Category: Class 9

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 English Solutions My English Coursebook Chapter 1.5 The Necklace Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 My English Coursebook Solutions Chapter 1.5 The Necklace

My English Coursebook Std 9 Digest Chapter 1.5 The Necklace Textbook Questions and Answers

Warming up!

Chit-chat:

• Do you like jewellery and ornaments?
• Do you like to dress up for special occasions?
• How do you do that?
• What makes a person happy and confident’?
• during special functions and parties?

Talking about Myself:

Write a few lines about yourself – your name, appearance. family, the place where you live, your school, your friends. neighbours. relatives, your likes, dislikes, hobbies, what you are good at, etc.

Now create an imaginary ‘persona’ for yourself. It should be quite different from your real self. Or, you may choose a fictional character – a character from a novel, story, etc. Write a few lines about this imaginary persona and introduce yourself in that role.

Imaginary Persona

• Hi, I am Vishalbahu.
• I like to obstruct and punish criminals.
• I simply love stunts and fights.
• I enjoy flying secretly all over the world.
• I don’t like people who trouble common people.
• I hate crimes and injustice caused to innocent people.
• I find exercises, combats very interesting.
• I can do any impossible things in the world.
• I am good at every difficult or hard work.
• I am not so good at office work and housework.

A Turn by Turn Story:

Form groups of 6-8. One person chooses any familiar object and announces its name in the group. All the others talk about it one by one, adding one (new) complete sentence at a time. The person who has chosen the object takes down all the sentences. After 2-3 rounds, read the sentences together and try to build a story around them.

Part I

English Workshop:

1. Read each of the following sentences aloud. Write who said it and to whom.

Question 1.
(a) Look. here’s something for you.”
(b) “Why. the dress you go to the theater in!”
(c) ‘I would rather not go to the party.”
(d) ‘Choose, my dear.”
(e) You have nothing else?”
(f) “Would you lend me this, just this?”
(g) “What ! … How ! … That’s impossible!
Answer:
(b) Mathilde’s husband said to Mathilde.
(c) Mathilde said to her husband.
(d) Madame Forestier said this to Mathilde.
(e) Mathilde said this to Madame Forestier.
(f) Mathilde said this to Madame Forestier.
(g) Mathilde’s husband said this to Mathilde.

2. Read the conversations in the story aloud using proper intonation.

Question 1.
Read the conversations in the story aloud using proper intonation.

3. Write a few lines about what Mathilde had and what she dreamt about.

Question 1.
Write a few lines about what Mathilde had and what she dreamt about.

4. Write what you think about the following thoughts and actions of Mathilde.

Question a.
Mathilde was beautiful, and so she wanted to marry an aristocrat.
Answer:
She was not wrong to think so, because I think every woman, beautiful or not, wants to marry a person, who has a good position and wealth.

Question b.
Mathilde was sad because she did not get any luxuries.
Answer:
Her thinking was not correct. Not every one gets a luxurious life. She should have managed in whatever they were earning and lived a simple but happy life.

Question c.
Mathilde felt that her house was shabby and poorly furnished.
Answer:
Her feelings are wrong because it depends on the people who live in the house to keep the house clean, tidy and beautiful with whatever furniture, things they have got.

Question d.
Mathilde wanted other people to envy her.
Answer:
Mathilde’s thought was wrong because happiness does not depend on making the people envy you. She wished that people would have admired her if she had rich dresses and jewels.

Question e.
Mathilde was not happy to see the invitation.
Answer:
Mathilde did not care about the importance of the invitation, her husband had received. She was thinking only about the dress she would wear there.

Question f.
Mathilde wanted a new dress for herself.
Answer:
Mathilde wanted a new dress for herself only to selfishly corner her husband for extorting money from him to buy a new dress. Her thought was silly and unreasonable.

Question g.
Mathilde borrowed a diamond necklace from her friend and wore it to the party.
Answer:
Borrowing a diamond necklace was not a dire need of Mathilde. She could have used flowers instead; but she wanted another woman’s necklace to make a show of her beauty. She did not understand that borrowing is begging.

Question h.
Mathilde lost her necklace.
Answer:
Mathilde was so overwhelmed and captivated by her success that she was not aware of her responsibility of safe-keeping the borrowed necklace carefully. She lost it only because of her carelessness.

5. Prepare a formal invitation using the following format:

Language Study:

6. Read the phrases: The necklace, an error, all these things, another woman, one evening, her husband. In all these phrases we see some words used before the nouns. They specify or make it clear what noun we are talking about. These words that are used at the beginning of a noun phrase are known as determiners.
Determiners include articles (a, an, the), possessive pronouns (my, our, your, her, etc.), words like this, that, much, many, all, and numbers.

Part II

Chit-chat:

• Have you ever lost anything valuable?
• Name a book/movie that made you think.
• What was it about?
• What was the best part about the book/movie?

English Workshop:

1. Spot and circle the error m the following sentences. Then rewrite the sentences after correcting them.

Question 1.
Spot and circle the error m the following sentences. Then rewrite the sentences after correcting them.
(a) But they could not found it.
(b) You must right to your friend.
(c) At the end of one week, they have lose all hope.
(d) He would borrowed the rest.
(e) You should have return it sooner.
(f) And this life lasted for ten year.
(g) “No, I am Mathilde bisel.”
(h) Madame Forestier were stunned.
Answer:
(a) But they could not find it.
(b) You must write to your friend.
(c) At the end of one week, they have lost all hope.
(d) They stared at each other
(e) He would borrow the rest.
(f) You should have returned it sooner.
(g) And this life lasted ten years.
(h) “No, I am Mathilde Loisel.”
(i) Madame Forestier was stunned.

2. Complete the following table.

Question 1.
Complete the following table.

3. Write what you think about the following thoughts and actions of Mathilde

Question a.
Mathilde was shocked despaired over the loss of her necklace
Answer:
I think her reaction to the loss of her necklace was natural. But she herself was responsible for the tragedy. Her stubborn behaviour is to be blamed for the loss.

Question b.
Mathilde wrote a note to her friend as dictated by her husband.
Answer:
The couple couldn’t find the lost necklace even after a long search. They expected to find it some day. For that they needed some more time and Mathilde was compelled to write the false letter to I her friend. Her action of telling lies and betraying her friend was immoral and ridiculous.

Question c.
Mathilde and her husband decided to replace the necklace.
Answer:
I think that their decision of replacing the necklace was immature and insincere. Instead, they should have clearly and openly told Madame Forestier about the incident. It could have saved them from the horrible life they had to face and the dreadful debt they had to pay.

Question d.
Mathilde returned the diamond necklace to her friend
Answer:
I think, it was her moral responsibility to return the borrowed diamond necklace immediately after the party day but she delayed. She did so to hide the fact that she had lost the diamond necklace. Her negligence made her to make one more wrong.

Question e.
Mathilde did not tell her friend about the loss and replacement.
Answer:
It was another big mistake she committed. It was her thoughtless action. Had she told her friend about the loss of the necklace, further ruinous incidents wouldn’t have occurred and the remedy for the problem would have been very simple and easy.

Question f.
Mathilde worked very very hard to pay the debt.
Answer:
Mathilde’s action shows that she was a completely transformed woman. She had changed her attitude towards her lifestyle. She forgot her dreams of living a luxurious life. She worked hard and saved money for repaying the debt. She felt duty-bound for coming out of the devastating situation, she was responsible for.

Question g.
Mathilde and her husband paid off the debt in ten years.
Answer:
The income of Mathilde’s husband was meagre. So both of them worked very hard for ten long years to save money for repaying the debt. They curtailed their needs severely, her husband worked extra to ease the burden of debt. Somehow they faced the woes together bravely and sincerely.

4. Form pairs. Discuss how ‘Part II’ of the story could have been different. Write your storyline in the form of bullets showing the main events.

Question 1.
Form pairs. Discuss how ‘Part II’ of the story could have been different. Write your storyline in the form of bullets showing the main events.
Answer:
The cabman, who dropped them at their door found the necklace after two days while cleaning his cab → behind the space of the seats → fallen from the gaps of the seats → remembered the lady wearing the necklace → was an honest and God-fearing man → went to their house →handed over the necklace to them → it could have changed the whole story.

5. Imagine what must have happened after Mathilde’s friend discovered that the diamonds were real. Do you think she would return it to Mathilde? Would that make Mathilde happy?

Question 1.
Imagine what must have happened after Mathilde’s friend discovered that the diamonds were real. Do you think she would return it to Mathilde? Would that make Mathilde happy?
Answer:
Mathilde’s friend was rich but a kind-hearted and generous woman. She knew that Mathilde had to face many miseries for ten years. I think she would return the necklace to Mathilde. Mathilde would be happy to find some relief after ruinous sufferings.

6. Discuss the following and write about it in your own words in 5-6 lines.

Question 1.
Discuss the following and write about it in your own words in 5-6 lines.
(a) What would you do, if something like this happens to you?
(b) What opinion do you form about Mathilde’s husband from lier story?
(c) Which events in the story (Part I and Part II) changed Mathilde’s life?
Answer:
(Use the following points to write your answers.)
(a) Points:

• would go to friend and explain-
• would ask for time to return the money for the necklace –
• since friend rich, she may have accepted the idea.)

(b) Points:

• Husband
• good – kind – supportive
• considerate – a very nice human being.

(c) Points :

• Invitation to party – borrowing the necklace
• losing the necklace – returning the necklace by borrowing money

Language study:

7. Read the table of verb forms given below.

Question 1.
Read the table of verb forms given below.

The base form is used as an infInitive: You may go. She will go.
in orders: Go home. and in the simple present tense: I go to school. We go
home. Do you go there every day? The children/They go up, etc.
Note that we use the ‘-s form’ with ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’, third-person singular subjects to show the simple present.
The past tense form has ‘-ed’ at the end. But many commonly used verbs have different past tense forms. Examples: Came, went, spoke.
. The ‘-ing’ form is known as the present participle. It is used with forms of ‘be’ to show continuous action – Examples: I am eating. You were eating. She was eating.
It is also used in certain constructions like He sat copying a manuscript.

The past participle used with forms of ‘have’ shows completed action – Examples: I have eaten. They have come, etc.
It is also used in certain constructions like ‘They looked at each other, stunned!’
It is also used in passive constructions. We will learn about ‘passive voice’ later.

Make a table of verb forms for your own reference. Try to arrange the verbs in alphabetical order. Keep adding new verbs to your table from time to time. When you write, check your work to see whether you have used the correct verb form.

Question 1.
Read the different following information about different forms of verbs:
Answer:
1. The base form is used as an infinitive: You may go. She will go.
In orders: Go home. And in simple present tense: I go to school. We go home. Do you go there every day? The children/They go up, etc.

2. Note that we use the e-s form’ with ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’, third person singular subjects to show
the simple present.

3. The past tense form has ‘-ed’ at the end. But many commonly used verbs have different past tense forms. Examples: came, went, spoke.

4. The ‘-ing’ form is known as the present participle. It is used with forms of ‘be’ to show continuous action – Examples: I am eating. You were eating. She was eating. It is also used in certain constructions like : He sat copying a manuscript.

5. The past participle used with forms of ‘have’ shows completed action.
Examples: I have eaten. They have come, etc.
It is also used in certain constructions like ‘They looked at each other, stunned!’

My English Coursebook 9th Class Solutions Chapter 1.5 The Necklace Additional Important Questions and Answers

Read the following passage and do the activities :

Simple Factual Activities :

Question 1.
Say whether the following statements are True or False :
Answer:

1. Mathilde was married to a big officer at the Ministry of Education. – False
2. Mathilde’s former schoolmate was very rich. – True
3. Mathilde had rich dresses, jewels and everything that she loved. – False
4. Mathilde was happy with the invitation brought by her husband – False

Question 2.
Who said to whom? Complete the table :
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

Dialogue	Who said	To whom
1. “Here’s something for you.”	Mathilde’s husband	Mathilde
2. “What do you want me to do with that?”	Mathilde	Mathilde’s husband

Question 3.
What did the envelope hold?
Answer:
The envelope held an invitation from the Minister of Education and Mme. Georges Rampouneau to Mr and Mrs. Loisel.

Question 4.
State whether the following statements ) are True or False :
Answer:

1. Mathilde’s husband suggested her to wear the dress she wore when she went to the theatre. – True
2. Mathilde was upset for three days because she had no good dress to wear. – False
3. Mathilde was ready to wear flowers. – False
4. She demanded four hundred francs for her dress. – True

Question 5.
Write who said it and to whom :
“But I don’t know what you like.”
Answer:
Madame Forestier said this to Mathilde.

Question 6.
Choose the correct option from the brackets and complete the sentences :
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

1. Mathilde went to Madame Forestier. (The jeweller/Madame Forestier)
2. Madame Forestier took out a large box from her mirrored wardrobe. (large box/necklace)
3. Mathilde tried on the jewellery in the mirror. (dress/jewellery)
4. Mathilde discovered a diamond necklace in Madame Forestier’s large box. (a black satin box/a diamond necklace)

Question 7.
What did Madame Forestier’s large box contain?
Answer:
Madame Forestier’s large box contained bracelets, necklaces and other jewellery.

Question 8.
Complete the following sentences using the information given in the passage:
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

1. Mathilde was floating in a cloud of happiness.
2. Both, husband and wife left at about four o’clock in the morning.
3. In front of the mirror Mathilde took a final look at herself in all her glory.
4. She no longer had the necklace round her neck.

Question 9.
Who said it and to whom :

Question a.
“I no longer have Madame Forestier’s necklace.”
Answer:
Mathilde said this to her husband.

Question 10.
Complete the following sentences with the information given in the passage :
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

1. She remained in her ball dress all night, her mind blank.
2. At the end of one week they had lost all hope.
3. The husband and wife were sick with grief and anguish.
4. Mr. Loisel said, “We must consider how to replace the jewel.”

Question 11.
Who said this to whom :
1. “I might have needed it.”
2. “Don’t sell it for three days.”
Answer:
1. Madame Forestier said this to Mathilde.
2. Mr. Loisel and Mathilde said to the jeweler.

Question 12.
Say if the following statements are True or False:
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

1. Madame Forestier was rather angry with Mathilde for returning the necklace late. – True
2. A string of diamonds they found at Palais Royal was worth thirty-six thousand francs. – False
3. The new necklace cost them thirty- four thousand francs. – False
4. Mr Loisel borrowed money from every type of money-lender. – True

Question 13.
Complete the sentences using the information from the passage :
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

1. At the end of ten years, they had paid off everything.
2. How little is needed for one to be ruined or saved!
3. Mathilde played her part heroically.
4. She came to know the drudgery of housework.

Question 14.
Answer the following questions :

Question a.
Who is Madame Loisel?
Answer:
Madame Loisel is Mathilde.

Question b.
What work did Mathilde’s husband do for a tradesman?
Answer:
Mathilde’s husband did accounts for a tradesman.

Question 15.
Say whether the following statements are True or False:
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

1. Madame Forestier recognised her dear friend immediately. _ False
2. Madame Forestier still looked young, beautiful and charming. – True
3. It had taken them ten years to pay for the imitation diamond neclace. – True
4. The imitation was not worth five hundred francs at most! – False

Complex Factual Activities :

Question 1.
Complete the following :
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

Question 2.
Why was Mathilde married to a minor official’?
Answer:
Mathilde was a pretty, charming girl but was born in a family of clerks. This had decided her future. Because of her ill-fate she had to marry a ‘minor official’.

Question 3.
Why did Mathilde weep with misery after visiting her schoolmate?
Answer:
Mathilde wept with misery after visiting her schoolmate because she couldn’t get the riches and the luxurious life in which the schoolmate was relishing. She dreamt of all those things her friend was enjoying. She herself could not have them because of her destiny.

Question 4.
Mathilde was sad, restless and anxious though her dress was ready because ….
Answer:
Mathilde was sad, restless and anxious though her dress was ready because she had no jewels, she had not a single precious stone to wear. She almost had decided not to go to the party.

Question 5.
Mathilde’s husband turned pale because….
Answer:
Mathilde’s husband turned pale because he had been saving the exact amount demanded by Mathilde to buy a gun for a hunting summer, in the country near Nanterre. He would lose his opportunity for buying dress for Mathilde.

Question 6.
Write the following sentences in order of their occurrence :
1. Her friend put a large box of jewellery before Mathilde.
2. She fled home with her treasure.
3. Mathilde went to Madame Forestier.
4. She discovered a diamond necklace.
Answer:
3. Mathilde went to Madame Forestier.
1. Her friend put a large box of jewellery before Mathilde.
4. She discovered a diamond necklace.
2. She fled home with her treasure.

Question 7.
Which sentences tell us that Mathilde greatly desired the necklace?
Answer:
The Sentences: Her heart began to beat with uncontrolled desire. Her hands trembled as she took it. She stood lost in ecstasy as she looked at herself in the mirror. She asked her friend anxiously, “Would you lend me this, just this?”

Question 8.
Complete the web :
Answer:

Question 9.
Describe the efforts made by the couple to find the lost necklace:
Answer:
They looked in the folds of Mathilde’s dress, in the folds of her cloak, in her pockets, everywhere. Mr. Loisel walked over the whole route they had walked to find the necklace. He went to the police station, to the newspapers to offer a reward, to the cab companies and everywhere they expected to find the necklace but found nothing.

Question 10.
Complete the web
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

Question 11.
How did life of Mathilde change after the horrible incident?
Answer:
Mathilde’s life was completely changed. She dismissed her maid and did extremely unpleasant labours in the kitchen. She washed the dishes, the dirty linen, she carried the garbage down to the street every morning, carried up the water and dressed like a common woman. She had to bargain at markets, quarrel and face insults over every miserable sou. She lived the horrible life of the very poor.

Question 12.
Arrange the following sentences in order of their occurence:
1. Mathilde tells Madame Forestier about her hard time and miseries.
2. Madame Forestier tells that the necklace was an imitation.
3. Madame Forestier did not recognise Mathilde because she was completely changed.
4. Mathilde met Madame Forestier in the Champs Elysees on Sunday.
Answer:
4. Mathilde met Madame Forestier in the Champs Elysees on Sunday.
3. Madame Forestier did not recognise Mathilde because she was completely changed.
1. Mathilde tells Madame Forestier about her hard time and miseries.
2. Madame Forestier tells that the necklace was an imitation.

Activities based on vocabulary:

Question 1.
Match the words in Column ‘A’ with their meaning in Column ‘B’ :

‘A’	‘B’
1. aristocrat	(a) destiny
2. fate	(b) great success
3. shabby	(c) nobleman
4. triumph	(d) nearly worn out

Answer:

‘A’	‘B’
1. aristocrat	(c) nobleman
2. fate	(a) destiny
3. shabby	(d) nearly worn out
4. triumph	(b) great success

Question 2.
Write any four words from the passage that show the feeling of great pain:
Answer:
regret, despair, misery and tormented.

Question 3.
Write English terms that stand for the French terms Monsieur and Mme:
Answer:
Mr and Mrs.

Question 4.
Write the long forms of the following contracted forms:

1. Let’s
2. don’t
3. hadn’t
4. what’s.

Answer:

1. Let us
2. do not
3. had not
4. what is.

Question 5.
Write four words from the passage that reflect (show) that the person is in difficult situation.
Answer:
stammered, stunned, distressed, stuttered.

Question 6.
Fill in the blanks with proper letters so as to find the words: (Answers are directly given.)
Answer:
1. the objects such as rings, necklaces, etc. that

2. a large cupboard for hanging clothes.

3. a piece of ornament consisting of chain of beads, diamonds, etc. worn around the neck =

4. a strong wish to have something =

Question 7.
Write any four adjectives from the passage.
Answer:
elegant, gracious, smiling, panic-stricken.

Question 8.
Write any four adverbs with ‘-ly’ from the passage.
Answer:
wildly, fmally, sadly, suddenly.

Question 9.
Which words from the passage are related with ‘success’?
Answer:
full of joy, triumph, cloud of happiness, glory.

Question 10.
Write the meanings of:
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

1. glimmer of hope: a small sign of hope/success.
2. a hollow, pale figure: a person having empty mind and almost white face because of frustration and exhaustion.
3. sick with grief and anguish: mentally ill because of great sadness and pain.
4. cloak: ladies’ garment without sleeves, worn over their other clothes.

Question 11.
Find and write all the numbers mentioned in the passage :
Answer:
Forty thousand, thirty-six thousand, thirty- four thousand, eighteen thousand.

Question 12.
Write from passage the words related to money matters.
Answer:
worth, sell, borrow, notes, agreements, dealt, money-lender.

Question 13.
Write from the passage the phrases related to ‘housework’.
Answer:
Drudgery of housework, odious labours of the kitchen, washing dishes, washing dirty linen, carry the garbage, carry up the water, bargain at markets.

Question 14.
Match from the passage the adjectives in Column ‘A’ with the nouns in Column ‘B’ :

‘A’	‘B’
1. dreadful	(a) sou
2. miserable	(b) labours
3. horrible	(c) debt
4. odious	(d) life

Answer:

‘A’	‘B’
1. dreadful	(c) debt
2. miserable	(a) sou
3. horrible	(d) life
4. odious	(b) labours

Question 15.
Match the words in Column ‘A’ with their meaning in Column ‘B’ :

‘A’	‘B’
1. familiarly	(a) artificial/not real
2. astonished	(b) in a friendly manner
3. imitation	(c) very surprised
4. innocent	(d) having not done anything wrong

Answer:

‘A’	‘B’
1. familiarly	(b) in a friendly manner
2. astonished	(c) very surprised
3. imitation	(a) artificial/not real
4. innocent	(d) having not done anything wrong.

Question 16.
Write from the passage the verbs that end : with ‘-ed’.
Answer:
astonished, addressed, stammered, uttered, changed, stunned, smiled, moved.

Activities based on contextual grammar :

Question 1.
Find and write the adjectives from the passage for the following nouns :

1. house
2. girl
3. official
4. mansion.

Answer:

1. shabby and poorly furnished
2. pretty and charming
3. minor
4. grand and palatial.

Question 2.
He turned a little pale.
(Change the sentence into simple present Tense.)
Answer:
He turns a little pale.

Question 3.
Choose the correct option of the question tag:
I can give you four hundred francs.
(i) , can I?
(ii) , don’t I?
(iii) , can’t I?
(iv) , couldn’t I?
Answer:
I can give you four hundred francs, can’t I?

Question 4.
She replied,” I am upset that I have no jewels.” (Choose the correct option to transform it into Reported speech.)
a. She replied that I was upset that I had no jewels.
b. She replied that she is upset that she has no jewels.
c. She replied she was upset that she has no jewels.
d. She replied that she was upset that she had no jewels.
Answer:
c. She replied she was upset that she has no jewels.

Question 5.
Choose the correct wh-question from the alternatives to get the underlined part as an answer:
She discovered, in a black satin box, a diamond necklace.
(a) What did she discover in a black satin box?
(b) When did she discover a diamond necklace in a black satin box?
(c) Where did she discover a diamond necklace?
(d) Why did she discover a diamond necklace?
Answer:
(c) Where did she discover a diamond necklace?

Question 6.
Write the following sentence in simple present tense:
She threw her arms around her friend’s neck.
Answer:
She throws her arms around her friend’s neck.

Question 7.
Find the determiners from the following sentences and underline them :
(Answers are directly underlined.)
Answer:
1. They were dropped off at their door in the Rue des Martyrs.
2. Forgetting everything in the triumph of her beauty.

Question 8.
Do as directed :

1. She took a final look at herself. (Write simple present tense form for the underlined word.)
2. The day of the party arrived. (Rewrite the sentence using simple future tense.)
3. She danced wildly (Use past progressive tense and rewrite the sentence.)

Answer:

1. She takes a final look at herself.
2. The day of the party will arrive.
3. She was dancing wildly.

Question 9.
It was worth forty thousand francs.
(Use ‘They’ in place of ‘It’ and rewrite the correct sentence.)
Answer:
They were worth forty thousand francs.

Question 10.
He went to get the new necklace. (Rewrite the sentence using simple present tense for the underlined verb.)
Answer:
He goes to get the new necklace.

Question 11.
Change the following sentences in passive voice :
1. They dismissed their maid.
2. They rented a garret under the roof.
Answer:
1. Their maid was dismissed by them.
2. A garret under the roof was rented by them.

Question 12.
How strange life is!
(Make it an assertive sentence,)
Answer:
Life is very strange.

Question 13.
Complete the table with the correct forms of the given verbs.
Answer:

Do as directed :

Question 1.
1. She had no rich dresses : (Make the sentence affirmative without changing the meaning.)
2. These were the only things she loved. (Make the sentence negative without changing the meaning.)
Answer:
1. She had poor dresses.
2. She loved nothing but (except) these things.

Question 2.
They could not find it.
(Begin with It could not… and change the voice.)
Answer:
It could not be found by them.

Question 3.
He said to Mathilde, “Tell her you have broken the clasp of the necklace.”
(Change into Indirect speech.)
Answer:
He told Mathilde to tell her she had broken the clasp of the necklace.

Question 4.
Use simple present tense form and rewrite the following sentences :

Question a.
He went to the police station.
Answer:
He goes to the police station.

Question b.
They lost all hope.
Answer:
They lose all hope.

Question 5.
How you’ve changed!
(Make an assertive sentence.)
Answer:
You’ve completely changed,

Question 6.
They were similar.
(Make it negative without changing meaning.)
Answer:
They were not different.

Question 7.
I am Mathilde Loisel.
(Choose correct Question Tag,)
(i) , am I?
(ii) , amn’t I?
(iii) , aren’t I?
(iv) , don’t I?
Answer:
(iii) , aren’t I?

Question 8.
Fill in the table with correct verb forms.
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

base form	Past tense	Past participle
bring	brought	brought
see	saw	seen
feel	felt	felt
sing	sang	sung

Personal Response:

Question 1.
What do you feel when you receive an invitation for a party? Why?
Answer:
When I receive an invitation for a party, I feel very happy because we get to meet our friends and relatives at the party and we can spend some time rejoicing. We also get to eat tasty food in the party.

Question 2.
Was Mathilde’s husband a considerate person? How do you know that?
Answer:
Mathilde’s husband was really a very considerate person. Though his wife was obstinate and stubborn, he tried to fulfill all her unreasonable wishes. He sacrificed his own hunting joy and gave his savings to please Mathilde. This shows that he was a very considerate person.

Question 3.
Mathilde asked her friend, “Would you lend me this, just this?”
Why, do you think, did Mathilde say ‘just this’?
Answer:
I think, Mathilde was fully satisfied with the diamond necklace she got. It looked beautiful in her neck as she had desired. So she did not want anything else except that diamond necklace and so she insisted to lend her that and only that necklace.

Question 4.
Why, do you think, did Mathilde not notice the loss of her necklace?
Answer:
I think, she was thinking only about the triumph of her beauty and success in the party. She had lost her attention towards her necklace. Secondly, they left the party early in the morning, could not find a cab and had to walk for a long distance. This also must be the cause of the distraction.

Question 5.
Do you think, the arrangement made by Mr Loisel with the jeweller, was fair? Give your reason:
Answer:
Yes I think the arrangement was fair. According to the arrangement the jeweller would take the necklace back for thirty-four thousand if the other (the lost) necklace was found before the end of February. It would help them to get some more time to find the necklace and again they would ; be losing only two thousand francs instead of thirty- 5 six thousand.

Question 6.
Why does Madame Forestier speak coldly to Mathilde?
Answer:
Mathilde returned the necklace after so many days. Madame Forestier did not like it and was angry with Mathilde. It is the usual tradition to return the borrowed things immediately after the work is done, but Mathilde did not do it. By speaking coldly Madame Forestier expresssed her anger and displeasure.

Question 7.
What is meant by the horrible life of the very poor?
Answer:
The horrible life of the poor means a very tiring, bad, unpleasant and painful life. The poor are the people who live a miserable life with very little or no money at all. They have no money to satisfy their day-to-day basic needs. They have to work hard all the day to make both ends meet. Mathilde experienced this horrible life of the poor for saving money to clear the debt.

Question 8.
Write what you think about the following thought and action of Mathilde :
Mathilde told her friend about the lost necklace.
Answer:
Mathilde was now a relieved person. Though it was her fault, she must have thought that she should tell the truth to her friend and tell her how she struggled for ten long years that made her look old.

Question 9.
Who do you think was responsible for Mathilde’s misery? Was it her friend, she herself, her husband or the circumstances?
Answer:
It was Mathilde who was mainly responsible for her misery. Her wilfulness and obstinate behaviour were the root cause of the disastrous incident. She borrowed the necklace and lost it and that led to her misery. Her friend and her husband were, in no way, responsible for it. Of course the circumstances, to some extent too are responsible for it.

Oral Work:

Question 1.
Read the conversations in the story aloud using proper intonation.

Writing Skill:

Question 1.
Prepare a formal invitation using the format given on the textbook page no. 27.
Answer:

Activities Based on Language study

Do as directed!

Question 1.
Complete the words by using correct letters :

1. o _ h e r
2. y o _ n g
3. p _ o u d
4. s p e _ k

Answer:

1. o t h e r
2. y o u n g
3. p r o u d
4. s p e a k

Question 2.
Copy the following sentences correctly in your notebook :
Answer:
1. He said,” Here’s something for you!”
2. “What’s the matter? Let’s see, Mathilde.”

Question 3.
Put the following words in alphabetical order:
1. glory, street, amount, pleasure.
2. mansion, mirror, mutter, matter.
Answer:
1. amount, glory, pleasure, street.
2. mansion, matter, mirror, mutter.

Question 4.
Punctuate the following sentences :
1. you could wear flowers he said they are very fashionable at this time of year
2. what is the matter asked her husband
Answer:
1. “You could wear flowers,” he said,
“They are very fashionable at this time of year.”
2. “What is the matter?” asked her husband.

Question 5.
Write four small words (minimum letters each) using the letters in the given word:
‘schoolmate’ :
Answer:

1. school
2. come
3. late
4. home.

Question 7.
Write related words as shown in the example :
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

Question 8.
Complete the following word-chain withing for.m. Add four words, each beginning with the last letter of the previous word:
going → ………………. →……………. →…………… → ………….. .
Answer:
going → growing → gaining → guarding → grumbling.

Question 9.
Make your own meaningful sentence by using the phrase ‘to be aware of’.
Answer:
We should be aware of the consequences of bad habits.

Question 10.
Add a prefix or suffix to make new words. and use any one of the root words in your own sentence:
1. annoy
2. exhaust
Answer:
1. annoyance
2. exhaustion
Sentence: There is no need to exhaust yourself for such a petty job.

Question 11.
Add a clause to expand the sentence meaningfully:
I don’t remember ………………………………… .
Answer:
I don’t remember when I met him last.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 English Solutions My English Coursebook Chapter 4.1 What is Success? Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 My English Coursebook Solutions Chapter 4.1 What is Success?

My English Coursebook Std 9 Guide Chapter 4.1 What is Success? Textbook Questions and Answers

Warming up:
Chit-chat

1. Do you have a hobby?
2. Do you play a musical instrument?
3. What is the latest thing that you learnt to do?
4. Have you ever taught someone else to do something?

1. Prepare a speech to deliver in an interschool competition on ‘How to achieve success in life’ with the help of the following web chart:

Question 1.
Prepare a speech to deliver in an interschool competition on ‘How to achieve success in life’ with the help of the following web chart:

Answer:

How to achieve success in life?

Honourable chairperson, respected headmaster, teachers and my dear friends, Today I am going to limit my speech on “How to achieve success in life:” I request you to listen to me carefully. So my friends, success is very important in everyone’s life. Everyone has a dream of becoming a successful human being in life. There is a good saying that, “Success is a journey and not a destination.”

How true it is! If we look at the life of all successful people, we realize the truthfulness of the statement. The definition of success is different for every person. For a child success is to solve a puzzle, for a S.S.C. student, a success is to get good marks, for a businessman, a success is to get a contract and for grandparents, success is to see the whole family together.

Everyone wants to become rich and successful in life. To achieve ambition, there are many steps which are to be followed. First of all, we have to set our goal, means we have to decide what we are and what we want to be. So proper plan and execution of the plan are very important. The tragedy of life does not lie in not reaching the goal, the tragedy lies in having no goal to reach.

For a great success we need a lot of confidence, patience, knowledge, perseverance and hard work. We should not waste our time because time is money. Don’t compare yourself with any other person in the world. If you do so you are demeaning yourself. The main thing is that we should always think positively and never give up hope because many of our failures are the people who did not realize how close they were to success when they gave up.

Always remember that the word “Impossible” means, I’m possible and if destiny is accompanied with the three D’s: determination, dedication, and devotion then everything becomes possible. We should learn from our own mistakes. We should always follow in the footsteps of great, successful people. Let’s take an example of Dhirubhai Ambani.

He was born in a poor family, but struggled a lot to achieve his ambition and never gave up hope because he knew that there is always a room at the top. He kept the hope alive in his heart and tried his level best and as you know he was one of the richest industrialists in the world. After all, no gains, without pains.

There is a great saying that successful people do not do different things, they do things differently. So work hard, continuously. God’s blessings are always there with you. Thank you for listening to me carefully.

Jai Hind.

2. What might success mean to the following people? Think about it and write:

Question 1.
A student ………………………….. .
Answer:
Showing consistent improvement in his academic pursuit, participating in sports and different competitions.

Question 2.
A businessman ………………………. .
Answer:
Gaining a huge profit, and achieving his target in business.

Question 3.
A doctor …………………………… .
Answer:
Diagnosing and treating patients and even saving a dying person.

Question 4.
A sportsperson ………………………. .
Answer:
Setting his/her own record by participating in different tournaments, winning medals and trophies.

Question 5.
A politician ………………………… .
Answer:
Winning an election and working for the welfare of society.

Question 6.
A person who has applied for a job ………………………… .
Answer:
Getting a job with a huge package of salary.

Question 7.
A teacher ………………………. .
Answer:
Helping his/her students to excel, reaching every child of his/her class.

Question 8.
A Parent ……………………………. .
Answer:
Raising a child and to make him/her a good human being.

English Workshop:

1. Tick the correct alternative:

Question 1.
The poet says that success is:
(a) to laugh less and work more
(b) to laugh never at all
(c) to laugh often and much
(d) to laugh less and low
Answer:
(c) to laugh often and much

Question 2.
The poet wants us to:
(a) earn a lot of money
(b) earn profits
(c) earn property
(d) earn the appreciation of honest critics
Answer:
(d) earn the appreciation of honest critics

Question 3.
The poet wants us to appreciate:
(a) riches
(b) God
(c) beauty
(d) society
Answer:
(c) beauty

Question 4.
The poet wants us to leave the world a bit
(a) bitter
(b) better
(c) broader
(d) bared
Answer:
(b) better

2. Compare this poem with ‘Walk a little slower …………’ and fill in the chart:

Question 1.
Compare this poem with ‘Walk a little slower …………’ and fill in the chart:

The poem ‘What is Success?’ is an example of free verse.
Answer:

Structure of the poem	Walk a little slower…	What is Success?
Does it have rhyming words?	Yes	No
Does it have a steady rhythm?	Yes	No
Are the lines of equal length?	Yes	No
Are there stanzas with equal number of lines?	Yes	No

3. Based on the poet’s idea of true success, think of four people in your surroundings- your family, neighbours, friends, teachers, classmates, etc. who have achieved true success. Write in short what makes them successful.

Question 1.
Based on the poet’s idea of true success, think of four people in your surroundings- your family, neighbours, friends, teachers, classmates, etc. who have achieved true success. Write in short what makes them successful.
Answer:

My family

My father is the backbone of my family. He works hard to fulfil our dreams. He has been working with determination continuously so that we can enjoy happy family life. We can understand his feelings and help him whenever he wants our help. We try to keep him happy and satisfied. He has made positive impact on our family members as well as on his circle of friends. So he is a role model for all of us.

4. List all the ‘to infinitives’ verbs used in the poem.

Question 1.
List all the ‘to infinitives’ verbs used in the poem.
Answer:
to laugh, to win, to appreciate to find, to leave, to know, to have.

5. In your opinion what things will help to make the world a better place? Discuss with your friends and write down at least three of the things.

Question 1.
In your opinion what things will help to make the world a better place? Discuss with your friends and write down at least three of the things.
Answer:
To make the world a better place, I think the following things will help a lot:

1. No fights, quarrels on the basis of caste, creed and religion.
2. Everyone should get a chance to earn his/her bread and butter.
3. Everyone should be mentally and physically fit and able.
4. Education: Basic right of education to all.

6. Think of different types of people who have to face great difficulties. Write what you can do to help at least one of them.

Question 1.
Think of different types of people who have to face great difficulties. Write what you can do to help at least one of them.
Answer:
There are number of people in our society who have to face great difficulties. There are people like physically disabled, poor, old, sick, etc. The people who are poor, are under poverty line. So we can provide them various facilities related to education and fulfil their basic needs so that their standard of living would be improved.

7. Prepare a set of questions to interview:

Question 1.
Prepare a set of questions to interview:
(a) A famous author
(b) A well-known social worker in your area.
Answer:
(a) A famous author:

1. What are your feelings after the overwhelming response to your newly published book?
2. Had you thought about such amazing response to your book?
3. What inspires you to write such a lovely book?
4. Are you working on any new book?
5. Do you think about the readers’ choice before writing?
6. Who is your favourite writer? Why?
7. Have you thought about the Booker prize while writing this book?
8. What is your ambition as a writer?
9. What message would you like to give to your readers?

(b) A well-known social worker in your area:

1. Are you really grateful to the voters of your area? Why?
2. How will you help this area to develop?
3. What are your future plans for the development of this area?
4. Are there any social problems that the people in this area are facing?
5. According to you, what is the role of education to develop society?
6. What have you done to make available educational facilities in our area?
7. What measures should be taken to fight against illiteracy, superstitions in our society?
8. What motivated you to be a social worker?
9. Is there any message that you would like to give to the citizens of this area?

My English Coursebook 9th Class Solutions Chapter 4.1 What is Success? Additional Important Questions and Answers

Simple Factual Activities:

Question 1.
There are lines in the poem.
(a) two
(b) fourteen
(c) seven
(d) four
Answer:
(b) fourteen.

Question 2.
Complete the following sentences with the help of the given poem:
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

1. A person who takes wise decisions and works for the benefit of everyone wins the respect of intelligent people.
2. A person who is kind, sweet and helpful wins the affection of children.
3. A person who puts a lot of efforts and works against all odds is appreciated by honest critics.
4. A friend who is selfish and dishonest betrays a friend.

Complex Factual Activities:

Question 1.
What is success according to the poet Ralph Waldo Emerson?
Answer:
According to the poet Ralph Waldo Emerson, success lies in winning the respect, affection and appreciation of the people around us and to be able to respect, appreciate and care for people in return and how you make them happy.

Question 2.
Which lines tell you that a parent, a good gardener, a social reformer are all successful people?
Answer:
The lines that tell us that a parent, a good gardener, a social reformer are all successful people are: “To leave the world a bit better, whether by a healthy child, a gardener patch or a redeemed social condition To know even one life has breathed easier because you have lived; This is to have succeeded.”

Poetic device Activities:

Question 1.
Give your own rhyming words for the following – (i) find (ii) patch.
Answer:
1. find – mind
2. patch – match.

Appreciation of Poem:

Point format

1. Title: What is success?
2. Poet/Poetess: The poet of the poem is Ralph Waldo Emerso.
3. Theme/Central Idea: The theme of the poem is quite evident from the title of the poem itself. As the answer to the question posed in the title, the poet defines success as precisely as possible in the following lines.
4. Rhyme Scheme: The poem is an example of ‘free verse’.
5. Figure of Speech: Repitition, Euphemism.
6. Special Features: This poem is an example of ‘free verse’. The lines of a ‘free verse’ do not have any steady rhythm. The lines are of irregular length and lack clear-cut stanza divisions. It has no rhyme scheme.
7. Favourite Line: My favourite lines from the poem are:
   • (1) To find the best in others;
   • (2) To appreciate beauty To find the best in others
8. Why I like the poem: I like this poem because it defines ‘success’ in a very special way.

Here, ‘success’ is not just an individual achievement. It is not taking advantage of others around us. It is, instead, giving back to society it is about making society a better place by our little contribution.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Science Solutions Chapter 9 Environmental Management Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Science Solutions Chapter 9 Environmental Management

Class 9 Science Chapter 9 Environmental Management Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Match the items in column ‘A’ with the proper ones in coloum ‘B’ and explain their impact on the environment.

Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’
1. Harmful waste – a. Glass, rubber, carry bags, etc.
2. Domestic waste – b. Chemicals, pigments, ash, etc.
3. Biomedical waste – c. Radioactive material
4. Industrial waste – d. Left over food, vegetables, peelings of fruits.
5. Urban waste – e. Bandages, cotton, needles, etc.
Answer:
(1 – c),
(2 – d),
(3 – e),
(4 – b),
(5 – a)

2. Complete the statements using the given options and justify those statements. (Geographic favourability, climate, weather, observatory)

a. Of the abiotic factors that affect biodiversity by far the most important is ……………… .
Answer:
Climate.
Climate influences our basic needs like food, clothing and shelter as well as our occupations. Various factors of climate like temperature, atmospheric pressure, sunlight, rainfall, humidity etc. will decide which kind of plants and animals can survive there.

b. A description of the climatic conditions of short duration in a particular area is ……………… .
Answer:
Weather.
Atmospheric conditions at a specific time at a particular place are referred to as weather. Weather is related to a specific location and specific time whereas climate is related to a longer duration and larger area.

c. Irrespective of the progress of human beings, we have to think about ……………… .
Answer:
Geographical favourability.
Geographical favourability includes location, availability of water, availability of natural resources and climate of a region. This has a great impact on the progress of human beings. Countries that have more favourable factors will progress more.

d. Establishments where various climatic factors are recorded are called ……………… .
Answer:
Observatories
Most countries in the world have established meteorology departments for recording climatic factors. These departments have observatories which are equipped with modern instruments and technology.

3. Answer the following questions.

a. How is first aid provided to victims of disasters who are injured?
Answer:
(i) Bleeding: If the victim is injured and bleeding through the wound, the wound should be covered with an antiseptic pad and pressure applied on it for 5 minutes with either thumb or palm.

Fracture and impact on vertebrae: If any bone is fractured, it is essential that the fractured part be immobilized. It can be done with the help of any available wooden rods / batons / rulers. If there is an impact on the back or vertebral column; the patient should be kept immobile on a firm stretcher.

Bums: If victims have bum injuries, it is beneficial to hold the injured part under clean and cold flowing water for at least 10 minutes. How is Solid Waste classified? OR What are the sources of Solid Waste?

Domestic waste: Waste food, paper, plastic paper, plastic bags, vegetable waste, fruit skins, glass and sheet metal articles, etc.

Industrial waste: Chemicals, pigments, sludge, ash, metals, etc.

Hazardous waste: Chemicals generated in various industries, radioactive materials, explosives, infectious materials, etc. Farm/Garden waste: Leaves, flowers, branches of trees, crop residues like straw, animal urine and dung, pesticides, remains of various chemicals and fertilizers, etc.

Electronic waste: Non-functional TV sets, cell phones, music systems, computers and their parts, etc.

Biomedical waste: Bandages, dressings, gloves, needles, saline bottles, medicines, medicine bottles, test tubes, body parts, blood, etc. from clinics, hospitals, blood banks and laboratories. Urban waste: Waste generated through household industries and large commercial and industrial establishments, carry bags, glass, metal pieces and rods, threads, rubber, paper, cans from shops, vegetable and meat markets, construction waste, etc.

(viii) Radioactive waste: Radioactive materials like Strontium-10, Cerium-141, Barium-140 and heavy water, etc. generated from atomic energy plants, uranium mines, atomic research centres, nuclear weapons testing sites, etc.
(ix) Mining waste: Remains of heavy metals like lead, arsenic, cadmium, etc. from mines.

b. State the scientific and eco-friendly methods of waste management.
Answer:
Following are the scientific and eco-friendly methods of waste management:

• Waste separation: In this method, dry and wet wastes are separated, stored and later collected for proper use.
• Composting: Decomposition of degradable kitchen waste in small pits in the backyard, garden or terrace is called composting. Good quality manure can be produced by composting leftover food, peels of fruits, vegetables etc.
• Vermicomposting: Converting solid waste into manure or compost with the help of earthworms is called vermicomposting.
• Vermicompost manure is highly nutritious and can be used for agricultural purposes and garden plants.
• Secured landfill: Solid waste is disposed off in secured landfills.
• The site for secured landfill is selected minimum 2 km away from water bodies and human habitation.
• Care is taken to see that the site does not fall in sensitive zone.
• The landfills are layered with clay and plastic and then the garbage is spread and left to decompose naturally.
• Pyrolysis: In this method, the waste is heated to a high temperature to obtain gas and electricity.
• Semi-combustible waste is burnt in pyrolysis. It is suitable for municipal solid waste management.
• Incineration: Biomedical waste is burnt in incinerators to kill the pathogens. Disinfection and sterilization is also done while treating the biomedical waste.

c. Explain with suitable examples, the relationship between weather forecasting and disaster management.
Answer:

1. Depending upon the factors such as storms, clouds, rainfall, etc., weather forecasts are made. It is useful in aviation, shipping, fishing, industries as well as during natural calamities like dust storms, sand storms, heavy rainfall, tsunami etc where proper predictions are made with well equipped satellites and highclass technology.
2. Observatories at several locations are doing excellent work in the analysis of the information received from these satellites.
3. This data can be used in prevention of losses and danger, improving tolerance, providing relief from disaster, minimising the intensity and extent of harm as well as preparation to face the disaster.

d. Why is e-waste harmful? Express your opinion about this.
Answer:

• e-waste is electronic waste which includes non-functional TV Sets, cell phones, music systems, computers and their parts, etc.
• E-waste contains heavy metals like lead, beryllium, mercury and cadmium.
• These metals accumulate in the soil for long periods and thus affect the biodiversity of the soil.
• Many a times e-waste like battery etc. contain acids which make the soil acidic.
• e-waste can cause ground water pollution, which also affects living organisms when they drink this polluted water.
• Thus, e-waste affects human health and soil microorganisms directly or indirectly.

e. How will you register individual your participation in solid waste management?
Answer:
We can register our individual participation in solid waste management in the following ways:

• Following the 3R mantra: Reduce (reducing the waste), reuse (reuse of waste) and recycle (recycling of waste).
• Throwing plastic wrappers of chocolates, ice-creams, biscuits, etc. into dust bins. Avoid littering.
• Avoiding the use of plastic bags and instead using cloth bags or bags prepared from old sarees, bed-sheets, curtains, etc.
• Using both sides of a paper for writing. Reusing greeting cards and gift papers.
• Avoiding use of tissue paper and preferring to use one’s own handkerchief.
• Using rechargeable batteries instead of lead batteries.
• Implementing various programmes of solid waste management and educating, encouraging the family and society in this regard.
• Avoiding ‘use and throw’ type of articles like pens, canned cold drinks and tetra-packs etc.

4. Write notes.
Meteorology, Climatic factors, Monsoon model, Industrial waste, Plastic waste, Principles of first aid.

5. Give examples of the importance of climate in the living world with explanations, in your own words.
Answer:

1. Daily weather as also long term climatic conditions influence human lifestyle directly or indirectly.
2. Land, water bodies, plants and animals collectively form the natural environment on earth. This environment is responsible for the development of organisms.
3. The climate of a particular region helps to determine the diet, clothing, housing, occupations and lifestyle of the people of that region. For example, the characteristic lifestyle of Kashmiri and Rajasthani people.
4. Salinity of marine water, formation of oceanic currents, water cycle, etc. are all related to various weather and climatic factors.
5. Various climatic factors bring about the weathering of rocks in the earth’s crust.
6. Climate plays a very important role in the formation and enrichment of soil.
7. Microbes in the soil play an important role in formation of organic materials. This process depends upon various climatic factors.

6. Explain with suitable examples, the care to be taken when using the methods of transporting patients.
Answer:

• Cradle Method: This method is used for children and under-weight victims.
• Carrying piggy back: This method is used for carrying patients who are unconscious.
• Human crutch method: If one of the legs is injured, the victim should be supported with minimum load on the other leg.
• Pulling or lifting method: This method is used for carrying an unconscious patient, through a short distance.
• Carrying on four-hand chair: This method is used when support is needed for the part below the waist.
• Carrying on two-hand chair: This method is useful for those patients who cannot use their hands but can hold their body upright.
• Stretcher: In an emergency, if a conventional stretcher is not available, then a temporary stretcher can be made using bamboo, blanket, etc.

7. Explain the differences.

a. Weather and climate
Answer:

Weather		Climate
(i)	Atmospheric conditions at a specific time at a particular place are referred to as weather.	(i)	The climate of a particular region is the average of daily readings of various weather-related parameters recorded for several years.
(ii)	Weather can change continuously.	(ii)	Climate remains constant in a region for a long duration.
(iii)	Weather is related to a specific location and specific time.	(iii)	Climate is related to a longer duration and larger area.
(iv)	Changes in the weather may occur for short periods of time.	(iv)	Changes in the climate take place slowly over a much long duration.

b. Degradable and non-degradable waste
Answer:

Degradable Waste		Non-degradable Waste
(i)	This type of waste is easily degraded by microbes.	(i)	This type of waste is not easily degraded by microbes because it takes a very long period of time and the use of various techniques.
(ii)	It includes kitchen waste (spoiled food, fruits, vegetables), ash, soil, dung, parts of the plants etc.	(ii)	It includes plastic, metal and other similar materials.
(iii)	It is also called wet solid waste or wet garbage.	(iii)	It is also called dry solid waste or dry garbage.
(iv)	If it is carefully decomposed, we can obtain compost and fuel of good quality from it.	(iv)	It can be recycled.

Class 9 Science Chapter 9 Environmental Management Intext Questions and Answers

Can you recall?

Environmental Management Class 9 Question 1.
Which natural calamities have you experienced? How did they affect the conditions in your surroundings?
Answer:
In July 2005, heavy rains caused flooding in many parts of Maharashtra including large areas of Mumbai.

They effects were as follows.

• Many people lost life.
• There was water clogging in most parts causing severe damage to private property and public property.
• Hospitals were submerged causing severe inconvenience to patients.
• The city incurred huge financial loss.

Environmental Management Class 9 Exercise  Question 2.
How will you make a plan to be safe from calamities or to minimize the damage?
Answer:

1. As a responsible citizen we can contribute by educating the people about all the precautions to be taken when such a calamity occurs.
2. We can also contribute by minimizing the occurrence of natural calamity like flood by taking measure to reduce land pollution, proper disposing waste material and recycling them.
3. We can plan to be safe by keeping the following things handy-torch, first-aid kit, ample food supply and water storage, emergency numbers list and extra pair of clothes.

Thus by taking appropriate measures, we can be safe from calamities

Class 9 Science Chapter 9 Environmental Management  Question 3.
How does the atmosphere affect our daily life?
Answer:
The atmosphere affect our daily life in following ways

• If protects us from harmfull radiations of sun.
• Atmosphere helps to sustain life on earth by providing oxygen for human beings and animal to breathe and carbon dioxide to plants.
• It helps in keeping us warm due to green house effect.

Environmental Management Class 9 Answers Question 4.
Forecasts about which weather related factors are given during the news bulletins on Doordarshan and Akashvani?
Answer:
Forecasts about different weather related factors such as cloud cover, rain, snowfall, wind speed and temperature are given during the news bulletins on Doordarshan and Akashvani.

9 Environmental Management Exercises  Question 5.
What is meant by pollution?
Answer:
Contamination of natural environment that can harmfully affect the ecosystem is called as pollution.

9th Class Science Chapter 9 Environmental Management Exercise Question 6.
What is meant by solid waste?
Answer:
The waste materials generated through the various daily human activities are called solid waste.

Maharashtra Board Class 9 Science Solutions Question 7.
What are the different things included in solid waste?
Answer:
Domestic waste, industrial waste, hazardous waste, electronic waste, biomedical waste, urban waste, radioactive waste and mining waste are the different things included in solid waste.

Question 8.
Why is it necessary to recycle non-degradable waste?
Answer:
(i) non-degradable waste cannot be easily degraded because it takes a very long period of time and the use of various techniques.
(ii) Therefore, non-degradable waste should be recycled so that it does not accumulate and cause hazards to the environment.

Question 9.
Which materials are included in solid dry waste?
Answer:
Solid dry waste includes paper, plastic, metals, glass, cardboard, thermocol etc.

Answer the following

Question 1.
In which different ways do our surroundings get polluted?
Answer:

• Air pollution is caused due to emissions from industries, vehicles, burning of fossil fuels, construction, mining and agriculture.
• Water pollution is caused by domestic sewage and industrial waste water released into the water bodies.
• Soil pollution is caused due to industrial wastes, domestic waste, chemical fertilizers, biomedical waste and pesticides.
• Noise pollution is caused by machines, vehicular traffic, loudspeakers and household appliances.

Question 2.
Which factors are affected favourably or unfavourably by climate? What must we do to minimize the effect?
Answer:

• Climate plays a very important role in our day to day life.
• It influences our basic needs like food, clothing and shelter as well as our occupations.
• Climate is especially important for an agrarian country like India. Also climatic factors like direction and speed of the winds, temperature, atmospheric pressure etc. are also considered during construction work.
• The science of meteorology helps in predicting climatic conditions by satellites in different ways such as prediction of rainfall, air pollution, dust storms, hot and cold waves tsunamic etc.
• so that all the citizens are well-equipped beforehand and can take preventive measures.

Question 3.
Into which two categories can the waste materials in the lists above be classified?
Answer:
The waste materials can be classified as biodegradable waste and non-biodegradable waste.

Answer the following:

Question 1.
Make a list of various waste materials and articles in your area and prepare a chart as follows:
Answer:

Question 1.
Nowadays, an electronic device – the cell phone – is very popular. From a mobile shop near your house, find out how they dispose off old and broken down cell phones.
Answer:
Old and broken down cell phones are sold to scrap dealers, who sell to a bigger dealer where reusable parts are taken out and useless parts are sent for recycling.

Question 2.
What are the different types of casualties that are seen to occur in different types of disasters?
Answer:

• Death.
• Injuries.
• Loss of limbs or body parts.
• Burns.
• Diseases.
• Fractures.
• Bleeding.
• People becoming unconscious.

Question 3.
Which waste management processes are used in your village/town / city?
Answer:
i. The Municipal Corporation or Municipality collects the various kinds of wastes like dry waste, solid waste, biomedical waste in different coloured containers and transports them to areas where they are treated and disposed off.

ii. Industrial waste is mostly recycled and biomedical waste is treated by the scientific methods mentioned below.

a. Solid waste is disposed off in secured land fills. The site for secured landfill is selected 2 km away from water bodies and away from human habitation. Care is taken to see that the site does not fall in sensitive zone. The landfills are layered with clay and plastic and then the garbage is spread and left.
b. Pyrolysis is done for semi combustible material. Semi combustible materials are heated to high temperature by gas arid electricity.
c. The municipality can also set up biogas plants where the solid waste is converted to biogas by anaerobic fermentation. The biogas can be used to generate power and also a good manure which can be used for agriculture.
(d) Biomedical waste is burnt in incinerators to kill the pathogens. Disinfection and sterilization is also done while treating biomedical waste by the Municipal Corporation.

These are some of the waste management processes used in village/town/city.

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Observe the garbage collected in the dustbin of your classroom and make a list of the various materials in it.
Discuss with your teacher, how these materials can be properly disposed off. Can we do the same with the garbage generated in our house? Think about it.

Answer:
(i) Garbage collected in classroom dustbin:

• Waste paper and paper bits.
• Pencil shavings
• Wrappers of chocolates, biscuits etc.
• Left over food from tiffins and fruit peels.
• Empty ball pen refills.

(ii) Out of these left over food from tiffins and fruit peels and pencil shaving can be used to make compost manure in school garden. The remaining waste can be sold to scrap dealers and sent for recycling.
(iii) Yes, we can do the same with the garbage generated in the house.

Question 2.
What is the main difference between what we see in the two pictures alongside (A and B).

Answer:

• We see that in picture A there is lot of garbage spread around making the place very dirty, whereas in picture B, there is no garbage and the place is absolutely neat and clean.

Question 3.
What should we do to permanently maintain the condition seen in picture B?
Answer:
To permanently maintain the condition seen in picture B, we should follow the 3R mantra (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle). Also, we must avoid littering, throwing plastic bags, wrappers of chocolates, ice-creams, biscuits etc.

Class 9 Science Chapter 9 Environmental Management Additional Important Questions and Answers

Choose and write the correct option

Question 1.
is a long term predominant condition of the atmosphere.
(a) Climate
(b) Weather
(c) Pressure
(d) Biosphere
Answer:
(a) Climate

Question 2.
Various climatic factors like are considered during construction of runways, seaports, huge bridges and skyscrapers, etc.
(a) Direction and speed of wind
(b) Temperature
(c) Atmospheric pressure
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 3.
The was established by the United Nations Organization on 23rd March 1950.
(a) World Health Organization
(b) National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration
(c) World Meteorological Organization
(d) Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
Answer:
(c) World Meteorological Organization

Question 4.
is/are related to various weather and climatic factors.
(a) Salinity of marine water
(b) Formation of ocean currents
(c) Water cycle
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 5.
is the founder of IMD.
(a) Dr. Vasantrao Govarikar
(b) H.F. Blanford
(c) Sir Gilbert Walker
(d) Dr. Radhakrishnan Nair
Answer:
(b) H. F. Blanford

Question 6.
The monsoon model based upon 16 worldwide parameters was developed by the initiative of
(a) Dr. Vasantrao Govarikar
(b) H.F. Blanford
(c) Sir Gilbert Walker
(d) Virghese Kurien
Answer:
(a) Dr. Vasantrao Govarikar

Question 7.
In , forecasts are made taking into account the estimates of current weather related events and ongoing physical activity.
(a) Statistical model
(b) Holistic model
(c) Mathematical model
(d) All of these
Answer:
(c) Mathematical model

Question 8.
In , predictions are based upon those parameters used in other models which have the greatest effect on the monsoon.
(a) Holistic model
(b) Mathematical model
(c) Statistical model
(d) Scientific model
Answer:
(a) Holistic model

Question 9.
Radioactive materials, explosives and infectious materials are classified as waste.
(a) Industrial waste
(b) Biomedical waste
(c) Urban waste
(d) Hazardous waste
Answer:
(d) Hazardous waste

Question10.
are radioactive waste.
(a) Remains of heavy metals like arsenic, cadmium etc.
(b) Strontium-10, Cerium-141, Barium -140
(c) Waste from blood banks and laboratories
(d) All of these
Answer:
(b) Strontium-10, Cerium-141, Barium-140

Question 11.
Waste food, paper, plastic, vegetable and fruit waste etc. are classified as waste.
(a) Industrial waste
(b) Farm waste
(c) Domestic waste
(d) Urban waste
Answer:
(c) Domestic waste

Question 12.
is the 3 R mantra.
(a) Refuse, Research, Recycle
(b) Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
(c) Reduce, Reuse, Refuse
(d) Rethink, Recycle, Reuse
Answer:
(b) Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

Question 13.
is the largest producer of electricity from solid waste.
(a) India
(b) America
(c) Japan
(d) China
Answer:
(b) America

Question 14.
Chemicals, pigments, sludge, ash, metals, etc. are classified as waste.
(a) Domestic waste
(b) Industrial waste
(c) Urban waste
(d) Hazardous waste
Answer:
(b) Industrial waste

Question 15.
Period of natural degradation for banana peels is
(a) 1 month
(b) 1-2 weeks
(c) 3-4 weeks
(d) 2 months
Answer:
(c) 3-4 weeks

Question 16.
Period of natural degradation for cloth bags is
(a) 2-3 weeks
(b) 1 month
(c) 5 months
(d) 1 year
Answer:
(b) 1 month

Question 17.
Period of natural degradation for wood is
(a) 1 month
(b) 5 months
(c) 10-15 years
(c) 40-50 years
Answer:
(c) 10-15 years

Question 18.
Period of natural degradation for certain plastic bags is
(a) 50-100 years
(b) infinite duration
(c) 10 lakh years
(d) 1000 years

(c) 10 lakh years

Question 19.
Period of natural degradation for thermocol or Styrofoam cup is
(a) 10 lakh years
(b) infinite duration
(c) 200-250 years
(d) 1 year
Answer:
(b) infinite duration

Question 20.
If any bone is fractured, it is essential that the fractured part be
(a) mobilized
(b) immobilized
(c) pulled
(d) massaged
Answer:
(b) immobilized

Question 21.
For transporting children and under-weight victims, method is used.
(a) carrying piggy back
(b) human crutch method
(c) cradle method
(d) stretcher
Answer:
(c) cradle method

Question 22.
method is useful to carry patients who are unconscious.
(a) Cradle Method
(b) Carrying piggy back
(c) Human crutch
(d) Carrying on four-hand chair
Answer:
(b) Carrying piggy back

Question 23.
method is used for carrying an unconscious patient through a short distance.
(a) Carrying piggy back
(b) Cradle method
(c) Carrying on two-hand chair
(d) Pulling or lifting method
Answer:
(d) Pulling or lifting method

Question 24.
method is useful to carry patients who cannot use their hands but can hold their body upright.
(a) Carrying on four-hand chair
(b) Carrying on two-hand chair
(c) Carrying piggy back
(d) Cradle method
Answer:
(b) Carrying on two-hand chair

v 25.
method is used to carry patients when support is needed for the part below the waist.
(a) Carrying on four-hand chair
(b) Carrying on two-hand chair
(c) Stretcher
(d) Pulling or lifting method
Answer:
(a) Carrying on four-hand chair

Question 26.
For injuries like sprains, twisting and contusion, should be applied on the injured part.
(a) turmeric powder
(b) antiseptic pad
(c) ice-pack
(d) pressure
Answer:
(c) ice-pack

Find the odd man out:

Question 1.
Waste food, paper, plastic, bandages.
Answer:
Bandages: It is a biomedical waste whereas the others are domestic waste.

Question 2.
Pesticides, fertilizers, crop residue, sludge.
Answer:
Sludge: It is an industrial waste whereas the others are farm waste.

Question 3.
Strontium -10, Cerium – 141, Barium – 140, Cadmium.
Answer:
Cadmium: It is a mining waste whereas the others are radioactive waste.

Question 4.
Banana peels, cloth bag, food waste, plastic bag.
Answer:
Plastic bag: It is a non-biodegradable waste whereas the others are degradable wastes.

Question 5.
Fruits, ash, metals, vegetables.
Answer:
Metal: It is a non-biodegradable waste whereas the others are degradable wastes.

Complete the analogy:

(1) Specific duration and specific time: Weather : : Longer duration and longer time :
(2) Mumbai: 5000 tons solid waste :: Pune:
(3) Kitchen waste, parts of plants : Wet solid waste :: Plastic, metals :
(4) Largest producer of electricity from solid waste : America : : Production of useful materials from banana peelings :
(5) Cloth bags : 1 month : : Rags :
(6) Tin cans : 50-100 years : : Aluminium cans :
(7) Wood : 10-15 years :: Styrofoam :
Answer:
(1) Climate
(2) 1700 tons solid waste
(3) Dry solid waste
(4) Japan
(5) 5 months
(6) 200-250 years
(7) Infinite duration

Match the columns:

Question 1.

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(1) Mining waste	(a) Leaves, flowers, crop residue.
(2) Electronic waste	(b) Remains of heavy metals like lead, arsenic, cadmium.
(3) Farm waste	(c) Strontium-10, Cerium-141, Barium-140
(4) Radioactive waste	(d) Cell phones, TV sets, Computers

Answer:
(1 – b),
(2 – d),
(3 – a),
(4 – c)

Question 2.

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(1) Banana peels	(a) 10 lakh years.
(2) Plastic bags	(b) 200-250 years.
(3) Leather shoes	(c) 3-4 weeks
(4) Aluminium cans	(d) 40-50 years

Answer:
(1 – c),
(2 – a),
(3 – d),
(4 -b)

Question 3.

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(1) Thermocol (2) Tin cans (3) Woollen socks (4) Wood	(a) 1 year. (b) Infinite duration. (c) 10-15 years (d) 50-100 years

Answer:
(1 – b),
(2 – d),
(3 – a),
(4 – c)

State whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statements:

Question 1.
Climate is a long term predominant condition of the atmosphere.
Answer:
True.

Question 2.
Climate changes continuously.
Answer:
False. Climate does not change continuously. It remains constant in a region for a long duration.

Question 3.
If present climatic conditions are analysed with reference to the past climatic conditions, we can predict climatic changes of the future.
Answer:
True.

Question 4.
Forecasting is difficult for places where climatic changes are slow and of a limited nature.
Answer:
False. Forecasting is easy for places where climatic changes are slow and of a limited nature.

Question 5.
Climate plays a very important role in the formation and enrichment of soil.
Answer:
True.

Question 6.
Prediction maps are prepared once in 24 hours.
Answer:
False. Prediction maps are prepared twice in every 24 hours.

Question 7.
The first prediction of monsoon in India was made by Dr. Vasantrao Govariakar.
Answer:
False. The first prediction of monsoon in India was made my H.F. Blanford.

Question 8.
H.F. Blanford used the rainfall in Kerala as the parameter for prediction of monsoon in India.
Answer:
False. H.F. Blanford used the snowfall in Himalayas as a parameter for prediction of monsoon in India.

Question 9.
In Holistic model, predictions are made taking into account estimates of current weather-related events and ongoing physical interactions between them.
Answer:
False. In Holistic model, predictions are based upon those parameters used in other models which have the greatest effect on monsoon.

Question 10.
Any meteorological model depends upon the inter-relationships between parameters used in that model and the results expected from it.
Answer:
True.

Question 11.
Remains of heavy metals like lead, arsenic, cadmium, etc. from mines are industrial waste.
Answer:
False. Remains of heavy metals like lead, arsenic, cadmium etc. from mines are mining waste.

Question 12.
Use of ‘use and throw’ type of articles like pens, canned cold drinks, tetra packs should be encouraged in waste management.
Answer:
False. Use of ‘use and throw’ type of articles like pens, canned cold drinks, tetra packs should be strictly avoided in waste management.

Question 13.
We should use tissue paper instead of one’s own handkerchief for effective waste management.
Answer:
False. We should use one’s own handkerchief instead of tissue paper for effective waste management.

Question 14.
Certain plastic bags take 1 month to degrade.
Answer:
False. Certain plastic bags take 10 lakh years to degrade.

Question 15.
Banana peels can degrade in 3-4 weeks.
Answer:
True.

Question 16.
If the victim has burn injuries, it is beneficial to cover the burnt part with blanket.
Answer:
False. If the victim has burn injuries, it is beneficial to hold the injured part under clean and cold flowing water for at least 10 minutes.

Question 17.
CPR helps to bring the circulation to normal.
Answer:
True.

Question 18.
If breathing has stopped, the head should be held in backward sloping position.
Answer:
False. If breathing has stopped, the victim should be given artificial ventilation by mouth to mouth resuscitation.

Question 19.
Japan is the largest producer of electricity from solid waste.
Answer:
False. America is the largest producer of electricity from solid waste.

Question 20.
China has developed the projects of production of threads, paper and other useful materials from banana peels.
Answer:
False. Japan has developed the projects of production of threads, paper and other useful materials from banana peels.

Define the following:

Question 1.
Weather
Answer:
Atmospheric conditions at a specific time at a particular place are referred to as weather.

Question 2.
Climate
Answer:
The climate of a particular region is the average of daily readings of various weather-related parameters recorded for several years.

Question 3.
Meteorology
Answer:
The science that studies the inter-relationships between the various components of air, natural cycles, geological movements of earth and climate is called meteorology.

Question 4.
Solid waste
Answer:
Waste materials generated through daily human activities are called solid waste.

Question 5.
Urban waste
Answer:
Waste generated through household industries and large commercial and industrial establishments is called Urban waste.

Answer the following:

Question 1.
What is the necessity of solid waste management?
Answer:
Necessity of solid waste management:

• For preventing environmental pollution and to keep the surroundings clean.
• For energy as well as fertilizer production and through that to generate work and employment opportunities.
• To reduce the strain on natural resources through treatment of solid waste.
• To improve the health and quality of life and to maintain environmental balance.

Question 2.
What are the harmful effects of solid waste?
Answer:
Harmful effects of solid waste:

• Effect on biodiversity.
• Releases bad odour.
• Produces toxic gases.
• Leads to degradation of natural beauty.
• Leads to pollution of air, water and soil.
• Spreads diseases.

Question 3.
What first-aid should be given for injuries like sprains, twisting and contusion?
Answer:
For injuries like sprains, twisting and contusion, the ‘RICE’ remedy should be applied:

• Rest: Allow the victim to sit in a relaxed position.
• Ice: Apply an ice-pack to the injured part.
• Compression: After the ice-pack treatment, the injured part should be massaged gently.
• Elevate: The injured part should be kept in a raised/elevated position.

Question 4.
Why do meteorological models need to be changed continually?
Answer:

1. Any meteorological model depends upon the inter-relationship between parameters used in that model and the results expected from it.
2. However, as these inter-relationships with reference to the ocean and atmosphere are never constant, meteorological models need to be changed continually.

Question 5.
What is urban waste? What does it include?
Answer:

1. Waste generated through household industries and large commercial and industrial establishments is called urban waste.
2. It includes carry bags, glass, metal pieces and rods, threads, rubber, paper, cans from shops, waste from vegetable and meat markets, construction waste etc.

Question 6.
What does biomedical waste include?
Answer:
biomedical waste includes bandages, dressings, gloves, needles, saline bottle, medicines, medicine bottles, test tubes, body parts, blood etc. from clinics, hospitals, blood banks and laboratories.

Write short notes on:

Question 1.
Meteorology
Answer:

• The science that studies the inter-relationship between the various components of air, natural cycles, geological movements of the earth and climate is called meteorology.
• Meteorology includes the study of storms, clouds, rainfall, thunder, lightning etc.
• Depending upon the study of such factors, weather forecasts are made.
• They are useful to common people, farmers, fisheries, aviation services, water transport and various other organizations.

Question 2.
Climatic factors
Answer:

• The climate of a particular region is the average of daily readings of various weather-related parameters recorded for several years.
• Climatic factors include direction and speed of wind, temperature, atmospheric pressure, clouds, rainfall, humidity, visibility etc.
• These factors influence our basic needs like food, clothing, shelter as well as our occupations.
• Various climatic factors bring about the weathering of rocks in the earth’s crust.
• Microbes in the soil play an important role in formation of organic materials. This process also depends upon various climatic factors.

Question 3.
Monsoon model
Answer:

1. The tradition of forecasting the monsoon season in India is older than 100 years.
2. After the famine of 1877, H.F. Blanford, the founder of IMD had made such a prediction for the first time taking the snowfall in the Himalayas as a parameter for this prediction.
3. In the decade of the 1930’s, the then director of IMD, Sir Gilbert Walker had underlined the relationship between various worldwide climatic factors and the Indian monsoon and based on available observations and previous recordings related to this relationship, he put forth a hypothesis regarding the nature of the monsoon.
4. With the initiative of Dr. Vasantrao Govarikar in the decade of the 1990’s, a monsoon model based upon 16 worldwide climatic parameters was developed. This model was in use from 1990 to 2002.
5. Presently, new models are being developed at IITM. Work is in progress at two levels, namely designing new models and developing new technology.
6. The main focus is on the development of the radar system and satellite technology.

Question 4.
Plastic waste
Answer:

• Plastic waste is the accumulation of plastic products in the environment that adversely affects environment, humans and animals.
• Plastic waste is excessively generated as plastic is inexpensive and durable.
• Plastic is slow to degrade. It takes around 10 lakh years for certain plastic bags to degrade. .
• Plastic waste affects land and water.
• It also affects the health of animals, cattle unknowingly ingest these plastic bags leading to stomach cancer in them.
• Plastic also releases toxic chemicals which are carcinogenic to humAnswer:
• To avoid plastic waste, cloth bags should be used instead of plastic bags. Plastic articles should be recycled.

Question 5.
Industrial waste
Answer:

• Industrial waste is the waste produced by industrial processes or activities.
• There is a huge variety of industries producing different types of materials and articles. All of these use raw materials and give out a lot of waste.
• There are hundreds of mines which extract copper, silver, gold, iron, coal etc. Huge quantities of waste are produced while processing them.
• Cement industries give out solid, liquid and gaseous wastes.
• While refining crude oil, a lot of poisonous gaseous and liquid wastes are produced.
• Construction units produce huge quantities of waste stones, pebbles, broken bricks, wood waste etc. Mostly they are dumped in landfills.
• It also includes chemicals, pigments, sludge, ash, metal, etc. given out from mining, textile, construction, chemical industries.

Question 6.
Principles of first aid
Answer:
Life and Resuscitation – ‘ABC’ is the Basic Principle of first aid which is provided to the victims of disaster.

1. Airway: If the victim has difficulty in breathing, the head should be held in a backward sloping position or the chin should be raised so that the respiratory passage remains open.
2. Breathing: If breathing has stopped, the victim should be given artificial ventilation by mouth to mouth resuscitation.
3. Circulation: If the victim is unconscious, then after giving mouth to mouth respiration twice,

Question 7.
Statistical Model
Answer:

• In this model, current climatic observations in a region are compared with earlier parameters such as oceanic temperature, atmospheric” pressure and the nature of the monsoon rainfall for several years.
• This data is comparatively analysed by statistical methods and predictions are made about the monsoon in the present conditions.

Question 9.
Holistic Model
Answer:

• In this model, predictions are based upon those parameters used in other models which have the greatest effect on the monsoon.
• Nowadays, predictions declared by IMD are the collective outcome of various model. This is called a holistic model.

Complete the following concept chart:

Question 1.
Weather-related climatic factors
Answer:

Question 2.
Harmful effects of solid waste
Answer:

Question 3.
Scientific and eco-friendly waste Management
Answer:

Answer in detail:

Question 1.
What are the principles of solid waste management?
Answer:
Principles of solid waste management:

• Reuse: After use, materials should be reused for some other proper purposes.
• Refuse: Refusal to use articles made from non- degradable articles like plastic and thermocol.
• Recycle: Production of useful articles by recycling solid wastes. For example, paper and glass can be recycled.
• Rethink: Rethinking our habits, activities and their consequences in connection with the use of various articles of daily use.
• Reduce: Restricting the use of resources to avoid their wastage.
• Old materials should be reused. One thing should be shared by many, use and throw type of objects should be avoided.
• Research: Conducting research related to reuse of materials that are temporarily out of use.
• Regulation and Public awareness: Following the laws and rules related to waste management and motivating others to do the same.

Question 2.
What is disaster management? What actions does it include?
Answer:
Disaster management is action implemented through proper planning, organized activity and co-ordination.

It includes the following:

• Prevention of loss and danger.
• Improving tolerance.
• Providing relief from disaster, minimising the intensity and extent of harm.
• Preparation to face the disaster.
• Immediate action in the disaster situation.
• Assessment of damages and intensity of the disaster.
• Arranging for rescue work and help.
• Rehabilitation and rebuilding.

Question 3.
Write a short note on : Indian Meteorological Department
Answer:

• The Indian Meteorological Department was founded by the British in 1875 at Shimla.
• Its head office is at Pune and its Regional offices are at Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Nagpur and Delhi.
• Maps are prepared every day which indicate the daily predictions about the weather.
• Such maps are prepared and published twice in every 24 hours.
• In this institute, research goes on continuously on various aspects like instruments for climatic readings, predictions made about climate using radar, predictions about climate related to seismology, predictions regarding rainfall by satellites, air pollution etc.
• The Indian Meteorological Department provides information regarding weather and climatic conditions to other departments like aviation, shipping, agriculture, irrigation, marine oil exploration and production etc.
• Predictions regarding calamities like dust storms, sand storms, heavy rainfall, hot and cold waves, tsunami, etc. are communicated to various departments, all types of mass communication media and all citizens.
• India has launched several satellites equipped with highclass technology.
• Observatories at several locations are doing excellent work in the analysis of the information received from these satellites.

 

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 English Solutions My English Coursebook Chapter 3.5 Great Scientists Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 My English Coursebook Solutions Chapter 3.5 Great Scientists

My English Coursebook Std 9 Guide Chapter 3.5 Great Scientists Textbook Questions and Answers

Warming up:
Chit-chat

1. What would you like to learn about in your Science period?
2. Have you ever tried to do an experiment on your own?
   If yes, tell me about it.
   If no, tell me why you’ve never tried.
3. What would you like to learn about in your English classes?

Inventions

Question (a)
Think of as many examples of the following as you can and write them in the appropriate column:

Answer:

Type of machine	Examples
Simple machines that are operated by hand	Screwdriver, pincers, auger chisel, drill machine, spanner, etc.
Machines that run on electricity	electric motor, fan, air conditioner, hair drier, geyser, mixer, oven, etc.
Electronic devices	Mobile phones, tablets, laptops, computer, speakers, etc.

Question (b)
Write as many uses of the following as you can:
(a) A cloth bag
(b) a wicker basket
(c) a glass bottle or jar
(d) a steel bowl
(e) a thick string or rope
Answer:
(a) a cloth bag: to carry things, for keeping clothes, shopping, using instead of paper bags, etc.
(b) a wicker basket: for keeping fruits, grains, carrying and selling vegetables, fruits, fish, etc.
(c) a glass bottle or jar: for keeping jam, liquids, juice, pickles, water for drinking, for medicine, kerosene, storing liquids, etc.
(d) a steel bowl: to keep eatables while eating, for drinking medicine, while serving curry, dal, shrikhand, aamras, etc.
(e) a thick string or rope: to tie things, to play, to hold things together, used in adventure sports like trekking, mountaineering, etc., to tether cattle.

English Workshop:

1. Write what is implied in the following sentence:

Question (a)
But few know his inspirational life story, which is all about courage and fighting against the odds. (What does it tell you about Faraday’s life?)
Answer:
Faraday was born in a poverty-stricken family, suffered from a speech defect as a child, had to start working at the age of thirteen. Poor Faraday had to struggle hard against all odds because he had no social status, no money and no education. Even then he toiled hard and achieved a great success after all his difficulties.

Question (b)
Even then Davy did not have much hope for Faraday: (Choose the correct question tag.)

1. didn’t he?
2. have he?
3. does he?
4. did he?

Answer:
Even then Davy did not have much hope for Faraday, did he?

Question (c)
People started telling Davy that of all his discoveries, the best was Faraday himself. (What does it suggest about Davy’s work?)

2. Break the passage into convenient smaller sections. Give sub-headings or titles to each section:

Question 1.
Break the passage into convenient smaller sections. Give sub-headings or titles to each section:
Answer:
1. Passage: Michael Faraday is regarded as ………….. produce the first consistent light bulb.
Title: Faraday’s childhood and his work as a bookbinder.

2. Passage: That day in 1812 Faraday ………………. to see some Davy’s leading experiments.
Title: Faraday’s association with Davy.

3. Passage: Even then Davy did not have much ……………….. born out of mockery directed at Faraday.
Title: Faraday discovered the ‘induction motor’

4. Passage: Faraday became a celebrity scientist ………………. inspire him during difficult times.
Title: Davy’s jealousy and Faraday’s failure!

5. Passage: In 1829, Davy died and Faraday concept called polarization.
Title: 1. Faraday becomes head of Davy’s laboratory.
2. Finds concept of polarization.

6. Passage: He then took the age-old experiment ………………. ‘It does not matter who you are’.
Title:
1. Fortune favours Faraday!
2. Association with Maxwell and Maxwell’s equations creates revolution!

3. List the different gadgets and instruments mentioned in the passage. Find more information about at least 3 of them, using the internet:

Question 1.
List the different gadgets and instruments mentioned in the passage. Find more information about at least 3 of them, using the internet:
Answer:
Gadgets and instruments from the lesson:
fans, air conditioning, sewing machines, photographs, power tools, cars, telescopes, microscopes, electrical generators, dynamos, Electronics and communication system, etc.

4. Find out more about the following scientists with the help of the Internet.

Question 1.
Find out more about the following scientists with the help of the Internet.

1. Michael Faraday
2. Humphry Davy
3. Thomas Edison
4. James Maxwell:

(Students do this on their own using the Internet.)

Language Study:

5. Find the following matter in the passage and copy the missing words:

Question 1.
Find the following matter in the passage and copy the missing words:
(Answers are directly underlined.)
(a) When he was twelve, …………………………… school ………………….
(b) One day he came across a book on ………………………….. .
(c) Faraday decided that ………………… scientist
(d) Davy never believed ……………………. science …………………….
(e) People started telling Davy that ……………………. discoveries, ……………………….
(f) He handed him a piece of Bavarian glass, which ……………………. microscopes, ………………….
(g) He went on to prove that …………………… filings;
(h) It was Maxwell who …………………… equations ………………….
Answer:
(a) When he was twelve, his mother was forced to take him out of school.
(b) One day he came across a book on electricity which had been sent to his master for binding.
(c) Faraday decided that day that he wanted to be a great scientist.
(d) Davy never believed Faraday could do anything in the field of science.
(e) People started telling Davy that of all his discoveries, the best was Faraday himself, this made him even more jealous.
(f) He handed him a piece of Bavarian glass, which was used in the lenses in telescopes and microscopes, and asked him to reverse engineer it.
(g) He went on to prove that these patterns were not a property of the iron filings.
(h) It was Maxwell who translated Faraday’s idea into a set of equations that are now called Maxwell’s equations.

6. Now Complete the following sentences using your own words/phrases:

Question 1.
Now Complete the following sentences using your own words/phrases:
(Answers are directly given.)
(a) When he was twelve, ………………………. .
(b) One day he came across a book on ………………… .
(c) He decided that …………………. .
(d) He never believed ……………… .
(e) People started telling that ………………. .
(f) He handed him which ……………………. .
(g) He went on to prove that ………………… .
(h) It was ……………….. who ………………… .
Answer:
(a) When he was twelve, he took lessons in martial arts.
(b) One day he came across a book on ‘How to make friends’.

My English Coursebook 9th Class Solutions Chapter 3.5 Great Scientists Additional Important Questions and Answers

Simple Factual Activities:

Question 1.
State if the following statements are True or False : (Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

1. Faraday’s work on electricity is still a subject of study. – True
2. Faraday as a child, had a speech defect. – True
3. Faraday disliked reading. – False
4. The first consistent light bulb was produced by Davy. – False

Question 2.
What is the passage about?
Answer:
The passage is about the great scientists and their qualities.

Question 3.
Complete the following statements by giving reasons: (Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

1. Faraday forgot to applaud with the rest of the crowd because he was fully engrossed in Davy’s lecture.
2. Faraday didn’t just want to sell books because he wanted to be a great scientist.
3. Davy decided to hire Faraday as his secretary because a chemical explosion had temporarily blinded Davy.
4. Davy promoted Faraday to his lab assistant because Faraday worked day and night and learnt a lot about Davy’s experiments.

Question 4.
What was the subject of Davy’s lecture?
Answer:
Davy’s lecture was about the mysterious force of electric fluid.

Question 5.
Complete the sentences using the information given in the passage:
(Answers are directly given.)
1. The induction motor spurred a revolution.
2. Davy and William Wollaston were trying to re-create a famous electromagnetism experiment.

Complex Factual Activity:

Question 1.
What were the odds against Faraday in his childhood?
Answer:
Faraday faced many odds as a child. He was born in a very poor family and lived in a dirty London Suburb. He suffered from a speech defect, so much that other children laughed on his pronounces. At the age of twelve he was forced to leave his school and it was the end of his formal education. At the age of thirteen he had to take up working as a bookbinder for living.

Question 2.
What actions and thoughts of Faraday show that he was inspired by Davy?
Answer:
Faraday took notes of Davy’s lecture on ‘mysterious force of electric fluid’s comprehensively. He bound them into a book for giving a gift to Davy someday. From that day he thought of becoming a great scientist and to write his own books. Davy became his role model. He wanted Davy to become his mentor. Though, Davy did not agree, Faraday was not unhappy and disappointed and just kept trying to get his favour.

Question 3.
Was Davy fair in his treatment of Faraday? How did Faraday respond to that treatment?
Answer:
Davy definitely was not fair in his treatment of Faraday. But Faraday was not deterred and was relentless. He continued working hard day and night to learn as much as he could about Davy’s experiments. Though his work was cleaning the labs, Faraday considered himself lucky to get to see some of Davy’s experiments.

Question 4.
What happens when an electric current is applied to a wire?
Answer:
When an electric current is applied to a wire, it causes that wire to behave like a magnet and the forces are connected.

Question 5.
An induction motor is a commonly used electrical machine. What examples of its use are given here?
Answer:
The induction motor is used in fans, air conditioning, sewing machines, photographs, power tools, cars and even trains and aeroplane engines.

Give one example each to show that –

Question (a)
Faraday was a good pupil.
Answer:
Faraday respected Davy though he was jealous of Faraday. Davy gave him an impossible task to reverse engineer the Bavarian glass but Faraday accepted the assignment despite knowing that it would be very difficult. This shows that Faraday was a good pupil.

Question (b)
Davy was not a good mentor.
Answer:
Davy was jealous of his pupil’s achievement and never helped him in his difficulties. He gave Faraday an impossible task to keep him out of his way. He knew that with the equipment available in the lab, Faraday would never be able to accomplish the task. He wanted to enjoy his pupil’s failure. This shows that Davy was not a good mentor.

Question 1.
Why did Faraday keep a souvenir of his failure as a source of inspiration?
Answer:
Faraday kept a single glass brick on his shelf as a souvenir to remind himself of those difficult days. He wanted to remember his failure and the hard work he had done during those difficult days. He believed that it would inspire him in such difficult days.

Activities based on vocabulary:

What is the meaning of the following sentences:

Question (a)
Reading became his obsession.
Answer:
Faraday’s mind was completely filled with thoughts of reading and he did not think of anything else other than reading.

Question (b)
Electricity became his lifelong fascination.
Answer:
Electricity became Faraday’s very strong attraction lasting all through his life.

Question 1.
Write two compound words from the passage :
Example: bookbinder.
Answer:
1. poverty-stricken
2. lifelong

Question 2.
Match the words in Column ‘A’ with the meaning in Column ‘B’:
Answer:

‘A’	‘B’
1. pursue	(a) a person that you admire and try to follow him/her
2. role model	(b) to continue to do or achieve something
3. mentor	(c) to cheer with claps
4. applaud	(d) an expert who advises and helps less experienced persons

Answer:

‘A’	‘B’
1.  pursue	(b) to continue to do or achieve something
2. role model	(a) a person that you admire and try to follow him/her
3. mentor	(d) an expert who advises and helps less experienced persons
4. applaud	(c) to cheer with claps

Question 3.
Write four words from the passage that tell us the state of mind of a person :
Answer:

1. spellbound
2. engrossed
3. dejected
4. relentless.

Question 4.
Write words using each letter of the following words:

1. about
2. angry
3. thing
4. from.

Answer:

1. ant, ball, odd, use, table.
2. and, not, give, ray, yes.
3. that, high, inn, note, goat.
4. frog, road, ox, mango.

Question 5.
Choose the correct words from the passage and complete the table:
Answer:

Describing words	The nouns described
1. circular	patterns
2. invisible	magnetic fields
3. formal	education
4. age-old	experiment
5. impossible	tasks
6. empty	space

Question 6.
Find and write the past tense verbs with ‘-ed’ from the passage :
Answer:
filled, disturbed, copied, accepted, favoured, translated, combined, helped, designed, started.

Activities based on contextual grammar:

Question 1.
Write any four words that begin with ‘re-’ as a prefix ;
Answer:

1. rewrite
2. replace
3. replay
4. redirect.

Question 2.
He dismissed Faraday’s aspirations.
(Begin with Faraday’s aspiration-and make the sentence of Passive voice.)
Answer:
Faraday’s aspirations were dismissed by him.

Question 3.
He forgot to applaud with the rest of the crowd.
(Make the sentence negative without changing the meaning.)
Answer:
He did not remember to applaud with the rest of the crowd.

Question 4.
Find and write from the passage the adjectives used for the following nouns :

1. force
2. notes
3. explosion
4. memory.

Answer:

1. mysterious force
2. comprehensive notes
3. chemical explosion
4. excellent memory.

Question 5.
He needed an assistant.
(Frame a Wh-question to get the underlined part of the sentence as an answer.)
Answer:
What did he need?

Question 6.
Use the following phrases in the sentences of your own

1. figure out
2. born out of
3. try one’s hand at
4. to spur a revolution

Answer:

1. He couldn’t figure out the reason behind his friend’s behaviour with him.
2. Every invention is bom out of inquisitiveness.
3. Father asked me to try my hand at preparing the food item.
4. Computers have spurred a revolution in this modern world.

Question 7.
It would be very difficult
(Make it a negative sentence.)
Answer:
It would not be very easy.

Question 8.
He accepted the assignment. (Change the voice.)
Answer:
The assignment was accepted by him.

Frame wh-question to get the underlined part as answers:

Question (a)
He used the same glass now.
Answer:
What did he use now?

Question (b)
They found the strange object under a bench in the garden.
Answer:
Where did they find the strange object?

Question 1.
He was unable to explain them.
(Make it a negative sentence without changing meaning,)
Answer:
He could not explain them.

Question 2.
He made hundreds of such drawings.
(Choose the correct sentence of passive voice.)
(a) Hundreds of such drawings are made by him.
(b) Hundreds of such drawings will be made by him.
(c) Hundreds of such drawings were made by him.
(d) Hundreds of such drawings have made by him.
Answer:
(c) Hundreds of such drawings were made by him.

Do as directed:

Question 1.
Complete the words by using correct letters:

1. p _ ove
2. fi_ld
3. e _ pty
4. mi_ht

Answer:

1. prove
2. field
3. empty
4. might

Question 2.
Copy the following sentences correctly in your notebook:
Answer:
1. He couldn’t even say his own name and would call himself ‘Faraday’.
2. faraday was spellbound by Davy’s lecture in 1812.

Question 3.
Put the following words in alphabetical order:
1. epitomise, generate, convert, accomplish
2. destiny, determine, disturb, dismiss
Answer:
1. accomplish, convert, epitomise, generate.
2. destiny, determine, dismiss, disturb.

Question 4.
Punctuate the following sentences:
1. he worked day and night and learnt as much as he could about davys experiments
2. Faraday had a never give up attitude and he respected davy
Answer:
1. He worked day and night and learnt as much as he could about Davy’s experiments.
2. Faraday had a never-give-up attitude and he respected Davy.

Question 5.
Write four small words (minimum letters each) using the letters in the given word: ‘comprehensive’:
Answer:

1. come
2. cohesive
3. hen
4. hive.

Spot the error and circle it. Then rewrite the corrected sentence:

Question 1.

Answer:
Our teacher was absent yesterday.

Question 2.

Answer:
She has forgotten her notebook in school.

Write related words as shown in the example: (Answers are directly given.)

Question 1.
Write related words as shown in the example: (Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

Complete the following word-chain with any four words. Add four words, each beginning with the last letter of the previous word:

Question (a)
Complete the following word-chain with any four words. Add four words, each beginning with the last letter of the previous word:
poverty → ………. → ………. → ………… → ………….
Answer:
poverty → yank → knowing → gorgeous → slap.

Question 2.
Make a meaningful sentence by using the following phrase in your own sentence, “for a while”.
Answer:
Please wait for a while, I will come with you.

Question 3.
Add a prefix or suffix to make new words and use one of the root words in your own sentence:
1. ignore
2. achieve
Answer:
1. ignorance
2. achievement.
Sentence: We should not ignore our duties towards our motherland.

Question 4.
Complete the following sentences using your own words: (Answers are directly given.)
OR
Add a clause to expand the sentence meaningfully:
(One senteces will be asked in the activity sheet)
Answer:

1. He went on to prove that the pug marks found in the mud were not of a dog but of a tiger’s.
2. It was Sardar Patel who led the famous Bardoli Satyagraha.
3. This is where his decision went against him.
4. He did not know much about the customs of the Adivasis.

Personal Response:

Question 1.
Why do you think Faraday’s friend gave him a free ticket to Davy’s programme?
Answer:
I think, the friend knew that Faraday was poor and could not afford to buy a ticket for such a big programme. He also must be knowing about Faraday’s fascination about the subject of electricity, and that would be a great opportunity for him to attend the lecture of the renowned scientist Humphry Davy’s work on the subject chemicals and electrical lighting.

Question 2.
Is it necessary to have social status, money to pursue your goal? Explain why.
Answer:
I think it is not necessary to have social status or money to pursue our goal. Only that, you must have a dream to achieve the goal and continue to work hard towards it. You must keep on trying day and night with perseverance and sincerity.

Question 3.
Write what is implied in the following sentence: Even then Davy did not have much hope for Faraday. (What do the words ‘even then’ suggest?)
Answer:
Faraday wanted to be a great scientist. But Davy dismissed all his aspirations in the field of science. He made Faraday his secretary then his lab assistant. Faraday worked day and night and learnt about Davy’s experiments. Even after doing such hard work and getting knowledge and experience Davy was not hopeful about Faraday’s scientific career, because of his social status and education.

Question 4.
Write what is implied in the following sentence: People started telling Davy that of all his discoveries, the best was Faraday himself. (What does it suggest about Davy’s work?)
Answer:
Humphry Davy was a renowned chemist who made many discoveries about chemicals and electrical lighting. Faraday wanted Davy to become his mentor but Davy never believed in Faraday’s ability and always tried to keep him away from the experiments he was doing. Davy became jealous of Faraday when he became a celebrity scientist overnight. But Faraday did not receive recognition for his success from Davy. So people started telling Davy that Faraday himself was his best discovery.

Question 5.
Do you agree with Faraday’s following quotation? Explain with his own examples:
‘In order to succeed, your desire for success should be greater than your fear of failure’.
Answer:
Yes. I fully agree with Faraday’s quotation. He wants to say that if you want to get success you should never fear of failures. If your desire for success is greater than your fear of failures, you can definitely achieve your success with determination and perseverance. Davy asked him to reverse engineer Bavarian glass. He toiled hard but failed to do it. He had lost his memory but the disease did not stop him. His failures did not become obstacles in the way of his success.

Question 6.
When you wish to achieve some goal, does it matter what you are?
Answer:
No. When you wish to achieve some goal it does not matter who you are. You may not have status in the society or wealth or even education but still you can achieve your goal with hard work, perseverance, conviction, keen observation and intelligence.

Activity:

Question (a)
Information about 3 gadgets/instruments
Answer:
1. Telescopes:
A telescope is an optical instrument that aids the observation of remote objects by collecting electromagnetic radiation (such as visible light). The first known practical telescope was invented in Netherlands at the beginning of the 17th century, by using glass lenses. It has use in both terrestrial applications and astronomy. There are many types of telescopes, for example, radio telescope, X-ray telescope, optical telescope, etc. They are generally made up of two lenses placed at a fixed distance to enlarge far away images.

2. Fan:
A fan is a machine used to create flow within a fluid, typically a gas such as air. The fan consists of a rotating arrangements of blades which act on the fluid. The rotating assembly of blades and hub is I known as rotor. A fan concentrates the airflow in the required direction. The punkah fan was used in India about 500 BC. It was a handheld fan made of bamboo strips and other plant fibre. This evolved over the years to the modern fans we see in our rooms daily now.

3. Sewing machine:
It is a machine used to stitch fabric and other material together with a thread. Sewing machines were invented during the Industrial Revolution to decrease the amount of manual sewing work. In a modern sewing machine the fabric easily glides in and out without the inconvenience of needles and thimbles but the earlier sewing machines were partially manual and helped the tailor do the stitching faster saving his time.

Inventions

Question 1.
Choose any one machine or device and prepare a short note about it. Use the points given in margin of the textbook page no. 88.
Answer:

A Note on Fan

A fan is a machine/device used to create flow within fluid, typically a gas such as air. The fan consists of a rotating arrangement of blades that act on air concentrating the flow of air in one direction. The rotating assembly of blades and motor is known as rotor. Fans are powered by electricity. The ‘punkha’ (fan) was used in India about 500 BC. It was handheld fan made of bamboo. These fans evolved after centuries to the fans, we see today in our homes.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Hindi Solutions Lokbharti Chapter 3 कबीर Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Hindi Lokbharti Solutions Chapter 3 कबीर (पूरक पठन)

Hindi Lokbharti 9th Std Digest Chapter 3 कबीर Textbook Questions and Answers

पठनीय :

सूचना के अनुसार कृतीयँ :

1. संजाल :

प्रश्न  1.
संजाल :

उत्तर:

2. परिच्छेद पढ़कर प्राप्त होने वाली प्रेरणा लिखिए।

प्रश्न 1.
परिच्छेद पढ़कर प्राप्त होने वाली प्रेरणा लिखिए।
उत्तर:
कबीर जी के उपदेशों और उनके व्यक्तित्व से सभी को प्रेरणा मिलती है। हमें अपने लक्ष्य तक पहुंचने में मोह-माया को बीच में नहीं आने देना चाहिए क्योंकि यह हमारे मार्ग में बाधक बन सकती है। संसार की टिप्पणियों की परवाह न करके अपना कर्म करते रहना चाहिए। स्वयं पर विश्वास होना चाहिए। गुरु के द्वारा दिए गए ज्ञान और अपनी साधना को संदेह की नज़रों से नहीं देखना चाहिए। यदि मनुष्य में आत्मविश्वास है तो वह किसी भी विकट संग्राम स्थली तक पहुंच कर विजयी हो सकता है।

लेखनीय :

‘कबीर संत ही नहीं समाज सुधारक भी थे’, इस पर अपने विचार लिखिए ।

प्रश्न 1.
‘कबीर संत ही नहीं समाज सुधारक भी थे’, इस पर अपने विचार लिखिए ।
उत्तर:
कबीरदास जी एक संत होने के साथ-साथ एक समाज सुधारक के रूप में भी जाने जाते हैं। उन्होंने ऐसी बहुत-सी बातें कही हैं जिनका सही उपयोग किया जाए तो समाज सुधार में सहायता मिल सकती है। वे स्पष्टवादी व निर्भीक थे, कबीर जी को संस्कारों की विचारहीन गुलामी पसंद नहीं थी, वे विचारहीन संस्कारों से मुक्त मनुष्यता को ही प्रेमभक्ति का पात्र मानते थे। उन्होंने भेदभाव को भुलाकर हमेशा भाईचारे के साथ रहने की सीख दी है। सामाजिक विषमता को दूर करना ही उनकी पहली प्राथमिकता थी। उनके विचार आज भी समाज के लिए प्रासंगिक है।

संभाषणीय :

दोहों की प्रतियोगिता के संदर्भ में आपस में चर्चा संभाषणीय कीजिए।

प्रश्न 1.
दोहों की प्रतियोगिता के संदर्भ में आपस में चर्चा संभाषणीय कीजिए।
उत्तर:

• अतुल – नमस्कार! नकुल, आप कैसे हो?
• नकुल – नमस्कार! मैं ठीक हूँ, आप कैसे हो? आजकल क्या चल रहा है?
• अतुल – मैं भी ठीक हूँ। आजकल मैं दोहे की प्रतियोगिता की तैयारी में लगा हूँ।
• नकुल – अरे वाह! यह तो अच्छी बात है, परंतु तुम्हारी प्रतियोगिता कब है?
• अतुल – बुधवार को है। हमारे विद्यालय में इस बार दोहों की प्रतियोगिता करवाई जा रही है, जो भी यह प्रतियोगिता जीतेगा उसे एक कंप्यूटर पुरस्कार के रूप में दिया जाएगा।
• नकुल – बहुत अच्छी बात है। मेरी शुभकामना तुम्हारे साथ है।
• अतुल – धन्यवाद मित्र!

मौलिक सृजन :

प्रश्न 1.
‘सतों के वचन समाज परिवर्तन में सहायक होते हैं। इस विषय पर अपने विचार लिखिए।
उत्तरः
सभ्यता के प्रभातकाल से ही मानवीय, संवेदनात्मक प्रेमिल सहिष्णु, त्याग, क्षमा, दया, तथा सद्व्यवहार को महत्व देने वाले संतों का आर्विभाव इस भारत भूमि पर हुआ है। इनमें मुख्य थे कबीर, तुकाराम, गुरूनानक, रैदास इत्यादि। इन्होंने अपने वचनों द्वारा समाज को हमेशा परिवर्तित करने का प्रयास किया। इनमें सबसे पहला नाम आता है संत कबीर का। कबीर ने इस समय समाज में फैले अंधविश्वास और रूढ़ीवादी परंपरा पर गहरा आघात किया।

यही इस बात का साक्षी है कि समय-समय पर इस धरती पर महान संतों ने जन्म लिया और अपने विचारों तथा उपदेशों के जरिए समाज में परिवर्तन लाने का प्रयास किया। इन संतों ने लोगों को यह समझाने का प्रयास किया कि अंधविश्वासों तथा कुरीतियों से जकड़ा समाज कभी आगे नहीं बढ़ सकता है। इसके लिए समाज में खुलापन होना तथा लोगों का समझदार होना आवश्यक है। इस प्रकार संतों के वचन समाज परिवर्तन में अवश्य सहायक होते हैं।

आसपास :

मन की एकाग्रता बढ़ाने की कार्य पद्धति की जानकारी अंतरजाल/यू ट्यूब से प्राप्त कीजिए।

प्रश्न 1.
मन की एकाग्रता बढ़ाने की कार्य पद्धति की जानकारी अंतरजाल/यू ट्यूब से प्राप्त कीजिए।

पाठ के आँगन में :

1. सूचना के अनुसार कृतियाँ कीजिए  :

संजाल :

प्रश्न 1.
सूचना के अनुसार कृतियाँ कीजिए  :

संजाल :

उत्तर:

2. सही विकल्प चुनकर वाक्य फिर से लिखिए : 

प्रश्न क.
कबीर के मतानुसार प्रेम किसी, …….
1. खेत में नहीं उपजता।
2. गमले में नहीं उपजता।
3. बाग में नहीं उपजता।
उत्तर:
1. खेत में नहीं उपजता।

प्रश्न ख.
कबीर जिज्ञासु थे, …..
1. मिथ्या के।
2. सत्य के।
3. कथ्य के।
उत्तर:
2. सत्य के।

पाठ से आगे :

कबीर जी की रचनाएँ यू टूयूब पर सुनिए ।

प्रश्न 1.
कबीर जी की रचनाएँ यू टूयूब पर सुनिए ।

भाषा बिंदु :

रेखांकित शब्दों से उपसर्ग और प्रत्यय अलग करके लिखिए।

प्रश्न 1.
रेखांकित शब्दों से उपसर्ग और प्रत्यय अलग करके लिखिए।

उत्तर:

Hindi Lokbharti 9th Answers Chapter 3 कबीर Additional Important Questions and Answers

(क) गद्यांश पढ़कर दी गई सूचना के अनुसार कृतियाँ कीजिए।

कृति (1) आकलन कृति

प्रश्न 1.
उचित पर्याय चुनकर वाक्य फिर से लिखिए।

i. कबीरदास की वाणी वह लता है, जो ………..
(क) सदैव हरी-भरी रहती है।
(ख) जीवन में रस भर देती है।
(ग) योग के क्षेत्र में भक्ति का बीज पड़ने से अंकुरित हुई थी।
उत्तर:
कबीरदास की वाणी वह लता है जो योग के क्षेत्र में भक्ति का बीज पड़ने से अंकुरित हुई थी।

ii. उत्तर के हठयोगियों के लिए समाज की ऊँच-नीच भावना, मजाक और …………….
(क) आक्रमण का विषय था।
(ख) मुक्ति का मार्ग था।
(ग) कठोर मार्ग था।
उत्तर:
उत्तर के हठयोगियों के लिए समाज की ऊँच-नीच भावना, मजाक और आक्रमण का विषय था।

प्रश्न 2.
चौखट पूर्ण कीजिए
उत्तर:

प्रश्न 3.
सत्य या असत्य पहचानिए।

1. कबीर की वाणी का अनुकरण हो सकता है।
2. तुलसीदास और कबीर के व्यक्तित्व में अंतर नहीं था।
3. सर्वजयी व्यक्तित्व ने कबीर की वाणी में अनन्यसाधारण जीवन रस भर दिया है।
4. एक टूट जाता था पर झुकता भी था।

उत्तर:

1. असत्य
2. असत्य
3. सत्य
4. असत्य

प्रश्न 4.
आकृति पूर्ण कीजिए।
उत्तर:

प्रश्न 5.
निम्नलिखित विधानों को पाठ में आए घटनाक्रम के अनुसार लिखिए।

1. मुक्ति के मार्ग में अग्रसर होनेवालों को आराम कहाँ ?
2. कबीर की वाणी का अनुकरण नहीं हो सकता।
3. उसी ने कबीर की वाणी में अनन्य साधारण जीवनरस भर दिया है।
4. करम की रेख पर मेख न मार सका तो संत कैसा?

उत्तर:

1. उसी ने कबीर की वाणी में अनन्य साधारण जीवनरस भर दिया है।
2. कबीर की वाणी का अनुकरण नहीं हो सकता।
3. मुक्ति के मार्ग में अग्रसर होनेवालों को आराम कहाँ?
4. करम की रेख पर मेख न मार सका तो संत कैसा?

(ख) गद्यांश पढ़कर दी गई सूचना के अनुसार कृतियाँ कीजिए।

कृति (1) आकलन कृति

प्रश्न 1.
कृति पूर्ण कीजिए।
उत्तर:

प्रश्न 2.
आकृति पूर्ण कीजिए।
उत्तर:

कृति (2) स्वमत अभिव्यक्ति

प्रश्न 1.
कबीर दास जी फक्कड़ स्वभाव के थे, इस पर अपने विचार प्रकट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
कबीर दास जी फक्कड़ स्वभाव के थे। अच्छा हो या बुरा, सत्य हो या असत्य, जिससे एक बार चिपट गए उससे जिंदगी भर चिपटे रहो, यह सिद्धांत उन्हें मान्य नहीं था। वे सत्य के जिज्ञासु थे। कबीर को शांतिमय और सादा जीवन पसंद था और वे अहिंसा, सत्य, सदाचार आदि गुणों के प्रशंसक थे। अपनी सरलता, साधु स्वभाव तथा संत प्रवृत्ति के कारण आज अपने देश में ही नहीं विदेशों में भी उन्हें सम्मान पूर्वक याद किया जाता है। कबीर आनंदमय लोक की बातें करते थे, जो साधारण मनुष्यों की पहुंच के बहुत ऊपर है।

(ग) गद्यांश पढ़कर दी गई सूचना के अनुसार कृतियाँ कीजिए।

कृति (1) आकलन कृति

प्रश्न 1.
आकृति पूर्ण कीजिए।
उत्तर:

प्रश्न 2.
उचित पर्याय चुनकर लिखिए।

i. केवल शारीरिक और मानसिक कवायद से दिखने वाली ज्योति ………….. है।
(क) गगन ज्योति की चमक।
(ख) जड़ चित्त की कल्पना-मात्र।
(ग) आत्मा की शांति।
उत्तर:
(ख) जड़ चित्त की कल्पना-मात्र।

ii. कबीर की यह घर-फूंक मस्ती, फक्कड़ना लापरवाही और निर्मम अक्खड़ता परिणाम थी –
(क) उनके धैर्य का।
(ख) उनके क्रोध का।
(ग) उनके अखंड आत्मविश्वास का।
उत्तर:
(ग) उनके अखंड आत्मविश्वास का।

प्रश्न 3.
सत्य/असत्य पहचानकर लिखिए।

1. ये फक्कड़राम किसी के धोखे में आने वाले न थे।
2. उन्हें यह परवाह थी कि लोग उनकी असफलता पर क्या-क्या टिप्पणी करेंगे।
3. जो वस्तु केवल शारीरिक व्यायाम और मानसिक शम-दमादि का साध्य है वह चरम सत्य नहीं हो सकती।
4. केवल क्रिया बाह्य है, ज्ञान चाहिए। बिना ज्ञान के योग व्यर्थ है।

उत्तर:

1. सत्य
2. असत्य
3. सत्य
4. सत्य

प्रश्न 4.
संजाल पूर्ण कीजिए।
उत्तर:

प्रश्न 5.
चौखट पूर्ण कीजिए ।
उत्तर:

(घ) गद्यांश पढ़कर दी गई सूचना के अनुसार कृतियाँ कीजिए।

कृति (1) आकलन कृति

प्रश्न 1.
आकृति पूर्ण कीजिए।
उत्तर:

प्रश्न 2.
सत्य असत्य पहचानकर लिखिए।
i. प्रेम पाने के लिए राजा हो या प्रजा उसे सिर्फ एक शर्त माननी होगी, वह शर्त है सिर उतारकर धरती पर रख दें।
ii. विश्वास जिसमें संकोच है, द्विधा है, बाधा है।
उत्तर:
i. सत्य
ii. असत्य

प्रश्न 3.
सही विकल्प चुनकर लिखिए।
i. विश्वास ही इस प्रेम की,
(क) नींव है।
(ख) कुंजी है।
(ग) भक्ति है।
उत्तर:
(ख) कुंजी है।

प्रश्न 4.
समझकर लिखिए।
i. वे कायर है
उत्तरः
(क) जिसमें साहस नहीं।
(ख) जिसे अखंड प्रेम के ऊपर विश्वास नहीं।

ii. प्रेमरूपी मदिरा की विशेषता
उत्तरः
वह ज्ञान के गुण से तैयार की गई थी।

कबीर Summary in Hindi

लेखक-परिचय :

जीवन-परिचय : आचार्य हजारी प्रसाद द्विवेदी का जन्म उत्तर प्रदेश के बलिया जिले के दूबे-का-छपरा नामक ग्राम में हुआ था। द्विवेदी जी हिंदी के शीर्षस्थ साहित्यकारों में से एक हैं। उनका स्वभाव बड़ा सरल और उदार था। वे उच्चकोटि के निबंधकार, उपन्यासकार, आलोचक, चिंतक एवं शोधकर्ता थे।
प्रमुख कृतियाँ : निबंध – ‘अशोक के फूल’, ‘कल्पलता’, ‘विचार प्रवाह’ आदि।
उपन्यास – ‘बाणभट्ट की आत्मकथा’, ‘चारुचंद्र लेख’, ‘पुनर्नवा’।
आलोचना और साहित्य इतिहास – मेघदूत एक पुरानी कहानी, सूर साहित्य आदि।

गद्य-परिचय :

आलोचना किसी विषय वस्तु के लक्ष्य को ध्यान में रखते हुए उसके गुण-दोष एवं उपयुक्तता का विवेचन करने वाली विधा आलोचना है। प्रस्तावना । प्रस्तुत पाठ ‘कबीर’ के माध्यम से द्विवेदी जी ने संत कबीर के व्यक्तित्व, उनके उपदेश, उनकी साधना, उनके स्वभाव के विभिन्न गुणों को बड़े ही रोचक ढंग से स्पष्ट किया है।

सारांश :

प्रस्तुत पूरक पठन में द्विवेदी जी ने कबीर के व्यक्तित्व, दार्शनिक विचार और उनकी साधना को दर्शाया है। हिंदी साहित्य के इतिहास में कबीर जैसा व्यक्तित्व लेकर कोई लेखक उत्पन्न नहीं हुआ। उन्होंने कबीर का प्रतिद्वंद्वी तुलसीदास को बताया है परंतु तुलसीदास व कबीर के व्यक्तित्व में बहुत अंतर था। यद्यपि दोनों ही भक्त थे परंतु दोनों स्वभाव, संस्कार और दृष्टिकोण में भिन्न थे।

मस्ती, फक्कड़ाना स्वभाव और सब कुछ झाड़-फटकारकर चल देने वाले तेज ने कबीर को हिंदी साहित्य का अद्वितीय व्यक्ति बना दिया था। कबीर की वाणी का अनुकरण नहीं हो सकता। उनकी वाणी वह लता है जो योग के क्षेत्र में भक्ति का बीज पड़ने से अंकुरित हुई थी। कबीर जी सर्वजगत के पाप को अपने ऊपर ले लेने की इच्छा से विचलित नहीं होते थे बल्कि और भी कठोर व शुष्क होकर ध्यान वैराग्य का उपदेश देते थे। अक्खड़ता कबीर का गुण नहीं है। जब वे योगी को संबोधन करते हैं तभी उनकी अक्खड़ता पूरे चढ़ाव पर होती है।

वे फक्कड़ स्वभाव के थे। अच्छा हो या बुरा, खरा हो या खोटा, जिससे एक बार चिपट गए उससे जिदंगी भर चिपटे रहो’ यह सिद्धांत उन्हें मान्य नहीं था। वे सत्य के जिज्ञासु थे और कोई माया-ममता उन्हें अपने मार्ग से विचलित नहीं कर सकती थी वे बिल्कुल मस्त-मौला थे। वे प्रेम के मतवाले थे परंतु अपने को उन दीवानों में नहीं गिनते थे जो अपनी प्रेमिका के लिए सिर पर कफ़न बाँधे फिरते हैं। उन्हें संसार की अच्छी-बुरी टिप्पणियों की परवाह नहीं थी। योग के संबंध में कबीर कहते हैं कि केवल शारीरिक और मानसिक कार्यों की नियमावली से दीखने वाली ज्योति जड़ चित्त की कल्पना मात्र है। केवल क्रिया बाह्य है, ज्ञान चाहिए।

बिना ज्ञान के योग व्यर्थ है। द्विवेदी जी ने कहा है कि कबीर के लिए साधना एक विकट संग्राम स्थली थी, जहाँ कोई विरला शूरवीर ही टिक सकता है। कबीर के मतानुसार प्रेम किसी खेत में नहीं उगता, किसी बाज़ार में नहीं बिकता, फिर जो कोई भी, इसे चाहेगा, पा लेगा। वह राजा हो या प्रजा, उसे सिर्फ एक शर्त माननी होगी, वह शर्त है सिर उतारकर धरती पर रख ले। जिसमें साहस व विश्वास नहीं, वह प्रेम की गली में नहीं जा सकता।

विश्वास ही प्रेम की कुंजी है जिसमें संकोच नहीं, दुविधा नहीं और कोई बाधा नहीं। कबीर युगावतारी शक्ति और विश्वास लेकर पैदा हुए थे और युगप्रवर्तक की दृढ़ता उनमें विद्यमान थी इसलिए वे युग प्रवर्तन कर सकें। द्विवेदी जी ने कबीर जी के व्यक्तित्व के लिए एक वाक्य में कहा है कि, “कबीर सिर से पैर तक मस्त-मौला थे, बेपरवाह, दृढ़, उग्र, फूल से भी कोमल और बज्र से भी कठोर थे।”

शब्दार्थ :

1. व्यक्तित्व – विशेष चरित्र
2. महिमा – महानता, गौरव
3. प्रतिद्वंद्वी – प्रतिस्पर्धी, प्रतियोगी
4. दृष्टिकोण नज़रिया, विचार
5. फक्कड़ – मस्त
6. फक्कड़ाना – मौजी
7. झाड़-फटकारकर – छोड़-छाड़कर
8. अद्वितीय – बेजोड़, अद्भुत
9. सर्वजयी – सबको जीत लेने वाला
10. अनन्य साधारण – असाधारण
11. अनुकरण – नकल
12. चेष्टाएँ – कोशिश
13. हठयोग – योग का एक प्रकार
14. हठयोगी – हठयुक्त साधना करने वाले
15. स्फूर्ति – उत्साह
16. वांछा – इच्छा, चाह
17. विरत – विमुख, वैरागी
18. सुरत – कार्य सिद्धी का मार्ग, ध्यान
19. मेख – छूटी, कौल, काँटा
20. अक्खड़ता – हठी स्वभाव, निडरता
21. अवधूत – संन्यासी
22. कातर – व्याकुल, परेशान, दुखी
23. द्वैत – जीव
24. अद्वैत – ब्रह्म
25. सत्व – अस्तित्व
26. अच्छर हूँ – ईश्वर
27. विनासिने – नष्ट होना
28. क्रांतदर्शी – सर्वज्ञ, सब कुछ जानने वाला, दूरदर्शी
29. कुसुमादपि – फूल की तरह
30. वज्रादपि – वज़ की तरह
31. फटकार – ਫੁੱਟ
32. शुष्क – निर्मोही
33. माँही – में
34. भेष-भगवंत – ईश्वर
35. पाही – पास
36. चढ़ाव – वृद्धि, वेग
37. विकट – जटिल, कठिन
38. अवतरण – प्रस्तुत
39. सुन्न – ब्रह्म
40. सहज – सरल
41. मुराड़ा – जलती हुई लकड़ी
42. जिज्ञासु – जानने की इच्छा रखनेवाला
43. माशूक – प्रिय
44. शम – शांति, क्षमा
45. तहकीक – जाँच

मुहावरे

1. दाल न गलना – सफल न होना।
2. सिर पर कफन बाँधना – बलिदान के लिए तैयार होना।

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 English Solutions My English Coursebook Chapter 1.3 ‘Hope’ is the Thing with Feathers Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 My English Coursebook Solutions Chapter 1.3 ‘Hope’ is the Thing with Feathers

My English Coursebook Std 9 Digest Chapter 1.3 ‘Hope’ is the Thing with Feathers Textbook Questions and Answers

Warming up!

Chit-chat:

• Do you ever feel nervous?
• Do you ever feel really depressed?
• What makes you nervous or depressed?
• What do you hope for on these occasions?
• Have you hoped for something that you knew was difficult?
• What do you have to do to fulfil ‘your opes?

The Only Ray of Hope

1. Divide the class into groups of 4-6. Each group selects for itself, one of the difficult situations listed below. They imagine themselves to be in that situation and carry on with the rest of the activity.
(a) A group of passengers are marooned on an island in the middle of the ocean
(b) A group of pilgrims travelling on foot have lost their way in a thick jungle.
(c) A team of players from an office have got down at the wrong place on a highway at night. It is a lonely spot.
Answer:
Situation: (a)
(a) A group of passengers are marooned on an island in the middle of the ocean

Question 1.
Describe your surroundings in 4-5 sentences:
Answer:
We are trapped on a small island in the middle of the ocean. It is a desolate, uninhabited island. We are all alone on this island. There are thick forests around us and frightening pythons and other poisonous snakes are slithering around us. Nothing can be seen except the thick forests, marshy land and vast waters of the ocean.

Question 2.
Write the reactions of your companions using exclamations :
Answer:

1. “What a horrifying experience!”
2. “Look, oh God! Our ship has left the shore without us on this desolate island!”
3. “What shall we do now?”
4. “How can we escape from this dangerous situation!”
5. “Nothing on earth would save us !”

Question 3.
Using your imagination, write what is the only ray of hope for you.
Answer:
Let us hope that the people on our ship find us missing and return back to this island or some other ship, helicopter or a plane notices our movements and save us from this horrible situation that would be our only ray of hope.

Question 4.
Two members of your group are going out to try to get help. They can take any five things with them. Write what they choose, and why they choose it.
Answer:
They will take a piece of white cloth to show their presence on the island to ships, helicopters, planes, etc. They will take mobile phones for contact, food packs, a water bottle, a matchbox and a stick for protection.

English Workshop:

1. Match the following 

Question 1.
Match the following

‘A’	‘B’
1. Hope	(a) difficulties and problems
2. Gale/storm	(b) toughest times in life
3. keep warm	(c) a very small bit
4. chillest land	(d) a nest in the tree
5. a crumb	(e)   provide comfort
	(f)   Bird

Answer:

‘A’	‘B’
1. Hope	(f)   Bird
2. Gale/storm	(b) toughest times in life
3. keep warm	(e)   provide comfort
4. chillest land	(a) difficulties and problems
5. a crumb	(c) a very small bit

2. Use the proper form of the verb in each line:

‘Hope’ is the thing with feathers –

Question a.
That (perch) in the soul
Answer:
That perches in the soul

Question b.
And (sing) the tune without the words
Answer:
And sings the tune without the words

Question c.
And never (stop) at all
Answer:
And never stops at all

3. Read the examples and fill in the blanks in the same pattern.

Question 1.
Read the examples and fill in the blanks in the same pattern.
Answer:
(a) Examples of degrees: sweet – sweeter – sweetest

1. fast – faster – fastest
2. slow – slower – slowest
3. high – higher – highest
4. low – lower – lowest
5. great – greater – greatest
6. bright – brighter – brightest
7. warm – warmer – warmest
8. cold – colder – coldest

(b) Examples: strange – stranger – strangest

1. brave – braver – bravest
2. fine – finer – finest
3. simple – simpler – simplest
4. large – larger – largest
5. close – closer – closest
6. wise – wiser – wisest

(c) Examples: pretty – prettier – prettiest
(Note the changes in the last letter.)

1. nasty – nastier – nastiest
2. hungry – hungrier – hungriest
3. angry – angrier – angriest
4. naughty – naughtier – naughtiest

4. Find the phrases/lines in the poem that mean the following :

Question 1.
(a) Hope is a light, delicate thing: …………………………
(b) Hope offers comfort to your soul: …………………….
(c) Hope is not a wordy thought, it is more like a feeling, an emotion: ………………….
(d) In the most difficult times, hope offers the greatest comfort: …………………………
(e) Hope is not easily defeated: …………………..
(f) Hope has given comfort to many people: ………………….
(g) Hope lives on in very hard times, even when it gets nothing from you: ……………….
Answer:
(a) Hope is a light, delicate: Hope is the thing with thing feathers.
(b) Hope offers comfort to that perches in the your soul soul and sings.
(c) Hope is not wordy: And sings the tune thought, it is more like a without words. feeling, an emotion
(d) In the most difficult: Second stanza – And times, hope offers the sweetest… so many greatest comfort warm
(e) Hope is not easily defeated: And never stops at all
(f) Hope has given comfort: That kept so many to many people warm
(g) Hope lives on in very hard: Yet – never – in times, even when it gets extremity, It asked a nothing from you. crumb – of me.

5. We can relate many of our feelings and experiences to events or things in nature. Which of our feelings or experiences can we relate to the following?

Question 1.
We can relate many of our feelings and experiences to events or things in nature. Which of our feelings or experiences can we relate to the following?
Answer:

1. darkness: evil sign
2. a storm: difficulties
3. sunrise: beginning, progress, growth
4. a light shower: pleasure
5. sunshine: happiness
6. earthquake: a sudden violent damage
7. a rainbow: unexpected joy
8. dawn: the beginning of something
9. dark clouds: sad or difficult situation
10. dusk (evening): almost the end of something
11. a peacock: pleasant feeling
12. flood: a lot of difficulties, damages

6. Write in a few lines, about an experience of your own where you scored in your exams much more than you hoped for. What did that experience teach you?

Question 1.
Write in a few lines, about an experience of your own where you scored in your exams much more than you hoped for. What did that experience teach you?
Answer:
I could get much more marks in exams than I hoped for and I was on the cloud nine. Really very happy! Everyone admired me for my effort. It was a great experience. It taught me that if you hope for something heartily and work accordingly, you can achieve anything according to your hope and expectation. Hoping is achieving!

Language study:

7. This poem is an example of personification. When we refer to inanimate objects, ideas, emotions as living things, it is an example of personification. Here, ‘hope’ is portrayed as a little bird. Describe it in your own words. Find other examples of personification.

Question 1.
Describe it in your own words.
Answer:
‘Hope’ in this poem is described as a bird sitting in our soul. Here ‘Hope’ is a non-living thing, but it is described as a living thing, bird. Hope is represented here as a living thing. So it is the example of personification.

Question 2.
Find other examples of personification.
Answer:
Some examples of personification

1. The grass was dancing with the wind. Here dancing is the quality/action of a person. Grass is personified as a person.
2. Trees were shivering with fear when they saw the woodcutter. Trees are given the human quality of ‘shivering with fear’
3. The moon was laughing in the sky. Here the moon is given the human quality of laughing.

My English Coursebook 9th Class Solutions Chapter 1.3 ‘Hope’ is the Thing with Feathers Additional Important Questions and Answers

Simple Factual Activity:

Question 1.
Complete the following lines from the poem :
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

1. The hope-bird is sitting in the soul.
2. Singing of the bird never stops.
3. Its song is the sweetest at the time of storm.
4. The poetess has heard the bird’s song in most difficult circumstances.

Appreciation of Poem:

1. Title: ‘Hope is the thing with feathers -’
2. Poet: The poetess of the poem is Emily Dickinson.
3. Theme/Central Idea: The central idea of the poem is the role played by hope in our lives. According to the poetess, hope – the little bird that nests in our soul – keeps us going even in the most difficult of times and demands nothing in return.
4. Rhyme Scheme: The rhyme scheme of the first 2 stanzas is ‘abab’ whereas in the 3rd stanza it is ‘abbb’.
5. Figure of Speech: ‘Personification’.
6. Special Features: This poem is full of implied meanings. It tells you the importance of hope and helps you to survive in any difficult days or occasions.
7. Favourite Lines: My favourite lines from the poem are :

• “And Sweetest – in the Gale – is heard
• Yet – never – in Extremity, It asked a crumb – of me.

8. Why I like the poem: I like the poem for its positive message. According to the poet, hope is not easily defeated. It sustains us. Hope also encourages us to move forward. This message, I think, is very important for a young person.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Hindi Solutions Lokbharti Chapter 1 चाँदनी रात Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Hindi Lokbharti Solutions Chapter 1 चाँदनी रात

Hindi Lokbharti 9th Std Digest Chapter 1 चाँदनी रात Textbook Questions and Answers

1. सूचनानुसार कृतियाँ कीजिए :

(क) संजाल:

प्रश्न 1.
संजाल:

उत्तर:

(ख) चाँदनी रात की विशेषताएँ:

प्रश्न 1.
चाँदनी रात की विशेषताएँ:
उत्तर:

1. सुंदर चंद्रमा की झिलमिलाती किरणें जल और थल में फैली हुई हैं।
2. पृथ्वी और आकाश में स्वच्छ चाँदनी बिछी हुई है।
3. हरी-हरी घास की नोकों के माध्यम से पृथ्वी अपनी खुशी प्रकट कर रही है।
4. सभी वृक्ष मंद-मंद वायु के झोंकों से झूमते प्रतीत होते हैं।
5. दूर-दूर तक फैली चाँदनी बहुत ही साफ दिखाई दे रही है।
6. रात सन्नाटे से भरी है, कोई शोर नहीं हो रहा है।
7. वायु स्वच्छंद होकर मंद-मंद गति से बह रही है।
8. इस समय पूर्व, पश्चिम आदि सभी दिशाओं में आनंद ही आनंद व्याप्त है।

2. निम्नलिखित पंक्तियों का सरल अर्थ लिखिए :

प्रश्न च.
चारु चंद्र ……….. झोंकों से ।
उत्तर:
भावार्थ: गुप्त जी चाँदनी रात का वर्णन करते हुए कहते हैं कि सुंदर चंद्रमा की किरणें जल और थल में फैली हुई हैं। संपूर्ण पृथ्वी तथा आकाश में स्वच्छ चाँदनी बिछी हुई है। पृथ्वी हरी-हरी घास की नोकों के माध्यम से अपनी खुशी प्रकट कर रही है। ऐसा प्रतीत होता है, मानो वृक्ष भी मंद-मंद वायु के झोंकों से झूम रहे हैं।

प्रश्न छ.
क्या ही स्वच्छ ………. शांत और चुपचाप ।
उत्तर:
भावार्थ: पंचवटी में दूर-दूर तक चाँदनी फैली हुई है, वह बहुत ही साफ दिखाई दे रही है। रात सन्नाटे से भरी है। कोई शब्द नहीं हो रहा है। वायु स्वच्छंद होकर अपनी स्वतंत्र चाल से मंद-मंद बह रही है। इस समय कौन-सी दिशा है जो आनंद नहीं ले रही है? अर्थात सभी दिशाएँ इस सौंदर्य से आनंदित हो रही हैं। उत्तरपश्चिम आदि सभी दिशाओं में आनंद ही आनंद व्याप्त है। कोई भी दिशा आनंद-शून्य नहीं है। ऐसे समय में भी नियति नामक शक्ति-विशेष के समस्त कार्य संपन्न हो रहे हैं। कोई रुकावट नहीं। वह एक भाव से अर्थात् अकेले-अकेले और चुपचाप अपने कर्तव्यों का निर्वाह किए जा रही है।

पाठ से आगे

प्रश्न 1.

उत्तर:
आकाश केवल बिजली नहीं चमकाता
पर्वत केवल चोटियाँ नहीं दिखलाता
पृथ्वी केवल भूकंप नहीं लाती
तारे केवल टिमटिमाते नहीं
वैसे ही, हाँ वैसे ही
मन में सिर्फ विचार नहीं आते
बल्कि विश्वास,
आस्था, प्रकाश, उदासी की
एक पावन श्रृंखला भी आती है।
जो मनुष्य को मनुष्य से जोड़कर
मानवता के एकसूत्र में बाँधती है।

संभाषणीय :

शरद पूर्णिमा त्योहार के बारे में चर्चा कीजिए।

प्रश्न 1.
शरद पूर्णिमा त्योहार के बारे में चर्चा कीजिए।
उत्तरः

• गौरी – अरे राधिका, आज बहुत फूल-माला खरीद रही हो, क्या बात है?
• राधिका – गौरी तुम्हें मालूम नहीं कि आज शरद पूर्णिमा की रात होगी।
• गौरी – अरे! मैं तो भूल ही गई थी।
• राधिका – क्या तुम्हें मालूम है, यह त्योहार कब मनाया जाता है?
• गौरी – हाँ, मालूम है, शरदीय नवरात्र के बाद पड़ने वाली पूर्णिमा को यह त्योहार मनाते हैं। परंतु इस त्योहार की क्या मान्यता है?
• राधिका – ‘शरद पूर्णिमा’ हिंदुओं का प्रसिद्ध त्योहार है। ज्योतिष के अनुसार, पूरे साल में केवल इसी दिन चंद्रमा सोलह कलाओं से परिपूर्ण होता है। ऐसी मान्यता भी है कि आश्विन शुक्ल पक्ष में पड़ने वाली पूर्णिमा के दिन चंद्रमा से अमृत वर्षा होती है।
• गौरी – राधिका, इस त्योहार के दिन किसकी व्रत-पूजा होती है?
• राधिका – गौरी, इस दिन माँ लक्ष्मी का व्रत रखते हैं । पूरे वर्ष हम स्वस्थ और सुख-शांति से रहें, इसके लिए हम उनकी पूजा-अर्चना करते हैं।
• गौरी – इसकी पूजा की विधि क्या है , राधिका?
• राधिका – इस दिन मूर्ति बनाने वाले कारीगर के पास से एक लक्ष्मी की मूर्ति लाते हैं। पाँच तरह के फल व सब्जियों के साथ नारियल अर्पित कर उनकी पूजा करते हैं तथा उस मूर्ति को पूरे साल सँभाल कर रखते हैं। अगले वर्ष फिर शरद पूर्णिमा के दिन उस मूर्ति को विसर्जित कर नई प्रतिमा रखते हैं। इस दिन मंदिरों में भी विशेष पूजा-अर्चना होती है।
• गौरी – तुमसे मिलकर बहुत प्रसन्नता हुई। इतनी अच्छी जानकारी देने के लिए धन्यवाद!

भाषा बिंदु :

निम्नलिखित पद्यांश का भावार्थ लिखिए।

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित पद्यांश का भावार्थ लिखिए।

उत्तरः

Hindi Lokbharti 9th Answers Chapter 1 चाँदनी रात Additional Important Questions and Answers

पद्यांश पढ़कर दी गई सूचना के अनुसार कृतियाँ कीजिए।

कृति (1) आकलन कृति

प्रश्न 1.
एक शब्द में उत्तर लिखिए।
i. ये अपनी खुशी प्रकट कर रही है
ii. ये वायु के झोंकों से झूम रहे हैं
उत्तर:
i. पृथ्वी
ii. वृक्ष

प्रश्न 2.
चौखट पूर्ण कीजिए।
उत्तर:

प्रश्न 3.
चौखट पूर्ण कीजिए।
उत्तर:

प्रश्न 4.
समझकर लिखिए।
i. पंचवटी की छाया में बना है
ii. धनुर्धर इस पर बैठा हुआ है
उत्तर:
i. पर्णकुटीर
ii. स्वच्छ शिला पर

कृति (2) आकलन कृति

प्रश्न 1.
आकृति पूर्ण कीजिए।
उत्तर:

प्रश्न 2.
सही शब्द चुनकर वाक्य फिर से लिखिए।
i. क्या ही स्वच्छ/सुगंध चाँदनी है यह।
ii. नियति नदी/नटी के कार्य-कलाप।
उत्तरः
i. क्या ही स्वच्छ चाँदनी है यह।
ii. नियति नटी के कार्य-कलाप ।

प्रश्न 3.
आकृति पूर्ण कीजिए।
उत्तरः

प्रश्न 4.
सत्य या असत्य पहचानकर लिखिए।
i. पंचवटी में अंधेरी रात है।
ii. सभी दिशाओं में आनंद ही आनंद व्याप्त है।
उत्तर:
i. असत्य
ii. सत्य कृति

प्रश्न 5.
चौखट पूर्ण कीजिए।
उत्तर:

प्रश्न 6.
सत्य या असत्य पहचानकर लिखिए।
i. पृथ्वी मोतियों को समेट लेती है।
ii. सूर्य सबेरा होने पर मोतियों को बिखेर देता है।
उत्तर:
i. असत्य
ii. असत्य

प्रश्न 7.
एक-एक शब्द में उत्तर लिखिए।
i. सबके सो जाने पर मोती ये बिखेरती है
ii. सुबह होने पर मोतियों को ये बटोर लेता है
उत्तर:
i. वसुंधरा
ii. रवि

प्रश्न 8.
सत्य या असत्य पहचानकर लिखिए।
i. कुटीर पत्थरों का बना है।
ii. कुटीर में धौर-वीर निर्भीक मनवाला युवक बैठा है।
उत्तर:
i. असत्य
ii. असत्य

कृति (3) भावार्थ

निम्नलिखित पद्यांश का भावार्थ लिखिए ।

प्रश्न 1.
है बिखेर देती ……………………… छलकता है।।
भावार्थ:
चाँदनी रात में पृथ्वी सबके सो जाने पर ओस रूपी मोतियों को बिखेर देती है। सूर्य हमेशा सुबह होने पर उन मोतियों को अपनी किरणों से बटोर लेता है और अस्त होने से पहले ही वह आराम प्रदान करने वाली संध्या देकर चला जाता है। मानो आकाश को साँवला शरीर देकर वह अपना नया-सा रूप छलका जाता है।

प्रश्न 2.
पंचवटी की ………………………… होता है।।
भावार्थः
कवि कहता है कि पंचवटी की घनी छाया में पत्तों की एक सुंदर कुटिया बनी हुई है। इस कुटिया के सामने एक स्वच्छ तथा विशाल पत्थर पड़ा हुआ है और उस पत्थर के ऊपर धैर्यशाली, निर्भय मनवाला पुरुष बैठा हुआ है। सारा संसार सो रहा है परंतु यह धनुषधारी इस समय भी जाग रहा है। यह वीर ऐसा दिखाई पड़ता है जैसे भोग करनेवाला कामदेव यहाँ योगी बनकर आ बैठा हो।

लेखनीय :

प्रश्न 1.
प्रकृति मनुष्य की मित्र है’, स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तरः
संदर्भ के लिए परिच्छेद (4) का स्वमत देखिए।

कल्पना पल्टन :

प्रश्न 1.
पुलक प्रगट करती है धरती हरित तणों की ‘नोकों से’ इस पंक्ति का कल्पना विस्तार कीजिए।
उत्तरः
चाँदनी रात में धरती से लेकर आकाश तक पूरी प्रकृति सुंदर और स्वच्छ किरणों में सराबोर है। धरती का कण-कण इन किरणों से दिप्त हो रहा है। धरती पर फैली हुई हरी-हरी घास की नोकों पर ओस की बूंदें पड़ी हैं, जिस पर चाँद की उज्ज्वल किरणें पड़ने से वे मोतियों की तरह चमक रही हैं। इनको देखकर ऐसा लगता है मानों धरती इन घास की नोकों पर चमकने वाली मोतियों के माध्यम से अपनी खुशी प्रकट कर रही हैं।

पद्य-विश्लेषण :

कविता का नाम – चाँदनी रात
कविता की विधा – खंडकाव्य
पसंदीदा पंक्ति – चारू चंद्र की चंचल किरणें खेल रही हैं जल-थल में। स्वच्छ चाँदनी बिछी हुई है अवनि और अंबर तल में।

पसंदीदा होने का कारण –
उपर्युक्त पंक्ति मेरी पसंदीदा पंक्ति है क्योंकि उसमें ‘च’ वर्ष की बार-बार पुनरावृत्ति होने से अनुमास अलंकार की छटा दिखलाई दे रही है। इस कारण कविता के सौंदर्य में वृद्धि हो गई है।

कविता से प्राप्त संदेश या प्रेरणा –
प्रस्तुत कविता से प्रेरणा यह मिलती है कि व्यक्ति को चाँदनी रात की तरह अपना जीवन सुंदर बनाना चाहिए। मनुष्य को प्रकृति के प्रति कृतज्ञ रहना चाहिए। प्रकृति मनुष्य के जीवन को शक्ति एवं आनंद प्रदान करती है। अत: उसे प्रकृति के साथ खिलवाड़ नहीं करना चाहिए। प्रकृति के संतुलन को बनाए रखने के लिए व्यक्ति को पेड़ लगाने चाहिए।

चाँदनी रात Summary in Hindi

कवि-परिचय:

जीवन-परिचय: मैथिलीशरण गुप्त जी खड़ी बोली के महत्त्वपूर्ण कवि हैं। इनका जन्म उत्तर प्रदेश में झाँसी जिले के चिरगाँव में हुआ। 12 वर्ष की अवस्था में उन्होंने ब्रजभाषा में कविता की रचना आरंभ की। उनकी रचनाएँ पवित्रता, नैतिकता, मानवीय संवेदनाओं और विशेषकर नारी के प्रति करुणा की भावना से ओतप्रोत हैं। उनकी रचनाओं से प्रसन्न होकर गाँधी जी ने उन्हें ‘राष्ट्रकवि’ की उपाधि दी। 12 दिसंबर 1964 ई. को दिल का दौरा पड़ने के कारण इनका निधन हो गया।
प्रमुख कृतियाँ: महाकाव्य – ‘साकेत’, खंडकाव्य – ‘यशोधरा’, ‘जयद्रथ वध’, ‘पंचवटी’, ‘भारत-भारती’, नाटक – ‘रंग में भंग’, ‘राजा-प्रजा’ आदि।

पद्य-परिचय:

खंडकाव्य: खंडकाव्य में मानव जीवन की किसी एक ही घटना की प्रधानता होती है। प्रासंगिक कथाओं को इसमें स्थान नहीं मिलता।
प्रस्तावना: प्रस्तुत कविता ‘चाँदनी रात’ पंचवटी खंडकाव्य से ली गई है। कवि मैथिलीशरण गुप्त जी ने इस कविता में प्रकृति की छटा का सुंदर रूप बड़े ही माधुर्य के साथ अभिव्यंजित किया है तथा चाँदनी रात का मनोहारी वर्णन सुंदर शब्दों में चित्रित किया है।

सारांश:

कवि चाँदनी रात का वर्णन करते हुए कहते हैं कि चंद्रमा की किरणें जल और थल में फैली हुई हैं। पृथ्वी से लेकर आकाश तक सर्वत्र चाँदनी बिछी हुई है। पूरी प्रकृति चाँदनी में सराबोर है। रात सन्नाटे में डूबी हुई है। वायु स्वच्छंद होकर मंद-मंद बह रही है। सभी दिशाओं में आनंद ही आनंद व्याप्त है। नियति चुपचाप अपने कर्तव्यों का पालन कर रही है। ऐसे में पंचवटी की छटा बहुत ही निराली प्रतीत होती है। उसकी घनी छाया में पत्तों की एक सुंदर कुटिया बनी हुई है। इसके सामने स्वच्छ शिला के ऊपर धैर्यशाली, निडर मनवाला एक पुरुष बैठा हुआ है। यह वीर ऐसा दिखाई पड़ता है जैसे कामदेव योगी बनकर बैठा है।

भावार्थ:

चारु चंद्र की …………………………. झोंकों से।।
गुप्त जी चाँदनी रात का वर्णन करते हुए कहते हैं कि सुंदर चंद्रमा की किरणें जल और थल में फैली हुई हैं। संपूर्ण पृथ्वी तथा आकाश में स्वच्छ चाँदनी बिछी हुई है। पृथ्वी हरी-हरी घास की नोकों के माध्यम से अपनी खुशी प्रकट कर रही है। ऐसा प्रतीत होता है, मानो वृक्ष भी
मंद-मंद वायु के झोंकों से झूम रहे हैं।

क्या ही स्वच्छ ………………………….. और चुपचाप।।
पंचवटी में दूर-दूर तक चाँदनी फैली हुई है, वह बहुत ही साफ दिखाई दे रही है। रात सन्नाटे से भरी है। कोई शब्द नहीं हो रहा है। वायु स्वच्छंद होकर अपनी स्वतंत्र चाल से मंद-मंद बह रही है । इस समय कौन-सी दिशा है जो आनंद नहीं ले रही है ? अर्थात सभी दिशाएँ इस सौंदर्य से आनंदित हो रही हैं। उत्तर-पश्चिम आदि सभी दिशाओं में आनंद ही आनंद व्याप्त है। कोई भी दिशा आनंद-शून्य नहीं है। ऐसे समय में भी नियति नामक शक्ति-विशेष के समस्त कार्य संपन्न हो रहे हैं। कोई रुकावट नहीं। वह एक भाव से अर्थात् अकेले-अकेले और चुपचाप अपने कर्तव्यों का निर्वाह किए जा रही है।

है बिखेर देती …………………………… छलकाता है।।
चाँदनी रात में पृथ्वी सबके सो जाने पर ओस रूपी मोतियों को बिखेर देती है। सूर्य हमेशा सुबह होने पर उन मोतियों को अपनी किरणों . से बटोर लेता है और अस्त होने से पहले ही वह आराम प्रदान करने वाली संध्या देकर चला जाता है। मानो आकाश को साँवला शरीर देकर वह अपना नया-सा रूप छलका जाता है।

पंचवटी की ……….. …………….. होता है।।
कवि कहते है कि पंचवटी की घनी छाया में पत्तों की एक सुंदर कुटिया बनी हुई है। इस कुटिया के सामने एक स्वच्छ तथा विशाल पत्थर पड़ा हुआ है और उस पत्थर के ऊपर धैर्यशाली, निर्भय मनवाला पुरुष बैठा हुआ है। सारा संसार सो रहा है परंतु यह धनुषधारी कौन है जो इस समय भी जाग रहा है? यह वीर ऐसा दिखाई पड़ता है जैसे भोग करनेवाला कामदेव यहाँ योगी बनकर आ बैठा हो।

शब्दार्थ:

1. चारु – सुंदर
2. थल – धरती
3. स्वच्छ – साफ, निर्मल
4. चाँदनी – चंद्रमा की किरणें
5. अवनि – धरती
6. अंबर – आकाश
7. पुलक – खुशी,रोमांच
8. तृण – घास
9. झूम – झूमना
10. तरु – पेड़
11. निस्तब्ध – सन्नाटे से भरी
12. निशा – रात
13. स्वच्छंद – स्वतंत्र
14. सुमंद – मंद-मंद
15. गंधवाह – वायु
16. निरानंद – आनंदरहित
17. नियति – नियतिरूपी
18. नटी – नर्तकी
19. कार्य-कलाप – क्रिया-कलाप, गतिविधि
20. एकांत – सुनसान, विरान
21. वसुंधरा – धरती
22. विरामदायिनी – आराम देने वाली
23. शून्य – आकाश
24. श्याम तनु – साँवला शरीर
25. पर्ण कुटीर – पत्तों की कुटिया
26. सम्मुख – सामने
27. शिला – चट्टान, पत्थर
28. निर्भीक मना – निडर मन वाला
29. भुवन – संपूर्ण संसार
30. भोगी – भोग करनेवाला
31. कुसुमायुध – कामदेव
32. योगी – तपस्वी
33. दृष्टिगत – जो दिखाई पड़ता है

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 History Solutions Chapter 1 Sources of History Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers. Read More: INFY Pivot Point Calculator

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 History Solutions Chapter 1 Sources of History

Class 9 History Chapter 1 Sources of History Textbook Questions and Answers

1. A Choose the right option and rewrite the sentence.

Class 9 History Chapter 1 Sources Of History Questions And Answers  Question 1.
The National Archives of India is situated at ______.
(a) Pune
(b) New Delhi
(c) Kolkata
(d) Hyderabad
Answer:
(b) New Delhi

Sources of History Class 9 History Chapter 1 Question 2.
The _______ is included among the Audio -Visual media.
(a) Newspaper
(b) Television
(c) All India Radio
(d) Periodicals
Answer:
(b) Television

Question 3.
______ is not included in physical sources.
(a) Coins
(b) Ornaments
(c) Buildings
(d) Proverbs
Answer:
(d) Proverbs

B. Identify the wrong pair and rewrite the corrected one:

Question 1.
(1) Jal Cooper – Philatelist
(2) Kusumagraj – Poet
(3) Anna Bhau Sathe – People’s bard
(4) Amar Shaikh – Art Collector
Answer:
Amar Shaikh – Art Collector

2. Write Short Notes:

Question 1.
Written Sources
Answer:
(i) Any historical document written by hand or typed or in printed form is called written sources.
(ii) The following are included in written sources: Newspapers, Periodicals, Diaries, Reference books, Correspondence, Document in the Archives, Government Gazettes, Postage Stamps, and Encyclopedias.

Question 2.
Press Trust of India (PTI)
Answer:
(i) After 1953, the Press Trust of India has been an important source of primary details of all important events and of articles on important subjects.

(ii) Press Trust of India has provided reports, photographs and articles on financial and scientific issues to newspapers. PTI has now started its online service.

(iii) During the 1990s, PTI started using the ‘satellite broadcast’ technology instead of teleprinters to send news all over the country.

(iv) This material is important for writing the history of modern India.

3. Give reasons:

Question 1.
The postal department tries to preserve the heritage and integrity of Indian culture through postage stamps.
Answer:
(i) Postage stamps reveal a lot to us about changing times due to the variety in the sizes of the stamps, the novelty in their subjects and colour schemes.

(ii) The Postal Department issues postage stamps on a wide variety of themes.

(iii) It issues stamps on political leaders, flowers, animals, birds, an event, or the silver, golden, diamond jubilees or centenary, bicentenary and tercentenary of different events.

(iv) It is therefore, a valuable repository of history.

(v) Thus the postal department tries to preserve the heritage and integrity of Indian culture through postage stamps.

Question 2.
Audio-visual media are an important source for writing the history of modem India.
Answer:
(i) Audio-visual means possessing sound and visual content; for example, films and television

(ii) We have channels like History channel and Discovery channel which telecast footage of historical events in multimedia.

(iii) With the help of satellites, live coverage of all political, social and cultural events is possible across the globe. This helps to create an accountable repository for future reference as well.

(iv) Video libraries possess a vast storage of historical information in audio-visual mode which becomes handy in writing the history of modem India.

Class 9 History Chapter 1 Sources of History Additional Important Questions and Answers

Choose the correct option from the given options and rewrite the statements:

Question 1.
Information and Broadcasting Department published ______, an annual reference book.
(a) India 2000
(b) Incredible India
(c) Indian Horizon
(d) Aspiring India
Answer:
(a) India 2000

Question 2.
The place where historical documents are _______.
preserved is called
(a) Library
(b) Store Room
(c) Archives
(d) History Room
Answer:
(c) Archives

Question 3.
Newspapers are considered the _______ pillar of democracy.
(a) First
(b) Second
(c) Third
(d) Fourth
Answer:
(d) Fourth

Question 4.
_____ has also produced various documentaries on prominent social leaders, on people who have made major contributions and about important locations in India.
(a) British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)
(b) Reuters
(c) Indian News Review
(d) Bloomberg
Answer:
(c) Indian News Review

Question 5.
Aavahan is written on the backdrop of Sino- Indian war by the noted Marathi poet _____.
(a) Narayan Gupte
(b) Kusumagraj
(c) G.D. Madgulkar
(d) Namdeo Dhasal
Answer:
(b) Kusumagraj

Question 6.
Cooper edited _______.
(a) India’s Stamp Journal
(b) Indian Philatelic Magazine
(c) Stamp Synopsis
(d) The Journal of Philatelic Bureau
Answer:
(a) India’s Stamp Journal

Question 7.
After 1953, the ____ has been an important source of primary details of all important events.
(a) Union Trust of India
(b) Press Trust of India
(c) Information and Broadcasting Ministry
(d) Film and Television Institute of India
Answer:
(b) Press Trust of India

Question 8.
Duringthe 1990s, PTI started using ____ technology instead of Teleprinters.
(a) GPS Device
(b) Ultrasonic Gadget
(c) Radio Programming
(d) Satellite Broadcast
Answer:
(d) Satellite Broadcast

Question 9.
The Government of India started the Film and Television Institute of India at Pune in 1960 with the purpose of providing _______.
(a) Entertainment
(b) Public Education
(c) International updates
(d) Intra-societal information
Answer:
(b) Public Education

Question 10.
The Indian government issued the ______ stamp in 1977.
(a) Narsee Monjee
(b) Jal Cooper
(c) Birsa Munda
(d) Senapati Bapat
Answer:
(b) Jal Cooper

Question 11.
The Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Museum is at ________.
(a) Delhi
(b) Mumbai
(c) Kolkata
(d) Chennai
Answer:
(b) Mumbai

Question 12.
The ______ issues postage stamps on a wide variety of themes.
(a) Publications Division
(b) Postal Department
(c) Income Tax Department
(d) Revenue Department
Answer:
(b) Postal Department

Question 13.
______ prints the notes.
(a) Reserve Bank of India
(b) Union Bank of India
(c) Philatelic Bureau of India
(d) State Bank of India
Answer:
(a) Reserve Bank of India

Question 14.
Empire of India Philatelic Society was founded by ______.
(a) Pherozeshah Mehta
(b) Mahzarin Banaji
(c) Jal Cooper
(d) Dinshaw Patel
Answer:
(c) Jal Cooper

Question 15.
PTI has provided reports, photographs and articles on ___ issues to newspapers.
(a) Therapeutic
(b) Financial and scientific
(c) Demographic and Topographic
(d) Environmental
Answer:
(b) Financial and scientific

Identify and write the wrong pair in the following sets:

Question 1.
(1) Powada – Oral sources
(2) Documentaries – Audio Visual Sources
(3) Coins – Material Sources
(4) Owis – Archaeological Sources
Answer:
Owis – Archaeological Sources

Question 2.
(1) India 2000 – Annual Reference book
(2) Indian News Review – News reels and documentariess.
(3) FTII – Radio Programmes
(4) Reserve Bank of India – Printing notes
Answer:
FTII – Radio Programmes

Question 3.
(1) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Museum – Mumbai
(2) Reserve Bank Museum – Pune
(3) National Archives of India – Calcutta
(4) Film and Television Institute of India – Pune
Answer:
National Archives of India – Calcutta

Do as directed.
Complete the concept map:

Question 1.
Answer:

Question 2.
Answer:

Question 3.
Answer:

Question 4.
Answer:

Write short notes:

Question 1.
Coins
Answer:
(i) We can also understand history with the help of coins and the changes in the printing of currency notes.
(ii) The Reserve Bank of India prints the notes. It has its headquarters in Mumbai.
(iii) The coins from 1950 to those used at present, the metals used for making them, their different shapes, and the diversity of subjects on them together help us to understand the important contemporary issues in India; For example coins to convey the message of population control and coins communicating the importance of agriculture and of farmers.

Question 2.
Jal Cooper
Ans
(i) The Indian government issued the ‘Jal Cooper’ stamp in 1977. Jal Cooper was an internationally acclaimed philatelist, i.e. an expert on the subject of ‘postage stamps’.
(ii) Bom in a Parsi household in Mumbai, Cooper edited ‘India’s Stamp Journal’.
(iii) He was the founder of the first Philatelic Bureau in India, an office that collected stamps. He founded the ‘Empire of India Philatelic Society.
(iv) He went on to write many books on this subject. He gave a scientific bent to his hobby.
(v) He played a pivotal role in taking the study of Indian postage stamps to the international level.
(vi) Having started his career as a postage stamp collector, Cooper achieved the expertise of a philatelist at the international level.
(vii) The postage stamp on Jal Cooper is an important source to understand his significant contribution to this field.

Explain the statements with reason:

Question 1.
Museums reflect the unique heritage of a state.
Answer:
(i) All states of India have museums that depict the characteristics and display the cultural and social heritage of the state.
(ii) They enable us to understand history; For example, the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Museum at Mumbai and the Reserve Bank Museum in Pune city.
(iii) Apart from the Government Museums, some private collectors also set up their own museums.
(iv) They are based on distinctive subjects; For example, coins, notes, lamps and nutcrackers in different shapes, cricket equipment, etc.

Read the passage and answer the questions.

The Indian government issued the ‘Jal Cooper’ stamp in 1977. Jal Cooper was an internationally acclaimed philatelist, i.e. an expert on the subject of ‘postage , stamps’. Bom in a Parsi household in Mumbai, Cooper edited ‘India’s Stamp Journal’. He was the founder of the first Philatelic Bureau in India, an , office that collected stamps. He founded the ‘Empire of India Philatelic Society’. He went on to write many , books on this subject. He gave a scientific bend to his , hobby. He played a pivotal role in taking the study of Indian postage stamps to the international level, , Having started his career as a postage stamp collector, Cooper achieved the expertise of a philatelist at the international level. The postage stamp on Jal Cooper , is an important source to understand his significant ,contribution to this field.

Question 1.
Other than Philatelies which other streams of vocation deal with sources of history?
Answer:
Other than Philatelies, other streams of vocation which deal with sources of history are: Numismatics, Museology and Archaeology.

Question 2.
Name the two institution founded by Jal Cooper.
Answer:
Two institutions founded by Jal Cooper are:

(i) The First Philatelic Bureau in India.
(ii) Empire of India Philatelic Society.

Question 3.
Why do you think the government of India issued a postage stamp in the name of Jal Cooper?
Answer:
Jal Cooper is accredited to raise Indian Philatelies to an international level. He nurtured his hobby with great expertise and became a renowned Postage Stamp Collector. To honour his contribution, the government of India issued a postage stamp in his name in 1977.

Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Which information among print media is considered authentic and trustworthy?
Answer:
Among the print media, the information contained in the annual issues of the Publications Division of the Government of India is authentic and trustworthy.
(ii) For example, the Information and Broadcasting Department published ‘INDIA 2000’, an annual reference book.
(iii) ‘ This reference book is created under ‘Research, Reference and Training Department’.

Question 2.
Which sources are included in material sources?
Answer:
The following sources are included in material sources:

• Coins
• Places of worship
• Things in daily use
• Royal seals
• Ornaments
• Museums
• Clothing
• Modern architecture.

Question 3.
Write in brief about museums in India.
Answer:
(i) All states of India have museums that depict the characteristics and display the cultural and social heritage of the state.
(ii) They enable us to understand history (e.g., the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Museum at Mumbai, Reserve Bank Museum in Pune city).
(iii) Apart from the Government Museums, some private collectors also set up their own museums.
(iv) They are based on distinctive subjects; For example, coins, notes, lamps and nutcrackers in different shapes, cricket equipment, etc.

Question 4.
Write briefly about ‘Indian News Review’.
Answer:
(i) An institute called Indian News Review has produced various newsreels on important events in politics, social issues, art, sports and culture.
(ii) This department has also produced various documentaries on prominent social leaders, on people who have made major contributions for the country and about important locations in India.
(iii) These news releases and documentaries are useful for studying the history of modern India.

Question 5.
Oral Sources
Answer:
(i) These sources include folktales, folksongs, proverbs, ballads and owis (Marathi verses in the oral tradition).
(ii) Activists were inspired by the powadas of Lok shahir, Anna Bhau Sathe and Shahir Amar Sheikh during the Sanyukta Maharashtra Movement.

Question 6.
Identify the picture and give relevant information.

Answer:

• The person depicted in the picture is Jal Cooper, an internationally acclaimed philatelist from India.
• Cooper edited ‘India’s stamp Journal’. He was the founder of the First Philatelic Bureau in India, an office that collected stamps. He founded the ‘Empire of India Philatelic Society’.
• The Government of India issued the Jal Cooper Stamp in 1977.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 English Solutions My English Coursebook Chapter 4.2 Reading Works of Art Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 My English Coursebook Solutions Chapter 4.2 Reading Works of Art

My English Coursebook Std 9 Guide Chapter 4.2 Reading Works of Art Textbook Questions and Answers

English Workshop:

1. Spot the error in the spellings of the following words with reference to the passage and rewrite them correctly.

Question 1.
Spot the error in the spellings of the following words with reference to the passage and rewrite them correctly.

1. renouned
2.  feetures
3. pentmgs
4. circals
5. inflar
6. geometic
7. figars
8. achiving.

Answer:

1. renowned
2. features
3. paintings
4. circles
5. inner
6. geometric
7. figures
8. achieving.

2. Complete the following diagram:

Question 1.
Complete the following diagram:

Answer:

3. Complete the following sentences with reference to the passage:

Question 1.
Complete the following sentences with reference to the passage:
(a) Raza’s paintings do not depict …………………. .
(b) Raza’s paintings are done in the style ……………… .
(c) Raza’s paintings are not inspired by ………………. .
(d) Raza’s paintings present images from his own …………….. .
(e) Raza’s paintings radiate ……………. .
(f) The …………….. became the core of Raza’s paintings.
(g) For an artist like Raza, his work, or paintings are an effective …………………. .
Answer:
(a) Raza’s paintings do not depict lifelike human figures or copies of scenes.
(b) Raza’s paintings are done in the abstract style.
(c) Raza’s paintings are not inspired by any external factor.
(d) Raza’s paintings present images from his own inner mind.
(e) Raza’s paintings radiate peace.
(f) The bindu or point became the core of Raza’s paintings.
(g) For an artist like Raza, his work, or paintings are an effective medium of communication.

4. Read the passage on ‘Gond Art’ carefully. Then complete the following sentences without going back to the passage:

Question 1.
Read the passage on ‘Gond Art’ carefully. Then complete the following sentences without going back to the passage:
Answer:

1. Gond art is a tribal art.
2. The Gondi language is similar to Telugu, a Dravidian language.
3. Originally people used to draw pictures on the earthen walls of their houses.
4. In folk arts, you yourself prepare the ‘canvas’ – the surface on which to draw and the colours with which you draw.

5. Write about the following important features of Gond art with the help of the passage.

Question 1.
Write about the following important features of Gond art with the help of the passage.

Answer:
1. Developed and Preserved by: The Gond tribal people residing largely in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Odisha in India.
2. A medium of: It is a medium of expressing, recording and preserving what is seen. people used to draw pictures on earthen walls of their homes itself.
3. Preparing colours: In the days of the past several things in nature such as soil of different shades, the juice of plants, leaves, tree bark, flowers, fruits and even things like coal and cow-dung were used to prepare colours.
4. Outlines: In the Gond style of art, the designs may vary a little from artist to artist but the designs that fill it make the whole picture look lively and attractive.
5. Variation in drawing: The colours, textures and patterns used in drawing vary from painting to painting.
6. Texture designs: By using dots, straight lines, dotted lines, curvy shapes and circles simple texture designs are made.

6. Why does the author think that the roots of folk art lie in women’s chores?

Question 1.
Why does the author think that the roots of folk art lie in women’s chores?
Answer:
In the past, it was the duty of women to look after her home and hearth. It included decorating the house with different things like flowers, rangolis. They handled it very creatively while shouldering the other responsibilities of their home. They used their own creativity while doing it, so the author thinks that the roots of folk art lies in women’s chores.

7. From the passages, list the words related to – (a) geometry (b) colours (c) designs.

Question (a)
geometry
Answer:

Question (b)
colours
Answer:

Question (c)
designs.
Answer:
human figures, scenes, abstract.

8. These two passages are examples of a short introduction to works of art – a short review. They cover the following points:

Question 1.
These two passages are examples of a short introduction to works of art – a short review. They cover the following points:
Answer:

1. The name of the creator
2. The theme or subject matter
3. Type of art
4. Individual style
5. Presentation techniques
6. Its effect on viewers
7. Message or interpretation

Question 2.
What points will you include if you had to review a book or film or a play? List the points.
Answer:
If I had to review a book, a film or play, I would like to include the following points:

1. The theme of the book/film/play.
2. The plot and the story.
3. The characters in the book/film/play.
4. Flow of language and style of narration.
5. Authenticity of the book/film/play (story).
6. The message conveyed in the book/film/play.

Question 3.
Choose a book/film and review it in short using the points you have listed.
Answer:
Review of the book

The Three Mistakes of My Life

‘The Three Mistakes of My Life’ is a novel written by Chetan Bhagat who writes about Indians and for Indians. His characters are young and passionate. The novel follows the story of three friends and is based in the city of Ahmedabad in Gujarat.

Govind Jaat Patel is an ordinary guy with whom anybody can relate. Being a Gujarati his ambition is to become a businessman. His friend is Omi who is the son of a Hindu priest of the local temple. He is confused about his religious views which are mainly influenced by Bitoo Mama. Ishan is a big cricket freak and a patriot.

He was the best cricketer in his locality and school. He helps Govind’s business by organizing daily cricket coaching camps. He has a younger sister Vidya who is weak in Mathematics. Ishan asks Govind to take her Mathematics tuition. In between their tuition, they fall in love which is kept secret.

The whole story revolves around Govind and his friends and the three mistakes he made. It is pop- fiction of lightest, laziest sort, which tackles serious real-life issues and incidents giving it a veneer of earnest thoughtfulness that stands up to nothing. It is written simply and has the quality that makes one want to read the book in one sitting. The target audience of the book is the young generation. It is based on fun, emotion and pace to turn it into a potential best-seller.

9. You know that an adverb is a word that tells us something more about a verb, an adjective, another adverb etc. It can give us information about the place, time, manner etc. of the action denoted by the verb.

For example, ‘here’ tells us a place. ‘Now’ gives us information about time. ‘Fast’ gives us information about manner. In the same way, an adverb clause is a group of words that can also tell us something about place, time, manner etc. of the action denoted by the verb. Read the following examples, given and then complete the sentence using your own ideas:

Question (a)
Place: You may sit wherever you like.
You may sit ………………………………..
Answer:
(a) Place: You may sit wherever you like.
You may sit next to Ishan.

Question (b)
Time: I entered the school when the bell was ringing.
I entered the school ……………………..
Answer:
(b) Time: I entered the school when the bell was ringing.
I entered the school with my classmates.

Question (c)
Manner: I love my country like a true Indian should.
I love my country………………………….
Answer:
(c) manner: I love my country like a true Indian should.
I like my country more than you.

My English Coursebook 9th Class Solutions Chapter 4.2 Reading Works of Art Additional Important Questions and Answers

Simple Factual Activities:

Question 1.
Name the following:
Answer:

1. The state where Raza was born – Madhya Pradesh
2. The institute where he studied art – Chitrakala Mahavidyalaya, Nagpur
3. The institute where he took his higher education in Mumbai – J. J. School of Art, Mumbai
4. The country he settled – France

Question 2.
Complete the following web :
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

Question 3.
Complete the following sentences with reference to the passage: (Answers are directly given.)
Answer:
1. Raza passed away on 23rd July 2016.
2. Raza’s wife was French.

Question 4.
Complete the following web-chart:
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

Complex Factual Activities:

Question 1.
How did Raza And his paintings?
Answer:
Raza found his paintings through the study of Indian art and its heritage, cultural context and philosophy.

Question 2.
What are the specialities of Raza’s paintings?
Answer:
The specialities of Raza’s paintings are:

1. His paintings belong to the abstract style of paintings.
2. They are not inspired by any external factor whereas based on inner mind of the painter.
3. They communicate with the viewers.

Question 3.
What are Raza’s paintings based on? How did he describe his work?
Answer:
Raza’s paintings are based on spirituality, metaphysical path and the bindu or point. He described his work as his own inner experience and involvement with the mysteries of nature and form, which is expressed in colour, line, space and light.

Question 4.
What legacy did Raza leave behind?
Answer:
Raza left behind a rich legacy of sensitive paintings (achieved through extraordinary compositions of lines and colours) that depict extraordinary compositions.

Question 5.
Complete the following sentences:
(Answers are directly given.)
Answer:
1. In the Gond style of art, outlines may vary from artist to artist but the designs that fill it make the whole picture look lively and attractive.
2. The designs in Gond style art contain simple textures of dots, straight lines, dotted lines, curvy shapes and circles.

Activities based on vocabulary:

Question 1.
Find out antonyms from the passage for the following words: (Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

1. outer × inner
2. city × village
3. ordinary × extraordinary
4. international × national

Question 2.
Spot the error in the spelling of the following words and rewrite them correctly:
1. dicided
2. diffarent
Answer:
1. decided
2. different.

Question 3.
Write related words with “Artist”.
Answer:
design, outlines, picture, texture, pattern, style.

Activities based on contextual grammar:

Question 1.
Identify the tense:
1. You will find them in almost all paintings.
2. Raza found his paintings through his study of Indian art.
Answer:
1. Simple future tense
2. Simple past tense

Question 2.
Frame a Wh-type question to get underlined part as an answer:
Answer:
1. His paintings belong to the abstract style of paintings.
2. Sayed Haider Raza is popularly known as Raza.
Answer:
1. What do his paintings belong to?
2. What is Sayed Haider Raza popularly known as?

Question 3.
Change the voice:
1. He was honoured with all the three Padma awards – Padma Shri, Padma Bhushan and Padma Vibhushan.
2. Raza left behind a legacy of sensitive paintings.
Answer:
1. The Government of India honoured him with all the three Padma awards – Padma Shri, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Vibhushan.
2. A legacy of sensitive paintings was left behind by Raza.

Question 4.
Make the following sentences exclamatory:
1. His paintings are very expressive.
2. Raza had a great creativity.
Answer:
1. How expressive his paintings are!
2. What a great creativity Raza had!

Question 5.
What a deep thought this art conveys! (Make it assertive.)
Answer:
This art conveys a very deep thought.

Question 6.
Creating folk art is a very enriching experience. (Make it exclamatory.)
Answer:
What an enriching experience creating folk art is!

Question 7.
Complete the words using correct letters:

1. s_ene
2. st _ le
3. pa_nt
4. c_ eate

Answer:

1. scene
2. style
3. paint
4. create.

Question 8.
Copy the following sentences correctly:
Answer:
1. He studied art at the J. J. School of Art in Mumbai.
2. What a deep thought this art conveys – and so easily !

Question 9.
Put the following words in alphabetical order:
1. vicious, dreadful, thrilled, favourable
2. enchanted, enabled, explained, endangered.
Answer:
1. dreadful, favourable, thrilled, vicious,
2. enabled, enchanted, endangered, explained,

Question 10.
Punctuate the following sentences:
1. ariel my joyful spirit said prospero bring ferdinand here at once for my daughter must see him
2. most sure she is the goddess of the island he thought to himself
Answer:
1. “Ariel, my joyful spirit,” said Prospero. “Bring Ferdinand here at once, for my daughter must see him.”
2. “Most sure, she is the goddess of the island!” he thought to himself.

Question 11.
Write four small words (minimum letters each) using the letters given word: “treacherous”
Answer:

1. teacher
2. reach
3. each
4. ache.

Question 12.
Spot the error and rewrite the correct sentences:
1. Prospero touch Miranda with his magic stick and she fell fast asleep.
2. How happy Alonso was to saw his lost son !
Answer:
1. Prospero touched Miranda with his magic stick and she fell fast asleep.
2. How happy Alonso was to see his lost son !

Question 13.
Write related words as shown in the example: (Answers are directly given.)
Answer:

Question 14.
Complete the following word-chain of verbs. Write four words, each beginning with the last letter of the previous word:
explore → ……………… → ………………. → ……………… → ………………….
Answer:
explore → eliminate → embrace → evaluate → emerge.

Do as directed:

Question 1.
Make a meaningful sentence by using the following phrase in your own sentence.
‘to settle down’.
Answer:
It is pretty difficult to settle down in cities like Mumbai.

Question 2.
Add a prefix or suffix to make new words and use any one of the root words in your own sentence:
1. rich
2. effect.
Answer:
1. rich-enrich
2. effect-effective.
The painter has used rich attractive colour combinations in his painting.

Question 3.
Add a subordinate clause to expand the sentence meaningfully:
You can see my paintings ………………………..
Answer:
You can see my paintings when vou come to mv house.

Personal Response:

Question 1.
Write 4-5 sentences about any other Indian painter you like.
Answer:
M. F. Husain is my favourite modern painter who was born in Pandharpur town of Maharashtra. He is one of the most famous artists of India both at the national as well as the international level. M. F. Husain was once called ‘the Picasso of India’ by the Forbes magazine. The Government of India awarded the prestigious Padma Shri and Padma Bhushan for his work.

Question 2.
What are the essential things required to become a good painter?
Answer:
The essential things that are required to become a good painter are :

1. interest in painting
2. a good concentration skill
3. capacity to sit for a long time at one place
4. good eyesight
5. imagination
6. the knowledge of mixing colours.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Science Solutions Chapter 7 Energy Flow in an Ecosystem Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Science Solutions Chapter 7 Energy Flow in an Ecosystem

Class 9 Science Chapter 7 Energy Flow in an Ecosystem Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Complete the following table (Carefully study the carbon, oxygen and nitrogen cycles).

Bio-geo-chemical cycles	Biotic processes	Abiotic processes
1. Carbon cycle
2. Oxygen cycle
3. Nitrogen cycle

2. Correct and rewrite the following statements and justify your corrections.
a. Carnivores occupy the second trophic level in the food chain.
b. The flow of nutrients in an ecosystem is considered to be a ‘one-way’ transport.
c. Plants in an ecosystem are called primary consumers.

3. Give reasons.
a. Energy flow through an ecosystem is ‘one way’.
Answer:

• The Sun is the most important source of energy in any ecosystem.
• Green plants of the ecosystem store some amount of solar energy in the form of food.
• Before reaching the decomposers, this energy is passed on from one trophic level to the next.
• Decomposers dissipate some amount of energy in the form of heat.
• However, no part of the energy ever returns to the Sun. Hence, energy flow through an ecosystem is ‘one way’.

b. Equilibrium is necessary in the various bio-geo-chemical cycles.
Answer:

• The cyclic flow of nutrients within an ecosystem is called bio-geo-chemical cycles.
• Nutrients, necessary for the growth of organisms are continuously transferred from abiotic to biotic factors and biotic to abiotic factors within an ecosystem.
• Any imbalance in the cycles will break the link between the biotic and abiotic factors.
• Therefore, equilibrium is necessary between bio-geo-chemical cycles.

c. Flow of nutrients through an ecosystem is cyclic.
Answer:

• All organisms need nutrients for their growth.
• The nutrients carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, iron, calcium etc. are circulated and recycled from the biosphere to living organisms and after their death back to the biosphere.
• Nutrients are taken up by plants and then passed on to the consumers.
• Eventually, after their death, all types of consumers, are decomposed by decomposers like bacteria and fungi and the nutrients are again released into the biosphere and are, used again by living organisms.

Therefore, the flow of nutrients through an ecosystem is cyclic.

4. Explain the following cycles in your own words with suitable diagrams.
a. Carbon cycle.

Answer:

• The circulation and recycling of carbon from the atmosphere to living organisms and after their death back to the atmosphere is called the carbon cycle.
• Abiotic carbon atoms are circulated and recycled into biotic form mainly through photosynthesis and respiration.
• Hence, the carbon cycle is one of the important bio-geochemical cycles.
• Plants convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrates by the process of photosynthesis.
• Similarly, they produce carbon compounds like proteins and fats, too.
• Carnivores feed upon herbivores. In this way, biotic carbon is transported from plants to herbivores, from herbivores to carnivores and from carnivores to apex consumers.
• Main processes in the carbon cycle
  
• Eventually, after death, all types of consumers, are decomposed by decomposers like bacteria and fungi and carbon dioxide is released again into the atmosphere and is used again by living organisms.
• In this way, carbon is continuously passed on from one living organism to another. After the death of living organisms, carbon goes to the atmosphere and is again taken up by living organisms.

b. Nitrogen cycle.
Answer:

• Nitrogen forms 78% i.e. the maximum portion of the atmosphere. It is necessary for the maintenance of the cycle of nature.
• The circulation and recycling of nitrogen gas into the form of different compounds through various biotic and abiotic processes in nature is called the nitrogen cycle.
• All organisms participate in the nitrogen cycle. It is an important component of proteins and nucleic acids.
• As compared to other elements, it is inactive and does not easily combine with other elements. Most organisms cannot use the free form of nitrogen.
• Important processes of nitrogen cycle:
  (a) Nitrogen fixation: Conversion of nitrogen into nitrates and nitrites through atmosphere, industrial and biological processes.
  (b) Ammonification: Release of ammonia through the decomposition of dead bodies and excretory wastes of organisms.
  (c) Nitrification: Conversion of ammonia into a nitrite and then nitrate.
  (d) Denitrification: Conversion of nitrogen compounds into gaseous nitrogen.

c. Oxygen cycle.
Answer:

1. Oxygen forms 21% of the atmosphere. It is also present in the hydrosphere and lithosphere. The circulation and recycling of oxygen within the biosphere is called the oxygen cycle.
2. This cycle, includes both the biotic and abiotic components. Oxygen is continuously produced as well as used up in the atmosphere.
3. Oxygen is highly reactive and it readily reacts with other elements and compounds.
4. As oxygen is found in various forms like molecular oxygen (Oz), water (H,0), carbon dioxide (C02), inorganic compounds etc, the oxygen cycle of the biosphere is extremely complex.
5. Oxygen is released in the process of photosynthesis, whereas it is used up in processes like respiration, combustion, decomposition, corrosion, rusting, etc.

5. What would you do to help maintain the equilibrium in the various bio-geochemical cycles? Explain in brief.
Answer:

• Bio-geo-chemical cycles always involve the achievement of equilibrium, i.e., a balance in the cycling of the nutrients between the spheres.
• Human activities that are known to be environmentally unfriendly can disrupt this balance.
• We should avoid deforestation as trees play an important role in maintaining the balance.
• We should avoid overuse of fertilizers. The fertilizers get washed away in the nearby water bodies disrupting the balance.
• Avoid burning of fossil fuels as these fuels release a large amount of carbon in the form of carbondioxide, thus disrupting the balance.
• Vehicular emissions is another contributor to the disruption in balance of the various cycles.
• These emissions release oxides of nitrogen and carbon and other hazardous air pollutants.
• So, we must use better quality fuel like CNG or ethanol to reduce vehicular emissions.

6. Explain in detail the inter-relationship between the food chain and food web.
Answer:

• Interaction go on continuously between producers, consumers and decomposers.
• There is a definite sequence in these interactions which is called the food chain.
• Each chain consists of four, five or more links.
• An ecosystem consists of many food chains that are interconnected at various levels. Thus, a food web is formed.
• An organism may be the prey for many other organisms.
• For example, an insect feeds upon leaves of various plants but the same insect is the prey for different animals like frog, wall lizard, birds, etc.
• Thus, many food chains interconnected together form an intricate web called as food web.

7. State the different types of bio-geochemical cycles and explain the importance of those cycles.
Answer:

• The different types of bio-geo-chemical cycles are nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, water vapour, iron, calcium, phosphorus, etc.
• Nutrients, necessary for the growth of the organisms are continuously transferred from abiotic to biotic factors and biotic to abiotic factors within an ecosystem.
• These cycles operate continuously through the medium of the biosphere formed by the lithosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere.
• (iv) The recycling of biological, geological and chemical sources of nutrients takes place through these cycles.
• Nutrients from the biosphere enter the bodies of plants and animals. Eventually, after death, all types of consumers are decomposed by decomposers like bacteria and fungi and they are again released into the biosphere and are used again by living organisms.
• Therefore, these cycles help in maintaining the flow of nutrients and energy through ecosystem and maintaining the equilibrium in the ecosystem.

8. Explain the following with suitable examples.
a. What type of changes occur in the amount of energy during its transfer from plants to apex consumers?
Answer:

• Plants of the ecosystem store some of the solar energy in the form of food.
• Before reaching the decomposers, this energy is passed on from one trophic level to the next.
• At every trophic level, some amount of energy is used by the organism for its own life processes and some amount of energy is lost to the surroundings.
• Decomposers dissipate some amount of energy in the form of heat.
• However, no part of the energy ever returns to the Sun. Hence, such passage of energy is referred to as ‘one way’ transport.
• Therefore, energy is maximum at the base of the pyramid and is least at the apex, e.g.
• phytoplanktons which form the base of the pyramid have 10,000 kcal of energy while humans at the apex have 10 kcal of energy.

b. What are the differences between flow of matter and of energy in an ecosystem? Why?
Answer:

Flow of matter	Flow of energy
(i) It involves the circulation and recycling of nutrients in a cyclic manner within the biosphere.	(i) It involves the flow of energy from one trophic level to another in a unidirectional or non-cyclic manner.
(ii) There is no dissipation of matter at any level.	(ii) There is the dissipation of energy at every level.
(iii) Biosphere is the source of nutrients.	(iii) The Sun is the most important source of energy.

Class 9 Science Chapter 7 Energy Flow in an Ecosystem Intext Questions and Answers

Can you recall?

7 Energy Flow In An Ecosystem Exercises  Question 1.
What is meant by nitrogen fixation?
Answer:
The process of conversion of Nitrogen into nitrates and nitrites is called Nitrogen fixation.

Energy Flow In An Ecosystem Class 9 Questions And Answers Question 2.
Which microbes bring about the process of nitrogen fixation?
Answer:
Rhizobium present in the root nodules of the leguminous plant bring about the process of nitrogen fixation.

Class 9 Science Chapter 7 Energy Flow In An Ecosystem Question 3.
What is meant by ‘ecosystem’?
Answer:
An ecosystem includes all of the living things like plants, animals and other organisms in a given area, interacting with each other and also with non-living environmental factors like weather, earth, sun, soil, climate and atmosphere.

Energy Flow In An Ecosystem Class 9 Exercise 1Question 4.
Which are different types of ecosystems?
Answer:

Class 9 Science Chapter 7 Energy Flow In An Ecosystem Exercise Question 5.
How do interactions take place between biotic and abiotic factors of an ecosystem?
Answer:

• Abiotic factors include non-living factors such as soil, water etc. and biotic factors include all living organisms.
• Both these abiotic and biotic ecosystems are connected through various bio-geo-chemical cycles.
• These connections/interactions are important for the flow of matter and flow of energy.

Class 9 Science Chapter 7 Energy Flow in an Ecosystem Additional Important Questions and Answers

Choose and write the correct option:

Question 1.
An intricate network of food chains is called
(a) Biosphere
(b) Food web
(c) Energy pyramid
(d) Ecosystem
Answer:
(b) food web

Question 2.
Fungi and other microbes are called
(a) Producers
(b) Consumers
(c) Decomposers
(d) Omnivores
Answer:
(c) decomposers

Question 3.
Oxygen forms of the atmosphere.
(a) 78%
(b) 21%
(c) 10%
(d) 90%
Answer:
(b) 21%

Question 4.
Microbes which do not need oxygen are called
(a) Producers
(b) Aerobes
(c) Anaerobes
(d) Decomposers
Answer:
(c) anaerobes

Question 5.
The pattern of energy exchange in an ecosystem is called a
(a) Food chain
(b) Food web
(c) Pyramid of energy
(d) Trophic levels
Answer:
(c) Pyramid of energy

Question 6.
Carbon atoms are circulated and recycled through
(a) Nitrification and denitrification
(b) Photosynthesis and respiration
(c) Respiration and nitrification
(d) Photosynthesis and ammonification
Answer:
(b) photosynthesis and respiration

Question 7.
Conversion of ammonia into a nitrite and then nitrate is called
(a) Nitrogen fixation
(b) Denitrification
(c) Nitrification
(d) Ammonification
Answer:
(c) nitrification

Question 8.
The conversion of nitrogen compounds into gaseous nitrogen is called
(a) Nitrogen fixation
(b) Denitrification
(c) Ammonification
(d) Nitrification
Answer:
(b) denitrification

Question 9.
is an important component of proteins and nucleic acids.
(a) Carbon
(b) Nitrogen
(c) Phosphorus
(d) Oxygen
Answer:
(b) Nitrogen

Question 10.
Amount of matter and energy from the lowest level to the highest level.
(a) decreases
(b) increases
(c) remains the same
(d) multiplies
Answer:
(a) decreases

Question 11.
is the most important source of energy in any ecosystem.
(a) The Sun
(b) The Moon
(c) Producers
(d) Decomposers
Answer:
(a) The Sun

Question 12.
Flow of energy in an ecosystem is
(a) cyclical
(b) two way transport
(c) o ne way transport
(d) to and fro transport
Answer:
(c) one way transport

Question 13.
The Indian Institute of Ecology and Environment, Delhi, has published
(a) Invasive species in a changing Environment
(b) Encyclopaedia of Ecology and Environment
(c) Environment and Ecology Magazine
(d) Biodiversity and Disaster Management
Answer:
(b) Encyclopaedia of Ecology and Environment

Question 14.
Oxygen is released in the process of
(a) Respiration
(b) Decomposition
(c) Combustion
(d) Photosynthesis
Answer:
(d) photosynthesis

Question 15.
cycle is a gaseous cycle.
(a) Carbon
(b) Phosphorus
(c) Calcium
(d) Iron
Answer:
(a) Carbon

Question 16.
is a sedimentary cycle.
(a) Carbon
(b) Nitrogen
(c) Oxygen
(d) Calcium
Answer:
(d) Calcium

Question 17.
is a primary consumer.
(a) Elephant
(b) Frog
(c) Owl
(d) Tiger
Answer:
(a) Elephant

Question 18.
is a secondary consumer.
(a) Grasshopper
(b) Elephant
(c) Frog
(d) Human
Answer:
(c) Frog

Question 19.
Tiger is a /an
(a) Producer
(b) Primary consumer
(c) Apex consumer
(d) Secondary consumer
Answer:
(c) apex consumer

Question 20.
Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere through
(a) burning of fossil fuels
(b) volcanic activity
(c) respiration
(d) all of these
Answer:
(d) all of these

Question 21.
in 1942 studied the food chain and energy flow through it
(a) Linderman
(b) Darwin
(c) Calypso
(d) Chu win lee
Answer:
(a) Linderman

Question 22.
fter the death of apex consumers, energy becomes available to.
(a) Decomposers
(b) Producers
(c) Herbivores
(d) Carnivores
Answer:
(a) Decomposers

Question 23.
Green plants of the ecosystem store in the form of food.
(a) Solar energy
(b) Chemical energy
(c) Thermal energy
(d) Electrical energy
Answer:
(a) Solar energy

Question 24.
Plants convert carbon dioxide into by the process of photosynthesis.
(a) Carbohydrates
(b) Proteins
(c) Fats
(d) Vitamins
Answer:
(a) Carbohydrates

Question 25.
Carnivores feed upon
(a) Decomposers
(b) Herbivores
(c) Producers
(d) Secondary producers
Answer:
(b) Herbivores

Question 26.
is used up in the processes like respiration, combustion, decomposition, corrosion, rusting, etc.
(a) Nitrogen
(b) Oxygen
(c) Argon
(d) Helium
Answer:
(b) Oxygen

Question 27.
Nitrogen forms % of the atmosphere.
(a) 79
(b) 78
(c) 21
(d) 2
Answer:
(b) 78

Question 28.
Most organisms cannot use the free form of
(a) Oxygen
(b) Nitrogen
(c) Carbon dioxide
(d) Carbon monoxide
Answer:
(b) Nitrogen

Question 29.
first proposed the concept of Ecological Pyramid in 1927.
(a) Darwin
(b) Newton
(c) Elton
(d) Edison
Answer:
(c) Elton

Question 30.
Ecological Pyramid is called
(a) Hills
(b) Mounts
(c) Eltonian
(d) Darwinism
Answer:
(c) Eltonian

Question 31.
is produced from oxygen through various atmospheric processes.
(a) Nitrogen dioxide
(b) Nitrites
(c) Ozone
(d) CFC
Answer:
(c) Ozone

Question 32.
Interactions between producers, consumers and saprophytes in a definite sequence is called
(a) Links
(b) Internet
(c) Food chain
(d) Connectors
Answer:
(c) Food chain

Question 33.
Many food chains interconnected at various levels is called
(a) Links
(b) Internet
(c) Connectors
(d) Food web
Answer:
(d) Food web

Question 34.
Decomposers dissipate some amount of energy in the form of
(a) Light
(b) Electricity
(c) Sound
(d) Heat
Answer:
(d) Heat

Question 35.
The flow of nutrients in an ecosystem is
(a) Non- cyclic
(b) Mono directional
(c) Reverse directional
(d) Cyclical
Answer:
(d) Cyclical

Question 36.
The cyclical flow of nutrients within an ecosystem is called
(a) Biological cycle
(b) Chemical cycle
(c) Solar cycle
(d) Bio-geo chemical cycle
Answer:
(d) Bio-geo chemical cycle

Question 37.
is an accumulation of the main abiotic gaseous nutrient materials found in the earth’s atmosphere.
(a) Gaseous cycle
(b) Water cycle
(c) Solar cycle
(d) Lunar cycle
Answer:
(a) Gaseous cycle

Question 38.
Oxygen is released into the atmosphere by the process of
(a) Photosynthesis
(b) Respiration
(c) Oxidation
(d) Decomposition
Answer:
(a) Photosynthesis

Question 39.
Charles Elton studied the of the Beer islands in England..
(a) Tundra ecosystem
(b) Mediterranean ecosystem
(c) Equatorial ecosystem
(d) Taiga ecosystem
Answer:
(a) Tundra ecosystem

Question 40.
in 1942 studied the food chain and energy flow through it.
(a) Charles Elton
(b) Lindeman
(c) Robert Whittaker
(d) Eichler
Answer:
(b) Lindeman

Question 41.
After the death of apex consumers, energy becomes available to
(a) Primary consumer
(b) Secondary consumer
(c) Decomposer
(d) Sun
Answer:
(c) Decomposer

Question 42.
Nitrogen forms % of the atmosphere.
(a) 28%
(b) 78%
(c) 48%
(d) 82%
Answer:
(b) 78%

Question 43.
first proposed the concept of the Ecological Pyramid in 1927.
(a) Charles Elton
(b) Lindeman
(c) Eichler
(d) John Muir
Answer:
(a) Charles Elton

Question 44.
Oxygen is released into the atmosphere by the process of
(a) respiration
(b) Photosynthesis
(c) Combustion
(d) All of these
Answer:
(b) Photosynthesis

Find the odd man out:

Question 1.
Photosynthesis, Respiration, Decomposition, Forest Fires
Answer:
Forest Fires

Question 2.
Combustion, Corrosion, rusting, formation of ozone, Photosynthesis
Answer:
Photosynthesis

Question 3.
Biological nitrogen fixation, ammonification, nitrification, denitrification, industrial nitrogen fixation
Answer:
Industrial nitrogen fixation

Question 4.
Frog, Owl, Squirrel, Fox
Answer:
Squirrel

Question 5.
Grasshopper, squirrel, elephant, lion
Answer:
Lion

Question 6.
Nitrogen cycle, oxygen cycle, carbon cycle, phosphorus cycle
Answer:
Phosphorus cycle

Question 7.
Photosynthesis, Nitrification, Ammonification, Denitrification
Answer:
Photosynthesis

Find out the correlation:

1. Grasshopper : Primary consumer :: Tiger : ………………..
2. Owl : Secondary consumer :: Squirrel : ………………..
3. Flow of energy : One way :: Flow of nutrients : ………………..
4. Plants : Producers :: Bacteria and Fungi : ………………..
5. Nitrogen : Gaseous cycle :: Phosphorus : ………………..
6. Oxygen : 21% :: Nitrogen : ………………..
7. Photosynthesis: Carbon cycle:: Ammonification : ………………..
8. Respiration : Oxygen cycle :: Nitrification : ………………..
9. Respiration : Biotic process :: Combustion : ………………..
10. Microbes using oxygen : Aerobes :: Microbes not using oxygen : ………………..
Answer:
(1) Apex consumer
(2) Primary consumer
(3) Cyclic
(4) Decomposers
(5) Sedimentary cycle
(6) 78%
(7) Nitrogen cycle
(8) Nitrogen cycle
(9) Abioticprocess
(10) Anaerobes

Q.l. (B) 3. Difference between:
(1) Azotobacter and Rhizobium
Answer:

Azotobacter	Rhizobium
Free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria	Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria

(2) Biotic components and Abiotic component
Answer:

Biotic components	Abiotic component
Living component of an ecosystem	Physical/Chemical non-living components of an ecosystem

(3) Producers and Herbivores
Answer:

Producers	Herbivores
They are present in the 1st trophic level	They are present in the 2nd trophic level

(4) Carnivores and Herbivores
Answer:

Carnivores	Herbivores
They depend on Herbivores for nutrition	They depend on Producers for nutrition

(5) Phosphorus and Carbon
Answer:

Phosphorus	Carbon
It cycles through the Sedimentary cycle	It cycles through the Gaseous cycle

(6) Food chain and Food web
Answer:

Food chain	Food web
Interactions between producers, consumers and decomposers in a definite sequence is called as a food chain.	The interconnection among different food chains in an ecosystem at various levels is called as a food web

State whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statements:

(1) Herbivores occupy the third trophic level in a food chain.
(2) Apex consumers use herbivores and carnivores as their food.
(3) Humans are apex consumers.
(4) Omnivores feed only on carnivores.
(5) A food chain has two links.
(6) The number of consumers in a food web is fixed.
(7) The amount of matter and energy goes on increasing at every level in a food chain.
(8) Robert Brown first proposed the concept of Ecological Pyramid.
(9) After the death of apex consumers, the energy becomes available to decomposers.
(10) The gaseous cycle is a speedier cycle than the sedimentary cycle.
(11) Climatic changes and human activities seriously affect the speed, intensity and equilibrium of bio-geo-chemical cycles.
(12) Carbon dioxide is released in the atmosphere through photosynthesis.
(13) The equilibrium of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases is maintained by decomposers.
(14) The conversion of ammonia into a nitrite and then nitrate is called nitrogen fixation.
(15) Conversion of nitrogen compounds into gaseous nitrogen is called nitrogen fixation.
(16) Release of ammonia through decomposition of dead plants and excretory wastes of organisms is called ammonification.
(17) The cyclic flow of nutrients within an ecosystem is called Energy Pyramid.
Answer:
(1) False, herbivores occupy the second trophic level in a food chain as they are directly dependent on producers.
(2) True
(3) True
(4) False. Omnivores feed on both herbivores and carnivores.
(5) False. A food chain consists of four, five or more links.
(6) False. A food web can have many consumers.
(7) False. The amount of matter and energy goes on decreasing at every level in a food chain.
(8) False. Charles Elton first proposed the concept of Ecological Pyramid.
(9) True
(10) True
(11) True
(12) False. Carbon dioxide is released in the atmosphere through respiration, burning of fossil fuels and wood, forest fires and volcanic activity. (13) False. The equilibrium of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases is maintained by plants.
(14) False. The conversion of ammonia into a nitrite and then nitrate is called nitrification.
(15) False. Conversion of nitrogen compounds into gaseous nitrogen is called denitrification.
(16) True
(17) False. The cyclic flow of nutrients within an ecosystem is called bio-geochemical cycle.

Name the following:

Question 1.
The animals that feed on herbivores.
Answer:
Carnivores.

Question 2.
Organisms that feed on herbivores and carnivores.
Answer:
Omnivores.

Question 3.
Two examples of primary consumers.
Answer:
Grasshopper, squirrel.

Question 4.
Two examples of secondary consumers.
Answer:
Frog, owl.

Question 5.
Two examples of Apex consumers.
Answer:
Lion, tiger.

Question 6.
Levels in the food chain.
Answer:
Trophic level.

Question 7.
Organisms that decompose the dead bodies of plants and animals.
Answer:
Decomposers.

Question 8.
Process which releases oxygen.
Answer:
Photosynthesis.

Question 9.
Release of ammonia through decomposition of dead bodies and excretory wastes of organisms.
Answer:
Ammonification.

Question 10.
Conversion of nitrogen into nitrates and nitrites through atmospheric, industrial and biological processes.
Answer:
Nitrogen fixation.

One line answers:

Question 1.
What is Food chain?
Answer:
Interactions between producers, consumers and decomposers in a definite sequence is called as a food chain.

Question 2.
What is Food web?
Answer:
The interconnection among different food chains in an ecosystem at various levels is called as a food web.

Question 3.
What is Trophic level?
Answer:
A trophic level is the step at which the organism obtains its food in the chain.

Question 4.
What is Pyramid of energy?
Answer:
The pattern of energy exchange in an ecosystem is called a ‘Pyramid of energy’.

Question 5.
What is Bio-geo-chemical cycle?
Answer:
The cyclical flow of nutrients within an ecosystem is called bio-geo-chemical cycle.

Question 6.
What is Carbon cycle?
Answer:
The circulation and recycling of carbon from the atmosphere to living organisms and aher their death back to the atmosphere is called the carbon cycle.

Question 7.
What is Oxygen cycle?
Answer:
The circulation and recycling of oxygen within the biosphere is called as oxygen cycle.

Question 8.
What is Nitrogen cycle?
Answer:
The circulation and recycling of nitrogen gas into the form of different compounds through various biotic and abiotic processes in nature is called the nitrogen cycle.

Question 9.
What is Nitrogen fixation?
Answer:
The process of conversion of free nitrogen gas of the atmosphere into nitrogen compounds is called of nitrogen fixation.

Distinguish between:

Question 1.
Gaseous Cycle and Sedimentary Cycle.
Answer:

Gaseous Cycle	Sedimentary Cycle
(i)      It is an accumulation of the main abiotic gaseous nutrient materials found in the earth’s atmosphere. (ii)    It includes nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapour etc.	(i)     It is an accumulation of the main abiotic nutrient materials found in the soil, sediment and sedimentary rocks, etc. of the earth. (ii)    It includes soil components like iron, calcium, phosphorus etc.

Question 2.
Carbon Cycle and Nitrogen Cyde.
Answer:

Carbon Cycle	Nitrogen Cycle
(i) The circulation and recycling of carbon from the atmosphere to living organisms and after their death back to the atmosphere is called the carbon cycle.	(i) The circulation and recycling of nitrogen into the form of different compounds through various biotic and abiotic processes in nature is called the nitrogen cycle.
(ii) Main processes involved in the carbon cycle are photosynthesis and respiration.	(ii) Main processes involved in the nitrogen cycle are nitrogen fixation, ammonification, nitrification and denitrification.
(iii) Carbon in the form of carbon dioxide is directly absorbed by plants for photosynthesis.	(iii) Nitrogen gas cannot be directly absorbed by plants. So nitrogen is fixed by the process of nitrogen fixation and then absorbed from the soil.

Complete the flow chart:

Question 1.
Energy Pyramid.

Question 3.
Nitrogen Cycle

Question 4.
Bio-Geo Chemical cycle

Write short notes on:

Question 1.
Trophic level.
Answer:

• Each level in the food chain is called a trophic level.
• A trophic level is the step at which the organism obtains its food in the chain.
• The amount of matter and energy gradually decreases from producers at the lowest level to the top consumers at the highest level.

Question 2.
Food web.
Answer:

• An ecosystem consists of many food chains that are interconnected at various levels. This is called food web.
• An organism may be the prey for many other organisms.
• For example, an insect feeds upon leaves of various plants but the same insect is the prey for different animals like wall lizards, birds etc.
• This forms an intricate web instead of a linear food chain. Such an intricate network is called as food web.
• Generally food webs are formed everywhere in nature.

Question 3.
Energy Pyramid.

Answer:

• Each level in the food chain is called a trophic level.
• The amount of matter and energy gradually decreases from producers at the lowest level to the top consumers at the highest level.
• The initial quantity of energy goes on decreasing at every level of energy exchange.
• Similarly, the number of organisms also decreases from the lowest level to the highest level.
• This pattern of energy exchange in an ecosystem is called a Pyramid of energy.

Explain the following statements

Question 1.
justify the statements
(a) Producers form the first trophic level in the food chain. Herbivores depend directly on producers.
(b) The flow of nutrients in an ecosystem is cyclic.
(c) Plants in an ecosystem are called autotrophs.
Answer:

1. So herbivores form the second trophic level, whereas carnivores depend on herbivores, so they form the third trophic level in the food chain.
2. The nutrients are circulated and recycled from the biosphere to living organisms and after their death back to the biosphere.
3. They produce their own food by the process of photosynthesis. All animals in an ecosystem directly or indirectly depend on plants for food.

Explain the diagram

Question 1.
Food chain in a forest ecosystem:

Answer:

• In a forest ecosystem, grass is eaten by a deer, which in turn is eaten by a tiger.
• The grass, deer and tiger form a food chain.
• In this food chain, energy flows from the grass (producer) to the deer (primary consumer) to the tiger (secondary consumer).

Question 2.
Food chain in an aquatic ecosystem (Pond)

Answer:

• In a aquatic ecosystem algae are eaten by insects.
• Insects are eaten by small fish, small fish are in turn eaten by big fish.
• And the big fish are eaten by fish eating birds.
• In this food chain, energy flows from the algae (producer) to the insects (primary consumers) to the small fish (secondary consumers) to the big fish (tertiary consumer) and to the fish eating birds (apex consumer).

Question 3.
Carbon cycle

Answer:

• The circulation and recycling of carbon from the atmosphere to living organisms and after their death back to the atmosphere is called carbon cycle.
• Main processes involved in carbon cycle are photosynthesis and respiration.
• Carbon in the form of carbon dioxide is directly absorbed by plants for photosynthesis

Question 4.
Nitrogen cycle

Answer:
(i) The circulation and recycling of nitrogen into the form of different compounds through various biotic and abiotic processes in nature is called the nitrogen cycle.
(ii) Main processes involved in nitrogen cycle are nitrogen fixation, ammonification, nitrification and denitrification.
(iii) Nitrogen gas cannot be directly absorbed by plants. So nitrogen is fixed by the process of nitrogen fixation and then absorbed from the soil.

Question 5.
Oxygen cycle

Answer:

1. Oxygen forms 21% of the atmosphere. It is also present in the hydrosphere and lithosphere.
2. Circulation and recycling of oxygen within the biosphere is called the oxygen cycle.
3. This cycle, includes both the biotic and abiotic components.
4. Oxygen is continuously produced as well as used up in the atmosphere.
5. Oxygen is highly reactive and it readily reacts with other elements and compounds.
6. As oxygen is found in various forms like molecular oxygen (O₂), water (H₂O), carbon dioxide (CO₂), inorganic compounds etc, the oxygen cycle of the biosphere is extremely complex.
7. Oxygen is released in the process of photosynthesis, whereas it is used up in processes like respiration, combustion, decomposition, corrosion, rusting, etc.

Answers based on figures.

Question 1.
Nitrogen Cycle

Answer:

• Oxygen forms 21% of the atmosphere. It is also present in the hydrosphere and lithosphere.
• The circulation and recycling of oxygen within the biosphere is called the oxygen cycle.
• This cycle, includes both the biotic and abiotic components.
• Oxygen is continuously produced as well as used up in the atmosphere.
• Oxygen is highly reactive and it readily reacts with other elements and compounds.
• As oxygen is found in various forms like molecular oxygen (O₂), water (H₂O), carbon dioxide (CO₂), inorganic compounds etc, the oxygen cycle of the biosphere is extremely complex.
• Oxygen is released in the process of photosynthesis, whereas it is used up in processes like respiration, combustion, decomposition, corrosion, rusting, etc.

Answers based on figures.

Question 1.
Nitrogen Cycle

(i) Is nitrogen a reactive gas?
Answer:
Nitrogen in its atmospheric state non-reactive gas

(ii) Name process of nitrogen conversion from atmosphere to green plants.
Answer:
Nitrogen fixation is the process of nitrogen conversion atmosphere to green plants

(iii) Name the process of converting usable nitrogenous products into atmospheric inert nitrogen.
Answer:
Denitrification is the process of converting usable nitrogenous products into atmospheric inert nitrogen

(iv) Animals produce which product of nitrogen?
Answer:
Animals produce ammonia as a product of nitrogen

(v) Name two nitrifying organisms.
Answer:
Azotobacter and Rhizobium are the two nitrifying organisms

(vi) Which type of bio-geo-chemical cycles does nitrogen follow?
Answer:
Nitrogen follows gaseous and sedimentary bio-geo-chemical cycles

Question 2.
Carbon cycle

(i) Is carbon dioxide gas freely available in the atmosphere?
Answer:
Carbon dioxide gas is freely available in the atmosphere

(ii) How is carbon found in water?
Answer:
Carbon is found in water in the form of carbonates

(iii) How are we using carbon as a fuel?
Answer:
Fossil fuels are a form of carbon which are used as fuel by us

(iv) How to plants use carbon as their food source?
Answer:
Plants take up carbon in photosynthesis and convert it into starch which is their food source

(v) How do animals use carbon?
Answer:
Animals use carbon in form of organic compounds and inorganic compounds

(vi) Which type of bio-geo-chemical cycles does carbon follow?
Answer:
Carbon follows gaseous and sedimentary bio-geo-chemical cycles

Question 3.
Oxygen cycle

(i) Is oxygen gas freely available in the atmosphere?
Answer:
Oxygen gas is freely available in the atmosphere

(ii) How is oxygen used by animals?
Answer:
Oxygen is used in respiration by the animals

(iii) How are we using carbon as a fuel?
Answer:
Fossil fuels are a form of carbon which are used as fuel by us

(iv) How to plants use carbon as their food source?
Answer:
Plants take up carbon in photosynthesis and convert it into starch which is their food source

(v) How do animals use carbon?
Answer:
Animals use carbon in form of organic compounds and inorganic compounds

(vi) Which type of bio-geo-chemical cycles does carbon follow?
Answer:
Carbon follows gaseous and sedimentary biogeo-chemical cycles

Question 4.
Food web

(i) What is the basic unit of food web?
Answer:
The basic unit of food web is food chain

(ii) Which organisms are on the 1st level of this food web?
Answer:
Producers are p. the 1st level of this food web

(iii) What are the animals which depend on producers directly for nutrition called?
Answer:
The animals which depend on producers directly for nutrition are called Herbivores

(iv) What are the animals which eat any type of food for nutrition called?
Answer:
The animals which eat any type of food for nutrition are called Omnivore

(v) What will happen if one animal in the food chain goes extinct?
Answer:
If one animal in the food chain goes extinct the entire food chain collapse

(vi) What are the factors badly affecting the food web?
Answer:
Factors like hunting, pollution, deforestation, human-animal conflicts etc. are the factors badly affecting the food web

Complete the paragraph

(1) Elemental oxygen is normally found in the form of a diatomic molecule. However, in the upper reaches of the atmosphere, a molecule containing three atoms of oxygen is found. This would mean a formula of 03 and this is called ozone. Unlike the normal diatomic molecule of oxygen, ozone is poisonous and we are lucky that it is not stable nearer to the Earth’s surface. But it performs an essential function where it is found. It absorbs harmful radiations from the Sun. This prevents those harmful radiations from reaching the surface of the Earth where they may damage many forms of life.

Recently it was discovered that this ozone layer was getting depleted. Various man-made compounds like CFCs (carbon compounds having both fluorine and chlorine) which are very stable and not degraded by any biological process) were found to persist in the atmosphere. Once they reached the ozone layer, they would react with the ozone molecules. This resulted in a reduction of the ozone layer and recently they have discovered a hole in the ozone layer above the Antarctica. It is difficult to imagine the consequences for life on Earth if the ozone layer dwindles further, but many people think that it would be better not to take chances. These people advocate working towards stopping all further damage to the ozone layer.

(2) The utilisation of glucose to provide energy to living things involves the process of respiration in which oxygen may or may not be used to convert glucose back into carbon dioxide. This carbon dioxide then goes back into the atmosphere. Another process that adds to the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is the process of combustion where fuels are burnt to provide energy for various needs like heating, cooking, transportation and industrial processes.

In fact, the percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is said to have doubled since the industrial revolution when human beings started burning fossil fuels on a very large scale. Carbon, like water, is thus cycled repeatedly through different forms by the various physical and biological activities. Heat is trapped by glass, and hence the temperature inside a glass enclosure will be much higher than the surroundings. This phenomenon was used to create an enclosure where tropical plants could be kept warm during the winters in colder climates. Such enclosures are called greenhouses.

Greenhouses have also lent their name to an atmospheric phenomenon. Some gases prevent the escape of heat from the Earth. An increase in the percentage of such gases in the atmosphere would cause the average temperatures to increase worldwide and this is called the greenhouse effect. Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases. An increase in the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere would cause more heat to be retained by the atmosphere and lead to global warming.

(3) Nitrogen gas makes up 78% of our atmosphere and nitrogen is also a part of many molecules essential to life like proteins, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and some vitamins. Nitrogen is found in other biologically important compounds such as alkaloids and urea too. Nitrogen is thus an essential nutrient for all life-forms and life would be simple if all these life-forms could use the atmospheric nitrogen directly. However, other than a few forms of bacteria, life-forms are not able to convert the comparatively inert nitrogen molecule into forms like nitrates and nitrites which can be taken up and used to make the required molecules.

These nitrogen-fixing bacteria may be free-living or be associated with some species of dicot plants. Most commonly, the nitrogenfixing bacteria are found in the roots of legumes (generally the plants which give us pulses) in special structures called root nodules. Other than these bacteria, the only other manner in which the nitrogen molecule is converted to nitrates and nitrites is by a physical process. During lightning, the high temperatures and pressures created in the air convert nitrogen into oxides of nitrogen. These oxides dissolve in water to give nitric and nitrous acids and fall on land along with rain. These are then utilised by various lifeforms.

Read the paragraph and answer the questions:

(1) Nitrogen cycle
The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into multiple chemical forms as it circulates among the atmosphere, terrestrial, and marine ecosystems. The conversion of nitrogen can be carried out through both biological and physical processes. Important processes in the nitrogen cycle include fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification, The majority of Earth’s atmosphere (78%) is atmosphere nitrogen, making it the largest source of nitrogen.

However, atmospheric nitrogen has limited availability for biological use, leading to a scarcity of usable nitrogen in many types of ecosystems. The nitrogen cycle is of particular interest to ecologists because nitrogen availability can affect the rate of key ecosystem processes, including primary production and decomposition, Human activities such as fossil fuel combustion, use of artificial nitrogen fertilizers, and release of nitrogen in wastewater have dramatically altered the global nitrogen cycle. Human modification of the global nitrogen cycle can negatively affect the natural environment system and also human health.

(i) Why nitrogen cycle is called bio-geochemical cycle?
Answer:
Nitrogen cycle is called bio-geochemical cycle as it undergoes biological as well as geochemical processes.

(ii) Why is nitrogen cycle important to us?
Answer:
Nitrogen cycle is important to us as nitrogen availability can affect the rate of key ecosystem processes, including primary production and decomposition.

(iii) Name important process of nitrogen cycle.
Answer:
Important processes in the nitrogen cycle include fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification.

(iv) What can affect the nitrogen cycle negatively?
Answer:
Human modification of the global nitrogen cycle can negatively affect the natural environment system and also human health.

(v) Which human activities change the nitrogen cycle?
Answer:
Human activities such as fossil fuel combustion, use of artificial nitrogen fertilizers, and release of nitrogen in wastewater have dramatically altered the global nitrogen cycle.

(2) Food web
A food chain is a linear network of links in a food i web starting from producer organisms (such asgrass or trees which use radiation from the Sun to make their food) and ending at apex predator species (like grizzly bears or killer whales), detritivores (like earthworms or woodlice), ordecomposer species (such as fungi or bacteria), A food chain also shows how the organisms are related with each other by the food they eat. Each level of a food chain represents a different trophiclevel. A food chain differs from a food web, because the complex network of different animal’s feeding relations are aggregated and the chain only follows a direct, linear pathway of one animal at a time.

Natural interconnections between food chains make it a food web. A common metric usedto the quantify food web trophic structure is foodi chain length. In its simplest form, the length of a chain is the number of links between a trophici consumer and the base of the web and the meanchain length of an entire web is the arithmetic average of the lengths of all chains in a food web. The food chain is an energy source diagram. Many food webs have a keystone species. A keystonespecies is a species that has a large impact on thei surrounding environment and can directly affectthe food chain.

If this keystone species dies off it can set the entire food chain off balance. Keystonespecies keep herbivores from depleting all of thei foliage in their environment and preventing ai mass extinction. Food chains were first introduced by the Arab scientist and philosopher Al-Jahiz inthe 10th century and later popularized in a book I published in 1927 by Charles Elton, which also i introduced the food web concept.

(i) What is a food web?
Answer:
Food web is a linear network of links of food chains.

(ii) In a food web which organism are called producers?
Answer:
In a food web which organism which can produce food by photosynthesis are called producers.

(iii) What is the role of keystone species?
Answer:
Keystone species keep herbivores from depleting all of the foliage in their environment and preventing a mass extinction.

(iv) What is a keystone species?
Answer:
A keystone species is a species that has a large impact on the surrounding environment and can directly affect the food chain.

(v) What does each level of food chain represent?
Answer:
Each level of a food chain represents a different trophic level.

(3) Carbon cycle
The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth. Carbon is the main component of biological compounds as well as a major component of many minerals such as limestone. Along with the nitrogen cycle and the water cycle, the carbon cycle comprises a sequence of events that are key to make Earth capable of sustaining life. It describes the movement of carbon as it is recycled and reused throughout the biosphere, as well as long-term processes of carbon sequestration to and release from carbon sinks.

The carbon cycle was discovered by Antoine! Lavoisier and Joseph Priestley, and popularised by Humphry Davy. Carbon in the Earth’satmosphere exists in two main forms carbon dioxide and methane. Both of these gases absorb and retain heat in the atmosphere and are partially responsible for the greenhouse effect. Methane produces a larger greenhouse effect per volume as compared to carbon dioxide, but it exists in much lower concentrations and is more short-lived than carbon dioxide, making carbon dioxide the more important greenhouse gas of the two.

Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere primarily through photosynthesis and enters the terrestrial and oceanic biospheres. Carbon dioxide also dissolves directly from the atmosphere into bodies of water (ocean, lakes, etc.), as well as dissolving in precipitation as raindrops fall through the atmosphere. When dissolved in water, carbon dioxide reacts with water molecules and forms carbonic acid, which contributes to ocean acidity. It can then be absorbed by rocks through weathering. It also can acidify other surfaces it touches or be washed into the ocean.

(i) Which gas has greener house effect as compared to CO₂?
Answer:
Methane gas CH₄ has greener house effect as compared to CO₂.

(ii) How does dissolved CO₂ affect oceans?
Answer:
When dissolved in water, carbon dioxide reacts with water molecules and forms carbonic acid, which contributes to ocean acidity.

(iii) Why is carbon cycle called bio-geochemical cycle?
Answer:
The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth.

(iv) How is carbon dioxide removed from atmosphere?
Answer:
Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere primarily through photosynthesis and enters the terrestrial and oceanic biospheres.

(v) Who discovered the carbon cycle?
Answer:
The carbon cycle was discovered by Antoine Lavoisier and Joseph Priestley.

Answer the questions in detail:

Question 1.
Write the important processes of the nitrogen cycle.
Answer:

• Nitrogen fixation: Conversion of nitrogen into nitrates and nitrites through atmospheric, industrial and biological processes.
• Ammonification: Release of ammonia through decomposition of dead bodies and excretory wastes of organisms.
• Nitrification: Conversion of ammonia into a nitrite and then nitrate.
• Denitrification: Conversion of nitrogen components into gaseous nitrogen.

Make a concept diagram and explain.

Question 1.
Food chain

Answer:
According to the mode of nutrition the organisms are classified into producers, consumers, saprotrophs (saprophytes) and decomposers. Primary consumers are directly dependent on autotrophs (producers), e.g.: Grasshopper, squirrel, elephant) Secondary consumers use herbivores as their food, e.g.: Frog, owl, fox, etc. Apex or top consumers use herbivores and carnivores as their food. No animals feed on top consumers, e.g.: Tiger, lion, etc. Omnivores feed on herbivores and carnivores, e.g.: Humans, bear, etc. A continuous interaction between producers, consumers and decomposers in a definite sequence is called as food chain.

Food chain, in ecology is the sequence of transfers of matter and energy in the form of food from organism to organism. Food chains intertwine locally into a food web because most organisms consume more than one type of animal or plant. Plants, which convert solar energy to food by photosynthesis, are the primary food source. In a predator chain, a plant-eating animal is eaten by a flesh-eating animal. In a parasite chain, a smaller organism consumes part of a larger host and may itself be parasitized by even smaller organisms. In a saprophytic chain, microorganisms live on dead organic matter.

Question 2.
Energy pyramid
Answer:

An energy pyramid is a model that shows the flow of energy from one trophic, or feeding, level to the next in an ecosystem. The model is a diagram that compares the energy used by organisms at each trophic level. The energy in an energy pyramid is measured in units of kilocalories (kcal). Energy pyramids are similar to biomass pyramids, another type of trophic pyramid that models the amount of biomass at each trophic level in an ecosystem, energy flow in ecosystems. The structure of an energy pyramid reflects the trophic structure of an ecosystem.

The pyramid is divided into trophic levels similar to those in a food chain. At the pyramid base are the producers, autotrophic organisms that make their own food from inorganic substances. All of the other organisms in the energy pyramid are consumers. These are heterotrophs, meaning that they get food energy by consuming other organisms. The consumers at each trophic level feed on organisms from the level below and are themselves consumed by organisms at the level above. Primary consumers are organisms that consume producers; thus, most primary consumers are herbivores, though some may be detrivores (organisms that feed on decaying organic matter).

Secondary consumers are carnivores that feed on primary consumers and tertiary consumers are carnivores that eat secondary consumers. In rare instances, an ecosystem may have an additional trophic level composed of quaternary consumers camivores that consume tertiary consumers’ energy pyramid. The shape of an energy pyramid shows that the amount of food energy that enters each trophic level is less than the amount that entered the level below. Approximately 90 percent of the food energy that enters a trophic level is “lost” as heat when it is used by organisms to power the normal activities of life such as breathing and digesting food the remaining 10 percent is stored in the various organisms’ tissues.

It is this latter energy that is available to be passed to the next trophic level. Thus, the higher the trophic level on the pyramid, the lower the amounts of available energy ecosystem energy transfer through an ecosystem. The number of organisms at each level decreases relative to the level below because there is less energy available to support those organisms. The top level of an energy pyramid has the fewest organisms because it has the least amount of energy. Eventually there is not enough energy left to support another trophic level; thus most ecosystems only have four trophic levels.