your brain power! (Text Book Page No. 10)

10th Ssc Science Chapter 1 Gravitation Question 1.
Will your weight remain constant as you go above the surface of the earth?
Answer:
No. As we go above the surface of the earth, our weight will go on decreasing.

Class 10 Science Chapter 1 Gravitation Question 2.
Suppose you are standing on a tall ladder. If your distance from the centre of the earth is 2R, what will be your weight?
Answer:

= \(\frac{1}{4}\left(\frac{G M m}{R^{2}}\right)\)

Use your brain power! (Text Book Page No. 12)

Gravitation Class 11 Maharashtra Board Question 1.
According to Newton’s law of gravitation, the earth’s gravitational force is higher on an object of larger mass. Why doesn’t that object fall down with higher velocity as compared to an object with lower mass?
Answer:
F = ma and F = \(\frac{G M m}{r^{2}}\)
∴ Acceleration, a = \(\frac{G M}{r^{2}}\). This is independent of the mass (m) of the object. Hence, an object of larger mass and an object of lower mass fall down with the same velocity.

Use your brain power! (Text Book Page No. 6)

Question 1.
Assuming the acceleration in Example 2 above remains constant, how long will Mahendra take to move 1 cm towards Virat?
Answer:
Here, u = 0

= 1935 s = 32 minutes 15 seconds.

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words and write the completed sentences :

Question 1.
The ratio g(earth)/g(moon) is equal to……..
Answer:
The ratio g(earth)/g(moon) is equal to 6 (approximately)

Question 2.
The value of the acceleration due to gravity……..as we move from the equator to a pole.
Answer:
The value of the acceleration due to gravity increases as we move from the equator to a pole.

Question 3.
If the earth shrinks to half of its radius, its mass remaining the same, the weight of an object on the earth will become……..times.
Answer:
If the earth shrinks to half of its radius, its mass remaining the same, the weight of an object on the earth will become four times.

Question 4.
The SI unit of weight is the……..
Answer:
The SI unit of weight is the newton.

Question 5.
The CGS unit of weight is the……..
Answer:
The CGS unit of weight is the dyne

Question 6.
The weight of a body is ……..at the poles.
Answer:
The weight of a body is maximum at the poles.

Question 7.
Outside the earth, the weight of a body varies as……..
Answer:
Outside the earth, the weight of a body varies as 1/(R + h)²

Question 8.
Due to the …….. force, the earth attracts all objects towards it.
Answer:
Due to the gravitational force, the earth attracts all objects towards it. Gravitational

Question 9.
The acceleration due to gravity does not depend on the …….. of the body.
Answer:
The acceleration due to gravity does not depend on the mass of the body. Mass

Question 10.
According to Kepler’s first law, the orbit of a planet is …….. with the Sun at one of the……..
Answer:
According to Kepler’s first law, the orbit of a planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the foci

Question 11.
According to Kepler’s second law, the line joining the planet and the Sun …….. in equal intervals of time.
Answer:
According to Kepler’s second law, the line joining the planet and the Sun Sweeps equal areas in equal intervals of time.

Question 12.
According to Kepler’s third law T² ∝ rⁿ, where n = ……..
Answer:
According to Kepler’s third law T² ∝ rⁿ, where n = 3

Question 13.
For a freely falling object, we can write Newton’s second equation of motion as ……..
Answer:
For a freely falling object, we can write Newton’s second equation of motion as S = \(\frac{1}{2}\)gt²

Question 1.
(A) Write the proper answer in the square.  (Practice Activity Sheet – 1)

If this F = x
Then F =
Answer:
F = \(\frac{x}{4}\)

(B) Write the proper answer in the square.  (March 2019)

If F = \(\frac{G m_{1} m_{2}}{d^{2}}\),
then F =
Answer:
F = \(\frac{G m_{1} m_{2}}{9 d^{2}}\)

Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statements:

Question 1.
The gravitational force between two particles separated by a distance r varies as ……..
(a) \(\frac{1}{r}\)
(b) r
(c) r²
(d) \(\frac{1}{r^{2}}\)
Answer:
(d) \(\frac{1}{r^{2}}\)

Question 2.
In the usual notation, the acceleration due to gravity at a height h from the surface of the earth is ……..

Answer:
(c) g = \(\frac{G M}{(R+h)^{2}}\)

Question 3.
The SI unit of the universal constant of gravitation is ……..
(a) N.m²/kg²
(b) N.kg²/m²
(c) m/s²
(d) kg.m/s²
Answer:
(a) N.m²/kg²

Question 4.
The escape velocity of a body from the earth’s surface, v_sec = …….

Answer:
(c) \(\sqrt{\frac{2 G M}{R}}\)

Question 5.
How much will a person with 72 N weight on the earth, weigh on the moon?  (Practice Activity Sheet-1)
(a) 12 N
(b) 36 N
(c) 21 N
(d) 63 N
Answer:
(a) 12 N

Question 6.
What will be the weight of a person on the earth, who weighs 9N on the moon? (Practice Activity Sheet – 2)
(a) 3 N
(b) 15 N
(c) 45 N
(d) 54 N
Answer:
(d) 54 N

State whether the following statements are True or False :  (If a statement is false, correct it and rewrite it.)

Question 1.
If the separation between two particles is doubled, the gravitational force between the particles becomes half the initial force.
Answer:
False. (If the separation between two particles is doubled, the gravitational force between the particles becomes \(\frac{1}{4}\) times the initial force.)

Question 2.
The CGS unit of the universal constant or gravitation is the dyne cm²/gram²?
Answer:
True.

Question 3.
At the centre of the earth, the value of the acceleration due to gravity becomes zero.
Answer:
True.

Question 4.
The weight of a body is minimum at the poles.
Answer:
False. (The weight of a body is maximum at the poles.)

Question 5.
Mass is a vector quantity.
Answer:
False. (Mass is a scalar quantity.)

Question 6.
weight is a vector quantity.
Answer:
True.

Question 7.
g has maximum value at the equator.
Answer:
False. (g has maximum value at the poles.)

Question 8.
Outside the earth, g varies as 1/(R + h)².
Answer:
True.

Question 9.
The value of G changes from place to place.
Answer:
False. (The value of G is the same throughout the universe.)

Question 10.
The value of g increases with altitude.
Answer:
False. (The value of g decreases with altitude.)

Question 11.
The escape velocity of a body does not depend on the mass of the body.
Answer:
True

Question 12.
The mass of a body is the amount of matter present in it.
Answer:
True

Match the following :

Answer:
(1) Escape velocity : \(\sqrt{\frac{2 G M}{R}}\)
(2) Gravitational acceleration : \(\frac{G M}{r^{2}}\) (r ≥ R)
(3) Gravitational potential energy : \(\frac{-G M m}{R+h}\)
(4) Gravitational force : \(\frac{G m_{1} m_{2}}{r^{2}}\)

Answer the following questions in one sentence each:

Question 1.
State the SI and CGS units of G.
Answer:
The SI unit of G is N.m²/kg² and CGS unit is the dyne.cm²/g².

Question 2.
State any one characteristic of gravitational force.
Answer:
Gravitational force between two particles does not depend on the nature of the medium between them.

Question 3.
Name the force that keeps a satellite in the orbit around the earth.
Answer:
The gravitational force due to the earth keeps a satellite in the orbit around the earth.

Question 4.
Name the force due to which the earth revolves around the Sun.
Answer:
The earth revolves around the Sun due to the gravitational force of attraction exerted on it by the Sun.

Question 5.
What is the acceleration due to gravity at a height h ( = radius of the earth) from the surface of the earth? (g = 9.8 m/s²)
Answer:
The acceleration due to gravity at a height h ( = radius of the earth) from the surface of the earth is 2.45 m/s².

Question 6.
What is the relation between the SI unit of weight and the CGS unit of weight?
Answer:
The relation between the SI unit of weight (the newton) and the CGS unit of weight (the dyne) is 1 newton = 10⁵ dynes.

Question 7.
Write the formula for the centripetal force acting on a body performing circular motion.
Answer:
F = \(\frac{m v^{2}}{r}\)

Question 8.
Write the formula for the escape velocity of a body from the earth’s surface.
Answer:

Question 9.
What is the value of the acceleration due to gravity at the centre of the earth?
Answer:
Zero.

Question 10.
What are the factors on which the maximum height attained by a body thrown upwards depends?
Answer:
The initial velocity of the body, the acceleration due to gravity at that place, the buoyant force and frictional force due to air.

Some of the important terms in chapter Gravitation are given in the following box. Find them :

Answer:
(1) centripetal force
(2) escape velocity
(3) periodic time
(4) gravitational constant.

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
What is centripetal force?
(OR)
Define centripetal force.
Answer:
In uniform circular motion of a body, the force acting on the body is directed towards the centre of the circle. This force is called centripetal force.

Question 2.
Give one example of centripetal force.
Answer:
The moon revolves around the earth due to the gravitational force exerted on it by the earth. This force is directed towards the centre of the earth and is thus a centripetal force.

Question 3.
Name the source responsible for the motion of a planet around the Sun.
Answer:
A planet revolves around the Sun due to the gravitational force exerted on it by the Sun.

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
In the following figure, an orbit of a planet around the Sun (S) has been shown. AB and CD are the distances covered by the planet in equal time. Lines AS ad CS sweep equal areas in equal intervals of time. Hence, areas ASB and CSD are equal.  (Practice Activity Sheet-1)
(a) Which laws do we understand from the above description?
(b) Write the law regarding the area swept.
(c) Write the law T² ∝ r³ in your words.

Answer:
(a) From the given description we understand Kepler’s three laws.
(b) Kepler’s law of areas: The line joining the planet and the Sun sweeps equal areas in equal intervals of time.
(c) Kepler’s law of periods: The square of the period of revolution of a planet around the Sun is directly proportional to the cube of the mean distance of the planet from the Sun.

Question 2.
Identify the law shown in Fig. 1.7 and state the three respective laws. (Practice Activity Sheet – 3)

Answer:
(a) From the given description we understand Kepler’s three laws.
(b) Kepler’s law of areas: The line joining the planet and the Sun sweeps equal areas in equal intervals of time.
(c) Kepler’s law of periods: The square of the period of revolution or a planet around the Sun is directly proportional to the cube of the mean distance of the planet from the Sun.

Question 3.
Explain the term gravitational force. What is gravitation?
Answer:
There exists a force of attraction between any two particles of matter in the universe such that the force depends only on the masses of the particles and the separation between them. It is called the gravitational force and the mutual attraction is called gravitation.

Question 4.
State Newton’s universal law of gravitation. Express it in mathematical form.
Answer:
Newton’s universal law of gravitation :
Every object in the Universe attracts every other object with a definite force. This force is directly proportional to the product of the masses of the two objects and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Mathematical form: Consider two objects of masses m₁ and m₂. We assume that the objects are very small spheres of uniform density and the distance r between their centers is very large compared to the radii of the spheres (Fig. 1.8).

The magnitude (F) of the gravitational force of attraction between the objects is directly proportional to m₁m₂ and inversely proportional to r²
∴ F ∝ \(\frac{m_{1} m_{2}}{r^{2}}\)
∴ F = \(G\frac{m_{1} m_{2}}{r^{2}}\)
where G is the constant of proportionality, called the universal gravitational constant.
[Note: In the textbook, the word object/body is used.
Newton’s law of gravitation applies to particles.]

Question 5.
(i) Why is the constant of gravitation called a universal constant?
(ii) Newton’s law of gravitation is called the universal law of gravitation. Why?
Answer:
(i) The value of the constant of gravitation does not change with the nature, mass or the size of the material particles. It does not vary with the distance between the two particles. It is also independent of the nature of the medium between the two particles. Hence, it is called a universal constant.

(ii) As the law of gravitation given by Newton is applicable throughout the universe and to all particles, it is called universal law.

[ Note: The centre of mass of an object is the point inside or outside the object at which the total mass of the object can be assumed to be concentrated to study the effect of an applied force. The centre of mass of a spherical object having uniform density is at its geometrical centre. The centre of mass of an object having uniform density is at its centroid. If the two bodies are spherical and of uniform density, the gravitational force between them is always along the line joining the centres of the two bodies and the distance between the centres is taken to be r. When the bodies are not spherical or have irregular shape or have nonuniform density, the force is along the line joining their centres of mass and r is taken to be the distance between the two centres of mass.]

Question 6.
If the distance between two bodies is increased by a factor of 5, (i) by what factor will the gravitational force change if the masses are kept constant? (ii) by what factor will the mass of one of them have to be altered, keeping the other mass the same, to maintain the same gravitational force between the two bodies?
Answer:
If the distance between two bodies is increased by a factor of 5,
(i) the gravitational force between the bodies will decrease by a factor of 25 if the masses of the bodies are kept constant.
(ii) the mass of one of them will have to be increased by a factor of 25, keeping the mass of the other body the same, to maintain the same gravitational force between the two bodies.
[Note : Gravitational force F ∝ \(\frac{1}{r^{2}}\) and F ∝ m₁m₂.]

Question 7.
(i) Determine the SI unit of the universal constant of gravitation from the formula for the gravitational force between two particles. Hence, state the CGS unit of the constant of gravitation. (ii) Define G (universal gravitational constant).
Ans. (i) According to Newton’s law of gravitation, the gravitational force between two particles is
F = \(G\frac{m_{1} m_{2}}{r^{2}}\)
where m₁ and m₂ are the masses of the two particles, r is the distance between them and G is the universal constant of gravitation.
∴ G = \(\frac{F r^{2}}{m_{1} m_{2}}\)

The SI unit of force is the newton (N), that of distance is the metre (m) and that of mass is the kilogram (kg).
The SI unit of G is \(\frac{\mathrm{N} \cdot \mathrm{m}^{2}}{\mathrm{kg}^{2}}\).
The CGS unit of G is \(\frac{\text { dyne } \cdot \mathrm{cm}^{2}}{\mathrm{g}^{2}}\).

(ii) F = \(G\frac{m_{1} m_{2}}{r^{2}}\).
∴ G = \(\frac{F r^{2}}{m_{1} m_{2}}\)
If we take m₁ = m₂ = unit mass and r = unit distance, numerically, G = F, i.e., G (universal gravitational constant) represents the magnitude of the gravitational force of attraction between two unit masses, separated by a unit distance.

Question 8.
State the importance of Newton’s universal law of gravitation.
Answer:
The importance of Newton’s universal law of gravitation :
This law explains successfully, i.e., with great accuracy,

• The force that binds the objects on the earth to the earth
• The motion of the moon and artificial satellites around the earth
• The motion of the planets, asteroids, comets, etc., around the Sun
• The tides of the sea due to the moon and the Sun.

Question 9.
Compare the gravitational force on a body of mass 1 kg due to the earth with the force on the same body due to another body of mass 1 kg at a distance of 1 m from the first body. (Mass of the earth = 6 × 10²⁴ kg, radius of the earth = 6400 km)
Answer:
In the first case, m₁ = 1kg,
m2 = 6 × 10²⁴ kg and r = 6400 km = 6.4 × 10⁶ m
The gravitational force on the body.

= \(\frac{G \times 6 \times 10^{24} \mathrm{kg}^{2}}{(6.4)^{2} \times 10^{12} \mathrm{m}^{2}}\)
In second case, m₁ = 1 kg
m₂ = 1 kg and r = 1m
Gravitational force on the body,

Question 10.
Explain the term the earth’s gravitational force.
(OR)
Write a short note on the earth’s gravitational force.
Answer:
The earth attracts every object towards it because of the gravitational force. As the earth’s centre of mass is at its centre, the gravitational force exerted by the earth on an object is directed towards the earth’s centre. Hence, an object released from a point above the earth’s surface falls vertically downward towards the earth.

If an object is thrown vertically upward, its velocity goes on decreasing due to the earth’s gravitational force on the object. At one stage, the velocity of the body becomes zero and later the body falls back to the earth.

Question 11.
Take two balls of different masses, go to the top of a building, drop them simultaneously and observe what happens to the balls.
Answer:
The balls reach the ground almost at the same time.

Question 12.
Take two similar pages from your notebook. Crumple one paper and allow this and the other paper to fall on the ground simultaneously. What do you observe?
Answer:
The crumpled paper reaches the ground before the other one.

Question 13.
Take a feather and a paper. Allow them to fall to the ground simultaneously. Which will reach the ground earlier? Why?
Answer:
There is no unique answer. It depends on the feather and paper. Upthrust due to air and force due to friction with air play very important roles here. The acceleration of a body depends on the resultant of the earth’s gravitational force on the body and the upthrust and the force of friction due to air.

Question 14.
From Newton’s law of gravitation, derive the formula for the acceleration due to gravity.
Answer:
Suppose that a body of mass m is released from a distance r from the centre (O) of the earth (Fig. 1.9). Let M be the mass of the earth. According to Newton’s law of gravitation, the magnitude of the earth’s gravitational force acting on the body Is
F = G\(\frac{M m}{r^{2}}\)
where G is the universal constant of gravitation.

The acceleration produced by this force, force F

This is the formula for the acceleration due to gravity or the gravitational acceleration due to the earth. This acceleration is directed towards the earth’s centre.

If h denotes the altitude, r = R + h, where R is the radius of the earth.
∴ g = \(\frac{G M}{(R+h)^{2}}\)
For a body on the earth’s surface, h = 0 ∴ g = \(\frac{G M}{R^{2}}\)
[Note: When we consider the gravitational interaction between the earth and a body on the surface of the earth or at some height above the surface of the earth, for many practical purposes we can assume that the earth behaves as if its mass were concentrated at the earth’s centre. The proof is not expected here.]

Question 15.
Explain the factors affecting the value of g.
Answer:
The value of the acceleration due to gravity, g, changes from place to place on the earth. It also varies with the altitude and depth below the earth’s surface. The factors affecting the’ value of g are the shape of the earth, altitude and depth below the earth’s surface.

(1) The earth is not perfectly spherical. It is somewhat flat at the poles and bulging at the equator. At the surface of the earth, the value of g is maximum (9.832 m/s²) at the poles as the polar radius is minimum, while it is minimum (9.78 m/s²) at the equator as the equatorial radius is maximum.

(2) As the height (h) above the earth’s surface increases, the value of g decreases. It varies as \(\frac{1}{(R+h)^{2}}\), where R is radius of the earth.

(3) In the interior of the earth, on average, the value of g is less than that at the earth’s surface. As the depth below the earth’s surface increases, the value of g decreases and finally it becomes zero at the centre of the earth.

Question 16.
If g = GM/r², then where will the value^ of g be high, at Goa Beach or on the top of the Mount Everest? (Practice Activity Sheet – 3)
Answer:
The value of g will be high at Goa Beach.

Question 17.
Why does an object released from the hand, fall on the earth?
Answer:
When an object is held in the hand, the gravitational force acting on the object due to the earth is balanced by the person holding the object. When the object is released from the hand, it falls on the earth due to the earth’s gravitational force.

Question 18.
Does the value of g depend on the mass of the falling body? Why?
Answer:
The value of g does not depend on the mass of the falling body.
The reason is the gravitational force on a body due to the earth is directly proportional to the mass of the body and for a given force, the acceleration of a body is inversely proportional to the mass of the body.

Question 19.
Define mass. State its SI and CGS units.
Answer:
The mass of a body is the amount of matter present in it. Its SI unit is the kilogram (kg) and CGS unit is the gram (g).
[Note: Mass has only magnitude, not direction. Thus, it is a scalar quantity.]

Question 20.
Define weight. State its SI and CGS units.
Answer:
The weight of a body is defined as the force with which the earth attracts it. Its SI unit is the newton and CGS unit is the dyne.

[Note : In the usual notation, the magnitude of the weight of a body on the earth s surface is W = \(\frac{G m M}{R^{2}}\) = \(m\frac{G M}{R^{2}}\) = mg. Thus, W ∝ g. Hence, weight varies just like the acceleration due to gravity. It is maximum at the poles and minimum at the equator. It decreases with altitude (ft) and depth (d) below the earth’s surface. It becomes zero at the earth’s centre. At a height above the earth’s surface, W = \(\frac{G m M}{(R+h)^{2}}\) at a depth d below the earth’s surface, W = \(\frac{G m M(R-d)}{R^{3}}\). Weight has magnitude and direction (towards the earth’s centre). It is a vector quantity.]

Question 21.
As per the request of one of his friends from the equator, Rahul buys 100 grams of silver at the north pole. He hands it over to his friend at the equator. Will the friend agree with the weight of the silver bought? If not, why?
Answer:
The weight of a body is given by W = mg, where m is the mass of the body and g is the acceleration due to gravity, g varies from place to place. The value of g at the equator is less than that at the north pole (as well as the south pole). Hence, the weight of the silver bought at the north pole would be less when the silver is weighed at the equator. Therefore, Rahul’s friend will disagree about the weight of the silver.
[Note: The mass being independent of the value of g, Rahul’s friends will agree about the mass of the silver.]

Question 22.
What is the difference between mass and weight of an object? Will the mass and weight of an object on the earth be the same as their values on Mars? Why?
Answer:
The mass of an object is the amount of matter present in it. It is same everywhere in the Universe and is never zero. It is a scalar quantity and its SI unit is kg. The weight of an object is the force with which the earth (or any other planet/ moon/star) attracts it. It is directed towards the centre of the earth. The weight of an object is different at different places on the earth. It is zero at the earth’s centre. It is a vector quantity and its SI unit is the newton (N). The magnitude of weight = mg.

The mass of an object will be the same on the earth and Mars, but the weight will not be the same because the value of g on Mars is different from that on the earth.

Question 23.
Explain the term free fall and state the corresponding kinematical equations of motion in the usual notation.
Answer:
When a body falls in air, there are three forces acting on the body : (1) the gravitational force due to the earth, acting downward (2) the force of buoyancy (upthrust) due to air, acting upward I (3) the force due to friction with air (called air resistance), acting upward (being always in the direction opposite to that of the velocity of the body).

Under certain conditions, the force of buoyancy due to air and friction with air can be ignored compared to the gravitational force of the earth. In that case (near the earth’s surface) the body falls with almost uniform acceleration (g). Whenever a body moves under the influence of the force of gravity alone, it is said to be falling freely. Strictly speaking, this is true only if the body falls in vacuum.

The kinematical equations of motion, in the usual i notation, are
v = u + gt, s = ut + \(\frac{1}{2}\) gt² and v² = u² + 2gs.
If the initial velocity (u) of the body is zero,
v = gt, s = \(\frac{1}{2}\)gt² and v² = 2 gs.

Question 24.
During a free fall, will a heavier object accelerate more than a lighter one?
Answer:
No. The two objects will have the same acceleration.

Question 25.
If you had to calculate the mass of the earth, how would you do it?
Answer:
If the acceleration due to gravity (g), the constant of gravitation (G) and the radius of the earth (R) are known, the mass of the earth (M) can be calculated using the formula g = \(\frac{G M}{R^{2}}\)

Question 26.
What is gravitational potential energy?
(OR)
Define gravitational potential energy.
Write the formula for it.
Answer:
The energy stored in a body due to the gravitational force between the body and the earth is called the gravitational potential energy.

Gravitational potential energy of a body of mass m = \(-\frac{G M m}{R+h}\), where G = gravitational constant, M = mass of the earth, R = radius of the earth, h = height of the body from the surface of the earth.

[Note : As the body is bound to the earth due to the earth’s gravitational froce, the gravitational potential energy of the body is negative. If the body is given kinetic energy equal to \(\frac{G M m}{R+h}\) the body will overcome the earth’s gravitational force. It will then move to infinity and come to rest there.]

Question 27.
What is escape Velocity?
(OR)
Define escape velocity.
Answer:
When a body is thrown vertically upward from the surface of the earth, the minimum initial velocity of the body for which the body is able to overcome the downward pull by the earth and can escape the earth forever is called the escape velocity.

Question 28.
Explain the term escape velocity.
(OR)
Write a short note on escape velocity.
Answer:
In general, when a body is thrown vertically upward from the earth’s surface, its velocity goes on decreasing and after some time the body falls back to the ground. If its initial velocity is increased, the maximum height attained by it is more, but it does fall back to the ground. If the initial velocity is increased continuously, for a particular initial velocity, the body can overcome the earth’s gravitational force and move to infinity and come to rest there. This velocity is called the escape velocity.

Question 29.
Using the law of conservation of energy, obtain the expression for the escape velocity.
Answer:
Here, we shall not consider the effects of air. Suppose a body of mass m is thrown vertically upward from the surface of the earth. Let the initial velocity of the body be the escape velocity (v_sec).

When the body is on the earth’s surface, its total energy Ex = kinetic energy + potential energy = \(\frac{1}{2} m v^{2} \text { esc }\) + \(\left(-\frac{G m M}{R}\right)\) where G = universal gravitational constant, M = mass of the earth and R = radius of the earth.
Thus, E₁ = \(\frac{1}{2} m v_{\mathrm{esc}}^{2}-\frac{G m M}{R}\)
When the body moves to infinity and comes to rest there, its total energy,

According to the law of conservation of energy,
E₁ = E₂.

This is the required expression.

Question 30.
Express escape velocity in terms of g and R.
Answer:
Escape velocity, vesc = \(\sqrt{\frac{2 G M}{R}}\)
Now, g = \(\frac{G M}{R^{2}}\)
∴ GM = gR²

Question 31.
Express escape velocity in terms of G, R and ρ (the earth’s density)
Answer:

Give scientific reasons:

Question 1.
If a feather and a stone are released from the top of a building simultaneously, the stone reaches the ground earlier than the feather.
Answer:
(a) The motion of a body falling in air accelerated due to the earth’s gravitational force on the body. The force due to buoyancy of air acts on the body in the upward direction. As the body falls, the friction with air opposes its motion.

(b) This opposition due to air depends on the size, shape, density and velocity of the body. It Is greater for a feather than for a stone. Hence, the stone has greater downward acceleration than the feather. Therefore, the stone reaches the ground earlier than the feather though ‘they are released simultaneously from the same height.

Question 2.
The weight of a body is different on different planets.
Answer:
(1) The weight of a body of mass m on the surface of a planet of mass M and radius R is
W = \(\frac{G m M}{R^{2}}\) usuai notation).

(2) For a given body, its mass is constant. G is the universal constant of gravitation. Different planets have different masses and radii such that the ratio (M/R²) is not the same. Hence, the weight of a body is different on different planets.

Question 3.
With a specific initial velocity, we can jump higher on the moon than on the earth.
Answer:
The acceleration due to gravity on the moon is about \(\frac{1}{6}\) of that on the earth. Hence, with a specific initial velocity, we can jump higher on the moon than on the earth. This can be seen from the equation h = u²/2g.

Distinguish between the following:

Question 1.
mass and weight (2) universal gravitational constant and gravitational acceleration of the earth.
Answer:
(1) Mass:

• The mass of a body is the amount of matter present in it.
• It has magnitude, but not direction.
• It does not change from place to place.
• It can never be zero.
• Its SI unit is the kilogram.

Weight:

• The weight of a body is the force with which the earth attracts it.
• It has both magnitude and direction.
• It changes from place to place.
• It is zero at the centre of the earth.
• Its SI unit is the newton.

Question 2.
Universal gravitational constant:

• The universal gravitational constant numerically equals the force of attraction masses separated by a unit distance.
• Its value remains constant throughout the universe.
• It has magnitude but not direction.
• Its SI unit is N.m²/kg².

Gravitational acceleration of the earth:

• The gravitational between two unit acceleration of the earth is the acceleration produced in a body due to the gravitational force of the earth.
• Its value changes from place to place.
• It has both magnitude and direction.
• Its SI unit is m/s²

Solve the following examples/numerical problems:
(G 6.67 × 10^-11 N.m²/kg², g = 9.8 m/s²)

Question 1.
The time taken by the earth to complete one revolution around the Sun is 3.156 × 10⁷ s. The distance between the earth and the Sun is 1.5 × 10¹¹ m. Find the speed of revolution of the earth.
Solution:
Data : T = 3.156 × 107 s,
r = 1.5 × 10¹¹ m, v =?

= 2.987 × 10⁴ m/s = 29.87 km/s
This is the speed of revolution of the earth.

Question 2.
Assuming that the earth performs uniform circular motion around the Sun, flnd the centripetal acceleration of the earth. [Speed of the earth =3 × 10⁴ m/s, distance between the earth and the Sun = 1.5 × 10¹¹ m]
Solution:
Data: v = 3 × 10⁴ m/s, r=1.5 × 10¹¹ m
Centripetal force = \(\frac{m v^{2}}{r}\) = ma
∴ Centripetal acceleration of the earth,

= 6 × 10^-3 m/s²
It is directed towards the centre of the Sun.

Question 3.
What will be the gravitational force on 60 kg man on the Moon, Mars and Jupiter? Are they the same? Why?
M (Moon) = 7.36 × 10²² kg, R (Moon) = 1.74 × 10⁶m,
M (Mars) = 6.4 × 10²³ kg, R (Mars) = 3.395 × 10⁶ m,
M (Jupiter) = 1.9 × 10²⁷ kg.
R (Jupiter) = 7.15 × 10⁷ m,
G = 6.67 × 10^-11 N.m/kg²
Solution:
(1) Data : m₁ = 60 kg, m₂ = 7.36 × 10²² kg,
R = 1.74 × 10⁶ m, F = ?

= 97.29 N
On the moon’s surface, the gravitational force on the man due to the moon = 97.29 N.

(2) Data : m₁ = 60 kg, m₂ = 6.4 × 10²³ kg,
R = 3.395 × 10⁶m, F = ?

= 222.2 N
On the surface of Mars, the gravitational force on the man due to Mars = 222.2 N.

(3) Data : m₁ = 60 kg, m₂ = 1.9 × 10²⁷ kg,
R = 7.15 × 10⁷ m, F = ?

= 1487 N
On the surface of Jupiter, the gravitational force on the man due to Jupiter = 1487 N.

Thus, the forces on the man are not the same because the ratio (M/R²) is not the same in the case of the moon, Mars, and Jupiter.

Question 4.
Mahendra and Virat are sitting at a distance of 1 meter from each other. Their masses are 75 kg and 80 kg respectively. What is the gravitational force between them? G = 6.67 × 10^-11 N.m²/kg². (Practice Activity Sheet – 3)
Solution:
Given: r = 1 m,
m₁ = 75 kg,
m₂ = 80 kg
G = 6.67 × 10-11 N.m²/kg²

= 4.002 × 10^-7 N
The gravitational force between Mahendra and Virat is 4.002 × 10^-7 N.

Question 5.
Spheres A and B of uniform density have masses 1 kg and 100 kg respectively. Their centres are separated by 100 m. (i) Find the gravitational force between them, (ii) Find the gravitational force on A due to the earth, (iii) Suppose A and B are initially at rest and A can move freely towards B. What will be the velocity of A one second after it starts moving towards B? How will this velocity change with time? How much time will A take to move towards B by 1 cm? (iv) if A begins to fall, starting from rest, due to the earth’s downward pull, what will be its velocity after one second? How much time will it take to fall through 1cm?
[M_(earth) = 6 × 10²⁴ kg, R_(earth) = 6400 km]
Solution:Data: m₁ = 1 kg, m₂ = 100 kg, r = 100 m,
M =6 × 10²⁴ kg,
R = 64o0 km = 6400 × 10³ m,
t = 1 s, s = 1 cm = 1 × 10^-2 m,
G = 6.67 × 10^-11 N.m2/kg
F₁ =?, F₂ =?, v₁ =?, t₁ =?, v₂ =?, t₁ =?

This is far greater than F₁.
(iii) Ignoring variation of acceleration with distance,

This velocity is directed from A to B. As the separation between A and B decreases, the acceleration of A and hence the velocity of A will increase.

Ignoring variation of acceleration with distance,

Question 6.
Two spheres of uniform density have masses 10 kg and 40 kg. The distance between the centres of the spheres is 200 m. Find the gravitational force between them.
Solution:
Data: m₁ = 10 kg, m₂ = 40 kg,
r = 200 m, G = 6.67 × 10^-11 N.m²/kg², F = ?

The gravitational force between the two spheres = 6.67 × 10^-13 N.

Question 7.
Find the gravitational force between a man of mass 50 kg and a car of mass 1500 kg separated by 10 m.
Solution: Data : m₁ = 50 kg, m₂ = 1500 kg,
r = 10 m, G = 6.67 × 10^-11 N.m²/kg², F = ?

= 5.0025 × 10^-8 N
The gravitational force between the man and the car = 5.0025 × 10^-8 N.

Question 8.
Find the magnitude of the gravitational force between the Sun and the earth. (Mass of the Sun = 2 × 10²⁴ kg, mass of the earth=6 × 10²⁴ kg and the thstance between the centres of the Sun and the earth 1.5 × 10¹¹ m,
G = 6.67 × 10^-11 N.m²/kg²)
Solution:
Data: m₁ = 2 × 10³⁰ kg,
m₂ = 6 × 10²⁴ kg, r = 1.5 × 10¹¹ m,
G = 6.67 × 10^-11 N.m²/kg², F =?

∴ F = 3.557 × 10²² N
The magnitude of the gravitational force between the Sun and the earth = 3.557 × 10²² N.

Question 9.
Find the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity at the surface of the earth. (M= 6 × 10²⁴ kg, R = 6400 km)
Solution:
Data: M = 6 × 10²⁴ kg,
R = 6400km = 6.4 × 10⁶m,
G = 6.67 × 10^-11 N.m²/kg², g =?
g = \(\frac{G M}{R^{2}}\)

The magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity at the surface of the earth = 9.77 m/s².

Question 10.
The mass of an imaginary planet is 3 times the mass of the earth. Its diameter is 25600 km arid the earth’s diameter is 12800 km. Find the acceleration due to gravity at the surface of the planet, [g (earth) = 9.8 m/s²]
Solution:
Data: \(\frac{M_{2}(\text { planet })}{M_{1}(\text { earth })}\) = 3
D₁ (earth) = 12800 km

g₁ (earth) = 9.5 m/s², g₂ (planet) = ?

The acceleration due to gravity at the surface of the planet = 7.35 m/s².

Question 11.
If the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the earth is 9.8 m/s², what will be the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of a planet whose mass and radius both are two times the corresponding quantities for the earth?
Solution:
Data: g_e = 9.8 m/s², M_p = 2M_e,
Rp = 2R_e, g_p = ?
Acceleration due to gravity, g = \(\frac{G M}{R^{2}}\)

acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the planet = 4.9 m/s².

Question 12.
A body is released from the top of a building of height 19.6 m. Find the velocity with which the body hits the ground.
Solution:
Data: h = 19.6 m, u = 0 m/s,
g = 9.8 m/s², s = 19.6 m, v = ?
v² = u² + 2 gs .
=2 gs …..(as u = 0 m/s)
= 2 × 9.8 m/s² × 19.6 m
= (19.6 m/s)²
∴ v = 19.6 m/s (downward velocity)
The velocity with which the body hits the i ground = 19.6 m/s (downward).

Question 13.
A stone on a bridge on a river falls into the river. If it takes 3 seconds to reach the surface of water, find (i) the velocity of the stone at the instant it touches the surface of water (ii) the height of the bridge from the surface of water.
Solution:
Data: u = 0 m/s, t = 3 s,
g = 9.8 m/s², v = ?, h = ?
(i) v = u + gt = 0 m/s + 9.8 m/s² × 3 s
= 29.4 m/s
The velocity of the stone at the instant it touches the surface of water = 29.4 m/s

(ii) s = ut + \(\frac{1}{2}\)gt²
= 0 m/s × 3 s + \(\frac{1}{2}\) (9.8 m/s²) (3 s)²
= 4.9 × 9 m = 44.1 m
∴ The height of the bridge from the surface of water = 44.1 m.

Question 14.
A stone is dropped from rest from the top of a building 44.1 m high. It takes 3 s to reach the ground. Use this information to 1 calculate g.
Solution:
Data: u = 0 m/s, h = 44.1 m
∴ s = 44.1 m, t = 3 s, g =?

It is the acceleration due to gravity.
g = 9.8 m/s².

Question 15.
A metal ball of mass 5 kg falls from a height of 490 m. How much time will it take to reach the ground? (g = 9.8 m/s²) (March 2019)
Solution:
Data: s = 490 m, a = g = 9.8 m/s²,
u = 0 m/s, s = ut + \(\frac{1}{2}\)at²
∴ 490 = 0 × t + \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 9.8 × t² = 4.9t²
∴ t² = \(\frac{490}{4.9}\)
∴ t = 10 s This is the required time.

Question 16.
If the weight of a body on the surface of the moon is 100 N, what is its mass?  (g = 1.63 m/s²)
Solution:
Data: W= 100 N, g = 1.63 m/s², m = ?
∴ W = mg

∴ The mass of the body = 61.35 kg.

Question 17.
A 100 kg bag of wheat is placed on a plank of wood. What is the weight of the bag and what is the reaction force exerted by the plank?
Solution:
Data: m = 100 kg, g = 9.8 m/s²,
W = ?, reaction force = ?
Magnitude of the weight,
W = mg = 100 kg × 9.8 m/s² = 980 N
The weight of the bag = 980 N acting downward.
The reaction force exerted by the plank on the bag = 980 N acting upward.

Question 18.
Find the gravitational potential energy of a body of mass 10 kg when it is on the earth’s surface. [M(earth) = 6 × 1024 kg, it(earth) = 6.4 × 10⁶m, G = 6.67 × 10^-11 N. m²/kg²]
Solution:
Data: m = 10 kg, M = 6 × 10²⁴ kg,
R = 6.4 × 10⁶ m, G = 6.67 × 10^-11 N.m²/kg²
The gravitational potential energy of the body

Question 19.
If the body in Ex. (26) performs uniform circular motion around the earth at a height of 3600 km from the earth’s surface, what will be its gravitational potential energy?
Solution:
Here, h = 3600 km = 3.6 × 10⁶ m
∴ The gravitational potential energy of the body

Question 20.
A body of mass 20 kg is at rest on the earth’s surface, (i) Find its gravitational potential energy, (ii) Find the kinetic energy to be provided to the body to make it free from the gravitational influence of the earth. (g = 9.8 m/s², R = 6400 km)
Solution:
Data : m = 20 kg, g = 9.8 m/s²,
R = 6400 km = 6.4 × 10⁶ m
(i) The gravitational potential energy of the body =

= – 20 kg × 9.8 m/s² × 6.4 × 10⁶ m
= – 1.2544 × 10⁹ J.

(ii) To make the body free from the gravitational influence of the earth, it should be provided kinetic energy equal to 1.2544 × 10⁹ J.

Question 21.
If the body in Ex. (28) is moving at 100 m/s on-the earth’s surface, what will be its (i) kinetic energy (ii) total energy?
Solution:
Data : m = 20 kg, u = 100 m/s .
(i) The kinetic energy of the body
= \(\frac{1}{2}\)mv2 = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 20 kg × (100 m/s)² = 10⁵ J.

(ii) The total energy of the body = kinetic energy + potential energy = 10⁵ J + (- 1.2544 × 10⁹ J)
= (1 – 12544) × 10⁵ J = – 12543 × 10⁵ J
= – 1.2543 × 10⁹ J.

Question 22.
A satellite of mass 100 kg performs uniform circular motion around the earth at a height of 6400 km from the earth’s surface. Find its gravitational potential energy.  [g = 9.8 m/s², R = 6400 km]
Solution:
Data: m = 100 kg, g = 9.8 m/s²,
R = 6400 km = 6.4 × 10⁶ m, h = 6.4 × 10⁶ m
The gravitational potential energy of the satellite

Question 23.
Find the escape velocity of a body from the earth. [M(earth) = 6 × 10²⁴ kg, R (earth) = 6.4 × 10⁶ m, G = 6.67 × 10^-11 N.m²/ kg²]
Solution:
Data: M = 6 × 10²⁴ kg, R = 6.4 × 10⁶ m,
G = 6.67 × 10^-11 N.m²/kg²
The escape velocity of a body from the earth,

Question 24.
Find the escape velocity of a body from the earth. [R (earth) = 6.4 × 10⁶ m, ρ(earth) = 5.52 × 10³ kg/m³, G = 6.67 × 10^-11 N.m²/kg²]
Solution:
Data: R = 6.4 × 10⁶ m, ρ = 5.52 × 10³ kg/ m³, G = 6.67 × 10^-11 N.m²/kg²
The escape velocity of a body from the earth

Question 25.
Calculate the escape velocity of a body from the moon. [g(moon) = 1.67 m/s², R(moon) = 1.74 × 10⁶ m]
Solution:
Data: g = 1.67 m/s², R = 1.74 × 10⁶ m
The escape velocity of a body from the moon,

Question 26.
The mass of (an imaginary) planet is four times that of the earth and its radius is double the rathus of the earth. The escape velocity of a body from the earth is 11.2 × 10³ mn/s. Find the escape velocity or a body from the planet.
Solution:
Data: M₂ = 4M₁, R₂ = 2R₁,

This is the escape velocity or a body from the planet.

Numerical Problems For Practice

[G = 6.67 × 1O^-11 N.m²/kg², mass or the earth =6 × 10²⁴ kg, radius or the earthe 6.4 × 10⁶ m]

Question 1.
A satellite of mass 1000 kg revolves around the earth in a circular path. If the distance between the satellite and the centre of the earth is 40000 km, find the gravitational force exerted on the satellite by the earth.
Answer:
250.1 N

Question 2.
The masses of two spheres are 10 kg and 20 kg respectively. If the distance between their centers is 100 m, find the magnitude of the gravitational force between them.
Answer:
1.334 × 10^-12 N)

Question 3.
A satellite revolves around the earth along a circular path. If the mass of the satellite is 1000 kg and its distance from the center of the earth is 20000 km, find the magnitude of the earth’s gravitational force acting on the satellite.
Answer:
1000.5

Question 4.
Find the acceleration due to gravity at a distance of 20000 km from the center of the earth.
Answer:
1.0 m/s²

Question 5.
What is the weight of a body of mass 100 kg at the south pole? (g = 9.832 m/s²)
Answer:
983.2 N (downward)

Question 6.
What is the weight of a body of mass 20 kg at the equator? (g = 9.78 m/s²)
Answer:
195.6 N (downward)

Question 7.
A body is released from the top of a tower of height 50 m. Find the velocity with which the body hits the ground, (g = 9.8 m/s²)
Answer:
31.3 m/s (downward)

Question 8.
A body is thrown vertically upward with a velocity of 9.8 m/s. Calculate the maximum height attained by the body. (g = 9.8 m/s²)
Answer:
4.9 m

Question 9.
A particle of mass 10^-6 kg performs uniform circular motion. Its period is 10 s and the radius of the circle is 2 m. Find (i) the speed of the particle (ii) the centripetal acceleration of the particle (iii) the centripetal force on the particle.
Answer:
(i) 1.257 m/s
(ii) 0.79 m/s²
(iii) 7.9 × 10^-7 N

Question 10.
Find the gravitational potential energy of a body of mass 200 kg on the earth’s surface. [M(earth) = 6 × 10²⁴ kg, R(earth) = 6400 km]
Answer:
-1.251 × 10¹⁰J

Question 11.
Find the gravitational potential energy of a body of mass 10 kg when it is at a height of 6400 km from the earth’s surface.  [Given: a mass of the earth and radius of the earth. See Ex. 10 above.]
Answer:
-3.127 × 10⁸ J

Question 12.
Find the escape velocity of a body from the moon.
[M(moon) = 7.36 × 10²² kg, R(moon) = 1.74 × 10⁶ m]
Answer:
2.375 km/s