Category: Class 12

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 1 Introduction to Micro and Macro Economics Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 1 Introduction to Micro and Macro Economics

1. Choose the correct option:

Question 1.
The branch of economics deals with the allocation of resources.
a) Microeconomics
b) Macroeconomics
c) Econometrics
d) None of these
Options:
1) a, b and c
2) a and b
3) only a
4) None of these
Answer:
3) only a

Question 2.
Concepts studied under Micro economics.
a) National income
b) General price level
c) Factor pricing
d) Product pricing
Options :
1) b and c
2) b, c and d
3) a, b and c
4) c and d
Answer:
4) c and d

Question 3.
Method adopted in micro economic analysis.
a) Lumping method
b)Aggregative method
c) Slicing method
d) Inclusive method
Options :
1) a, c and d
2) a. b and d
3) only c
4) only a
Answer:
3) only c

Question 4.
Concepts studied under Macro economics.
a) Whole economy
b) Economic development
c) Aggregate supply
d) Product pricing
Options:
1) a, b and c
2) b, c and d
3) only d
4) a, b, c and d
Answer:
1) a, b and c

2. Complete the correlation:

1) Micro economics : Slicing method : : Macro economics: ……………. 1
2) Micro economics: Tree : : Macro economics: …………….. 2
3) Macro economic theory : Income and employment:: Micro economics : ……………. 4
4) Makros : Macro economics:: Mikros : ……………… 3
5) General equilibrium : Macro economics :: …………….. : Micro economics 5
Answers:

1. Lumping method
2. Forest
3. Price theory
4. Micro economics
5. partial equilibrium

3. Identify and explain the concepts from the given illustrations:

Question 1.
Gauri collected the information about the income of a particular firm.
Answer:
Concept: Micro economics / Slicing method.
Explanation : Micro economics refers to the study of small unit from whole economy. Micro economics uses slicing method to split the whole economy into small individual units.
Gauri has used slicing method from micro economics to collect information about the income of a particular firm from various firms.

Question 2.
Ramesh decided to take all decisions related to production, such as what and how to produce?
Answer:
Concept: Free market economy.
Explanation : A free market economy is that economy where the economic decisions regarding production of goods are taken at individual level.

Eg. What to produce? How much to produce? How to produce? etc. decisions are taken by producers.
With the help of free market economy Ramesh has taken decision related to production such as What to produce? and How to produce?

Question 3.
Shabana paid wages to workers in her factory and interest on her bank loan.
Answer:
Concept : Factor Pricing.
Explanation : Theory of factor pricing refers to determining the factor rewards for land, labour, capital and entrepreneur in the form of rent, wages, interest and profit respectively.

Shabana is an entrepreneur who has paid wages to its worker in a factory for production of goods and also paid interest on her bank loan in form of rewards to the factors of production.

4. Answer the following:

Question 1.
Explain the features of Micro economics.
OR
Explain the characteristics or nature of micro economics.
Answer:
Features of Micro Economics :

• Based on certain ssumption : Micro economics is based on ‘ceteris paribus’ assumption i.e., other things remaining constant like full employment, laissez faire policy, perfect competition, pure capitalism, etc.
• Study of Individual units : Micro economics deals with the study of behaviour of small individual units of the economy such as individual units of the economy such as individual consumer, individual firm, individual industries, individual prices, etc.
• Slicing Method : It divides or slices the economy into small units and studies each unit in detail e.g. study of a particular household demand in detail.
• Analysis of Market Structures : Micro economics analyses different market structures such as perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, etc.
• Use of Marginalism Principle : The term ‘marginal’ means change brought in total by an additional unit. Marginal analysis helps to study a variable through the changes by which producers and consumers take economic decisions using this principle.
• Price Theory : Micro economics is known as price theory because it determines the prices of goods and services as well as prices of factors of production.
• Limited Scope : The study of micro economics is limited to individual economic unit only. It does not deal with macro problems like unemployment, inflation, deflation, poverty, unemployment, population, etc.
• Partial I quilibrium : Micro economics analysis deals with partial equilibrium which analyses equilibrium position of an individual economic unit i.e. individual consumer, individual firm, etc.

Question 2.
Explain the importance of Macro economics.
Answer:
Importance of Macro Economics :

• Functioning of an Economy : It gives an idea of functioning of an economic system and help us to understand the behavioural pattern of aggregate variables.
• Economic fluctuations : It helps to analyse the causes of fluctuation in income, output and employment.
• National Income : It helps to study about National Income and makes possible to formulate correct economic policies.
• Economic Development : It helps us to understand the problems of the developing countries such as poverty, difference in the standards of living, etc., and suggest important steps to achieve economic development.
• Performance of an Economy : It helps us to analyse the performance of an economy where National Income estimates are used to measure the same.
• Study of Macro-economic Variables :
  Study of macro economic variables are important to understand the working of the economy.
• Level of Employment : Macro economics helps to analyse the general level of employment and output in an economy.

Question 3.
Explain the scope of Macro economics.
OR
“Scope of Macro Economics is wide.” Explain.
OR
Macro Economics is comprehensive in nature.
OR
Explain the subject matter of macro economics.
Answer:
Scope of Macro Economics:
The given chart helps us to understand the scope of macro economics.

1. Theory of Income and Employment : It explains which factors determine the level of National Income and employment and what j causes fluctuations in the level of income, output and employment.
To understand how the level of employment is determined, we have to study the consumption function. It includes theory of business cycles.

2. Theory of General Price Level and Inflation: Macro economics analyses shows how the general price level is determined and the causes for fluctuations in it. This study is important for understanding the  problems created by inflation and deflation.

3. Theory of Economic Growth and Development : Macro economics studies the causes of under development and poverty in poor countries and suggests strategies for accelerating growth and development in the country.

4.  Macro theory of Distribution : Macro theory of distribution deals with the relative share of rent, wages, interest and profit in j the total national income of various classes.

5. State with reasons whether you agree or disagree with the following statements:

Question 1.
The scope of micro economics is unlimited.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.

• Micro economics deals with small or individual units.
• Micro economics is the study of particular firm, particular household, individual prices, wages, incomes, individual industries, particular commodities.
• Micro economics deals with small part of National economy. It does not deal with whole economy like National income, Aggregate demand, Aggregate supply, poverty, inflation, etc.
• Hence, the scope of micro economics is limited.

Question 2.
Macro economics deals with the study of individual behaviour.
OR
Macro economics studies small units.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.
OR
Macro Economics is the study of I aggregate.
OR
Macro economics is concerned with macro economic variables.
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• Macro Economics studies the behaviour ofthe economy as a whole and not individual behaviour.
• It studies about larger economic units or aggregate economic variables like aggregate demand, aggregate supply, total investment, total savings, total employment, etc.
• It studies the general price level and macro theory of distribution.
• Whereas Micro Economics deals with individual behaviour of the people in the economy. It studies about individual demand, market demand, individual income, price of particular commodity etc.
• According to Prof. Kenneth E. Boulding “Macro Economics deals not with individual; quantities as such, but with aggregates of these quantities, not with individual income but with National Income, not with individual prices but with general price level, not with individual output but with National Output.

Question 3.
Macro economics is different from micro economics.
OR
Macro economics is wider than Micro economics.
OR
There is difference between micro economics and macro economics.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• Micro economics is a study of a particular unit of an economy. On the other hand macro economics is the study of entire economy.
• Micro economics studies individual demand, individual supply, individual income, price determination of particular product, etc. On the other hand macro economics studies aggregate demand, aggregate supply, national income, etc.
• Micro economics follows partial equilibrium analysis and macro economics follows general equilibrium analysis.
• Micro economics uses slicing method for study of small unit and macro economics uses lumping method for study of large unit.
• Therefore, macro economics is different from micro economics.

Question 4.
Micro economics uses slicing method.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• Micro economics deals with small or individual units.
• Micro economics divides or slices the economy into small units and studies each unit in detail.
• It is concerned with microscopic study of these units.
• It is the study of particular firm, particular household, individual prices, wages, incomes, etc.
• Hence, micro economics uses slicing method.

Question 5.
Micro economics is known as Income theory.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.
OR Micro economics is also known as price theory.
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• Micro Economics is known as ‘Price Theory’.
• The scope of micro economics includes the study of product pricing and factor pricing.
• The theory of product pricing explains how the price of food grains, vegetables, clothes, etc., are determined.
• They are determined by the interaction of market demand and supply forces.
• The theory of factor pricing explains the distribution of factor income such as rent on land, wages to labourers, interest on capital and profit to entrepreneurs.
• The factor prices are also determined by the demand and supply forces.
• Therefore, Micro Economics is also known as ‘Price Theory’.

6. Answer in detail :

Question 1.
Explain the importance of Micro economics.
Answer:
Introduction : Micro economics is the Js branch of economics that studies the behaviour of individuals.
It includes individual prices, wages, income, individual industries, particular commodities, particular household, etc.
(1) Definition :
(a) According to Maurice Dobb – “Micro economics is in fact a microscopic study of l the economy.
(b) According to Prof. A. P. Lerner – “Micro economics consists of looking at the economy ? through a microscope as it were to see how the millions of cell in the body of economy – the individuals or households as consumers and individuals or firms as producers play their part in the working of the whole economics organism.

(2) Meaning:
Micro economics deals with small individual economics units such as an individual ( consumer, individual producer, the price of a particular commodity or factor etc.

(3) Importance :
(a) Price Determination : Micro economics j explains how the prices of different products < and various factprs of production are determined.

(b) Free Market Economy : A free market economy is that economy where the economic decisions are taken at individual levels without intervention by the government. Decisions are regarding production of goods such as What to produce? How much to produce? How to produce? etc.

(c) Foreign Trade : Micro economics also explains gains from foreign trade, effects of tarrifs, factors affecting exchange rate, etc.

(d) Economic Model Building : Micro
economics helps in understanding various complex economic situations with the help of economic models.

(e) Business Decision : Micro economics theories are helpful to businessman for taking important business decision related to determination of cost of production and prices of goods, maximization of output & profit, etc.

(f) Useful to Government : It is useful in formulating and evaluating economic policies including pricing and distribution policies that promote economic welfare. It is useful in determining tax policy, public, expenditure policy, etc.

(g) Basis of Welfare Economics : It explains how optimum use of resources can be made to increase the welfare of the society. It also studies how taxes affect social welfare.

Question 2.
Explain the concept of Macro economics and its features.
Answer:
Introduction : Macro economics is the branch of economics that studies the behaviour and performance of an economy as a whole. It includes inflation, unemployment, working of the monetary system, business cycles, economic policies, etc.

(1) Definition:
(a) J. L. Hansen : “Macro economics is that branch of economics which considers the relationship between large aggregates such as the volume of employment, total amount of savings, investment, national income, etc”.
(b) Prof. Carl Shapiro : “Macro economics deals with the functioning of the economy as a whole. ”

(2) Meaning:
Macro economics is the study of aggregates national income, total employment, total consumption, inflation, total saving, etc.

(3) Features:
(a) Study of Aggregate : Macro economics deals with the study of entire economy. It studies the overall condition in the economy, such as National Income, National Output, Total Employment, General Price levels, etc.

(b) General Price Level : Macro economic studies the determination and changes in general price level which is the average of all prices of goods and services currently being produced in the economy.

(c) policy Oriented : Macro economics is a policy oriented science which is useful in formulating economic policies to promote economic growth, to control inflation and depression, to generate employment, etc.

(d) Lumping Method : Lumping method is the study of the whole economy rather than in part. It considers aggregates like National Income, Total consumption, etc. instead of personal income, PCC, etc.

(e) General Equilibrium Analysis : Macro Economics analysis is based on general equilibrium which deals with the economic system as a whole and studies the inter relationships between the various macro variables in an economy. General equilibrium deals with the behaviour of demand, supply and prices in the whole economy.

(f) Income Theory : Macro economics studies the concept of National Income and its causes of fluctuations that lead to business cycles i.e. inflation and deflation.

(g) Growth Models : Macro economics studies various factors that contribute to economic growth and development. These growth models are used for studying economic development.

(h) Interdependence : There is an element of interdependence among the macro economic variables such as income, output, employment, investment, price level, etc.

Intext Questions

Try this (Textbook Page 6)

Visit the vegetable market in the nearest area and try to get information about income and expenditure items of a particular seller.
Answer:
[Note : Students should do this activity by themselves.]

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Geography Solutions Chapter 8 Geography: Nature and Scope Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Geography Solutions Chapter 8 Geography: Nature and Scope

1. Identify the correct group.

Question 1.

A	B	C	D
Geomorphology	Cartography	Tourism	Political Geography
Climatology	Survey  Forest	Conservation	Physical Geography
Biogeography	Data collection	Wildlife Conservation	Population Geography
Historical Geography	GIS/GPS	Culture Conservation	Economic Geography

Answer:
B

Question 2.

A	B	C	D
History	Economics	Biogeography	Geomorphology
Sociology	Geology	Population Geography	GIS
Demography	Remote sensing	Cartography	Demography
Political Science	Climatology	Psychology	Pedology

Answer:
A

2. Give geographical reasons.

Question 1.
Human Geography is multidisciplinary in nature.
Answer:

• Human geography is the branch of geography dealing with human activities and their influence on culture, communities and economies.
• In human geography every social science studies separately has interface with branch of human geography; because of their spatial attributes.
• Social sciences like sociology, political science, economics, history and demography are very closely related with branches of human geography, such as social geography, political geography, economic geography and historical geography, respectively.
• Since, we study varied branches of geography in human geography, it is said to be multidisciplinary in nature.

Question 2.
Geography is dynamic in nature.
Answer:

• Most geographical phenomena whether physical or human are not static and can change overtime.
• In economic geography, we study economic activities as well as factors affecting their distribution and changes.
• In climatology we study changes in temperature and rainfall due to global warming. Depending upon the changes in climate, changes are made in cropping patterns.
• Geographers study relationship between production, distribution and geographical factors.
• For example, tea is grown on a large scale in the State of Assam due to high temperature, heavy rainfall, red soil, hilly relief, cheaper water transportation due to the Brahmaputra River and cheap and skilled labour supply from nearby States of Bihar and Orissa.
• We study weather over a period of about 30 years and decide climate of that place or population of a country or the world over a period of time. Since, changes occur time to time.
  Thus, geography is dynamic in nature.

Question 3.
Geography is dualistic in nature.
Answer:

• There are two contrasting approaches to study the subject of geography. They are possibilism and environmental determinism. This contrast in approaches is called as dualism in geography.
• Some geographers are of the view that nature is more dominant than man. It is called environmental determinism. According to them, when we study geography, we study the earth. We study how natural resources have influence on economic activities, as well as food habits of people.
• For example, in coastal areas fishing activity is more developed and fish is the main food of the people.
• Some geographers are of opinion that man dominates the nature. It is called possibilism. According to them man can make changes in nature due to his intelligence.
• For example, there are polyhouses even in polar areas, in which temperature is controlled artificially and vegetables are grown.
• There are many other thinkers who have different approaches in geography.
  Thus, the study of geography is dualistic in nature.

3. Write short notes on.

Question 1.
Physical Geography is related to various branches of science.
Answer:

• Almost every discipline, under natural and social sciences is linked with geography.
• Geomorphology, Climatology, Oceanography and Biogeography are the branches of physical geography.
• Geomorphology studies landforms, rock types, processes of formation of rocks, landforms, etc. Therefore, it is related to geology.
• Climatology studies elements of atmosphere such as temperature, winds, rainfall, humidity, natural disasters like cyclones, anticyclones, storms, etc. Therefore, it is related to meteorology.
• Oceanography studies oceans and seas on the surface of the earth, ocean currents, ocean routes, etc. Therefore, it is related to Hydrology.
• Biogeography studies the distribution of plants and animals, their species, ecosystems, etc. Therefore, it is related to biology.
• Knowledge of mathematics is important for cartographic techniques, such as drawing of maps and diagrams. Similarly, knowledge of statistics is useful to do data analysis since various statistical techniques and hypotheses testing are used in data analysis.
• Thus, physical geography is related to various branches of sciences.

Question 2.
Branches of Geography.
Answer:

• There are three major branches of Geography – Physical Geography, Human Geography and Geographic Techniques.
• Geography has various sub-branches; however, the four major sub-branches of Physical Geography are Geomorphology, Climatology, Biogeography and Oceanography.
• Human geography comprises of six sub-branches, Historical Geography, Political Geography, Economic Geography, Behavioural Geography, Social Geography and Population Geography.
• Geographic Techniques have four branches, namely, remote sensing, quantification methods in geography, cartography and Geographic Information System (GIS).

Question 3.
Latest trends in Geography.
Answer:

• Currently, the explanation of all geographic phenomena depends upon the cause and effect relationship.
• Geographers developed number of disciplines within its boundaries.
• Number of techniques for analysis and prediction through data collection and modelling are also developed by geographers.
• Due to the dynamic nature of geography, new things are added in the subject.
• Use of audio-visual media and information technology has enriched the database.
• The latest technology of software has brought about better opportunities in data collection, interpretation, analysis and presentation.
• Presently, the Use of GIS and GPS has become essential. Therefore, maps are made by using GIS software and have proved to be more accurate.
• Nowadays the use of mathematical modelling and computer models in applied geography has increased. They are used for prediction of weather changes or natural calamities.
• The above mentioned are all the latest trends in Geography.

Question 4.
Skills required for studying geography.
Answer:

• The skills required to study the methods and techniques used in geography have made the study of geography empirical and practical in nature.
• The study of geography is based on theory and observation. It is supported by the scientific study like data collection and data analysis through number of tools and techniques.
• The geographers developed skills for conducting surveys with the help of advanced technology. They have also acquired the skills to make use of satellite images for data collection.
• The geographers have attained the skills for experiments, data collection, data organisation, observation patterns, data analysis, research findings, etc.
• The geographers have learnt analytical techniques of data with the help of statistical techniques and representation of statistical data using graphs and maps.

4. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Explain how the knowledge of Geography is important in our day-to-day life. Give examples.
Answer:

• The knowledge of geography is important in our day-to-day life because with geographical knowledge we can understand the basic physical systems that affect our everyday life.
  For example, the earth-sun relationship, water cycle, wind, ocean currents, etc.
• For the effective functioning of different places, we learn the physical and cultural characteristics of places.
• With the help of geography, we can understand the geography of the past, how geography had played an important role in the evolution of people, their ideas, places and environment.
• We can prepare a map of a province or territory, country and the world, so that one can understand the location of various countries. For example, the political map of the Asian continent gives idea about location of Asian countries.
• With the help of various distribution maps, we can understand distribution of minerals, crops, population, etc., in the world. For example, with the help of dot map we can understand spatial distribution of population in the world.
• With the help of economic geography, we can understand the development of economic activities in different countries of the \yorld and their correlation with physical and economic factors. For example, we can study the world’s leading areas in fishing activities and their reasons.
• With the help of climatology, we understand atmospheric phenomenon, such as cyclones, global warming, etc.
• The study of sustainable development in geography teaches us to appreciate the earth as humankind’s homeland and provide an insight for wise management decisions about the usage of the earth’s resources.
• With the help of geography, we can understand global inter-dependence to become a better global citizen.
• Thus, with the help of geography, we can study physical features, economic activities, trade, people, etc., in the world.

Question 2.
Discuss the relationship between Geography and other subjects.
Answer:

• Geography is related to almost every discipline under natural and social sciences. There are three major branches of Geography, namely, Physical Geography, Human Geography and Geographic Techniques.
• Geography has various sub-branches; however, the four major sub-branches of Physical Geography are Geomorphology, Climatology, Biogeography and Oceanography.
• In Geomorphology we study the formation and types of landforms, gradient, rock structure, etc. This is related to the subject of geology.
• In Climatology we study the atmospheric elements such as temperature winds, rainfall, humidity, natural disasters like cyclones, anticyclones, storms, etc. This it is related to the subject of meteorology.
• In Oceanography we study the ocean currents, ocean routes, coastal features, submarine relief, etc., of oceans and seas. This it is related to the subject of hydrology.
• In geography of soil, we study the components, layers, texture, and fertility of the soil, etc. This is related to the subject of pedology.
• Human geography comprises of six sub-branches, Historical Geography, Political Geography, Economic Geography, Behavioural Geography, Social Geography and Population Geography. In historical geography, we study the correlation of historical events with geographical factors. This is related to the subject of history.
• In Political Geography, we study the effect of geographical factors on political events. This is related to the subject of political science.
• In Economic Geography, we study the correlation of geographical factors and economic activities. This is related to the subject of economics.
• Similarly, Behavioural Geography, Social Geography and Population Geography are related to the subjects of psychology, sociology and demography respectively.
• Thus, it can be concluded by saying that geography has a strong relationship with other subjects in natural as well as human or social sciences.

Question 3.
Explain the nature of Geography in detail.
Answer:

• Geography is the study of the earth as a home of man, and various phenomena related to it.
• Therefore, geography is the study of the physical environment in relation to man. The physical environment has direct effect on cultural and social environments.
• The earth is dynamic in nature. Hence, we find variations in its physical and cultural/social environments.
• In geography we study the relation between the physical environment and production, distributions and their patterns and variations.
• Geographers study the location, geographical phenomena, whether physical or human, which are highly dynamic and its causes.
• Since geography is the study of space and time it makes geography dynamic in nature.
• In geographical study, the geographer tries to answer questions like what, why, where and when.

5. Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Physical Geography and Human Geography
Answer:

Physical Geography	Human Geography
(i) Physical Geography is the branch of geography dealing with natural features.	(i) Human Geography is the branch of geography dealing with how human activities influence the culture, communities, economies, etc.
(ii) Geomorphology, Climatology, Oceanography, Biogeography, Geography of soils, are the branches of Physical Geography.	(ii) Historical Geography, Political Geography, Economic Geography, Behavioural Geography, Social Geography and Population Geography are the branches of Human Geography.
(iii) Physical geography is natural science.	(iii) Human geography is a social science.

Question 2.
Possibilism and Determinism.
Answer:

Possibilism	Determinism
(i) When man dominates nature, it is called possibilism.	(i) When nature dominates man, it is called determinism.
(ii) Due to intelligence, man makes changes in the natural environment.	(ii) Determinism asserts that development of human history, culture, society, lifestyle, etc., are shaped by their physical environment.
(iii) There are limitations to changes made by man in nature.	(iii) There are no limitations on impact of physical environment on human activities.

6. Draw a neat and well-labelled diagrams

Question 1.
Relationship between Geography and other subjects.
Answer:

Question 2.
Skills required to study Geography.
Answer:

Class 12 Geography Chapter 8 Geography: Nature and Scope Intext Questions and Answers

Let’s recall

Question 1.
Dear students, you have been studying geography either as a part of Environmental Studies since Standard III or as Social Studies since Standard VI and as an independent subject since Standard XI. Your journey to understand our homeland earth began with the study of the cardinal directions in Standard III. In the consecutive academic years, you learnt various geographical concepts. Now just recall the various concepts that you have learnt till now and make a list of them. Also classify them under different categories given in the table 8.3. (Textbook Page No. 75)
Answer:

Can you tell?

Discuss the following points in class with reference to its importance in the subject matter of Geography. (Textbook Page No. 77)
Question 1.
Environment vs. Man
Answer:
Man and environment are inter-related. The environment influences the life of human beings who in-turn modifies the environment as a result of their growth, dispersal, activities, death, etc. Thus, all living beings including man and their environment are mutually reactive affecting each other in a number of ways and a dynamic equilibrium is possible between the two, i.e., human beings and environment are interdependent. If the natural environment helped in the development of different structures of the society on the one hand, the existence and quality of environment now rests on the responses of these social structures to the environment on the other hand.

The burning issues like quality of environment, disruption of earth’s natural ecosystems, environmental degradation and pollution, ecological imbalances, depletion of resources, etc., can be approached and solved only after considering the value judgments which may be determined by taking into account the consequences of ‘Environmental Improvement Programme’ on the entire society and society’s response towards the programme. However, all these depend on the interest and desire of the society in improving the quality of environment.

The interaction between the environment and man depends largely on the social and political system. The differential interactions are due to the uneven distribution of natural resources, uneven economic and social development, dissimilarities of demographic factors, varying view points of the governments and individuals towards the environment, etc.

Continuous and exceedingly increasing rate of exploitation of natural resources, industrialisation, technological growth, unplanned urbanisation and profit-oriented capitalism by the developed western world are responsible for grave environmental crisis and ecological imbalance not confined to their own countries but to the whole world.

The changes in the relationship between man and environment depend upon the change in organisation and attitude of man. To improve environmental stand and to maintain ecological balance, the following remedies are important

• Rapid growth of population
• Rational use of non-polluted water resources
• Use of organic fertilizers for agricultural growth
• To check soil erosion
• Restoration of forest resources
• To check pollution

Question 2.
Complete study of India vs. Study of only agriculture in India.
Answer:
[Note: In India, it is not possible to provide a complete study of India and agriculture within the scope of a book.]

Try These

Question 1.
Given here are some of the concepts or subject matter we study in Geography. Write the name of subjects or disciplines you think they are also studied in. Complete the table 8.2. (Textbook Page No. 78)

Answer:

Concepts	Subject in which the concept is also studied
Calculations involved in projections, shapes of projections	Cartography
Means of livelihood: agriculture, industry, trade, etc.	Economics – Economic Geography
Cost of production, GDP, incomes, resources, scarcity, etc.	Economics – Economic Geography
Social relations and inequalities.	Sociology – Social Geography
Racial structure of humans, evolution of humans, etc.	Anthropology -Human Geography
Rocks and minerals	Geology – Geomorphology
Behaviour of humans in different climates and topography.	Psychology – Behavioural Geography
Electoral divisions, voting patterns, types of governments	Politics – Political Geography
Biomes, food chain, forests, etc.	Biology – Biography
Chemical weathering, erosion, acid rain, etc.	Geography – Physical Geography
Mean, variance, correlation, regression, etc.	Statistics – Statistical Geography
Past of different places, their development before attaining the present-day status, etc.	History – Historical Geography

Question 2.
In Fig 8.5, a newspaper item is given. A list of job opportunities is given. Go through all the entries and see which ones are suitable for a geographer as a career. (Textbook Page No. 80)

Answer:
The following is the list of jobs opportunities suitable for a geographer as a career.
(i) National Atlas of Thematic Mapping Organisation of India.
(ii) Mumbai Mahanagar Palika, Department of Urban Planning, Mumbai, as Urban Planner
(iii) Assistant Professor in the subject of Geography
For all above posts basic qualification is minimum M.A./M.Sc. in Geography.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Geography Solutions Chapter 7 Region and Regional Development Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Geography Solutions Chapter 7 Region and Regional Development

1. Identify the correct group.

Question 1.

A	B	C	D
Satpuda	Yavatmal	Thar	Marathwada
Deccan	Amravati	Sahara	Khandesh
Alps	Solapur	Himalaya	Vidarbha
Rockies	Greater Mumbai	Gobi	Konkan

Answer:
D

Question 2.

A	B	C	D
Plain	Pressure	Tropical forest	Fishing
Lake	Rivers	Thorny forest	Lumbering
Mountain	Temperature	Mangrove forest	Agriculture
Plateau	Humidity	Deciduous forest	Bakery

Answer:
C

2. Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Functional region and Formal region
Answer:

Functional region	Formal region
(i) Specific to one area.	(i) Often physical in nature.
(ii) Areas organised around a node or focus one point like university, airport, etc.	(ii) Has specific boundaries that set them apart.
(iii) This region has no common characteristics but functions are more important, functions bind regions together.	(iii) This region has some common characteristics such as common economic activity or common language.
(iv) Often a metropolitan area that consists of major city and lot of smaller towns.	(iv) Homogeneous areas or habitats inhabited by social groups, societies or nation.
(v) The region is tied to a central point by transportation system or economic or functional associations.	(v) Organised and represented by small systems or part systems.
(vi) It functions and works together to form a part of an economic and social system.	(vi) Has clear-cut political boundaries.
(vii) Defined by a set of activities.	(vii) Defined by common political units where all people are subject to same law and government.

Question 2.
Physical and Political region
Answer:

Physical region	Political region
(i) Physical region is an area of land divided by natural borders.	(i) Political region tends to be based on political units such as sovereign states like administrative region, province, states, township, etc.
(ii) For example, interior plains of USA with borders of Appalachian Mountains in the east and Rocky Mountains in the west.	(ii) For example, USA, State of Maharashtra, etc.
(iii) Physical regions are natural regions.	(iii) Political regions are man-made regions.
(iv) Physical regions are almost unchanged regions.	(iv) Political regions are not permanent regions.

3. Write short notes on.

Question 1.
Factors affecting regional development.
Answer:
The physical factors like relief, climate, location, population and land use of the region affects the regional development.

Regional development occurs near areas with favourable location, plain relief, sufficient rainfall, developed agriculture, transportation, industries and trade. For example, Asian countries have developed agriculture and trade of agricultural goods. USA has developed industries and trade.

There is poor development of economic activities in areas with unfavourable relief like mountains or hills and extreme climate. For example, in the northern part of Russia, economic development is poor due to extreme cold climate.

Location of the region is an important factor. If there is a long and broken coastline, then there is development of ports and thus development of trade and economy. For example, Japan has economically developed in spite of limited natural resources, due to development of trade.

On the other hand, landlocked countries remain isolated. They cannot develop trade due to absence of coastline. Such countries have poor economic development. For example, Afghanistan, Nepal.

The economic development in any region depends upon the quantity and quality of its people.

Where more suitable land is available, different economic activities are developed. For example, cities use land for various purposes such as industries, education, entertainment, transport, commerce, etc. Therefore, cities have economic development.

Hence, physical factors are said to affect the economic development of the region.

Question 2.
Measures to reduce regional imbalance.
Answer:

• The following measures along with numerous policies are considered by the government to reduce regional imbalance.
• The underdeveloped regions are identified and its economic, physical and social reasons for the non-development are studied.
• Regions which require monetary support in a particular sector or field are funded through sector-wise investments to improve the conditions.
• Subsidies are given to certain sectors. Investment is made for improvements of roads, schools, agriculture, irrigation, industries, housing, medical and health facilities, etc.
• Special attention is given to areas facing problems such as frequent droughts, deserts or hilly and tribal-dominated areas.
• The very important strategy to reduce regional imbalances is decentralisation of industries.

4. Give geographical reasons.

Question 1.
Regional development is dependent on physical setting.
Answer:

• The physical factors like relief, climate and location of the region affect the regional development.
• Regional development occurs where agriculture, agro-based industries and trade is developed in areas where there is plain relief and sufficient rainfall. For example, Asian countries have developed agriculture and trade of agricultural goods.
• Plain relief and sufficient rainfall encourage development of transportation and industries.
• There is poor development of economic activities in areas with unfavourable relief like mountains or hills and extreme climate. For example, in the northern part of Russia, economic development is poor due to extreme cold climate.
• Location of the country is an important factor. If there is a long and broken coastline, then there is development of trade and economy. For example, Japan has economically developed in spite of limited natural resources, due to the development of trade.
• On the other hand, landlocked countries remain isolated. They cannot develop trade due to absence of coastline. Such countries have poor economic development. For example, Afghanistan, Nepal.
• Thus, there is relationship between regional development and physical factors and therefore, we can say the regional development depends on physical factors.

Question 2.
Factors like literacy, poverty affect the regional development.
Answer:

• Literacy and poverty are the important factors affecting the regional development.
• High literacy rate determines the quality of human population. This increases the availability of employment opportunities and development of resources, which contributes to the economic growth and regional development.
• Due to high literacy rate, the population growth is controlled and resources are shared among less people in the country.
• However, poverty decreases the purchasing powers resulting in a decline in the demand for goods, which reduces the production and drops the economic development and GDP of a country.
• Hence, poverty and literacy affect regional development.

Question 3.
Development is not seen in the Himalayan region.
Answer:

• Relief and climate are the most important factors affecting the development of any region.
• The Himalayan region has high mountains with a steep slope. The climate is cold and the mountains are covered with snow. There is heavy soil erosion and hardly plain land, so agriculture is not developed.
• In this mountainous region, it is difficult and expensive to develop transportation facilities. Hence, there is poor development of industries.
• Since all above factors are neither suitable for agricultural, industrial or trade development is not seen in the Himalayan region.

5. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
What is a region?
Answer:

• A region is an area of a country or any part of the world having common features. Thus, there is a difference between two regions on the basis of its features.
• The common features may be physical (relief, climate, soil, natural vegetation, etc.), socio¬cultural factors (language, religion, etc.), man-made like political features (administrative or political boundaries).
• Regions may be small or large. The large regions include sub-regions. For example, the plateau region of India has various sub-regions such as Chota Nagpur plateau, Malwa plateau, Marwar plateau, Deccan plateau, etc.

The main characteristics of regions are :

• Regions have its geographical location mentioned in latitudes and longitude.
• Every region has a specific boundary, the area of another region starts beyond that boundary.
• The extent of a region depends upon the homogeneity of a region.
• There are sub-regions in one region and therefore regions can be arranged into different orders on the basis of same features.

There are two types of regions – formal and functional regions.
1. A formal region is also known as uniform region or homogeneous region. It is an area in which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics. It can be common physical characteristic such as relief or climate of the region. It can be socio-cultural or economic activity such as common language. For example, rice producing regions.

2. In some formal regions, there are boundaries. Thus, district, state or country may be formal region. For example, USA and Canada are the examples of formal regions.

3. In functional regions characteristics are not important but functions are more important.

4. In one functional region, there may be many political or physical regions but due to one common function it is said to be functional. For example, Mumbai metropolitan or Pune metropolitan regions.

5. Functional regions act as a focal point that connects surrounding areas by transportation and communication. For example, Mumbai metropolitan city is well connected with its surrounding areas through transportation.

Question 2.
On what factors are the regions differentiated? Give examples.
Answer:
A region is an area of a country or any part of the world with same common features. Thus, regions are differentiated on the basis of physical or man-made or socio-cultural factors.

For example, Chota Nagpur plateau region has plateau relief. Himalayan mountain region has mountainous relief. The desert region of Rajasthan has shortage of rainfall and very high temperature. Northern plain region has plain relief, fertile soil and moderate climate.

The region may be differentiated on the basis of man-made factors like political factors such as administrative boundaries or political boundaries. For example, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab are two different regions because they have different political boundaries and government bodies.

The region may be differentiated on the basis of socio-cultural factors such as language, religion or ethnicity. For example, in Mumbai there is an area, where people speaking Gujarati language live in one region. The Middle East countries form one region where people of Muslim religion stay together.

Thus, regions are differentiated on the basis of various factors.

Question 3.
Per capita income is not the real indicator of regional development. Explain.
Answer:

• The per capita income is the income of per person in the country or region. It is the ratio between the country’s national income and total population.
• Per capital income is an index of development because more the per capita income, higher the standard of living of people. But it is not always true.
• The per capita income gives an idea about the average income of people in the country but it does not explain how income is distributed among the people. Some people may be rich and some may be below the poverty line.
• The per capita income is related to only economic aspect of the country but it does not take into account literacy rate, health, sex ratio, age structure, life expectancy etc.
• Sometimes rise in per capita income is due to increase in prices of commodities.
• If the population is low the per capita income will be high, but the regional development will be slow, because such regions have shortage of skilled labour supply for further development. Therefore, we can say that the per capita income is not the real indication of regional development.

6. Find the correlation between land under permanent crops and GDP given in the table 7.5 using Spearman’s Rank Correlation. Write the conclusion in your own words.

Answer:

X₁ = Land under permanent crops
Y₁ = GDP
R₁ = Rank – 1, R₂ = Rank – 2, n = 12 (No. of pairs)
Rank correlation R = 1 – \(\frac {6Σ(R_1-R_2)^2}{n(n^2-1)}\)
= 1 – \(\frac {6×118}{12(144-1)}\)
= 1 – \(\frac {708}{1716}\)
= 1 – 0.412
= 0.588
= 0.59

The answer of correction between (1) Land under permanent crops (2) GDP is 0.59 or +0.59 which means there is a positive correlation between these two variables.

It is not perfect positive correlation (+1.0). It is slightly less than this i.e. (+0.59).

It means when the amount of land under permanent crops is more, GDP is also more and when the amount of land under permanent crops is less, GDP is also less.

This is because the production of crops contributes to the growth of GDP.

The answer 0.59 suggests that this is not true for all countries as there are other factors, activities, products which are responsible for the growth of GDP other than the production of crops.

Class 12 Geography Chapter 7 Region and Regional Development Intext Questions and Answers

Try this

Question 1.
Given below are some geographical areas. Complete the table thinking about similarities between them and their types. Answer the questions that follow: (Textbook Page No. 66)
(i) While completing the above table how did you decide the common factor between these areas?
(ii) How did you differentiate one area from another?
(iii) Is the common factor the only basis of differentiation?
(iv) Make a list of characteristics which can be the basis of different area.
Answer:

	Common factors / characteristics	Types (political / physical)
Ganga river basin, Amazon river basin, Mississippi river basin, Nile river basin	River	Physical
The Himalayan region, The Alps, The Western Ghats, The Rockies, The Caucasus	Mountain	Physical
Marathwada, Vidarbha, Khandesh, Konkan, Western Maharashtra	Administrative	Political
The Thar Desert, The Arabian Desert, The Gobi Desert, The Sahar Desert	Desert	Physical
Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Kerala, Manipur	Administrative States	Political
Pune, Bhopal, New York, Manchester, Munich, Shanghai	Cities	Political
Parbhani, Nagpur, Palghar, Kolhapur, Solapur	Administrative Districts	Political
Hindi-speaking belt, Bengali-speaking belt, Marathi-speaking belt, Kannada-speaking belt, Urdu-speaking belt	Language	Political (Linguistic)
Delhi University, Punjab University, Mumbai University, Banasthali University Campus	Education	Social

(i) We decide on the basis of the function of each geographical area.
(ii) We differentiate one area from another on the basis of the type of physical, socio- cultural and political nature of the geographical areas.
(iii) Yes, the common factor is the only basis of differentiation.
(iv) Common basis is physical characteristics like river, desert, mountains, climate, soil, natural vegetation etc., and political characteristics like states, districts and cities and cultural characteristics like language, education, etc.

Question 2.
Here is the list of regions. Classify them into formal and functional regions. (Textbook Page No. 68)
Ujani Dam catchment area, area served by Pune Municipal Transport (PMT), area served by Citi Cable Service, Uttar Pradesh, District Kolhapur, Taluka Haveli, rice producing region of Konkan, Black cotton soil region of India, areas served by local trains of Mumbai, area served by a Primary Health Centre
Answer:

Formal Regions	Functional Regions
(i) Uttar Pradesh	Ujani Dam catchment area
(ii) District Kolhapur	Area served by Pune Municipal Transport (PMT)
(iii) Taluka Haveli	Area served by Citi Cable Service
(iv) Rice producing region of Konkan	Area served by local trains of Mumbai
(v) Black cotton soil region of India	Area served by a Primary Health Centre

Question 3.
In the following table, regions are given. At the same time, some geographical factors and effects are also given. Complete the table 7.3 accordingly, with the help of solved examples. (Textbook Page No. 69 & 70)
Answer:

Region	Geographical factors	Effects on the region
Nile River basin	Deep and fertile soil, Sufficient water supply by river, Gently sloping land	Agricultural Development, Development of Industries, Hydro-electricity project, Irrigation etc.
Canada, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Northern part of Russia	Coniferous forest areas.	Lumbering, Paper and pulp Industry, Furniture manufacturing industry, Saw mills, Deforestation, Landslides Flooding
Japan	Island location, Low mineral resources, Narrow geographical extent	Fishing, Development of trade, Industrial development, Hydel power projects
Indonesia	Malaysia Fertile volcanic soil, Beautiful scenery	Agricultural development, Trade, Tourism

Question 4.
Look at the land use of the following regions in Table 7.5 and answer the questions that follow: (Textbook Page No. 72)
(i) What does the table show?
(ii) Which region has the highest land use under agriculture?
(iii) Which region has the highest GDP?
(iv) Which country (region) has more land use under forest?
(v) Which region has the highest land use under category ‘other land’? What’s its GDP?
(vi) Write your conclusion in few sentences.
Answer:
(i) The table shows land use in different regions.
(ii) The region C has the highest land use under agriculture.
(iii) The region I has the highest GDP.
(iv) The country (region) K has more land use under forest.
(iv) The region G has the highest land use under category ‘other land’. Its GDP is 1391.5 billion dollars.
(v) The region I is having highest GDP in which there is 50% arable land, it means agriculture must be major activity.

The region A is having lowest GDP where land under permanent meadows and pastures is highest. It means there is limited development of agricultural activities.

It is surprising, region F where arable land is highest in percentage even then GDP is comparatively low, because the land under permanent crop is very less.

In region K, GDP is 5747.49 and land under forest is 66%. It must be because the development of lumbering activities and forest-based industries is greater.

The region G has the highest area under other land use (95.6%) and GDP 1391.25. This region must have developed activities other than agriculture and forestry.

Use your brain power!

Question 1.
Can you tell what the identifying characteristic in the following regions?
(i) Pune Metropolitan Region
(ii) Nagpur hub
(iii) Dal Lake in Srinagar
(iv) Alleppey tourism centre
Answer:
(i) Pune Metropolitan Region – Functional region – Administration
(ii) Nagpur hub – Functional region – Industrial complex
(iii) Dal Lake in Srinagar – Functional region – Tourism
(iv) Alleppey tourism centre – Functional region – Tourism

Question 2.
(i) Identify your formal region.
(ii) Can you identify and demarcate your own functional region?
(iii) Which one is larger? (Textbook Page No. 68)
Answer:
(i) Maharashtra State
(ii) Yes, I can identify my functional region as government milk centre or D-mart departmental store.
(iii) Area served by D-mart departmental store is larger than the government milk centre.

Can you tell?

Question 1.
Read the table and answer the questions that follow. (Textbook Page No. 69)

(i) In which region do you think there are more resources available?
(ii) In which region do you think people are richer?
(iii) In which region do you think people may be happier? Why?
(iv) Do you think the given indicators or factors are enough to decide the standard of living of the people in the region?
(v) In which region would you like to stay? Why?
Answer:
(i) I think in region A more resources are available.
(ii) I think in region A people are richer.
(iii) People may be happier in region A because of higher per capita income, less population below poverty line, more urbanisation, more net sown area under irrigation.
(iv) I do not think the given indicator or factors are enough to decide the standard of living because other important factors like literacy rate, enrolment ratio / dropout ratio, sex ratio, crime rate etc., are not taken into consideration
(v) I will like to stay in region A because in this region per capita income is high, population below poverty line is low, percentage of urbanisation is highest, net sown and irrigated area is highest.

Question 2.
(i) Looking at the five stages of demographic transition theory, countries in which stage do you think, will be called developed?
(ii) Having looked at the various shapes of pyramids, which pyramid will represent a developed country? (Fig 2.1, Textbook Page No. 12)
(iii) After having answered both the questions above, what can you comment upon the role of population in regional development? (Textbook Page No. 70)
Answer:
(i) Countries in stage 4 and 5 will be called developed for e.g., USA, Sweden, Finland.
(ii) The pyramid (C) will represent a developed country.
(iii) The role of population in the regional development of any country is very important as man is a human resource. Quality of human resources is very important, which depends upon birth rate, death rate, expectancy of life, literacy ratio, male female ratio, mortality rate, etc.

A country having to qualitatively better population will help in the regional development of that country. For example, qualitatively population of the USA is better than population of India and hence, in USA there is better regional development than India.

Think about it

Question 1.
(i) Does development mean maximum utilisation of resources?
(ii) Does development consider environment as an indicator?
(iii) Can a region be called developed if it has sparse population or no population? (Textbook Page No. 69)
Answer:
(i) Development does not mean maximum utilisation of resources. Development of a region is the function of its resources and its population. There are many factors which affect the development of a region. For the holistic development of regions, skilled human resources and optimum utilisation of natural resources is necessary.

(ii) We must consider the environment as an indicator of development. Development at the cost of the environment is not real development. Since we ignore the environment while developing economy in the past 50 years, we are now suffering by many environment problems like global warming, etc.

(iii) Population is one of the most important factors in development. If there is sparse population or no population, then there will be shortage of man-power and resources will remain unutilized and therefore, quantity and quality of human resources is very important in the process of development.

Give it try

Question 1.
Draw a conclusion on the basis of the data given in table 7.4. Use Spearman’s Rank Correlation, find the correlation between the two variables. What can you comment about the development in this region? (Textbook Page No. 71)

Answer:

X₁ Percentage of malnourished children about to enter school.
Y₁ Government expenditure on education (% of total budget)
R₁ = Rank – 1, R₂ = Rank – 2, n = 8
Rank correlation R = 1 – \(\frac {6Σ(R_1-R_2)^2}{n(n^2-1)}\)
= 1 – \(\frac {6×104}{8(64-1)}\)
= 1 – \(\frac {624}{8(63)}\)
= 1 – \(\frac {624}{504}\)
= 1 – 1.24
= -0.24

The correlation between the percentage of malnourished children about to enter school and government expenditure on education is -0.24.
This value is very near to zero, which means no correlation. Hence, it is very slightly a negative correlation.

It means where the percentage of malnourished children about to enter school is more, the government expenditure on education is less e.g., in E region percentage of children is 31.7% but the expenditure is 4.09% and in C region percentage of children is only 3.4% but the expenditure is 7.10% (highest).

Considering the fact, we cannot consider this as well developed. There is no logical sequence in distribution of government expenditure on education. It is necessary that government authorities should take into consideration actual status of the region, need of the region before releasing grant to that region. This will surely help in proper allocation of the funds and overall development of the region.

Question 2.
Go through the fig. 7.2 and write two sentences on each factor. Tell how they will help in reducing regional imbalance. Also add some more to the list, if necessary. (Textbook Page No. 73)
Answer:
No country, in the world is having uniform regional development and thus, there is regional imbalance in development. Hence, a country must have a regional imbalance reduction strategy. Regional imbalance can be reverted through provision of public/services to backward areas by providing drinking water, education facilities and electricity to all.

It can also be reverted by making provision of infrastructure stimulus by allotment of special funds, development of special skills, good governance, support to infrastructural project and policy review and reform.

Question 1.
Look at the following data and answer the questions that follow: (Textbook Page No. 72)

(i) In which region is contribution of primary activities the least?
(ii) In which region is the contribution of primary activities the most?
(iii) In which region the contribution of tertiary activities is the most?
(iv) Which region has the highest HDI?
(v) Can you draw a conclusion on basis of the answers from Q (i) to Q (iv)?
Answer:
(i) In region A, the contribution of primary activities is the least.
(ii) In region E, the contribution of primary activities is the most.
(iii) In region B, the contribution of tertiary activities is the most.
(iv) In region A, there is highest HDI.
(v) We can conclude by saying that Human Development Index is high in countries where contribution of secondary and tertiary sector to GDP is high compared to the contribution of primary sector to GDP.

Region A, B, C and D have more than 30% contribution of secondary sector to GDP and more than 60% contribution of tertiary sector to GDP, it means these regions are developed regions.

The contribution of primary sector to GDP in region E is more but the contribution from secondary and tertiary sector is less compared to other regions, so region E is in the developing stage.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Geography Solutions Chapter 6 Tertiary Economic Activities Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Geography Solutions Chapter 6 Tertiary Economic Activities

1. Complete the Chain

Question 1.

A	B	C
(1) Matheran	(1) Tea	(1) Communication
(2) GPS	(2) Atlantic Ocean	(2) Tertiary Activity
(3) Sri Lanka	(3) Satellite	(3) Export
(4) Panama Canal	(4) Tourism	(4) Pacific Ocean

Answer:

A	B	C
(1) Matheran	(1) Tourism	(1) Tertiary Activity
(2) GPS	(2) Satellite	(2) Communication
(3) Sri Lanka	(3) Tea	(3) Export
(4) Panama Canal	(4) Atlantic Ocean	(4) Pacific Ocean

2. Choose the correct option.

Question 1.
Tertiary activities include
(a) Use of natural resources
(b) Finished product
(c) Raw material
(d) Transportation
Answer:
(d) Transportation

Question 2.
Natural ports
(a) Kochi
(b) JNPT
(c) Delhi International Terminal
(d) Nagpur Cargo Hub (MIHAN)
Answer:
(a) Kochi

Question 3.
Trans-Australian Railway connects
(a) Perth – Sydney
(b) Perth – Vladivostok
(c) Sydney – Vancouver
(d) Vancouver – Vladivostok
Answer:
(b) Perth – Vladivostok

3. Give geographical reasons.

Question 1.
Tertiary activities include both services and exchapge.
Answer:

• Transportation, communication, trade and commerce are the main tertiary activities.
• Road, rail and airways are the important modes of transportation, which help in exchange of goods and services. Therefore, it is a service activity.
• Transportation provides facilities for the movement of goods from areas of surplus to areas of scarcity produced in primary and secondary activities.
• Credit facilities, banking facilities, marketing are also tertiary activities, they provide services to people.
• Postal services, shopkeepers, vegetable sellers, fruit sellers, etc., are also included in service activities.

Question 2.
The proportion of airways as means of transportation is increasing.
Answer:

• Air transport is an important enabler to achieve economic growth and development.
• In the global world, there is exchange of goods between countries. Therefore, there is more use of air transport to carry perishable, valuable and light goods from surplus areas to scarcity areas.
• It facilitates integration into global economy and provides vital connectivity on a national, regional and international scale.
• Nowadays tourism is the fastest growing industry; air transport is more used for international tourism.
• Therefore, the proportion of airways as means of transportation is increasing.

Question 3.
Geographical diversity is responsible for trade to occur.
Answer:

• The geographical diversity is the set of physical, human and cultural elements differentiated from each other that converge in the relatively small geographic space that is part of the same zone, region or country.
• If you take into consideration natural regions of the world, each region is different from another.
• The natural resource available in one country will be different from the ones available in different regions.
• There is variation in climate, soil, minerals, forest, relief, water supply etc.
• Depending upon the availability of geographical factors, there is specialisation of certain economic activities in certain areas and there is trade from surplus areas to scarcity areas. For example, in one region, plenty of oil is available while in another region no oil reserves are available.
• This variation in distribution of oil will be responsible for the development of trade between oil rich and oil poor countries.
• Thus, geographical diversity is responsible for trade to occur.

4. Write short notes on.

Question 1.
Importance of satellite as means of communication.
Answer:

• A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunication signals via. transponder.
• Communications satellites are used for television, telephone, radio, internet and military applications.
• The information about physical and human factors is obtained from satellite communication.
• Satellite communication is used in remote islands, in some countries and continents where landline telecommunication is rare or not available.
• As television becomes the main market, its demand for satellite communication becomes very important.
• Satellites are also used for internet communication, military communications, etc.
• Thus, importance of satellite as means of communication is increasing.

Question 2.
Role of transportation in trade.
Answer:

• Transport support trade and industry in carrying raw material to the place of production and distribution of finished products for consumption.
• Transport means to make goods available to consumers.
• Transport makes possible movement of goods from one place to another with great ease and speed.
• Trade means exchange of goods and services. In trade there is movement of goods from surplus areas to scarcity areas. The movement of goods is possible only because of transport.
• In other words, without the help of transport development of trade is not possible.
• Thus, transport plays an important role in economic development and globalisation of trade.

Question 3.
Tourism and GDP.
Answer:

• Tourism is vital for the success of many economies around the world.
• Tourism boosts the revenue of the economy, creates thousands of jobs and develops the infrastructures of the country.
• It also creates jobs in agriculture, communication, health and educational sectors.
• The government that depends on tourism, invests a lot in the infrastructure of the country. They construct new roads and highways, develop parks, improve public places, and set up airports, etc.
• With augmenting facilities, more and more tourists are attracted in such countries, thus, there is boosting of the GDP.

5. Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Secondary Economic Activities and Tertiary Economic Activities
Answer:

Secondary Economic Activities	Tertiary Economic Activities
(i) Secondary activities are concerned with activities adding value to already existing products from primary activities.	(i) Tertiary activities are concerned with providing services rather than providing material goods.
(ii) Development of secondary activities depends upon the production of resources in primary activities.	(ii) Development of tertiary activities depends upon the development of secondary activities.
(iii) Manufacturing and construction are important secondary activities.	(iii) Trade, transport communication, banking, insurance, etc., are tertiary activities.
(iv) Secondary activities produce goods and commodities.	(iv) Tertiary activities help reach these goods and commodities to the consumers.
(v) Secondary activities may be away from the market and settlement.	(v) Tertiary activities are always near the market and settlement.

Question 2.
Quaternary Activities and Quinary Activities
Answer:

Quaternary Activities	Quinary Activities
(i) Quaternary activities refer to those activities where the task is to think, research and develop ideas.	(i) Quinary activities involve work related to administration.
(ii) Confined to research, training and education.	(ii) Confined to the highest-level decision taking and policy making.
(iii) Software developers, statisticians, hospital  staff, teachers, financial planners tax consultants, people working in theatres, etc., comes under quaternary activities.	(iii) Senior business executives, government officials, scientists, judges, etc., comes under quinary activities.

Question 3.
Waterways and Airways
Answer:

Waterways	Airways
(i) Development of water transport needs courted area with broken coastlines.	(i) Development of airways needs favourable climate, advance technology and plain land for airports.
(ii) This is the cheapest mode of transport.	(ii) This is an expensive mode of transport.
(iii) Heavy and bulky goods are transported, e.g., minerals, oil, coal, machinery, etc.	(iii) Light, perishable and expensive goods are transported, e.g., electronic goods, gold, silver, fish, dairy products, etc.
(iv) Slow mode of transportation.	(iv) Fast mode of transportation.
(v) More used for goods transport than passengers’ transport	(v) More used for passengers’ transport than for goods transport.

6. Answer in Detail

Question 1.
Explain the factors affecting trade between two countries.
Answer:
Trade refers to transfer of goods or services from one person to another or from one country to another. Factors which affect the trade are natural resources, climate, population, culture, economic cost, specialization, etc.

Natural resources : Distribution of natural resources is uneven. The natural resources available in one country differs from another. Because of this uneven distribution of resource, there is trade between resources surplus and resource deficit.

Climate : Climate mainly affects the plants and animals in a region. In the areas of different climate, there are different types of plants and animals. Example, in the tropical countries like Sri Lanka whose major export is tea or Malaysia and Indonesia, whose major export is rubber. This occurs naturally because of favourable climate for growing tea and rubber plants in these countries.

Population : Population size, distribution and density are different in different countries. This leads to difference in production and consumption and hence trade occurs.

Standard of living can also determine the demand for various goods and services. The country with less population depends more on trade because fewer human resources is engaged in production of goods.

Culture : Some countries are known for their specific art and craft, based on their culture, specific production of goods which have worldwide market, for e.g., Kashmiri shawls or Iranian carpets.

Economic Cost : Cost of production is the major factor in the process of production. It is cheaper to import certain goods than producing it in the country itself. For example, it is cheaper to import tea from India and Sri Lanka than producing it in England.

Specialisation : Due extremely favourable factors of production, some countries have specialisation for certain goods and they have name and fame in the world market, so they develop export trade. For example, watches of Switzerland or electronic goods of Japan or tender beef of Argentina.

Government Policy: Government policy about export or import affects trade. For example, Government may increase import duties of some goods, to encourage people to buy domestic goods. Thus, import trade of those goods goes down.

Question 2.
Development of transportation is dependent on geographical factors. Explain.
Answer:

• Various geographical factors affect the development of transport.
• Relief, climate and location are the three most important factors that affect the development of transportation.
• It is easier to build roadways and railways in plain areas.
• Dense forests, hilly and mountainous regions affect the construction of roads and railways, in Africa and South America.
• Coastal location with broken coast lines is favourable for development of ports and harbours.
• For the development of airways; favourable climate and plain region for construction of airports are essential.
• Foggy and smoggy weather and high peaks will be obstacles for the development of air transport.

Question 3.
Why is transportation system important in the development of any nation?
Answer:

• Transportation plays important role in rapid economic growth of a nation.
• The introduction of railways has been historically the most important and powerful single factor in the process of economic development of industrial nations of the world like USA, France, Germany, Japan, etc.
• The significance of transportation in economic activity is found in its effects on both human wants and satisfaction of wants through production and distribution of goods.
• Transportation increases the quality and variety of consumer goods, thereby stimulating the demand and development of trade and economy of the nation.
• Transport provides various employment opportunities and boosts up the economy of the country. For example, many people got employment in construction work of Metro rail track.

Question 4.
Tertiary activities are expanding day-by-day. Explain the statement.
Answer:

• Tertiary activities act as the link between primary and secondary activities.
• These activities are mostly in the form of services.
• Tertiary activities include transport and communication, trade, loading and unloading of goods, banking, insurance, marketing, export, etc.
• Providing public services like hospital, education, research and development, administration, etc., are also included in tertiary activities.
• With increasing industrialisation population growth and trade, number of people working in banking, insurance, tax consultants, software developers, teachers, etc., went on expanding day by day.

7. On an outline map of the world, show the following with the help of suitable index

(1) A canal bringing radical changes in sea transport.
(2) Railway connecting two continents.
(3) An international airport in India.
(4) An important port in India.
Answer:

8. Read the given passage and answer the following questions

Careful planning and implementation is necessary for economic development of any country. In the tourism sector the need for planned development is of great importance. It involves many industries working together in a complex way and needs special attention. Planning basically tries to allot limited resources between various competitors with a view to maximize output, income and employment and to make sure different sectors have fair growth. Tourism planning is a process through which the set goals can be achieved and the various choices linked to tourism development can be addressed. It is a long term and constant process of preparing, upgrading and improving a destination for tourist.

Communities are the basic elements of tourism. It mainly depends upon the level of acceptance shown by local communities. In the process of planning their involvement is essential. The development of tourism creates impact on mainly environment, socio-culture and economy of the host community at any destination. These impacts produce both negative as well as positive impacts. Planning is necessary to reduce the negative impact and boost the positive impact for sustainable development of a destination.

Question 1.
Why does the tourism sector need planning?
Answer:
Plan development in the tourist sector is of great importance, since it involves many industries working together in a complex and hence special attention.

Planning will help to allot limited resources between various competitors with view to maximise output, income and-employment.

Question 2.
What is the importance of communities in planning?
Answer:

• In the process of planning communities are basic elements of tourism.
• It mainly depends upon level of acceptance shown by local communities.
• In the process of planning their involvement is necessary and therefore, community planning is necessary.

Question 3.
Explain any two benefits of planning.
Answer:
Planning reduces the negative impact and boosts the positive impact for sustainable development of a destination.

Question 4.
What factors affect the economy of the host community?
Answer:
The development of tourism creates impact on mainly environment socio-culture and economy and economy of host community at any destination.

Question 5.
Why planning is a long-term task?
Answer:
Planning is a long-term task because planning is a constant process of preparing, upgrading and improving a destination for tourists.

Class 12 Geography Chapter 6 Tertiary Economic Activities Intext Questions and Answers

Think about it.

Read the following comprehension and answer the questions that follow:

There are three friends from different back-grounds. They decided to become entrepreneurs after graduating from the same college. Rohit is a farmer’s son. He pursued his bachelor degree in the Arts faculty. He was thinking of continuing his father’s profession but at a different level. He wanted to grow export-quality agricultural products in his two acres of farmland.

Sejal is the daughter of a businessman. They produce and sell bakery products on a wholesale basis. She has passed her degree in Science. She wants to become an entrepreneur in Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) products. Asif is a son of a small hotel owner. He has passed his graduation in Event Management. He wants to start his own company of Event Management.

After graduating with good grades, they decided to help each other and begin their careers. Rohit, Sejal and Asif tried to find out information about haw to start their businesses. They tried to get maximum information regarding their businesses. They wanted to plan, organise and then establish their start¬ups. During this period, they found information regarding their businesses.

Rohit found out that he will have to do major changes in his farmland to grow export-quality products like lily, orchid flowers and fruits like kiwis, dragon fruits, etc. He will have to maintain moisture and temperature in the air. He will also need to use special fertilizers to maintain the soil’s pH value.

He also came to know that he has to take help of the Agricultural officer from the same Taluka. More importantly, he has to take out a licence to establish a business. He also got to know that he will need an account which can be used for foreign transactions. He also got information from where, he would get saplings for the export-quality products. He came to know that, these flowers are in great demand in Gulf countries and they give high returns too. As these countries are within the reach of an hour or two by air, the flowers can remain fresh and retain their quality. He also decided to visit few vendors from these countries to directly setup his business.

Sejal realised that toothpaste is a product which is required daily by the people. Since her background was from Science, she decided to derive an advanced formula which will be good for dental health. She also took help from a cousin brother from the Pharmaceutical industry.

She came to know that she needed the following things to set up the industrial unit:

• Machinery and labour force to work in the plant.
• Land for setting up the plant.
• NOC from competent authorities before taking the product to the market.
• Other licenses like NOC from fire service department.
• Industries that will give tubes to fill ready toothpaste and cartons to wrap the product.
• Appoint an advertising agency to promote the product.

She was reluctant for this start-up since it required land and a large capital investment. But she felt relieved that due to the Government’s Start-up schemes, she can get subsidised loan. Her father helped her solve her land problem. He had a small piece of land near her town which was sufficient for this purpose. He arranged for other basic amenities like water, electricity, etc. which are required for an industry. He leased out that plot to Sejal.

Asif realised that he mainly needed services and labour for his start-up, which he can arrange by hiring them from various agencies like caterers, florists, hall owners, band players, sound systems, etc. He also understood how to take permission from various competent authorities to arrange various events. He realised that it will be good if he opens up an office to start his business in the market. To advertise his start up, he got a brochure designed and printed visiting cards for marketing his services.

After planning for a year, all the friends started their entrepreneurship in their respective businesses. As their businesses have been established as per their likings; they are enjoying their work. Their businesses are now their passions.

Question 1.
What do you understand by the term competent authorities?
Answer:
A competent authority is a person or organization that has the legally delegated or invested authority, capacity or power to perform a designated function.

Question 2.
In which types of economic activities are the children in the story engaged?
Answer:
Children in the story are engaged in the following economic activities:

• Rohit – primary activity
• Sejal – tertiary activity
• Asif – tertiary activity

Question 3.
While being occupied in their type of economic activity, which other activities they interact with?
Answer:
Rohit, Sejal and Asif interacted with the following activities for the development of their activities. Agriculture officer, vendors, pharmacist, competent authorities, service department, advertising agency, caterers, florists, hall owners, band players, sound system provider, brochure designer, etc.

Question 4.
Classify all the economic activities you come across in the passage.
Answer:
All economic activities we came across are basically tertiary economic activities. However, we can divide these tertiary economic activities in two groups
(i) Quaternary economic activities : Advertising agency, caterers, florists, hall owners, band players, sound system provider and brochure designer, etc.

(ii) Quinary economic activities : Agriculture officer, pharmacists, competent authority, fire service department, etc.

Use your brain power!

Question 1.
Do tertiary activities involve only services? (Textbook Page No. 56)
Answer:
Yes, tertiary activities involve only services to businessmen and people.

Question 2.
Can there be products in tertiary activities? (Textbook Page No. 56)
Answer:
There cannot be products in tertiary activities; they only provide services for distribution of primary and secondary products to consumers.

Question 3.
Given below are the countries which are least dependent on tourism. Locate these countries on a map. Explain the geographical factors which are responsible for non¬development of tourism in these countries. (Textbook Page No. 62)

Country	Contribution of Tourism to GDP (%) (2018)
Democratic Republic of the Congo	0.66
Papua New Guinea	0.66
Uzbekistan	0.93
Moldova	0.96
Gabon	1.02

Tourism is not developed in these countries because of unfavourable physical factors such as climate, relief, location, dense forest, etc.

In Gabon, Papua New Guinea and in Democratic Republic of the Congo, there is equatorial type of climate, dense forest growth, wet land areas, so there are problems in development of transport facilities and infrastructure. Most of the areas in the country are inaccessible.

The countries of Moldova and Uzbekistan are landlocked countries, there is extreme climate, rainfall is very limited. Due to extreme climate tourists are not interested to visit these countries.

Question 4.
Are maps a means of communication? (Textbook Page No. 63)
Answer:
Yes, maps are means of communication because they provide a lot of information.

Can you tell?

Question 1.
In many economic activities included in tertiary occupations are enlisted. Classify the following economic activities in the following two categories:

1. Activities dependent on geographical factors.
2. Activities not dependent on geographical factors. (Textbook Page No. 56)

Answer:

Question 2.
Make a list of things you use in your daily life. (Textbook Page No. 57)
Answer:
(i) Divide the activities through which they have been obtained into primary, secondary and tertiary. For example, salt is obtained from primary activity.
(ii) Does your list contain any products which have been derived by using either of the activities?
Answer:

Primary Activities	Secondary Activities	Tertiary Activities
Rice	Idli	Newspaper
Wheat	Bread	TV program
Potato	Potato chips	Internet
Tomato	Tomato ketchup	Landline
Sugarcane	Jaggery	Banking services
Chili	Chili powder	Mobile services
Onion	Mixer	Hospitals
Pulses	Washing machine	Theatres
	Fans

(ii) All above products are received from primary, secondary and tertiary activities.

Question 3.
Can intelligence or physical efforts be imported or exported? (Textbook Page No. 61)
Answer:
Yes, intelligence or physical efforts can be imported or exported in the form of intelligent people or skilled people. For example, Saudi Arabia invited many engineers to construct the roads, bridges, flyovers, etc., in their country, therefore there was development of infrastructure in their country.

Question 4.
(i) What are the lists of items mentioned in timeline related to?
(ii) Which means you are aware of?
(iii) Which means do you actually use?
(iv) Which of these are now outdated?
(v) What could be reasons for them getting outdated?
(vi) Can you add more to the list? (Textbook Page No. 62)

Answer:
(i) In the list means of communication are mentioned.
(ii) We are aware of a postman, telegram, telephone, fax, radio, pager, email, mobile, satellite phones.
(iii) We use telephone, radio, mobile, email, satellite phones.
(iv) Coloured smoke, messenger, horsemen/camel man are outdated means of communication
(v) Coloured smoke, messenger, horsemen/camel man are outdated means of communication because of limited speed. They can be operated in limited area and difficult to use as against modern communication system.
(vi) The Internet banking, email, WhatsApp, NEFT, RTGS, etc., are the other means of communication.

Question 5.
Which practicals of geography for Class 11 and Class 12 have you carried out with the help of satellites? (Textbook Page No. 63)
Answer:
Topographical maps of survey of India.

Make friends with maps!

Look at the map in Fig. 6.2 and answer the following questions : (Textbook Page No. 57)

Question 1.
Which means of transportation are shown in the map?
Answer:
Waterways, airways and railways are shown in the map.

Question 2.
Between which continents do you see an overall higher flow of transportation?
Answer:
High flow of transportation is seen between North America and Europe.

Question 3.
Which canals can you see in their waterways? What can be the purpose?
Answer:
We see two canals in waterways: Suez Canal and Panama Canal.
The purpose of construction of Suez Canal is to avoid the long route along Cape of Good Hope in Africa. This canal reduced the distance of travel by thousands of kilometres between Europe and Asia.

The purpose of construction of Panama Canal is to avoid the long distance route between Eastern coastline and Western coastline of North America. This canal provided a short cut to connect two coastlines.

Question 4.
Which two major cities in India are connected internationally through airways?
Answer:
The two major cities in India connected internationally through airways are Delhi and Mumbai.

Question 5.
Which two continents show lesser use of air routes?
Answer:
Africa and South America show lesser use of air routes.

Question 6.
Which two continents show lesser use of rail routes? Why?
Answer:
The continents of Africa and South America have lesser use of rail route because in both the continents physical factors like climate and relief are not favourable for development of rail route. Due to the mountains, hills, dense forest and desert in these areas, the construction and maintenance of the railway line is difficult and expensive.

Question 7.
Which rail route connects two continents?
Answer:
The Trans-Siberian Railway connects two continents i.e., Asia and Europe.

Question 8.
Why do you see a concentration of transportation routes in the southern part of Australia as opposed to northern parts in all the continents?
Answer:
Compared to the northern part of Australia, southern part is having levelled land, equable climate, urbanisation and industrialisation. Therefore, concentration of transport routes is more in the southern part of Australia.

Question 9.
Which continents do not have continuous internal rail routes? Why?
Answer:
South America and Africa do not have continuous internal rail routes because some areas in these continents are densely forested and extensive areas are covered by deserts and mountains.

Try this

Question 1.
Consider the following conditions a, b, and c and answer the questions that follow
(a) There are two countries ‘A’ and ‘B’. ‘A’ produces 500 tonnes of wheat by employing 200 labourers. ‘B’ produces 1,000 tonnes of wheat by employing 300 labourers.
(b) Country ‘C’ produces 300 kg of tea and ‘D’ produces 500 kg of coffee. ‘C’ does not produce coffee and ‘D’ does not produce tea.
(c) Country ‘E’ has expertise in water engineering and agriculture. Country ‘F’ has expertise in metro-making. (Textbook Page No. 59)
(i) Will the trade take place between A and B in condition (a)?
Answer:
No, trade of wheat will not take place in between A and B because both are producing wheat.

Question 2.
Will trade take place between C and D in condition (b)?
Answer:
Yes, trade will take place between C and D in condition (b) because C country produces tea and D country produces coffee. Since they produce different products – tea and coffee, they will exchange their products through trade.

Question 3.
If trade occurs between A and B in condition (a), what does it tell you about the conditions of countries in term of their economy?
Answer:
Firstly, both countries are producing wheat and therefore, if their production of wheat is sufficient for their population, trade will not take place.
Secondly, per capita production of wheat in country A is less than country B. As a result, the cost of production of wheat in country A is more than B country.

Under the above conditions if country B is ready to export wheat to country A, country A will get wheat from B at the lower cost than the production cost in their country and trade in wheat will take place and both countries will be economically benefited and can improve their economy.

Question 4.
If trade occurs between C and D in (b), what does it tell you about the climate of the countries?
Answer:
Country C produces tea and country D produces coffee. So country C can export tea to country D and country D can export coffee to country C and trade will take place between C and D depending upon market for tea and coffee in respective countries.

As far as climate is concerned in both countries there must be tropical climate because cultivation of tea as well as coffee needs same type of climate conditions. Since both crops requires same climate, both can produce tea and coffee too and avoid trade or one can specialize in tea cultivation and another in coffee cultivation and develop trade.

Question 5.
Considering that trade occurs between two countries in condition (c), what does it tell you about the human resources of the countries?
Answer:
Country E has developed technology in water engineering and agriculture. While F has developed technology in construction of the metro. This shows that both countries are technologically advanced and hence their human resources are very rich.

Question 6.
Make a list of factors which affect the trade between any two countries.
Answer:
The various factors which affect the trade area are as follows:

• Difference in natural resources
• Climate
• Population
• Culture
• Economic cost
• Specialisation
• Government policy

Question 7.
The graph shows trade carried from 1980 to 2010 through sea transport. Interpret the graph in your own words. (Textbook Page No. 61)

Answer:
Between 1980 and 2010 transportation in the Atlantic Ocean declined by almost 50%, whereas sea transport in the Pacific Ocean has increased considerably. There is slight growth in the sea transport in Indian Ocean. There is no change in sea transport in Mediterranean Sea during the same period.

Question 8.
See the following two tables and answer the questions given below:
What do the tables shows?
Are the countries in the table same?
Locate them on the world map.
Can you tell, why contribution of tourism is high in these countries in terms of GDP and employment?
Write a concluding paragraph on factors affecting tourism as an occupation in a country. (Textbook Page No. 61)

TABLE 1: Direct Contribution of Travel and Tourism to GDP of some regions (%) (2018)
Maldives	38.92
British Virgin Islands	32.96
Macao	28.01
Aruba	27.64
Seychelles	25.73

TABLE 2 : People engaged in tourism in some regions (%) (2018)
Aruba	29.91
St. Lucia	27.29
The Bahamas	26.49
Macao	26.48
Seychelles	25.35

Answer:
(i) Table 1 shows direct contribution of travel and tourism to GDP of some regions in (%) 2018. Table 2 shows people engaged in tourism in some regions in (%) in 2018.

(ii) Countries shown in the table are island countries.

(iii)

(iv) These are island countries having beautiful beaches and scenery. They provide coastal water sports as well as sea adventure sports facilities to tourists. Naturally large numbers of tourists are attracted and therefore, the contribution of tourists in these countries in terms of GDP and employment is very high.

(v) Today, tourism is one of the fastest growing economic activities in the world. Beautiful natural scenery attracts a large number of tourists. Waterfalls, glaciers, beautiful beaches attract large number of tourists.

Apart from good climate and beautiful scenery, the development of tourism also depends upon the availability of certain amenities for tourists. The tourist centres must be easily accessible. Air transports have revolutionized travel. Roads and railways are other modes of transportation which make tourist places accessible.

Places of tourist interest must provide good accommodation facilities. Five star hotels, ordinary hotels, guest houses, holiday camps, etc., are essential for the overnight stay of tourists.

Question 9.
In Fig. 6.6, five hypothetical countries and some information about their conditions are given. Study them carefully and answer the following questions:

(i) Considering the natural resources available in these countries, which activities will flourish here? (Textbook Page No. 63)
(ii) Between which countries will export-import of goods occur? (Textbook Page No. 63)
(iii) Which tertiary activities will take place here? (Textbook Page No. 64)
(iv) Considering the location of E country, how will it carry out trade with other countries? (Textbook Page No. 64)
(v) Write in your own words the effect of geographical factors on human economic activities in these countries. (Textbook Page No. 64)
Answer:
(i) Agriculture, fishing, trade, lumbering activities will flourish.

(ii) The export-import trade will occur between all countries because all countries have developed different economic activities and have specialisation of different products. They can exchange the goods.

(iii) Transportation, trade, wholesaling, retailing, banking, financial institutes, etc., will develop.

(iv) ‘E’ country is an island country, therefore it can carry trade with other countries by water transport.

(v) Due to availability of natural resources all primary activities are developed in these countries.

• Due to fertile soil, and water supply by river, agriculture is developed. Rice, tea, coffee and fruit crops are grown in most of the countries.
• Due to coastal location, trade & fishing activities are developed in all countries.
• In ‘D’ and ‘E’ countries, due to forest growth lumbering can be developed.
• For transport of primary goods and to carry export-import, tertiary activities like transportation, wholesaling, retailing, banking, etc., will develop.

Find out

Question 1.
Find out, what are these places famous for (Textbook Page No. 61)
(i) Coorg, Yusmarg, Saputara, Ladghar, Milan, Marina beach, Istanbul.
(ii) What is the main economic activity carried here?
(iii) Is there any relationship between their location (geographical) and their economic activities?
Answer:
(i) All places mentioned are places of tourist interest. Coorg, Yusmarg, Saputara are hill stations, Ladghar and Marina are beaches, Milan is world famous fashion centre and Istanbul is a major city and cultural centre in Turkey.
(ii) Main economic activity is tourism at all places.
(iii) Yes, there is relationship between their location and their economic activities. For e.g., Marina and Ladghar are beaches, Coorg and Saputara are hill stations.

Give it a try

Question 1.
Draw a suitable graph for the information given in table 6.1. and write a paragraph interpreting the data. (Textbook Page No. 63)

Answer:

Interpretation of the data and graph.
The data and graph shows contribution of primary, secondary and tertiary sectors in the national income in the year 2018.

We can divide these ten countries, on the basis of persons engaged in primary activities, as less than 5% workers engaged in primary activity and more than 50% workers engaged in tertiary activities.

There are four countries – Denmark, Russia, United Kingdom and USA, where less than 5% workers are engaged in primary activities and there are six countries – Denmark, Russia, United Kingdom, USA and India, where more than 50% workers are engaged in tertiary activities.

In all ten countries, number of workers engaged in secondary activities are in the range of 20% to 30%, except Russia where 43% workers are engaged in secondary activities.

From the above discussion we can draw the conclusion that Kenya, Uganda, Tajikistan, Tanzania are developing countries and Denmark, Russia, USA, United Kingdom, New Zealand are the developed countries.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Political Science Solutions Chapter 6 India and the World Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Political Science Solutions Chapter 6 India and the World

1. (A) Complete the following statements by selecting the appropriate option.

Question 1.
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was the first Prime Minister of
(a) Bangladesh
(b) Pakistan
(c) Iran
(d) Afghanistan
Answer:
(a) Bangladesh

Question 2.
In 1987, India sent a Peacekeeping Force (IPKF) to
(a) Bangladesh
(b) Sri Lanka
(c) Somalia
(d) Vietnam
Answer:
(b) Sri Lanka

(B) Identify the incorrect pair in every set and correct it.

Question 1.
(a) NATO – Europe
(b) ANZUS Africa
(c) SEATO – South East Asia
(d) CENTO – West Asia
Answer:
(c) Sri Lanka – Jayewardene

2. State whether the following statements are true or false with reason.

Question 1.
Myanmar has been a traditional friend of India.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. India and Myanmar (formerly Burma) have a long historical and cultural relations. In fact, Burma a part of British India from 1824 to 1937.
2. India established diplomatic relations after Myanmar’s independence in 1948. However, Indo- Myanmar ties got strained since India supported pro-democracy movements in Myanmar against the ruling military Junta. Both countries are members of BIMSTEC and cooperate to counteract drug trafficking and insurgent groups like Arakan Army operating in the border areas.

Question 2.
In changing world order of 1990s, the issue of terrorism has been dominant.
Answer:
This statement is True.
1. Terrorism refers to the use of or the threat to use violence with the intention to destabilise the political system, cause economic harm and panic in society towards the attainment of some religious or ideological goals.

2. Post 1900s, terrorism has become a global phenomenon with forms like cross-border terrorism, international terrorism etc., causing widespread destruction e.g., 2001 attack in the USA by Al-Qaeda, attacks in Bali, Kabul, Mumbai, Madrid, etc. Each Country in the world is involved in trying to secure its territory and deal with terrorism e.g., US led ‘War on Terror’.

Question 3.
The Sagarmala project is a more comprehensive road connectivity plan.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. India has sought to harness it’s 14,500 km of potentially navigable waterways and strategic location on key international maritime trade routes through two compatible programmes viz. Sagarmala and Bharatmala.
2. Sagarmala programme aims to promote port and river transport systems and Bharatmala programme is a comprehensive road connectivity plan.

3. Express your opinion of the following.

Question 1.
India’s role in the Indian Ocean
Answer:
The Indian Ocean is one of the most busy and critical maritime transportation links in the world. The economies of littoral countries depend heavily on ports, shipping and vast natural resources. India’s vast coastline of about 7500 km presents both opportunity and challenge to India in terms of security and foreign perspectives. India’s exclusive economic zone is 2.4 million sq. kms. 90% of our trade by volume and almost all oil imports come through the sea. India is a co-founder of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation in 1997 (IORA).

The main objective of IORA is to promote sustained, balanced development of the Indian Ocean region. India has initiated the Sagarmala and Bharatmala programmes to harness India’s coastline.

4. Answer the following

Question 1.
Write a note on India’s relations with Africa.
Answer:
In the first few decades after independence, India supported the fight against apartheid and provided financial and material aid to liberation struggles in Africa for eg., the AFRICA Fund created at the NAM Summit (Harare)
There are several issues in the context of India-African relations-

1. The India-Africa summit was held in 2015
2. About 24 percent of Indian crude oil imports are sourced from the African continent e.g., ONGC Videsh has invested in Sudan and Egypt
3. About two million people in Eastern and Southern Africa constitute the India diaspora which is considered as an asset by the Indian government
4. Indian industries are interested in offering technological and material services to developing African nations
5. India continues to be one of the military training destination e.g., National Defence Academy, Pune has the ‘Sudan Block’ as a symbol of cooperation between India and Sudan
6. Countries from Somalia to South Africa fall under the India maritime strategic perspective. Hence, cases of terrorism and piracy in Somalian waters have made this region sensitive to Indian concerns.

Question 2.
Briefly Discuss India-China relations.
Answer:
In 1949, the Communist revolution took place in China. India was among the first nations to recognize the People’s Republic of China. In 1954, India and China signed the Panchsheel Agreement and India also recognised Chinese suzerainty on Tibet. The main hindrances in Sino- Indian relations are-

1. 1962 Indo-China war and 2017 Dokhlam skirmish.
2. Border disputes in Aksai Chin and NEFA region.
3. China has been critical of India offering political asylum to the Dalai Lama.
4. Chinese support to Pakistan.
5. India’s apprehensions about China’s Belt and Road Initiative.

On the positive side India-China relationship has improved

1. Agreement on maintenance of peace and tranquility along the LOC.
2. China has become among the largest trading partners of India.
3. India and China are part of BRICS and SCO.
4. In the late 1990s, Russia mooted the idea of a Trilateral Summit of Russia, China, India which was a recognition of India’s status as a major regional power.

5. Answer the following question with reference to the given points.

Question 1.
Explain the factors influencing Indian foreign policy.
(a) Geography
(b) History
(c) International System Economy
(d) Policy
Answer:
Factors Influencing India’s Foreign Policy-
1. Geography – The extensive coastline of the India peninsula and the Himalayan mountain ranges have shaped India’s security and foreign policy. India shares a border with all neighbouring countries of South Asia. It also holds a dominant position in the India Ocean.

2. History – It includes the influence of traditional cultural values, cultural ties as well as values like anti-colonialism which were imbibed during the freedom struggle.

3. Economy – The strong urge to come out of the poverty and economic backwardness created by the colonial period as well as the policy of Non-Alignment shaped India’s foreign policy. India followed democratic socialism through the policy of import-substitution and importance to the public sector Post 1991, after adopting the policy of Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation many changes have occured in the Indian foreign policy.

4. Polity – Political leadership has a significant impact on India’s foreign policy for e.g., Prime Ministers Jawaharlal Nehru, Lai Bahadur Shastri, Indira Gandhi, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Narendra Modi have played a decisive role in determining India’s foreign policy. Ministry of External Affairs and National Security Advisor play an important role in formulating foreign policy.

Activity

Read the speech on Indian Foreign Policy given by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru on All India Radio on 7th September 1946 and discuss it in class.

Class 12 Political Science Chapter 6 India and the World Intext Questions and Answers

Activity (Text Book Page No. 60)

The First Summit Meeting of the Nonaligned countries at Belgrade (1961) finalized the criterion for nonalignment. Find out these criteria.
Answer:
Non-Aligned Movement:
The first summit of Non-Aligned countries was held in September 1961 at Belgrade and attended by representatives of 25 countries. The purpose of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was to help countries keep “national sovereignty, territorial integrity and security in their struggle against imperialism, colonialism, racism and all forms of foreign aggression, occupation, domination or interference as well as against great power and bloc politics”.

The objectives of the Non-Aligned Movement are-

1. To keep the newly independent nations of Asia and Africa away from the rivalry of the two viz. USA and Soviet Union
2. To oppose colonialism, imperialism and racial discrimination.
3. To eliminate all those factors and tendencies in the international arena that could lead to war.
4. To advocate the sovereign equality of all States.
5. To oppose the use of force and nuclear weapons in international disputes.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Political Science Solutions Chapter 5 Contemporary India: Good Governance Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Political Science Solutions Chapter 5 Contemporary India: Good Governance

1. (A) Complete the following statements by selecting the appropriate option.

Question 1.
The concept of Lokpal is taken from
(a) United States
(b) United Kingdom
(c) Sweden
(d) Russia
Answer:
(c) Sweden

Question 2.
The Right to Information was passed in the year
(a) 1950
(b) 1976
(c) 2016
(d) 2005
Answer:
(d) 2005

(B) State the appropriate concept for the given statements.

Question 1.
Person investigating complaints against government officials.
Answer:
Ombudsman

2. (A) Complete the concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

(B) State whether the following statements are true or false with reason.

Question 1.
Lokayukta can investigate complaints against political executives.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Lokayuktas were created by the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 to look into allegations of corruption against public functionaries in the States.
2. A member of the public can file specific allegations with the Lokayukta for inquiry against any public servant including legislators, political executives, local bodies, public enterprises.

Question 2.
Good Governance aims at efficient use of natural resources.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. One of the core values of good governance is effectiveness and efficiency.
2. It refers to sustainable human development in the context of efficient use of natural resources and the protection of the environment.

3. Explain the correlation between the following.

Question 1.
Good Governance and E-Governance.
Answer:
Good Governance aims to replace traditional public administration riddled with corruption and redtapism and to make it more citizen-centric, responsible and responsive. The core values of good governance include efficiency, inclusiveness, being consensus-oriented, transparency, accountability, etc. Specific programmes aimed at good governance include setting up of Lokpal and Lokayuktas, Creating of Citizen’s Charters, Right to Information Act, institutional mechanisms like NHRC, NCW, etc.

E-Governance is one of the most important aspects of good governance. It involves the employment of Information and Communications Technology (I.C.T) to facilitate efficient and instant transmission and processing of information as well as storing and retrieval of data. Thus, e-governance helps to implement core values of good governance such as transparency, effectiveness, accountability and participation of citizens.

4. Express your opinion of the following.

Question 1.
E-governance speeds up governmental processes.
Answer:
I agree with this statement.
E-governance refers to the use of Information and Communications Technology (I.C.T) to carry out the varied and complex aspects of governance and of citizen’s expectations. E-governance facilitates instantaneous transmission and processing of information as well as efficient storing and retrieval of data. This helps in speeding up governmental processes and taking decisions expeditiously. Large scale digitisation of records enables easy and reliable access over the internet.

Question 2.
E-governance brought administration closer to people.
Answer:
I agree with this statement.
E-governance refers to the use of Information and Communications Technology (I.C.T) to carry out the varied and complex aspects of governance and of citizen’s expectations. Large scale digitisation of records enables easy and reliable access over the internet.

E-governance helps in increasing the geographical and demographical reach of the government. Efforts have been made at various levels to improve the delivery of public services and simplify the process of accessing them. The objective of National e-Governance Plan is to bring public services closer to the people i.e., make them citizen centric.

5. Answer the following question in 80 to 100 words.

Question 1.
Explain various institutions protecting rights of different sections in India.
Answer:
The core values of good governance include administration being consensus-oriented based on principles of inclusiveness and equity as well as responsiveness to the needs of citizens.

The benefits of good governance must be available to all the sections of the society. The constitution provides for socio-economic and political safeguards to certain disadvantaged sections of the society. Besides the safeguards, provided for them the government has created several commissions to safeguard the rights of different sections of the society. These include the following:
1. National Commission for Scheduled Castes – Deals with matters related to the safeguards provided in the constitution for the Scheduled Castes and inquire into specific complaints relating to deprivation of rights of the Schedule Castes.

2. National Commission for Scheduled Tribes – Deals with matters related to the safeguards provided in the constitution for the Scheduled Tribes and inquire into specific complaints relating to deprivation of rights of the Schedule Tribes.

3. National Human Rights Commission – It deals with protection of rights relating to life, liberty, equality and dignity guaranteed by the constitution.

4. National Commission for Women – This was created to facilitate the redressal of grievances and accelerate socio-economic development of women.

5. National Commission for the Protection of Child Rights – It seeks to protect, promote and defend child rights in the country. The Commission defines a child as a person in the 0 to 18 years of age group.

6. National Commission for Backward Classes – The focus is welfare of socially and economically backward classes.

7. National Commission for Minorities – It monitors the working of the safeguards for minorities provided in the Constitution and by laws enacted by the Parliament and the State Legislatures. The National Commission for Minorities recognises the following religious communities as minority communities: Muslim, Sikh, Christian, Buddhist, Parsis and Jain.

8. National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission – This provides for a consumer disputes redressal mechanism e.g.,consumer courts are set up.

6. Answer the following question with reference to the given points.

Question 1.
Explain in detail the following values of Good Governance.
(a) participation
(b) transparency
(c) responsiveness
(d) accountability
Answer:
In development administration, not only the government but also citizens and NGO’s play a vital role. The term ‘governance’ is used to describe this cooperative effort of the government and non-governmental bodies in public administration. Governance is broader than government as

1. it includes formal institutions of government e.g., legislature, bureaucracy as well as informal institutions e.g., NGO’s.
2. it aims to improve the performance of public institutions with focus on values like accountability, transparency, citizen feedback, etc.

The Good Governance approach aims at the following-

1. to reform the traditional, huge-sized public administration which was riddled with red tape and corruption.
2. to replace the archaic systems with responsible, participative and equitable systems.
3. to look at interlinkages between government and civil society.
4. to make the administration citizen-centered and not rule bound.

a. Participation – The effective functioning of any democratic system requires that people get an opportunity to participate in the process of decision making and its implementation.

b. Transparency – This value of good governance enables people to keep the government under scrutiny for e.g., Right to Information Act (2005) provides citizens access to information about public policies and actions.

c. Responsiveness – The government must be prompt and sensitive while designing policies to serve all stake holders within a reasonable time frame.

d. Accountability – This cannot be enforced without the rule of law and transparency. Any organization is accountable to those who will be affected by it’s decisions and actions, i.e. to stakeholders. Governmental institutions, private sector and civil society institutions must be accountable.

Activity

Question 1.
Find out the information regarding State level commissions working for safeguarding rights of various sections of society (Text Book Page No. 58)
Answer:
The State Level Commissions are-
1. State Information Commission was constituted with the objective to fulfill the mandate assigned in the RTI Act 2005. It consists of State Information Commissioners headed by the State Chief Information Commissioner.

2. State Commission for Women was constituted on 25th January 1993. It consists of a chair person, 6 nonofficial members, a member secretary and a DGP as ex-officio member. It aims to investigate into practices derogatory to women and suggest remedial measures. It also advises the government on matters related to upliftment to the status of women.

3. State Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was established by the Social Justice and Special Assistance Department dated 1st March 2005. It’s role is to study existing socio-economic, political and educational situation of Scheduled Castes and Tribes and to suggest measures to improve the same. It also investigates grievances raised by members of Scheduled Castes and Schedules Tribes.

4. State Human Rights Commission (MSHRC) was established on 6th March 2001 to protect, promote and enforce human rights. It can inquire suo motu (of its own accord) or on petition presented to it, into complaints of violation of human rights.

5. State Commission for Protection of Child’s Rights was set up in July 2007 to protect and defend child rights in the State.

6. State Commission for Minorities – was set up to safeguard the interests of religious and linguistic minorities.

Question 2.
Find out information about Ombudsman. (Text Book Page No. 58)
Answer:
Ombudsman is a Swedish term. In general, it means “a legal representative” or an official appointed to investigate complaints especially against public officials. The first country to set up ombudsman institution in 1809 was Sweden. In India, the Lokpal (for centre) and Lokayuktas (for States) are the ombudsman. The ARC (1966-70) headed by Morarji Desai recommended the institution of Lokpal and the Bill was first introduced in Parliament in 1968. Orissa was the first State to constitute institution of Lokayukta.

After the India Against Corruption Movement led by Anna Hazare, the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Bill, 2013 was passed in Parliament and came into force on 16th January 2014. The Lokpal is a multimember body, consisting of a chairperson and a maximum of 8 members. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas inquire into allegations of corruption / maladministration against public functionaries.

Class 12 Political Science Chapter 5 Contemporary India: Good Governance Intext Questions and Answers

ACTIVITY (Text Book Page No. 48)

Question 1.
Identify NGO’s that are working in your Area/City/State. Look at the issues and work done by them. In which NGO would you like to work?
Answer:
1. For environmental causes

• Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS)
• Vanshakti
• Earth5R
• Bombay Environmental Action Group (BEAG)
• Vasundhara
• PETA

2. For child welfare

• Child Right and You (CRY)
• Prerana
• Helen Keller Institute
• Bal Asha Trust
• Salaam Baalak Trust
• Akansha Foundation
• Apnalaya

3. For educational purposes

• Teach for India
• Door step School
• Magic Bus India Foundation
• Pratham Education Foundation
• VIDYA .
• Abhilasha Foundation

4. For women’s welfare

• Society for Nutrition, Education and Health Action (SNEHA)
• Apne Aap Women’s Collective (AAWC)
• Women’s India Trust (WIT)
• MAJLIS

5. For the disabled/ill/aged

• AASRA
• National Association for the Blind (NAB)
• ALERT-India (leprosy patients)
• Cancer Patients Aid Association (CPAA)
• Committed Action for Relief and Education (CARE)
• Cheshire Homes India

Question 2.
Find out E-governance initiatives of Government of Maharashtra (Text Book Page No. 54)
Answer:
Maharashtra is a pioneer in citizen centric e-governance initiatives such as

1. SARITA (Stamps and Registration Information Technology based Administration) for registration of 67 different types of documents over the entire State.
2. SETU (Integrated Citizen Facilitation Centres) act as one stop service centre for people who have to visit government offices for permits/affidavits, etc. The Society for promotion of Excellence and Transparency for better Understanding of the requirements of citizen in interface with government.
3. E-validity for caste/minority status certificates.
4. Online Disability certificates.
5. SEVARTH – integrated system to provide electronic salary payment to all government personnel.
6. SARTHI – Computerisation of driving license and vehicle registration.
7. Rojgar Wahini – to provide free services like vocational guidance, job opportunities, self employment guidance, etc.

Question 3.
Consumer Protection Act (1986) (Text Book Page No. 56)
Answer:
The Consumer Protection Act was enacted by Parliament in 1986 to protect the interests of consumers in India. It is replaced by the Consumer Protection Act 2019.
It aims to check unfair trade practices, ‘defects in goods’ and ‘deficiencies in services’ and has led to a widespread network of consumer fora and appellate courts all over the country. The Act provided six rights to consumers:

• Right to seek redressal against unfair trade practices.
• Right to be heard and be assured that their interests receive due consideration at an appropriate forum.
• Right to be assured wherever possible, access to a variety of goods and services at competitive . prices.
• Right to be informed about the quality, standard, price of goods and services.
• Right to be protected against marketing of goods and services which are hazardous to life and property.
• Right to consumer education.

To ensure consumer rights, Consumer Disputes Redressal System included a three-tier level i.e.,

• National Consumer Commission (set up by central government).
• State Consumer Commission (set up by each State).
• District Consumer Forum (in each district of the State).

The redressal agencies (consumer courts) set up were. Central Consumer Protection Council and State Consumer Councils. Consumer courts are special purpose courts dealing with cases involving consumer disputes, conflicts and grievances.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Political Science Solutions Chapter 4 Contemporary India: Challenges to Peace, Stability and National Integration Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Political Science Solutions Chapter 4 Contemporary India: Challenges to Peace, Stability and National Integration

1. (A) Complete the following statements by selecting the appropriate option.

Question 1.
Article had granted a ‘special status’ to Jammu and Kashmir.
(a) 352
(b) 360
(c) 370
(d) 110
Answer:
(c) 370

Question 2.
Left wing Extremism originated in 1967 in
(a) Nagaland
(b) Jharkhand
(c) Gadchiroli
(d) Naxalbari
Answer:
(d) Naxalbari

(B) Identify the incorrect pair in every set and correct it.

Question 1.
(a) Naxalism – Red Corridor
(b) CPI (Maoist) – Uri attacks
(c) Assam – Sons-of-soil movement
Answer:
(b) Jaish-e-Mohammed – Uri attacks

Question 2.
(a) Boko Haram – Ireland
(b) LTTE – Sri Lanka
(c) ETA – Spain
Answer:
(a) Boko Haram – Nigeria
OR
IRA – Ireland

(C) Complete the following statements by using appropriate reason.

Question 1.
The left wing extemists prevent execution and implementation of developmental work, because ……………..
(i) they are against government.
(ii) the opposition parties ask them to do so.
(iii) they want to show that the government structure at field level is ineffective.
Answer:
(ii) the opposition parties ask them to do so.

Question 2.
In 1990’s Kashmiri Pandits migrated from Kashmir valley, because …………………..
(i) they weren’t from Kashmir.
(ii) there was growth in Islamic militancy.
(iii) there were no job opportunities for them.
Answer:
(i) they weren’t from Kashmir.

2. (A) Find the odd word.

Question 1.
Terrorism, Naxalism, Nationalism, Extremism.
Answer:
Nationalism (not a violent activity)

(B) State the appropriate concept for the given statements.

Question 1.
Threat use violence with an intention to create panic in the society.
Answer:
Terrorism

Question 2.
Involvement of people in decision making process of State.
Answer:
Good Governance

3. (A) Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

(B) State whether the following statements are true or false with reason.

Question 1.
Democracy is required to establish national integration and social transformation.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Democracy and national integration are complementary, since the core of the structural aspect of national consolidation is the democratic system of governance.
2. Participation of diverse socio-cultural groups in the process of governance is possible only through a representative democratic system. Democracy helps in political participation and social transformation by removing ethnic, caste and gender inequality.

Question 2.
National movement in India played an important role in national integration.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. The national freedom movement extended across the length and breadth of the country and involved people of different religions, regions and cultures.
2. It played a vital role in bringing Indians together emotionally and politically into a nation and integrating them in a common frame work of political identity and loyalty.

4. Explain the correlation between the following.

Question 1.
National Unity and Regional Aspirations
Answer:
National Unity is possible when citizens of that State exhibit psychological oneness, solidarity and shared values. It is not homogeneity but a form of ethnic, religious and linguistic acceptance. Regional aspirations occur in forms like demand for separate States, language issues, etc., Regional aspirations have their roots in historical/linguistic/cultural issues or may be a product of regional political outfits. Sometimes, regional aspirations may even become secessionist as in case of Khalistan movement. India has tried to reconcile regional aspirations with national unity by creating a federation with a strong centre, creating of smaller States as well as the linguistic reorganisation of States.

5. Express your opinion of the following.

Question 1.
Peace and stability are necessary for the nation’s progress.
Answer:
Peace, stability and public order are necessary for nation’s progress and good life of citizens. An unruly society will lead to violence, loss of life, destruction of property, economic and political instability. Conflict resolution is linked to maintenance of law, order and peace. In the absence of order and stability, divisive tendencies will prevail, infrastructure will be targeted, investments will be discouraged thus becoming a barrier to economic growth. At a basic level, political stability is ensured using constitutional machinery and socio-economic development. In case of any problem occurring, the State tries to resolve it peacefully. In case the issue escalates or becomes violent, the State may employ force if necessary.

6. Answer the following question in 80 to 100 words.

Question 1.
What is Left Wing Extremism in India?
Answer:
Left Wing Extremism (also called Maoist movement or Naxalism) has major support base among landless labourers, dalits and tribals who experience a sense of oppression, injustice and neglect. The first attempt to promote a peasant struggle was the Telangana Movement (1946-51). The Naxal Movement originated in 1967 in Naxalbari (West Bengal) led by Kanu Sanyal and writings of Charu Majumdar.

Since 1980s the movement has taken a militant turn. In 2004 CPI (M-L), People’s War Group (PWG) and Maoist Communist Centre (MCC) of India merged to form CPI (Maoist) which aims to overthrow the government, Naxal activities aim to destroy public property and attack police and officials. The Red Corridor of naxal activities extends across States like Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, etc.

Some of their broad tactics are as follows:

1. Use of propaganda slogans
2. Establishment of mass movements
3. Mobilisation of women, tribals and minorities into the revolution
4. Mobilisation of urban population on mass issues
5. Develop appropriate forms of military organisation

Question 2.
Explain cross border terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir.
Answer:
The India Independence Act (1947) provided that princely States (562 existed then) could decide to join either Pakistan or remain independent. Maharaja Hari Singh of the Dogra dynasty delayed such a decision. In 1947, Kashmir’s population was 77% Muslim and 20% Hindu. The problem in
the region began when Pakistan sent Pashtun tribal raiders in October 1947 to force Hari Singh to join Pakistan. However, the Maharaja appealed to India for help and signed the Instrument of Accession making the State as a part of India.

The Government of India sent troops to the region to drive away the infiltrators. This led to the first India-Pakistan conflict (1947-48). In 1965, Pakistan attacked India but the local Kashmiri population did not support Pakistan. In 1965, Amanullah Khan created the Plebiscite Front in Pakistan Occupied Kashmir. It’s militant wing i.e., National Liberation Front carried out sabotage activities in Jammu and Kashmir.

In 1977, the Plebiscite Front was renamed Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF). Similarly, Pakistan lent support to guerilla outfits in the region like Hizb-ul-Mujahideen. In the 1990s, as instances of militancy increased, the minority Pandit population was forced to flee from Kashmir. At this time, local insurgency grew into terrorism sponsored by Pakistan and having training camps in Pakistan Occupied Kashmir. Pan-Islamic terrorist groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba, Hizbul, etc., and several Pakistan based persons like Hafeez Sayed have promoted terror activities and radicalisation of the local population. In recent years stone pelting by young protestors has increased.

7. Answer the following in 150 to 200 words.

Explain the role of the State with help of given points.
(a) Peace and order
(b) Economic development
(c) National Building
(d) Governance
(e) Welfare

Activity

Trace the changes that have taken place in Art 370 of the Indian constitution.

Class 12 Political Science Chapter 4 Contemporary India: Challenges to Peace, Stability and National Integration Intext Questions and Answers

Activity (Text Book Page No. 39)

Question 1.
What are the Fundamental Duties enshrined in the Indian constitution?
Answer:
To spread awareness about them, fundamental duties were inserted in the Part IV Article 51(A) of the Constitution by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment, 1976.
The fundamental duties include:

1. To abide by the Constitution and respect the National Flag and National Anthem.
2. To cherish and follow the noble ideas which inspired our national struggle for freedom.
3. To respect and protect the sovereignty, integrity and unity of India.
4. To defend and serve the country.
5. To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India and to abolish evils hampering women’s dignity.
6. To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.
7. To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, rivers, trees, lakes and to show kindness towards animals.
8. To develop scientific temper and spirit of inquiry.
9. To protect public property and prevent violence.
10. To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity.
11. A parent or guardian should provide opportunities for education to his child, between the age of 6 to 14 years. (This has been added by 86th Constitutional Amendment)

Question 2.
Find out the details of the following events and discuss them in the classroom:
(i) Assam Oil Blockade (1980)
(ii) Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi (1991) (Text Book Page No.41)
Answer:
(i) Assam Oil Blockade (1980)
The Assam Movement (1979-1985) led by the All Assam Students Union (AASU) and All Assam Gana Sangram Parishad (AAGSP) was against the illegal immigrants in Assam. There were a series of protests to compel the government to identify and expel illegal immigrants (mostly Bangladeshi) and to provide safeguards to the indigenous Assamese. Some of the protests were violent e.g., the Nellie massacre (1983). On 15th August 1985, the Assam Accord was signed between the Rajiv Gandhi Government and leaders of the Assam movement by which all migrants who had entered the State prior to January 1, 1966 were accepted.

The Oil Blockade was part of the Assam agitation. Crude oil from Assam was pumped to a refinery at Barauni (Bihari). However, AASU protested and blockaded oil supply in 1980. A committee was appointed to suggest a new location for refinery within Assam. They suggested Bongaigaon near West Bengal border. The oil blockade resulted in huge losses to the petroleum industry.

(ii) Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi (1991)
Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi, former Prime Minister of India (1984-1989) occurred as a result of suicide bombing in Sriperumbudur, Chennai on 21st May 1991. It was carried out by a member of LTTE (Sri Lanka) known as Thenmozhi Rajaratnam (Dhanu) At least 14 others were killed in the explosion of the RDX laden belt by Dhanu. The assassination was attributed to LTTE being antagonised by Mr. Rajiv Gandhi’s sending of Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) to Sri Lanka and the signing of the Indo-Sri Lanka Peace Accord with President J. Jayewardene in 1987.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Political Science Solutions Chapter 3 Key Concepts and Issues Since 1991: Humanitarian Issues Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Political Science Solutions Chapter 3 Key Concepts and Issues Since 1991: Humanitarian Issues

1. (A) Complete the following statements by selecting the appropriate option.

Question 2.
Today the Indian approach to gender issues focuses on
(a) Education
(b) Welfare
(c) Development
(d) Empowerment
Answer:
(d) Empowerment

Question 3.
The first UN Conference on Human Environment was held in 1972 in
(a) Johannesburg
(b) Stockholm
(c) Rio
(d) New Delhi
Answer:
(b) Stockholm

(B) Identify the incorrect pair in every set and correct it.

Question 1.
(a) JGSY – Infrastructure development in rural areas
(b) PMKVY – Skill training to youth
(c) MGNREGA – Housing for everyone
Answer:
(c) MGNREGA – assured employment every year for every rural household

Question 2.
(a) National Commission for Women – 1992
(b) Planning Commission – 2015
(c) Rio+20 summit – 2012
Answer:
(b) Planning Commission – 1950

(C) Find the odd word in the given set.

Question 1.
National policy for empowerment of women, protection of women from domestic violence act, Muslim women (protection and right on marriage) Act, the secual harassment at workplace (prohibition prevention and readressal) Act.

Question 2.
Climate change, waste management, water scarity, deforestation.

2. State whether the following statements are true or false with reason.

Question 1.
Planning Commission was created to promote agriculture in India.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. The Planning Commission was set up in 1950 to formulate a plan for the effective and balanced utilisation of the country’s resources.
2. It’s function was to prepare Five Year Plans to tackle poverty, employment and promote the Welfare State. The Green Revolution was introduced to promote agriculture in India.

Question 2.
National Commission for Women was set up to protect rights for women in India.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. National Commission for Women was set up to facilitate the redressal of grievances of women.
2. It aimed to safeguard the rights and legal entitlements of women and accelerate their socio¬economic development.

3. Explain the correlation between the following.

Question 1.
Women Empowerment and Sustainable Development.
Answer:
Empowerment is a process by which any category of oppressed persons gain control over their own lives by developing self esteem and courage to fight against injustice. Sustainable development refers to development using resources in a way that allows for them to renew or to continue to exist for other e.g., recycling materials. This seems almost impossible without gender equality and women’s empowerment. Women are empowered when they are able to access opportunities without restrictions such as in education, career, etc.,

Women’s economic empowerment refers to the ability of women to enjoy their right to control and benefit from resources, income etc as well as the ability to improve their economic status and well-being. Political empowerment includes affirmative action policies to increase participation of women in parliamentary / government positions and policymaking. Thus, women’s empowerment is a key factor for sustainable economic growth, social development and environmental sustainability.

Question 2.
Poverty and Development
Answer:
Poverty refers to deprivation of the basic necessities such as food, clothing, health services, education, etc., that determine quality of life. In economic terms, it is expressed as the poverty line. Development means some measurable improvement in some particular area. Alleviation or even eradication of poverty is the most important aim of developmental work.

Poverty is related to other problems of underdevelopment such as unemployment and inequalities. It hinders economic development as well as leads to issues of health, sanitation and disease, housing, crime, etc. Poverty alleviation i.e., set of economic and humanitarian measures, such as good governance, economic growth, government support in health education etc., are important for development.

4. Answer the following questions in 80 to 100 words.

Question 1.
Explain the traditional and non-traditional perception of poverty.

Question 2.
From 1960’s to 21 century what efforts has India taken to achieve development?

5. Answer the following question with reference to the given points.

Question 1.
Explain condition of women in India.
(a) Economic inequality
(b) Trafficking and exploitation
(c) Literacy rate
(d) Political representation
Answer:
All over the world, women have to face serious problems such as discrimination and violence, under-representation in economic and political decision-making, inequalities in education, health care, landholdings and workplaces and even in human rights.

Some of the important gender issues:
(a) Economic inequality – Participation of women in the labour market is about 28% only.
There is also income inequality due to wide gender wage gaps as well as inequality of opportunities to women e.g., unequal access to education and finance. In many countries, women are either not encouraged to work or employed in the informal sector. Women continue to be underrepresented in high-level, highly paid positions and experience gender discrimination and sexual harassment in the workplace. Women experience high levels of poverty, unemployment and other economic hardships.

(b) Trafficking and exploitation – Women are often exploited and denied basic rights. They are trafficked for purpose of sexual and economic exploitation particularly prostitution, ‘sold’ as brides, subjected to sexual crimes, forced labour, street begging, etc. Trafficking in women means that they are deceived or forced/sold, physically confined, abused with no access to protection or health care.

(c) Literacy rate – low literacy among women is acute in India. As per 2011 census report, female literacy rate is only 65.46% while for males it is 82.14%. The reasons for the low female literacy are-

1. traditional patriarchal notions that do not consider female education as economically advantageous
2. Schools in rural areas are not easily accessible and travel may not safe or easy.
3. Benefits of schemes like R.T.E have not reached many rural females.
4. Social evils like child marriage, female foeticide, dowry, etc.

(d) Political Representation – Poor political representation of women is a significant gender concern in India. The First Lok Sabha had only 24 women of total 489 members i.e., 5% and the 17th Lok Sabha (2019) has 78 women (14%). This is the highest representation of women in Lok Sabha till date. The Women’s Reservation Bill which proposes to reserve 33% of all seats in Lok Sabha and in State Assemblies for women is pending in the Lok Sabha. However, there exists 33% reservation for women in rural and urban local bodies.

Activity

Question 1.
Find out information on international agreements on environmental balance. (Text Book Page No. 34)
Answer:
1. Stockholm conference (Declaration of UN Conference on Human Environment, 1972) led to a 109 point Environmental Action Plan and establishment of the UN Environmental programme (UNEP).

2. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Faura (CITES) (1973) – grouped almost 30,000 plant and animal species into three levels of protection depending on the degree of regulation required.

3. Montreal Protocol (1987) – For protection of the ozone layer. It phases out production and use of ozone depleting chemicals.

4. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (1992) – The aim was to promote conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.

5. Kyoto Protocol (1997) – It supplements the 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate change (UNFCCC) to limit six greenhouse gas emissions. It involved 37 countries and the UN.

6. Paris Agreement (2016) – It is an agreement within the UNFCCC, dealing with greenhouse gas emissions and strengthening global response to the threat of climate change.

Question 2.
Find out percentage of handicapped voters in 17th Lok Sabha suggest measures to increase their percentage.

Class 12 Political Science Chapter 3 Key Concepts and Issues Since 1991: Humanitarian Issues Intext Questions and Answers

ACTIVITY (Text Book Page No.26)

Question 1.
What are the different initiatives taken by the Indian Government to protect the environment?
Answer:
1. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan was launched on October 2, 2014 to achieve the mission of a clean India in both rural and urban areas. It was implemented by the Ministry of Drinking water and sanitation and the Ministry of Urban Development respectively. Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) aims to make India Open Defecation Free (ODF) For Urban Areas, it includes elimination of ODF, eradication of manual scavenging and proper solid waste management.

2. Namami Gange Programme (Clean Ganga Project) is implemented by the National Mission for Clean Ganga to conserve and rejuvenate the river Ganga. The centre allocated a total of Rs 20000 crore for the project. The key achievements include sewerage treatment capacity, river front development and surface cleaning of the river.

3. Green Skill Development Programme was launched in June 2017 by the MoEF and CC. It refers to skills that contribute to preserve and restore the environment, thus enabling youth to be employed or self-employment. Green skills include Pollution Monitoring, Waste Management, Forest and Wildlife Management, etc.

4. Constitutional Provisions – Article 48 (DPSP) says the State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment. Article 51-A States that it shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment.

5. Legislation – (i) Indian Wild Life Protection Act (1972) Forest Conservation Act (1980) and Environment (Protection) Act (1986)
(ii) National Environmental Policy (2006) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate change (MoEF and CC) along with Pollution Control Boards administer and enforce environmental laws. There is also the National Green Tribunal.

Question 2.
Salient Features of National Policy for Women (2016). (Text Book Page No.33)
Answer:
National Policy for Women was unveiled by Union WCD Minister, Smt Maneka Gandhi on 17th May 2016. It will replace National Policy for Empowerment of Women (2001). It shifts the focus from entitlements to rights and from mere empowerment to creating an enabling environment for women. It seeks to create conducive socio-cultural, economic and political environment to enable women to enjoy fundamental rights and realize their full potential. It’s priority areas include health, food security and nutrition, education, involving women in governance and decision making, encouraging entrepreneurship, facilitating women in the workplace and dealing with violence against women.

Question 3.
Find out information on international agreements on environmental balance. (Text Book Page No. 34)
Answer:
1. Stockholm conference (Declaration of UN Conference on Human Environment, 1972) led to a 109 point Environmental Action Plan and establishment of the UN Environmental programme (UNEP).

2. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Faura (CITES) (1973) – grouped almost 30,000 plant and animal species into three levels of protection depending on the degree of regulation required.

3. Montreal Protocol (1987) – For protection of the ozone layer. It phases out production and use of ozone depleting chemicals.

4. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (1992) – The aim was to promote conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.

5. Kyoto Protocol (1997) – It supplements the 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate change (UNFCCC) to limit six greenhouse gas emissions. It involved 37 countries and the UN.

6. Paris Agreement (2016) – It is an agreement within the UNFCCC, dealing with greenhouse gas emissions and strengthening global response to the threat of climate change.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Political Science Solutions Chapter 2 Key Concepts and Issues Since 1991: Globalisation Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Political Science Solutions Chapter 2 Key Concepts and Issues Since 1991: Globalisation

1. (A) Choose the correct alternative and complete the following statements

Question 1.
In 1995, GATT was replaced by the
(a) WTO
(b) ECOSOC
(c) UNDP
(d) TRIPS
Answer:
(a) WTO

Question 2.
……………… refers to a company that operates in several countries but has a distinct home base
(a) Transnational Corporation
(b) Mixed Economy
(c) Multinational Company
(d) Liberalism
Answer:
(c) Multinational Company

(B) Find the odd word.

Question 1.
Mobile, Satellite, Internet, Gramophone.
Answer:
Gramophone (not functioning on modern technology)

(C) State the appropriate concept for the given statements.

Question 1.
The international agency dealing with international trade.
Answer:
World Trade Organization (WTO)

Question 2.
The companies that operate in several countries.
Answer:
Multi National Companies

(D) Identify the incorrect pair in every set and correct it.

Question 1.
(a) Nestle – Trans National Corporation
(b) Copyrights – Intellectual Property
(c) India – Capitalist Market Economy
Answer:
(c) USA – Capitalist Market Economy
OR India – Economic Liberalism (Mixed economy)

Question 2.
(a) Amnesty International – Human Rights
(b) Green Peace – Environmental Issues
(c) Chernobyl – Trade Agreement
Answer:
(c) Chernobyl – Nuclear disaster

2. State whether the following statements are true or false with reason.

Question 1.
Globalisation brought in the concept of market economy.
Answer:
This statement is True.
(i) During the Cold War, the economic systems followed by countries, depended upon their ideology. For e.g., most West European nations and the USA were free democracies and followed capitalist economy.

(ii) In the era of globalisation there is only ‘market economy’. However, the nature of market economy is determined by the countries ideology for e.g., China has a socialist market economy, West European nations are described as ‘welfare market economies’ and USA is considered as ‘capitalist market economy’.

(iii) In most countries, the State has with draws from economic activities and the private sector and profit motive has propelled the economy.

Question 2.
Non-state actors have become irrelevant in the age of globalisation.
Answer:
This statement is False.
(i) Good governance and the participatory State focus on the role of the civil society which includes non-state actors such as NGO’s.

(ii) International relations today, are not only between States but also include non-state actors. These sometimes also pose a challenge to the position of the State. Globalisation has made non-state actors relevant. This includes organisations which are beneficial e.g., NGO’s working for humanitarian issues as well as threatening organisations e.g., terrorist outfits.

3. Explain the correlation between the following.

Question 1.
Globalisation and culture
Answer:
Globalisation refers to the rapid spread of goods and services, technology and information, ideas and culture, trade and interactions across the world. It is the connection of different parts of the world resulting in the expansion of international cultural, informational, economic and political activities. Events in one part of the world have an impact on other parts of the world. Changes have taken place economically and culturally.

Today a ‘global cosmopolitan culture’ has emerged i.e movement of people across the world and public awareness of global issues. This is noticed in matters like values eg secularism, clothing food choices, ways of celebrating festivals, etc. There is international awareness of India’s rich cultural and historical heritage. Similarly, westernisation and urbanisation have influenced Indian society eg breakup of the traditional joint family and rise of individualism and materialism in the country.

Question 2.
GATT and WTO
Answer:
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was signed on 30th October 1947 by 23 countries with the purpose to promote international trade by reducing/eliminating trade barriers such as tariffs or quotas. It came into force on 1st January 1948. It aimed to boost economic recovery after World War II through reconstructing and liberalizing global trade. It introduced the most favoured nation principle. GATT was refined over 8 rounds of negotiations, leading to creation of World Trade Organization (WTO) which replaced GATT on 1st January 1995.

WTO covers services and intellectual property also. It is the international agency overseeing the rules of international trade i.e., it promotes free trade agreements, organizes trade negotiations, settles trade disputes, etc. It’s headquarters is in Geneva. It has 123 member States. The WTO dispute settlement system is faster, more automatic than the GATT system and it’s rulings cannot be blocked.

4. Express your opinion of the following.

Question 1.
Participatory State is beneficial to the society.
Answer:
Participatory State advocates more involved forms of citizen participation and greater political representation than traditional representative democracy. It goes beyond traditional democratic practices wherein decisions are made by the majority. In a participatory State, all sections of the society are involved in the making of policy. Participatory State is beneficial as it gives citizens a central role in public policy through public discussion, negotiations, voting, etc. It emphasizes the importance of making citizens aware and providing for a form of communication which promotes political dialogue.

5. Answer the following question in 80 to 100 words.

Question 1.
What are the positive and negative aspects of Globalisation?
Answer:
Globalisation refers to the rapid spread of goods and services, technology and information, ideas and culture, trade and interactions across the world. It is the connection of different parts of the world resulting in the expansion of international cultural, informational, economic and political activities. In the early 1990s, the term globalisation was used to include economic, political, socio¬cultural, technological and ideological changes that occurred in the world in the post cold war era. The world has become more interconnected due to advances in technology and communication. Events in one part of the world have an impact on other parts of the world. Changes have taken place economically and culturally.

The Positive aspects of globalisation are-

1. It creates more employment opportunities.
2. It encourages free trade.
3. It leads to better choice of goods and services to the consumer.
4. It leads to wider investments in developing countries.
5. It enhances efficiency of the tertiary sector i.e., banking and finance.
6. It increases purchasing power of citizens and enhances their standard of living.
7. It increases labour productivity and reduces capital-output ratio.
8. It helps to increase efficiency in the production system.

The negative aspects of globalisation are-

1. Globalization promotes technological adaption to increase productivity but has also resulted in loss of jobs.
2. Local/small scale industries cannot withstand competition from the MNC’s and may be bought off or shut down.
3. Less developed countries may become dependent on the technologically superior countries.
4. It has caused specialization of labour and so there are few employment opportunities for unskilled labour.
5. It has led to increased gap between rich and poor nations.
6. It may lead to overexploitation of resources and negatively impact the environment.
7. It leads to the harmful effects of consumerism.
8. It may lead to reduction in social welfare schemes in both developed and developing countries.

Activity

Talk to people of the older generation to find out what changes have taken place in the age of globalisation.

Class 12 Political Science Chapter 2 Key Concepts and Issues Since 1991: Globalisation Intext Questions and Answers

Activity (Text Book Page No. 18)

Question 1.
What has been the impact of globalisation on the Indian agricultural sector, especially the small farmer?
Answer:
Globalisation has both positive and negative consequences on Indian agriculture.
The positive consequences are-
(i) Availability of modern agro technologies in pesticides / herbicides, fertilizers, new varieties of high yield seeds to increase food production.
(ii) There are new markets for agricultural products.
(iii) Farmers can sell their goods directly to companies and eliminate the role of middlemen.

The negative effects of globalisation on agriculture are-

1. Farmers are shifting from traditional / mixed cropping to unsustainable cropping practices mainly for cash crops.
2. MNC’s have captured the India market, making farmers dependent on expensive HYV seeds, fertilizers, etc.
3. Small and marginal farmers may not be able to avail of the advantages of globalisation. They may be pushed into debt leading to tragic consequences like farmer suicides.

Question 2.
Find out what the Arab Spring movement was and how social networking was used during that movement. (Text Book Page No. 21)
Answer:
Arab Spring was a series of protests and uprisings against the governments that spread across large parts of the Arab world in the early 2010s. (i.e. December 2010 to December 2012). It began with protests in Tunisia and spread quickly to other countries like Libya, Egypt, Yemen, Syria and Bahrain. There were riots, civil wars and the main slogan of protestors was “the people want to bring down the regime”.

There were sustained street demonstrations in Iraq, Algeria, Morocco, Jordan, Lebanon, etc. The social media i.e. facebook, etc. was the driving force behind the swift spread of the revolutions. The results of these movements were that regimes of Tunisia (Abidine Ben Ali), Egypt (Hosni Mubarak) Libya (Gaddafi), Yemen (Abdullah Saleh) were ousted while in Syria, Iraq, etc., a full scale civil war resulted. Only in Tunisia, there was a transition to constitutional democratic government.

Question 3.
Find out cases where agitations have used social networking to highlight their demands. (Text Book Page No. 21)
Answer:
Social networking and micro media have aided many protests and agitations. Some examples are:
(i) Arab Spring movements (2010-2012) used media power eg., Facebook to over throw despotic rulers e.g., Gaddafi in Libya or Hosni Mubarak in Egypt.

(ii) In India, the Anti-Corruption Movement led by Anna Hazare (2011) was helped by extensive media coverage and social media posts specially among the youth and students.

(iii) Social networking played a vital role in the “Me Too” movement all over the world to expose workplace sexual harassment especially in the glamour industry.

(iv) Social networking played a major role in galvanising support during the pro-democracy demonstrations in Hong Kong.

(v) Various social media handles fuelled the protests against NRC, CAA, etc., in various States of India.

Question 4.
Can the cooperative movement of India be an answer to the domination of multinational and transnational companies? The philosophy of the cooperative movement is to provide both, empowerment and finance to the members while that of the corporations work on profit motive. Give your opinion on this. (Text Book Page No. 17)
Answer:
Cooperative Movement in India can be traced to the Cooperative Credit Societies Act (1904). India’s first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru had strong faith in the cooperative movement. Hence, cooperatives became an integral part of Five Year Plans in India. In 1958, National Development council recommended setting up of Cooperative Marketing Societies. The major sectors where cooperatives dominate are in dairy, agriculture, banking and rural credit, etc. Article 43, Part IV (DPSP) of the constitution, mentions about promotion of cooperatives mainly in rural areas.

The importance of the cooperative sector.

• it provides agricultural credits where the State and private sectors have not been able to do so.
• it helps to overcome the constraints of agricultural development.
• it provides empowerment to the members.
• it can be an answer to the domination by the MNC’s which work solely on the profit motive. If the problems of cooperatives are overcome, they can strengthen the financial sector and lessen our reliance on MNC’s.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Political Science Solutions Chapter 1 The World Since 1991 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Political Science Solutions Chapter 1 The World Since 1991

1. (A) Complete the following statements by selecting the appropriate option.

Question 1.
One of the important trends in post-1989 international relations was
(a) End of bipolarity
(b) Rise of regionalism in Asia
(c) End of non-alignment
(d) Demand for a new international economic order
Answer:
(a) End of bipolarity

Question 2.
The ‘Maastricht’ Treaty is with reference to
(a) United Nations Peace Keeping Force
(b) European Union
(c) American interventions in Kuwait
(d) Creation of BRICS
Answer:
(b) European Union

1. (B) State the appropriate concept for the given statements.

Question 1.
When a State influences other States without the use of military force.
Answer:
Soft power

Question 2.
A State with a leading position in international politics with abilities to influence global politics and fulfill its own interest.
Answer:
Super power

2. (A) Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

2. (B) Observe the maps in the textbook and answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Name any four countries in the Schengen area.
Answer:
Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Belgium, France.

Question 2.
Name any two non-European Union countries within Schengen area.
Answer:
Norway, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia.

3. State whether the following statements are true or false with reason.

Question 1.
SAARC is important for trade in South Asia.
Answer:
This statement is True.
(i) SAARC has eight member States from South Asia. It aims to accelerate economic growth and promote the welfare of the people of South Asia.
(ii) In 1993, South Asian Association for Preferential Trade Agreement (SAPTA) came into existence. It was replaced in 2006 by South Asian Association Free Trade Area (SAFTA). This helps in trade and economic activity in the region.

Question 2.
‘Maastricht’ Treaty was signed for the defence of Europe.
Answer:
This statement is False.
(i) On 7th February 1992, the Maastricht Treaty was signed to create the European Union.
(ii) This treaty led to the expansion of spheres of cooperation in internal affairs, foreign policies and defence policies.

Question 3.
The decade of 1980s is seen as the golden age of humanitarian intervention.
Answer:
This statement is False.
(i) The 1990s are seen as the ‘golden age of humanitarian intervention.’ In 1993, the World Conference on Human Rights was held in Vienna, which led to the creation of the office of UN High Commissioner for Human Rights.
(ii) Increasing awareness about human rights and their protection in international law gave rise to the phenomenon for protection of rights in the form of ‘humanitarian intervention’.

4. Express your opinion of the following.

Question 1.
Humanitarian intervention
Answer:
One of the main purposes of the UN is maintenance of international peace, security and cooperation. UN Peacekeeping Force comprises of military personnel and resources sent by member States. In the post-cold war era, the UN rationale for intervention was not just to stop ongoing wars but also to prevent reoccurrence of conflicts and protect the human rights of the affected people. The UN intervened in Cambodia, Somalia, Yugoslavia, East Timor, Eritrea, Syria, etc., for this purpose.

In 1993, over 170 nations participated in the World Conference on Human Rights, held in Vienna to reaffirm their commitment to protect human rights. The office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights was created to coordinate human rights initiatives. The increasing awareness about human rights protection in international law gave rise to humanitarian intervention especially in conflict zones. NGO’s have contributed significantly in the spread of humanitarian intervention for e.g. ICRC, Oxfam, etc. The 1990s are described as “golden age” of humanitarian intervention.

Question 2.
Regionalism in international politics.
Answer:
Countries which lie in geographical proximity create or join regional organisations which are based on common political, ideological, economic and infrastructural concerns. Some nations make special agreements regarding trade and economic cooperation. This is called a trade bloc.

(i) European Union (EU) was created in 1992 by Maastricht Treaty. It led to increased spheres of cooperation between European nations e.g. foreign affairs, defense, trade and creation of Euro as a common currency. Creation of Schengen Area is one of the achievements of the EU since the Schengen visa allows eligible individuals to travel freely within the 26 nations of the Schengen area.

(ii) ASEAN created in 1967 with headquarters at Jakarta comprises of 10 South-East Asian nations such as Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, etc. It aims to promote political economic and security cooperation among it’s members.

(iii) SAARC formed in 1985 at Dhaka with 7 members. Today, it has 8 member countries of South Asia like India, Bhutan, Pakistan, etc. It aims to promote regional integration and economic development. It’s main achievement is the SAFTA.

(iv) BIMSTEC – is a regional organisation founded in 1997 comprising of 7 member countries lying around Bay of Bengal for e.g. Bangladesh, India, Thailand, Myanmar. It aims to facilitate collaboration in economic, security and other concerns between member States.

(v) Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is an Eurasian political, economic and security organisation formed in 2001 with 6 member states. In 2016, India and Pakistan joined SCO. It’s focus is on maintaining peace and stability in the region, cooperation in trade, technology, etc.

Regional organisations play an important role in international politics. Due to this, unipolarity (US as the only superpower) ended leading to multipolarity.

5. Answer the Following.

Question 1.
Explain the term soft power with examples.
Answer:
According to American academic, Joseph Nye there are two types of power viz. hard power and soft power.
(i) Hard power is the ability to get others to act in ways that are contrary to their preferences and wills. It is the ability to coerce through threats and inducements for e.g.,Iraq invasion of Kuwait.

(ii) Soft power is when a country influences other countries without the use of military force. It is the ability to get others to want the outcomes that you want i.e. through attraction rather than coercion. Such influence is spread through economic, socio-cultural means.

Soft power was an important aspect of US domination. It implied the use of monetary aid, cooperative programmes, cultural exchanges, strong relations with allies. Examples of US soft power are cultural exports like fast food chains, movies, educational exchange programmes as well as disaster assistance programmes such as tsunami relief (Japan), flood control (Pakistan).

6. Answer the following question in detail with help of given points.

Question 1.
Discuss the European Union with help of given points.
(a) History
(b) European Commission
(c) European Parliament
(d) European Council
(e) European Court of Justice
Answer:
(a) History – The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and European Economic Community (EEC) were created to foster economic interdependence. On 7th February 1992, the Maastricht Treaty was signed to create the European Union. This led to expansion of spheres of cooperation to include internal affairs, judicial matters, foreign policy, etc. The Euro (€) is the official currency of 19 out of 28 countries of the EU. These nations are collectively called ‘Eurozone’.

(b) European Commission – The Commission is the executive bureaucratic arm of the EU. It is mainly responsible for drawing up proposals for new European legislation,and it implements the policy decisions of the European Parliament and the Council of the EU.

(c) European Parliament – The European Parliament is composed of 751 Members, who are directly elected every five years. It is a body entrusted with legislative, supervisory, and budgetary responsibilities.

(d) European Council – The structure of the European Council consists of the Presidents or Prime Ministers of each member State, accompanied by their foreign ministers, and a full¬time President of the European Council. The European Council meets four times a year and provides strategic leadership for the EU.

(e) European Court of Justice (ECJ) – The ECJ interprets, and adjudicates on, EU law and treaties. As EU law has primacy over the national law of EU member States.

ACTIVITY

Find out the role played by India in BRICS (Text Book Page No. 13)
Answer:
BRICS refers to five major emerging national economies, i.e., Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. It accounts for about 40% of the world’s population and 20% of the GDP. It is an emerging investment market and global power bloc. India serves a multi faceted role on the economic and political fronts.

(i) New Development Bank (NDB) was proposed by India during the BRICS summit in New Delhi. It was established in 2014 and intends to provide non conditional financing. India has contributed $ 10 billion to the NDB to refurbish industrial bases in Brazil and South Africa. There is a regional office of NDB in India.

(ii) In 2012, India introduced “security” on the agenda, as the theme of the summit in New Delhi was BRICS Partnership for Global Stability, Security and Prosperity.

(iii) India has also highlighted climate governance at BRICS meeting.

(iv) BRICS membership elevates India’s global profile for e.g., India has assumed the role of a trade facilitator in Africa and South Asia. It aims to promote intra-BRICS trade, which means urging member nations to import goods mainly from each other.

(v) India is seen as a strong voice at BRICS and the UN against proposals and actions that could harms any member’s interests for e.g., India turned down China’s proposal to invite Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Mexico into the BRICS to focus only on development within current members.

Class 12 Political Science Chapter 1 The World Since 1991 Intext Questions and Answers

ACTIVITY (Text Book Page No. 7)

Question 1.
What is One Belt One Road and China Pakistan Economic Corridor policy of China?
Answer:
One Belt One Road also called OBOR or Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) since 2016, is a global development strategy adopted by the Chinese government in 2013 involving infrastructure development and investments in nearly 70 countries in Asia, Europe and Africa. It is an ambitious economic development and commercial project that focuses on improving cooperation among multiple countries.

BRI involves building a network of roadways, railways, power grids, maritime ports, oil and gas pipelines and associated infrastructure projects. The project covers two parts i.e., Silk Road Economic Belt (land based) and expects to connect China with Central Asia, East and West Europe to connect China with Central Asia, East and West Europe) and 21st Century Maritime Silk Road (sea based and connects China to Africa, South East Asia, Mediterranean) BRI consists of six economic corridors such as China-Pakistan corridor, China- Indochina Peninsula corridor etc.

China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) launched in 2015 is a part of the greater OBOR. It is a collection of infrastructure projects that are currently under construction throughout Pakistan for e.g., special economic zones, ports, energy projects, etc. The Gwadar Port (Balochistan province of Pakistan) which is considered the deepest seaport in the world is considered to be significant in the BRI. India has objected to the CPEC as upgrade works to the Karakoram Highway are taking place in Gilgit Baltistan (which is Indian territory) and will undermine India’s security and position in the region.

Question 2.
Who are the members of the European Union? (Text Book Page No.9)
Answer:
There are 27 countries who are members of European Union. These are Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden. UK was a member but left in January 2020.

The following countries are part of Eurozone.
Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Greece, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain. The Eurozone is the monetary union of 19 out of 27 countries of the EU i.e., those who have Euro (€) as their common currency. The other 8 EU countries continue to use their national currencies.

Question 3.
Discuss the case of Brexit. (Text Book Page No. 11)
Answer:
British Exit i.e., Brexit is the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union. In June 2016, 52% voted to leave the EU following a UK wide referendum. The UK finally left the EU on 31st January 2020.
The main reasons for Brexit were-
(i) EU threatens British sovereignty and prevents radical reforms.
(ii) The Euro has been a disaster and caused the Greek economic crisis.
(iii) UK could have a more rational immigration system outside the EU as the EU allows too many immigrants.

Brexit is a rejection of globalisation. The European Union signified a move from a single market to a single currency, a single banking system and eventually a single political entity. Many persons argue that Brexit goes against the concept of globalisation, i.e., it symbolizes a protest against the economic model that has been in place since 1992.

Many voters feel that globalisation has benefited only a small elite and hanker for a return to the security provided by the nation-States i.e., jobs, living standards, welfare facilities seemed better protected in the nation-States prior to globalisation for e.g., unemployment across the Eurozone is more than 10% and Italy, Greece, etc., are facing economic crisis.