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Psychology Class 11 Chapter 2 Branches of Psychology Question Answers Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Psychology Solutions Chapter 2 Branches of Psychology Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Branches of Psychology Class 11 Psychology Chapter 2 Questions and Answers

1A. Complete the following statements.

Question 1.
The branches of Psychology that explore relationships among different variables and human behaviour are known as ___________ Psychology.
a. Theoretical
b. Applied
c. Common
Answer:
a. Theoretical

Question 2.
The study of human behaviour at the workplace is the concern of ___________ Psychology.
a. Social
b. Industrial
c. Experimental
Answer:
b. Industrial

Question 3.
One can study the problems of adolescence in ___________
a. Developmental
b. Social
c. Cognitive
Answer:
a. Developmental

Question 4.
___________ Psychology is concerned with diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders.
a. Counselling
b. Cognitive
c. Clinical
Answer:
c. Clinical

1B. Identify the odd item from the following.

Question 1.
Experimental Psychology, Social Psychology, Industrial Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
Answer:
Industrial Psychology

Question 2.
Clinical psychology, Industrial Psychology, Sports Psychology, Abnormal Psychology
Answer:
Abnormal Psychology

1C. Match the following pairs.

Question 1.

Answer:

2. Compare and contrast.

Question 1.
Theoretical and applied branches of Psychology.
Answer:
In theoretical branches, psychologists concentrate on carrying out research and forming theories while applied branches help individuals to use the knowledge gained from research to solve their problems.

The main aim of theoretical branches is to develop principles and establish laws in order to explain behaviour of human beings while the main objective of applied branches is to put knowledge into practice by helping individuals to adjust to their real-life situations.

Some theoretical branches are Developmental Psychology, Child Psychology, Social Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Experimental Psychology, Abnormal Psychology while some applied branches are Educational Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Counselling Psychology, Criminal Psychology, Sports Psychology, Industrial Psychology.

For your understanding
The activities of applied psychology range from conducting field studies for finding practical solutions to problems to directly providing services to concerned individuals or organizations.

Question 2.
Abnormal Psychology and Clinical Psychology
Answer:
Abnormal Psychology is a theoretical branch that studies the unusual behavioural, emotional, and thinking patterns in individuals while Clinical Psychology is an applied branch that studies diagnoses and treats emotional and behavioural problems.

Abnormal Psychology aims to study the causes and factors leading to abnormal reactions like excessive suspiciousness, mental retardation, extreme mood swings, etc. On the other hand, Clinical Psychology deals with the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness, marital and familial conflicts, drug addiction, depression, delinquency, etc.

3. Write Short Notes.

Question 1.
Clinical Psychology
Answer:

• Clinical Psychology is an applied branch that studies, diagnoses, and treats emotional and behavioural problems in individuals like mental illness, marital and familial conflict, drug addiction, severe depression, alcoholism, delinquency, etc.
• For diagnosis, clinical psychologists collect detailed information regarding the client through psychological tests and by conducting interviews of clients as well as their family and friends.
• Once the problem is diagnosed, they use appropriate psychotherapy to help the client overcome his problem.
• Clinical psychologists usually work in hospitals and community health centers or they may have their private practice.
• Clinical Psychology is the largest subfield of Psychology.

Question 2.
Cognitive Psychology
Answer:

• Cognitive Psychology concentrates on higher mental processes such as thinking, reasoning, and decision making.
• It is concerned with the study of attention, perception, language development, thinking, memory, and problem-solving.
• It also answers questions related to the disruption of memory, different types of learning styles and disorders, causes of speech impairment as well as the functioning of decision-making mechanisms.

Question 3.
Developmental Psychology
Answer:

• Developmental Psychology studies changes in behaviour from conception to death.
• It is the scientific study of how and why human beings change over the course of their life.
• It examines changes across three major dimensions, viz. physical, cognitive, and social development.
• It aims to explain how thinking, feeling, and behaviour change throughout life.
• It may study a specific period of life like childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age.

Question 4.
Industrial Psychology
Answer:

• Industrial Psychology is concerned with behaviour of people working in an organization.
• Industrial psychologists play a crucial role in selection and placement, workforce motivation, and job satisfaction as well as appraisals and grievances.
• They help to enhance motivation, group morale, and leadership skills among the employees.
• Consumer Psychology is a branch of Industrial Psychology that deals with consumer behaviour, quality of products, brand loyalty, and influence of advertisement on purchasing.

4. Suggest an appropriate branch of psychology related to the following situations.

Question 1.
A husband and wife do not understand each other so they keep fighting.
Answer:
Counselling Psychology

Question 2.
My friend’s father lost his job and he is in depression.
Answer:
Clinical Psychology

Question 3.
A 5th standard student is unable to concentrate.
Answer:
Educational Psychology

Question 4.
I want to study the process of thinking and learning.
Answer:
Cognitive Psychology

Question 5.
I want proper information about attitude, prejudice, or conflicts in a group.
Answers:
Social Psychology

5. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Explain any five theoretical branches of Psychology.
Answer:
Some theoretical branches of Psychology are as follows:

Child Psychology: It deals with the biological, psychological, and emotional changes that occur during childhood. These changes occur as the individual progresses from being dependent to becoming independent. Child psychologists study problems related to children such as lying, bunking school, stealing, bedwetting. They also conduct researches on effective child-rearing practices and the role of reinforcement in motivating children.

Social Psychology: It studies how an individual influences other people and gets influenced by them. According to Myers, Social Psychology is the scientific study of how an individual’s behaviour is affected by others. The primary focus of Social Psychology is to understand how individuals are affected by other people. It examines issues such as co-operation or conflicts within groups, attitudes, prejudices, friendliness, and leadership qualities of an individual.

Experimental Psychology: It attempts to understand the fundamental causes of behaviour. It studies how people learn, remembers, reason, and respond emotionally. It deals with problems related to sensation, perception, learning and memory. Experimental psychologists conduct laboratory experiments to study how people react to sensory stimuli and perceive the world.

Cognitive Psychology: It concentrates on higher mental processes such as thinking, reasoning, and decision making. It also answers questions related to the disruption of memory, different types of learning styles and disorders, causes of speech impairment as well as the functioning of decision-making mechanisms.

Abnormal Psychology: It studies unusual patterns of behaviour, emotions, and thinking. It aims to study the causes and factors leading to abnormal reactions such as excessive suspiciousness, extreme mood swings, perceiving objects or situations which are not real, mental retardation, extreme fear of objects, animals, or situations, etc.

Question 2.
Describe any five applied branches of Psychology.
Answer:
Some applied branches of Psychology are as follows:

Educational Psychology: It studies all factors related to education. It is concerned with increasing the efficiency of the teaching and learning process. It also focuses on the learning difficulties of slow learners, exceptional as well as average children. Educational psychologists are primarily associated with schools, colleges, and universities. They try to design intervention programs to develop motivation, effective study habits, and a better classroom environment. They also deal with behavioral issues of children such as learning disorders, hyperactivity, lack of concentration, ADHD.

Counselling Psychology: It deals with milder behavioural problems. Counselling psychologists offer guidance about adjustment issues faced by a person, e.g. difficulties experienced by a person in studies, personal life issues, or workplace issues. Counselling psychologists are also involved in vocational and career guidance.

Criminal Psychology: It deals with the motives behind criminal behaviour. Criminal psychologists are concerned with identifying the causes of crime, studying the personality of criminals, suggesting preventive measures to control criminal behaviour, and implementing plans for criminal rehabilitation. They play a significant role in the forensic department to uncover the scene of the crime. They generally work with the law enforcement department or the criminal investigation department or social organisations working for rehabilitation.

Sports Psychology: It helps sportspersons to maintain their motivation and stamina during the actual performance. It also aids sportspersons to maintain themselves when they are not on the field. Sports psychologists help players to maintain composure when they are under pressure, maintain emotional balance when they go through a bad patch, and maintain wellness when they are recovering from personal injuries.

Industrial Psychology: It is concerned with the behaviour of people working in an organisation. Industrial psychologists play a crucial role in selection and placement, workforce motivation, and job satisfaction as well as appraisals and grievances. Consumer Psychology is a branch of Industrial Psychology that deals with consumer behaviour.
applied branch of Psychology. The development of aviation and space exploration programmes has accelerated growth in Engineering Psychology.

Question 3.
Write any five career opportunities in Psychology.
Answer:
Counselling Psychology: An individual can become an educational counsellor or vocational counsellor or marriage counsellor and help people to solve career-related or personal problems.

Social Psychology: An individual can become a public relations officer or social welfare officer or labour welfare officer.
These officers attempt to solve various social problems.

Sports Psychology: An individual can become a sports counsellor and work in gyms, schools, or professional sports teams. These counsellors help to improve the confidence, concentration, and morale of players.

Military Psychology: An individual can become an army mental health specialist or army psychologist, navy psychologist, air force psychologist, or marine psychologist. These psychologists play a role in the selection of army officers. They also improve the morale of people in defense services.

Rehabilitation Psychology: An individual can become a special educator or rehabilitation psychologist or disaster management and rehabilitation officer. A special educator works for specially-abled persons while a rehabilitation psychologist works in remand homes. A disaster management and rehabilitation officer helps in disaster management and rehabilitation.

Activities

Activity 3. (Textbook Page No. 14)

Try to find at least one example that can fit into each of the above sub-branches of theoretical Psychology.
Answer:

• Developmental Psychology: Mr. Mehta conducted a comparative study of physical and cognitive development during early childhood and late childhood.
• Child Psychology: Mr. Singh studied the impact of parental divorce on the social behaviour of a child.
• Social Psychology: Mrs. Joshi examined the effect of peer pressure on a person’s dressing style.
• Cognitive Psychology: Mr. Dsouza studied factors influencing the attention span of students during lectures.
• Experimental Psychology: Mr. Iyer studied the reactions of individuals in a laboratory to disgusting events.
• Abnormal Psychology: Mrs. Ajmera conducted a study on the genetic factors influencing depression.

Activity 4. (Textbook Page No. 15)

Can you think of at least one problem that educational psychologists can find solutions to, concerning the following areas?

1. Behaviour of the student
2. Teaching methods
3. Teacher’s behaviour in the class

Answer:

1. Why do students bunk lectures?
2. Do interactions with students during lectures improve learning outcomes?
3. Is it possible to use reward and punishment techniques to motivate students?

Activity 6. (Textbook Page No. 16)

Can you think of at least one problem that a counselling psychologist can find solutions to, concerning the following areas?

1. Adjusting with peers
2. Adjusting with parents and siblings
3. Making decisions about a career

Answer:

1. How conflict with peers affects an individual’s mood?
2. How generation gap may lead to a difference of opinion?
3. How to choose a career that matches one’s interests and aptitude?

Activity 8. (Textbook Page No. 16)

Think of at least one problem that a sports psychologist can find solutions to, concerning the following areas.

1. Improving team spirit
2. Emotional management
3. Improving self-confidence

Answer:

1. How to build healthy relations with team members?
2. How to remain calm and composed even after a failure?
3. How to believe in one’s capabilities during challenging tournaments?

Activity 9. (Textbook Page No. 17)

1. Talk to your parents/teachers and enlist the factors that give them satisfaction at their work.
2. While buying something from the market, which factors affect your desires? Enlist these factors that influence your choice. For example advertisements, brands, etc.

Answer:

1. Some of the factors that are associated with job satisfaction are the extent to which one enjoys his work, relation with superiors and colleagues, rate of remuneration and other incentives as well as the scope of growth in the future.
2. Some of the factors that influence consumer choices are quality of the product, price of the product, price of substitute and complementary products, the income of a person, latest trends, personal choices, habits, and opinions of significant others.

Class 11 Psychology Textbook Solutions Digest

• Story of Psychology Class 11 Psychology
• Branches of Psychology Class 11 Psychology
• Self Class 11 Psychology
• Human Development Class 11 Psychology
• Healthy Me – Normal Me Class 11 Psychology
• Stress Class 11 Psychology
• Nervous System Class 11 Psychology
• Memory Class 11 Psychology

Psychology Class 11 Chapter 1 Story of Psychology Question Answers Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Psychology Solutions Chapter 1 Story of Psychology Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Story of Psychology Class 11 Psychology Chapter 1 Questions and Answers

1A. Complete the following statements.

Question 1.
Psychology is a study of ______________
(A) mind
(B) behaviour
(C) soul
Answer:
(B) behaviour

Question 2.
processes include thinking, memory, emotions, etc.
(A) Mental
(B) Cognitive
(C) Spiritual
Answer:
(B) Cognitive

1B. Match the following pairs.

Question 1.

Answer:
1 – f, 2 – d, 3 – a, 4 – b, 5 – c, 6 – e

1C. State whether the following statements are true or false.

Question 1.
Psychology is a study of the mind.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
The first mental hospital in India was established in Mumbai.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
There was no study of mental processes in India till the formal discipline of Psychology was recognized as a science.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
Dr. Sigmund Freud proposed the concept of the unconscious.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Control is one of the objectives of Psychology.
Answer:
True

1D. Identify the odd item from the following and give reasons for the same.

Question 1.
Soul, Mind, Feeling, Consciousness, Behaviour.
Answer:
Feeling
Reason: Rest is the term used in the definition of Psychology.

Question 2.
Walking, dancing, playing, thinking, eating.
Answer:
Thinking
Reason: The rest are overt behaviours.

Question 3.
Yam, Niyam, Karya, Aasana, Pratyahar.
Answer:
Karya
Reason: The rest are the aspects of Ashtanga Yoga.

Question 4.
Feeling, memory, attention, perception
Answer:
Feeling
Reason: The rest are the processes in the study of cognition.

1E. Complete the following table.

Question 1.

Answer:
1. Greek word: Psyche – Soul
2. John Locke – Empty slate
3. First Psychological Laboratory
4. Sigmund Freud – Founder of Psychoanalysis
5. John Watson OR Organism’s response to stimuli – Behaviour

2. Explain the following concepts.

Question 1.
Psychology
Answer:
The word Psychology is derived from Greek words – ‘Psyche’ and ‘Logos’. It is denoted by the Greek Alphabet “Psi” and the symbol is 4L Wilhelm Wundt defined it as “the study of consciousness”. Dr. Sigmund Freud defined it as “the study of unconsciousness”. John B. Watson defined it as “the science of human behaviour”. The latest definition of Psychology is ‘The study of human behaviour and mental processes.

For your understanding

• Conscious mind: It is the level of mind that someone is aware of at any particular point in time.
• Unconscious mind: It contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are buried deep in us. Although we are not aware of their existence, they exert great influence on our behaviour.

Question 2.
Behaviour
Answer:
In general, behaviour is an organism’s response to various internal and external stimuli.
John Watson defined behaviour as ‘anything that can be observed, recorded and studied in human beings and animals.’ Behaviour is either overt (seen) or covert (hidden).

Question 3.
Overt behaviour
Answer:
Overt behaviour is that behaviour that is directly noticeable or observable. It includes responses such as walking, talking, dancing.

Question 4.
Covert behaviour
Answer:
Covert behaviour is that which is not directly noticeable but can be inferred from behaviour like thinking, feeling. It basically includes mental processes.

Question 5.
Stimulus
Answer:
Stimulus is defined as any physical event or condition that gives rise to a reaction. It can be external or internal.
In simple words, it is an object or event that elicits a sensory or behavioural response in an organism.

Question 6.
Response
Answer:
A response is defined as a reaction of the organism to a given stimulus. All organisms respond differently to the same stimulus.
Example:
Stimulus (S): A teacher asks students to prepare a presentation.
Organism (O): All students present in class.
Response (R):

• Some students actively participate in presentations.
• Some students remain silent as they are scared to talk in front of the entire class.

3. Answer the following questions in 35-40 words.

Question 1.
Psychology is a science: explain why?
Answer:

• Psychology is the scientific study of human behaviour and mental processes.
• Through experiments and observations, Psychologists try to analyze and predict human behaviour. This shows the empirical nature of Psychology.
• Wilhelm Wundt used scientific methods to study fundamental psychological processes. John Watson also conducted scientific research on animal behaviour and child-rearing.

Ques 2.
Explain the S-O-R model, with your own experience.
Answer:

• The S-O-R model explains how organisms respond differently to the same stimulus. It can be explained as follows:
  
• Example: Suppose Neha is an excellent orator while her friend Seema is afraid of public speaking.
  • Stimulus: The teacher asks Neha and Seema to give speeches.
  • Organism: Neha and Seema.
  • Response: Neha will confidently give her speech.
    Seema is likely to get cold feet and become nervous.
• This shows that different organisms (Neha and Seema) react differently to the same situation.

Question 3.
Explain the goals of Psychology.
Answer:

1. Describe
   • To precisely identify and classify behaviours and mental processes
   • Involves recording behaviour using various tools
2. Explain
   • To understand the causes of behaviour through meaningful explanation of facts
   • Involves the use of standardized tests
   • Behaviour observed in most people can be generalized
3. iii. Predict
   • To predict how given conditions will lead to a particular behaviour and mental processes.
   • b. Involves knowledge of possible outcomes
4. Control
   • To mould behaviour in a particular direction
   • Involves the use of psychological principles and psychotherapeutic techniques

4. Give a historical account of the emergence of Psychology as a science.
Answer:

• Psychology is a vast field studying behavioural aspects of mankind and it started as a branch of Philosophy. It evolved as a separate branch in the 19th century.
• The first attempt to define Psychology was made based on the terminology. The word ‘Psychology’ is derived from two Greek words: ‘Psyche’ (soul or mind) and ‘Logos’ (science or branch of knowledge).
• Rational sciences establish facts based on observation and experimentation. However, neither soul nor mind can be observed. Hence, the definition of Psychology changed over time.
• In the late 19th century, Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychological laboratory at Leipzig University. He defined Psychology as the study of consciousness.
• Sigmund Freud defined Psychology as the study of the unconscious while John Watson defined it as ‘Science of human behaviour’.
• The latest definition of Psychology is the ‘Study of human behaviour and processes.’
• Psychology as a discipline evolved over time.

5. Describe the goals of Psychology.
Answer:

1. Describe
   • To precisely identify and classify behaviours and mental processes
   • Involves recording behaviour using various tools
2. Explain
   • To understand the causes of behaviour through meaningful explanation of facts
   • Involves the use of standardized tests
   • Behaviour observed in most people can be generalized
3. Predict
   • To predict how given conditions will lead to a particular behaviour and mental processes.
   • Involves knowledge of possible outcomes
4. Control
   • To mould behaviour in a particular direction
   • Involves the use of psychological principles and psychotherapeutic techniques

Activities

Activity 2. (Textbook Page No. 3)

Do you agree with the definition of Psychology as the Science which deals with the soul? If yes why? If no, why?
Answer:

• No, I don’t agree with this definition since the soul refers to the spiritual part of a person; which is believed to exist in some form even after death.
• Psychology is not a spiritual science. Since it studies the mental activities and behaviour of living beings, this definition seems to be incorrect.

Activity 3 (Textbook Page No. 3)

Collect information about Bahinabai Chaudhari: Mana (description of Mind)
Answer:

• Bahinabai Chaudhari (11 Aug 1880 – 3 Dec 1951) was an illiterate cotton farmer from the Jalgaon district in Maharashtra.
• She was a famous Marathi poet. Her poems captured the essence of her life, reflect the culture of the village and farming life, and present her wisdom.
• She has beautifully compared the mind with different aspects of nature such as wind, waves, butterflies, small particles, etc. The poet stressed that the mind is a unique creation of God and nothing in this world compares to it.

Activity 5 (Textbook Page No. 4)

Do you agree with the definition that Psychology is the study of the unconscious? What could be the limitations of this definition?
Answer:
I agree with the above definition because Psychology studies unconscious behaviour. A person himself may not be aware of unconscious aspects of his personality even when it may have a significant impact on his thoughts and behaviour. Psychology enables us to understand this unconscious side of human beings and hence, I agree with this definition. However, the limitation of the definition is the unconscious mind. It can’t be observed directly and hence is difficult to study it. Furthermore, Psychology is also concerned with the study of the conscious mind.

Activity 6 (Textbook Page No. 5)

Make a note of how your friends react to the same stimulus in a different way. Example: examination.
Answer:

• Nisha and Seema are two of my friends. During the examination, Seema gets extremely tensed. She is not able to concentrate. She even fails to sleep and eat peacefully.
• She needs the constant emotional support of her parents and friends to overcome her fear.
• Conversely, Nisha views the exam as a challenge. She does not get worked up.
• Instead, her moderate tension motivates her to study sincerely.
• She also knows that failure is a part and parcel of life and tries to learn from each mistake.
• Hence, she remains calm and confident even during the exam period.

Activity 8 (Textbook Page No. 6)

Find out more attributes of Vata, Kapha, and Pitta.
Answer:
Vata:

• Elements: Air + Space
• Body Type: Slim, lean
• Properties: Energetic, Moody, Creative

Kapha:

• Elements: Earth + Water
• Body Type: Average build, moderate weight
• Properties: Strong build, Affectionate, Cool

Pitta:

• Elements: Fire + Water
• Body Type: Large frame, heavy
• Properties: Smart, Fiery nature

Activity 9 (Textbook Page No. 6)

Find out different characteristics of Rajas, Tamas, and Sattva Guna.
Answer:
Rajas represent passion, action, energy, and motion. Tamas manifests itself as impurity, laziness, and darkness. Sattva manifests itself as purity, knowledge, and harmony.

Activity 10 (Textbook Page No. 7)

Look at the statements given below. Analyze each one of them and come up with goats of Psychology or the role that Psychology plays in real life.

Question 1.
A group of Psychologists observed 1000 individuals and recorded their behaviour and reactions.
Answer:
The goal of description (What): Describing what happens in a particular situation

Question 2.
After analyzing their responses, they tried to understand the reasons behind their behaviours.
Answer:
The goal of explanation (Why): Explaining why a particular instance happened

Question 3.
These observations can be generalized to the entire population. Therefore behaviour of an individual under stressful situations can be predicted.
Answer:
The goal of prediction (Anticipate): Predicting how people will behave under a given situation

Question 4.
The Psychologists came up with some conclusions so that people can change their responses to stressful situations for the better.
Answer:
The goal of control (Modify): Controlling actions of human beings with the help of psychological techniques.

Activity 11 (Textbook Page No. 8)

Find more examples of each of the above goals of Psychology. They could be real examples that you know or you have read about or they could be fictional examples.
Answer:

Class 11 Psychology Textbook Solutions Digest

• Story of Psychology Class 11 Psychology
• Branches of Psychology Class 11 Psychology
• Self Class 11 Psychology
• Human Development Class 11 Psychology
• Healthy Me – Normal Me Class 11 Psychology
• Stress Class 11 Psychology
• Nervous System Class 11 Psychology
• Memory Class 11 Psychology

Sociology Class 11 Chapter 8 Social Change Question Answers Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Sociology Solutions Chapter 8 Social Change Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Social Change Class 11 Sociology Chapter 8 Questions and Answers

1. (A) Choose the correct alternative and complete the statements.

Question 1.
Social change as a term is ………………
(value loaded / ethically neutral / prejudiced)
Answer:
Ethically neutral

Question 2.
The effects of an earthquake on people is a ………………. factor of change.
(geographical / biological / cultural)
Answer:
geographical

Question 3.
The study of sex ratio is a ………………. factor of change.
(biological / technological / natural)
Answer:
biological

Question 4.
The slum rehabilitation programme within a city is an example of ………………… social change.
(planned / unplanned / revolutionary)
Ans.
planned

1. (B) Correct the incorrect pair.

Question 1.
(a) Earthquake – Biological
(b) Fundamentalism – Economic
(c) Growing Urbanization – Technological
(d) E-governance – Physical
Answer:
(b) Fundamentalism – Socio – cultural factor

1. (C) Identify the appropriate term from the given options.

(Physical Factor, Educational Factor, Economic Factor)
Question 1.
Impact of rising sea water level on coastal regions.
Answer:
Physical factor

Question 2.
Creating awareness about the problem of sexual abuse.
Answer:
Educational factor

1. (D) Correct the underlined words and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
Social change is a linear process.
Answer:
Social change is a continuous process.

Question 2.
All teachers are expected to think about how they will teach a unit in the classroom. This is an example of unplanned change.
Answer:
All teachers are expected to think about how they will teach a unit in the classroom. This is an example of planned change.

2. Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Planned change and unplanned change.
Answer:

Question 2.
Short-term change and Long-term change.
Answer:

3. Explain the following concept with an example.

Question 1.
Social change is interactional chain reaction
Answer:
1. A single factor may trigger a particular change, but it is almost associated with other factors like physical, biological, technological, cultural, social, economic, which may together bring about a social change.

2. This is due to mutual interdependence of social phenomenon.
Example : A huge increase in school fees will have an impact on student enrolment. It may further result in higher dropouts especially for the girl child from the system of school. Increase in school fees is an economic factor which may give rise to social factor like problems of girls dropout.

Technological factor of social change:

1. Today, as we live in a digitalized world, we have been increasingly loaded with technology from our homes to our workplace.
2. Technological changes have affected our social, economic, religious, political, and cultural life.
3. Technological development creates new conditions of life and new conditions for adaptation. It continues to be an index of the overall progress of society.

Example : During the British period in India, systems of transportation and communication were laid. These may have served the needs of colonizers then, but we still continue to benefit from the systems.

Dysfunctional of social system:

1. The social system may become dysfunctional at times.
2. Hence, human beings have to make conscious efforts to help bring stability, balance and equilibrium in society.

Example : Emile Durkheim makes reference to anomic suicide where there is a state of normlessness or chaos, which can trigger off suicidal feelings that makes the social system dysfunctional.

Change in performance of social roles of individuals is also social change:

1. The social system comprises of social institutions like education, government, economy, etc., they regulate human contact, allocate roles and provide resources.
2. Social change also refers to change in performance of social roles of individuals according to changing times.

Example : In today’s Information Age, the role of a teacher in school is radically different than it was during the early Vedic period. There was marked differences in terms of the size of the school, learners, content of education, educational philosophy, methods of teaching and evaluation, etc.

Question 2.
Long term change

4. (A) Complete the concept maps.

Identify the significant factor of change for each.
Question 1.

Answer:

4. (B) State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
Prejudice and fear of the unknown is an obstacle to change.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Sometimes people are not open to change as they are too comfortable within their life.
2. Sometimes people don’t perceive the need to change prejudice or attitude towards a change also becomes obstacles.
3. Fear of unknown leads people to avoid difference.
   Hence, prejudice and fear of unknown is an obstacle to social change.

Question 2.
Social changes can be predicted accurately.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. The concept of social change involves a transition in society from one state to another through time. The change depends upon complex factors. Hence social change cannot be predicted accurately.
2. Social change is not instant; it takes place over time. There is no inherent law of social change.
3. The forces of social change may not remain the same and the process of social change does not remain uniform.

5. Give your personal response.

Question 1.
Do you think people do not accept change easily? Why?
Answer:
Yes, I think people do not accept change easily. Customs and traditions which are embedded in society do not allow people to accept new ideas and acts as an obstacle to social change. Sometimes lack of motivation or interest also causes hindrance to social change. Even though social change is universal, there are more often some quarters of resistance to change.

Question 2.
Do you think the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan has had a positive impact on society? Justify your response.
Answer:
The physical environment has also been adversely affected by human behaviour in the name of development. In this era of global warming and climate change, everyone is striving towards a clean and safe India. The campaign of clean India, i.e., the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is the biggest step taken over as a cleanliness drive and has a huge possible impact on society.

11th Sociology Digest Chapter 8 Social Change Intext Questions and Answers

ACTIVITY (Textbook Page No. 83)

Question 1.
Do a Google search for ‘Punk Hairstyle’.
Answer:
Relate ‘Punk Hairstyle’ to cultural change in society. The inspiration for the hairstyle came from the punk rock music in the 70’s. People have long been in the practice of using hair dyes to change the colour of their hair as a means of making themselves more attractive. Punks use hair dyes to make themselves appear different from mainstream society. One of the most common punk hairstyles is the Mohawk and use of bright colours on the hair.

Question 2.
You have learnt about the physical factor of social change. Now, write one page about how the natural calamities affect the life of people and society by giving some suitable examples. (Textbook Page No. 86)
Answer:
Natural disaster in India, cause massive losses of life and property. Droughts, cyclones, landslides pose greatest threat. Landslides are common in the lower Himalayas. Parts of Western Ghats also suffer from low intensity landslides. Floods are the most common natural disaster in India. The heavy southwest monsoon rain causes the Brahmaputra and other rivers to over-cross their banks, often flooding the surrounding areas. The floods kill and displace many. Temperatures in three Indian cities of Chennai, Mumbai and Delhi in the last five decades have seen a steady rise. This rise in temperature has led to a higher incidence of natural disaster storms, floods and drought, which have increased. The cost of damages has gone up. The latest cyclone Vayu in Gujrat have led to widespread devastation along parts of the eastern coast of India.

Question 3.
Try to understand the meaning of globalisation and observe changes brought about by globalisation in the world around you. (Textbook Page No. 88)
Answer:
Globalization is a process of integrating a country’s economy with the world economy with a view to exploit global opportunities for local growth. Globalization has resulted in both advantage and disadvantage for the Indian society. On one hand it has promoted the process of industrialization but on the other small-scale industries are the worst affected by the entry of large-scale multinational companies. Though globalization has increased the export of Indian industrial and agricultural products, there are lot of hindrance in path of export.

Globalization has led to new and better employment opportunities but there has been also a negative impact of globalization on the employment situation in India, since it has to shift many of its workers from the organized sector to the unorganized sector of Indian economy. It has promoted international travel and tourism leading to cultural exchange.

Question 4.
You have understood the importance of technological factor of social change. Now, try to collect the data from ten families in your neighbourhood, about the use of modern technology in their day-to-day life. (Textbook Page No. 89)
Answer:
Students should attempt this question on their own.

Question 5.
Study the educational transformation in the last 10 years e.g., Teach for India campaign (Textbook Page No. 90)
Answer:
Teach for India campaign have transformed the lives of children in low-income communities.
They have re-imagined education by being holistic and differentiated such that every single child learns and grows to his or her fullest potential. 37,920 children have learned across Teach for India classrooms; They are committed to a singular goal – an excellent education for all children. Teach for India is striving to end the problem of educational inequality in India.

Question 6.
Trace changes in fashions and eating habits followed by teenagers in the past decade. Make a pictorial album or photo essay to show the changes. (Textbook Page No. 91)
Answer:
Students should attempt this question of their own.

Class 11 Sociology Textbook Solutions Digest

• Introduction to Sociology Class 11 Sociology
• Contribution of Western and Indian Sociologists Class 11 Sociology
• Basic Concepts in Sociology Class 11 Sociology
• Social Institutions Class 11 Sociology
• Culture Class 11 Sociology
• Socialization Class 11 Sociology
• Social Stratification Class 11 Sociology
• Social Change Class 11 Sociology

Sociology Class 11 Chapter 7 Social Stratification Question Answers Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Sociology Solutions Chapter 7 Social Stratification Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Social Stratification Class 11 Sociology Chapter 7 Questions and Answers

1. (A) Choose the correct alternative and complete the statements.

Question 1.
Social stratification is ……………….
(local / national / universal)
Answer:
universal

Question 2.
Class is a ………………. form of stratification.
(open / closed / rigid)
Answer:
open

Question 3.
Gender based stratification has led to ………………. in society.
(justice / exploitation / equality)
Answer:
exploitation

Question 4.
Social stratification of ………………. is based on the principle of purity and pollution.
(class / gender / caste)
Answer:
caste

1. (B) Correct the incorrect pair.

Question 1.
(a) Ownership of wealth – Economic Capital
(b) Membership and involvement in social network – Social Capital
(c) Gained through education – Cultural Capital
(d) Prestige, status and social honour – Economic Capital
Answer:
(d) Prestige, status, social honour – Symbolic Capital

1. (C) Correct underlined words and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
Caste is based on wealth.
Answer:
Class is based on wealth.

Question 2.
A hierarchical system where women are given a lower social status is stratification based on class.
Answer:
A hierarchical system where women are given a lower social status is stratification based on gender.

2. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Principles of social stratification.
Answer:

1. Stratification is social: Social stratification is not determined by biological differences but it is governed by social norms and sanctions.
2. Social stratification persists over generations : In all society’s parents confer their social status on their children. Thus, the pattern of inequality stays same from generation to generation.
3. Social stratification is universal but variable : Social stratification is found everywhere. At the same time the nature of inequality varies. ‘What’ is unequal and ‘how’ unequal, changes within the context of a society.
4. Social stratification involves inequality : Any stratified system not only gives people more resources but also justifies this arrangement and defines them as fair.
5. Social stratification is consequential : Stratification affects every aspect of life of all individuals. Social life is affected because of the position of an individual in the social hierarchy. Some experience positive consequences, while others face negative consequence of the hierarchy in a particular society.

Question 2.
Characteristics of caste according to Dr. G.S. Ghurye.
Answer:
Dr. G.S. Ghurye a well known Sociologist and Indologist defines caste in terms of its essential characteristics. They are as follows:
1.Segmental division by society : Society is divided into various castes. The membership of castes are determined by birth. Therefore, mobility from one caste to another is impossible.

2. Hierarchy: Castes or segments are arranged in terms of hierarchy. According to Dr. Ghurye, castes are graded and arranged into a hierarchy on the basis of the concept of ‘purity and pollution’.

3. Restriction on feeding and social intercourse : This fact of separation is reinforced by the notion of ‘purity and pollution’. Each caste imposes restrictions on its members with regard to food and social intercourse.

4. Differential civil and religious privileges and disabilities : In a caste society there is an unequal distribution of privileges and disabilities among its members. The higher castes enjoy all privileges and lower caste suffer from all kinds of disabilities.

5. Lack of unrestricted choice of occupation : Choice of occupation is not free under caste system. Occupations are hereditary and the members of the caste are expected to follow their traditional occupation.

6. Endogamy : Endogamy is the essence of caste system. Every caste of sub-caste insists that its member should marry within the group.

Question 3.
Types of mobility.
Answer:
1. Horizontal Mobility : It refers to change of residence or job without status change. Under this type of social mobility, a person changes one’s occupation but the overall social standing remains the same. Certain occupation like doctor, engineer and teacher may enjoy the same status but when an engineer changes one’s occupation from engineer to teaching engineering there is a horizontal shift from one occupational category to another but no change has taken place in the system of social stratification.

2. Vertical Mobility : Vertical mobility refers to any change in the occupational, economic, political status of an individual or a group which leads to change of their position. Vertical Mobility stands for change of social position, either upward or downward.

3. Intergenerational Mobility : This type of mobility means that one generation changes its social status in contrast to the previous generation. However, this mobility may be upward or downward. For e.g., people of lower caste or class may provide facilities to their children to get higher education, training and skills, with the help of which the younger generation may get employment in higher position.

4. Intragenerational Mobility : This type of mobility takes place in the lifespan of one generation. A person may start one’s career as a clerk and after acquiring more education, becomes an IFS Officer. Here the individual moves up and occupies a higher social position than previously.

3. Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Caste and Class.
Answer:

Question 2.
Intragenerational Mobility and Intergenerational Mobility.
Answer:

4. Explain the following concept with suitable examples.

Question 1.
Vertical Mobility
Answer:

1. Vertical mobility refers to any change in the occupational economic or political status of an individual or a group which leads to change of their position.
2. Vertical mobility stands for change of social position either upward or downward, which can be labelled as ascending or descending type of mobility.

Example : A person who works as a customer assistant, works hard and starts his own business successfully. In such a position there is a clear change in the position of the individual.

Question 2.
Intergenerational Mobility
Answer:

1. This type of mobility means that one generation changes its social status in contrast to the previous generation.
2. However, this mobility may be upward or downward.

Example : People of lower caste or class may provide facilities to their children to get higher education, training and skills, with the help of which the younger generation may get employment in higher position.

5. (A) Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

5. (B) State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
There is no mobility in the class system.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. Class system is an example of open stratification in which individuals or groups enjoy the freedom of changing their social strata, i.e., in class system there is scope for social mobility. Individuals or groups move from one strata to another.
2. The class system in modern industrial society (Upper class, middle class and lower class) is an example of open stratification.
3. The criteria of open stratification i.e., class system are power, property, intelligence, skills, etc.

Question 2.
Education had led to women’s empowerment.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Education is a milestone of women empowerment because it enables them to respond to challenges, to confront their traditional role and change their life.
2. Education creates occupational achievement, self-awareness, satisfaction etc.
3. Education is one of the main levers of social class which has helped women empower and change their status in society.

6. Answer the following in detail (About 150-200 words).

Question 1.
Discuss class and gender as forms of social stratification with suitable examples of your own.
Answer:
Class as a form of social stratification:
A social class is made up of people of similar social status who regard one another as social equals.
Each class has a set of values, attitudes, beliefs and behaviour norms which differ from those of the other classes. A social class is essentially a status group which is achieved. Class is almost a universal phenomenon. Each social class has its own status in the society. Status is associated with prestige. A social class is relatively a stable group. Social class represent an open social system. An open class system in one in which vertical social mobility is possible.

Example : Within this system, individuals can move from one class to another through hard work, education and skills. Ownership of wealth and occupation are the chief criteria of class differences but education, hereditary, prestige, group participation, self identification and recognition by others, also play an important role in class distinction.

Gender as a form of social stratification:
Gender stratification refers to social ranking, where men typically inhabit higher statuses than women. A common general definition of gender stratification refers to the unequal distribution of wealth, power and privilege between the two sexes. Throughout the world, most societies allocate fewer resources to women than men. Almost all societies are characterized by sexism. Sexism is the belief that one sex is superior than the other. Although, societies have been believing in the superiority of men over women and therefore have been dominating women. This male dominance is supported further by patriarchy. The process of socialization is gendered and creates gender hierarchy. Example : Boys are given toy cars or lego sets or bat and ball to play whereas girls are given household sets, medical sets, dolls, etc.

11th Sociology Digest Chapter 7 Social Stratification Intext Questions and Answers

ACTIVITY (Textbook Page No. 75)

Question 1.
Watch the Marathi movie, ‘Fandry’ and write a film review describing the social, cultural and economic obstacles created by caste barriers.
Answer:
Review of the Marathi Movie ‘Fandry’. The film powerfully busts the myth of individual merit in a caste-decided society. In a small village in Maharashtra Jabya portrays friend Pirya are the only two boys from a so-called untouchable caste. Jabya doesn’t want to consider his caste an obstacle to his aspirations. These hopes of wanting to move out of the confines of his caste are shown through Jabya’s love for his classmate Shalu, an upper caste by birth. Jabya and Pirya, meanwhile want to hunt down the exclusive black sparrow which Jabya believes would help him to win Shalu’s love. His father Kachru wants him to continue their tradition. From being called blacky to being made to feel ashamed of his mother’s occupation. When she comes to school Jabya’s trials indicate the prejudices that make the promise of equality sound like unreal.

In theory, Jabya’s school is supposed to uplift him to a modern and caste-less society where he should be able to choose the work he wants to do. Yet we see how modern education itself is not free from caste. In caste system social set up everything is pre-decided by one’s caste, whom one can love and be friends with, the occupation he has to choose etc. Fandry makes visible the way in which caste is so central to all our relatives.

Question 2.
In today’s world the characteristics of caste are changing. Find out which of the characteristics are changing and which are remaining constant. Conduct a group discussion on the same. (Textbook Page No. 75)
Answer:
In the modern age, many changes happen in the features and functions of caste system. A group discussion can be conducted on the following changes within the caste system.

1. Decline in the superiority of upper caste.
2. Changes in the restrictions regarding social habits.
3. Changes in the restrictions regarding marriage.
4. Changes in the restrictions regarding occupation.
5. Changes in the disabilities of lower castes.
6. Loss of faith in the ascribed status.
7. Changes in lifestyle.
8. Changes in inter-caste relations.
9. Changes in the lower of caste Panchayats.
10. Restrictions on education removed
11. Changes in the philosophical basis.

Question 3.
Divide the class into groups. Each group can select one of the issue mentioned and collect information on it. The group should present their findings to the class. (Textbook Page No. 78)
Answer:
Present findings on any one of the issues to the class.
1. The Economy : Explains how women are being paid low for some amount of work done by men in various unorganized sectors. Also, dual role played by women and unpaid work.

2. The Polity : Explains about women exercising the power of right to vote, in spite of reservation for women, the number of women in official positions of power are less as world leaders, less number of women at war and peace movements.

3. Crime : Explains the crime committed by women, increase in number of women coming in conflict with the law; women prisons in India are relatively less crowded, women commit fewer and different crimes compared to men.

4. Religion : Most religions elevate the status of men over women and have striker sanctions against women and require them to be submissive.

5. Family : In spite of women sharing the economic role, the role of men in raising children is still minimum or negligible. Traditional sexual division of labour where women looked after the house and men played the role of economic provider is still prevalent in the society. Women are expected to balance between home and work.

6. Health : Women neglect their health and nutrition. The frequency of women to visit a doctor is very less as most of the time they manage with home remedies.

Question 4.
Find out examples of intergenerational and intragenerational mobility from your surroundings and present it in your classroom.
Answer:
1. Intergenerational mobility means one generation changes its social status in contrast to the previous generation.
Example : Eminent personality like Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.

2. Intragenerational mobility this type of mobility takes place in the life span of one generation. Example : A person may start one’s career as a clerk and after acquiring more education over a period of time he becomes an IAS officer. Students should find out similar examples of intergenerational and intragenerational mobility from their surroundings.

Question 5.
Arrange the group reading of any two of the following books and conduct a group discussion on the caste and gender discrimination/inequality Baburao Bagul-Jevha Mi Jaat chorli Hoti, Daya Pawar- Baluta, Urmila Pawar- Aaydaan, Omprakash Valmiki- Jhootan, Kishor Shantabai Kale- Against all Odds. (Textbook Page No. 81)
Answer:
Baburao Bagul – ‘Jevha Mi Jaat Chorli Hoti’: This most poignant story recites about an educated Dalit trying to escape his caste profession of scavenging, is an ethnography of caste oppression, description of gender roles shaped by caste, the way Dalit women are oppressed, critique of the political economy of a caste society.

Daya Pawar – ‘Baluta’ : It generalizes the status of rural untouchables. Baluta is a collection of memories of life trapped within the framework of India’s caste system. The frustration and helplessness of being born as a Dalit and the inner conflict in the writer’s mind. He thinks of education as a means to escape from his downtrodden life but ends up being the agent of his lifelong distress.

Urmila Pawar – ‘Aaydaan’: The lives of different members of the family are woven together in a narrative that gradually reveals different aspects of the everyday life of Dalits the manifold ways in which caste assets itself and grinds them down.

Omprakash Valmiki – ‘Jhootan’ : An autobiography by Omprakash Valmiki in which he has explored the issues of Dalits. Being socially segregated for centuries the Dalits are obliged to live a helpless life.

Kishor Shantabai Kale – ‘Against all Odds: The book raises many questions about the exploitation life of women in Kolhati community.

Class 11 Sociology Textbook Solutions Digest

• Introduction to Sociology Class 11 Sociology
• Contribution of Western and Indian Sociologists Class 11 Sociology
• Basic Concepts in Sociology Class 11 Sociology
• Social Institutions Class 11 Sociology
• Culture Class 11 Sociology
• Socialization Class 11 Sociology
• Social Stratification Class 11 Sociology
• Social Change Class 11 Sociology

Sociology Class 11 Chapter 6 Socialization Question Answers Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Sociology Solutions Chapter 6 Socialization Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Socialization Class 11 Sociology Chapter 6 Questions and Answers

1. (A) Choose the correct alternative and complete the statements.

Question 1.
The process whereby an individual learns to conform to the norms of society is called …………………..
(assimilation / socialization / co-operation)
Answer:
socialization

Question 2.
Family is a ………………….. agency of socialization.
(primary / secondary / tertiary)
Answer:
primary

Question 3.
School is an ………………….. agency of socialization.
(primary / secondary / tertiary)
Answer:
secondary

Question 4.
Television is a / an ………………….. medium of communication.
(audio / visual / audio visual)
Answer:
audio-visual

1. (B) Correct the incorrect pair.

Question 1.
(a) Language, behaviour – Family
(b) Social values like friendship – Peer Group
(c) Teamwork, discipline – Neighbourhood
(d) To build opinion – Mass media
Answer:
(c) Team work, discipline – Workplace

1. (C) Identify the appropriate term from the given options.

(Internet, Peer Group, Childhood, Socialization)
Question 1.
Takes place in the early years of life.
Answer:
Socialization

Question 2.
Global impact in today’s world.
Answer:
Internet

1. (D) Correct the underlined words and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
Radio is an audiovisual medium.
Answer:
Radio is an audio medium.

Question 2.
Peer group is an example of an authoritarian agency.
Answer:
Family is an example of an authoritarian agency.

2. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Formation of ‘self ’ according to Mead.
Answer:
George Mead has elaborated on the process of building social self which does not exist at birth. According to Mead, formation of self occurs in three distinct stages.
Stage 1 – Imitation : In this stage, children imitate behaviour of adults without understanding it. Example : A little boy might drive his mother to her office by driving his toy car or help his parents clean the floor by pushing a broom.

Stage 2 – Play stage : A child plays, sometimes as being a mother or a teacher, at times a postal worker, a police officer etc. In this stage, responses are not organized. A child internalises the attitudes of others who are significant to her/his through enacting the roles of others. A significant other is someone whose opinions matter to us and who is in a position to influence our thinking.

Stage 3 – Game stage : As a child matures, and as the self gradually develops, one internalises the expectations of a large number of people. Children learn to behave according to the impressions of others. They understand that role play in each situation involves following a consistent set of rules and expectations. For example, a child at this stage is likely to be aware of the different responsibilities of people in a restaurant who together, make for a smooth dining experience. Thus, the self is mainly formed through our interactions with others and our understanding of others responses. Socialization, in this sense is a process of self-awareness.

Question 2.
Agencies of socialization.
Answer:
There are different social groups which can be seen as agencies of socialization.
1. Family : Family is the main agent of socialization. The child learns language and other basic behavioural patterns in family. Socialization through family is varied because there is no single, uniform pattern to do so. A child brought up in nuclear family will undergo different pattern of socialization. Patterns of child rearing vary across families with different caste, class, and ethnic backgrounds.

2. Peer groups : Peer groups are friendship groups made up of people of similar age. In peer groups, the interactions are reasonably egalitarian as there is a greater amount of give and take, when compared to family or school. Peer groups use informal sanctions including positive sanctions like approving gestures or laughing at your jokes, and negative sanctions like disapproving jokes, labelling or rejecting your company.

3. Schools : Schooling and education are considered as secondary agencies. School involves learning values and norms at a step higher than those learnt in a family. Skills and values like team work, discipline, conformity to authority are learnt in schools and this helps prepare students for the adult world.

4. Mass Media : One of the significant forces of socialization in modern culture is mass media. Mass media are the means for delivering impersonal communication directed to a vast audience. Mass media includes traditional print media like newspapers and magazines, electronic media like radio and television and current IT enabled media and social media. Television has an influence on children from a very young age and affects their cognitive and social development. Modern technological advancements have strengthened and changed the role of mass media. Technology has certainly increased the spread of mass media.

5. Neighbourhood : A neighbourhood community is an important agency of socialization. A neighbourhood is a geographically localized community within a larger city, town or suburb. Neighbourhoods are formed through considerable face to face interaction among members often living near one another. A neighbourhood community provides the base for an individual to extend social relations and interactions beyond the narrow limits of the home.

6. Workplace : Socialization is a life long process. Adult socialization indicates this continuous process of learning. One of the significant agents of adult socialization is the workplace.

Adult individuals spend significant amount of time at the workplace. Socialization through work place involves acquiring new skills, knowledge and behaviour patterns suitable to the requirements of the job.

Question 3.
Resocialization.
Answer:
The process of unlearning old norms, roles, values and behavioural patterns and learning new patterns is called re-socialization. Sometimes an individual is caught in a situation where one has to break away from past experience and internalise different norms and values. Re-socialization can also be defined as a process which subjects an individual to new values, attitudes and skills according to the norms of a particular institution and the person has to completely re-engineer one’s sense of social values and norms.

The person may be in a jail, hospital, in religious organization, police, army etc. In such institutions there is total break up from the normal social life outside. A prison sentence is a good example. The individual not only has to change and rehabilitate one’s behaviour in order to return to society but must also accommodate the new norms required for living, while in prison.

3. Explain the following concept with an example.

Question 1.
Primary socialization
Answer:

1. The most critical process of socialization happens in the early years.
2. This learning in the early years is termed as primary socialization.
3. Primary socialization takes place in infancy and childhood and involves intense cultural learning.
4. A child gets acquainted with values, customs, behavioural norms and manners. It is an informal process.

Example : Family is the main agent of primary socialization. Peer group and neighbourhood is also seen as a primary socializing agency.

Question 2.
Secondary socialization
Answer:

1. Socialization as a process is lifelong.
2. The learning which extends over the entire life of a person is known as secondary socialization. It is a formal process of socialization.

Example : Schooling and education are considered as secondary agencies of socialization. What we learn through a formal curriculum with specific subjects and skills. Schooling involves learning values and norms at a step higher than those learnt in family.

4. (A) Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

4. (B) State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
Socialization is a life-long process.
Answer:
This statement is True.
(i) The process of learning attitudes, norms and behaviour patterns and becoming members of different social groups like family, kin network, peer group and later, formal groups like school, professional networks etc., is a life long process.

(ii) Socialization is an ongoing process of continuous learning The birth of a child is a new experience of parenting for a couple. Similarly, older people become grandparents thus creating another set of relationships connecting different generations with each other.

(iii) Thus, socialization as a learning process is life long even though the most critical process happens in the early years but secondary socialization extends over the entire life of a person.

Question 2.
Advertisements influence consumer behaviour.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Mass media has become an integral part of our day to day life. Advertisements through mass media are the means for delivering impersonal communication directed to a vast audience.
2. Advertisements transmit information and messages which influence the behaviour of the consumer to a great extent.
3. The use of colours, words, music, images, videos influence our behaviour and persuades us to take action. Advertisements through mass media has wider approach.

5. Give your personal response.

Question 1.
‘Breaking News’ tends to create panic or emotional responses. Why do you think this happens? Give relevant examples to illustrate.
Answer:
Many newspapers as well as some private news channels very frequently transmit news of murders, accidents, stealing, dacoity, beating, rape, economic cheating, fraud, scams, etc., as breaking news. Constant hearing of such news affects the minds of the people and it weakens the faith in ideals and values of life. This happens because breaking news get much more viewers than normal news.

Question 2.
The use of ‘unacceptable language’ is often picked up by children even if this kind of language is not used within the home. Explain how this might happen.
Answer:
Even though the new born is initiated with this learning process in family it is not the only agency of socialization. School, peer groups, neighbourhood, mass media are different social groups and social contexts which can be seen as agencies of socialization. Children pick up unacceptable language from variety of other sources like television which has strong influence on viewers. The child might hear one of his friends or someone in neighbourhood using slang words or abusing language.

6. Answer the following question in detail (About 150-200 words).

Question 1.
You belong to a generation that has been exposed to internet. Discuss how internet has brought about positive and negative results.
Answer:
Modern technological advancements have strengthened and changed the role of mass media as an agent of socialization. Technology like internet has certainly increased the spread of mass media. People spend most of their time in touch with the world. Internet has enhanced communication and social connection. It has also increased political and civic participations. Social media allow students to learn outside of their class rooms. ‘School in the cloud’ is yet another example of how the internet and social media can help to improve global education.

Internet has helped to transmit information and create awareness about a wide range of issues and events among members of the society. It influences attitudes, values and moulds public opinion and acts as an effective way to change the society. Through the internet we can access online educational courses or training. In fact, any type of information from any part of the world can be accessed through the internet.

There is also negative impact of internet on society as – Youth access the internet and indulge in chatting, emailing, watching restricted site that leads to cyber crimes instead of creating interest in reading and creative activities. Sometimes internet may not give accurate information hence the validity and accuracy of the messages must be considered. Internet reaches the masses in developing countries, but there are many tribal, rural and poor urban people having no access to any kind of information. Communication technologies are expensive and need maintenance. Thus, internet may help to develop knowledge and spread information but it also has adverse effects on the society and have promoted values like individualism and materialism.

11th Sociology Digest Chapter 6 Socialization Intext Questions and Answers

ACTIVITY (Textbook Page No. 68)

Question 1.
Conduct a group discussion on the threatening challenge of online games like ‘Blue Whale’. Try to find answers to issues like why do children even consider participating in such games? Are parents to be blamed? What is the role of Law?
Answer:
Games like ‘Blue Whale’ has the challenges of self-harm. It exploits vulnerable people. It blocks the boundary between virtual and real world. There’s a constant competition, level up, which drive the children to perform their best amongst others.

Most games are addictive become of the challenges involved. Once the children are engrossed in it, there is no coming back and they strive hard to achieve the next level, the next goal. This sense of achievement targets the brain’s reward system and compels the gamer to perform the act again and again.

Are parents to be blamed?
Children are becoming addictive to online games because they are designed to be addictive and not because parents allow them to play too much.

What is the role of Law?
With dangerous online games like ‘Blue Whale’ claiming several innocent lives in the recent past, the supreme court has directed the centre to constitute a panel of experts to block such life-threatening games.

Question 2.
Watch advertisements or messages on T.V. and see how effective mass media is in creating awareness against corruption, drug addiction, smoking or any other relevant social issue. (Textbook Page No. 68)
Answer:
The mass media has potential to create awareness against various issues like corruption, drug addiction, smoking etc., by propagandise simple and focused messages to large audiences repeatedly, overtime, at a low cost. They are able to reach a large heterogeneous population. Media campaigns can help in the reduction of smoking and drug addiction and have shown positive results in number of other relevant social areas. Techniques of mass media can be effectively used to counter corruption as well.

Question 3.
Do you think resocialization requires total institutions? Why? Why not? (Textbook Page No. 70)
Answer:
In the process of resocialization old behaviours are removed because they are of no use. Resocialization is necessary when a person moves to a senior care centre, goes to a boarding school or serves time in jail. I think, resocialization requires ‘total institutions’ in a new environment as they can learn new norms and unlearn existing behaviours. The most common way of resocialization occurs in a total institution where people are isolated from society and made to follow new rules and behaviours. A ship at sea military camps, religious convents, prisons or some cult organizations. They are cut off from a larger society. Members entering an institution have to leave behind their old identify to be socialized.

Question 4.
Collect data from five students regarding their experience with social networking sites (example Facebook, Snapchat, Twitter). Find out about how much time they spend online, what kinds of people they interact with, what topics are usually discussed, the uses and problems of social networking sites. Write a 100-word Report on your findings. (Textbook Page No. 71)
Answer:
With respect to overall media consumption, most students spend hours on social networking sites using mobile phones, tablets, laptops, desktops, etc. This age group restricts watching television and is considered as the largest part of change in the media landscape. Example: More three to eleven years of age group are online than in 2016, with much of this growth coming from increased use of tablets. Unsurprisingly, tablets and other portable, connected devices are also playing an important role.

Uses:
Social networking sites allow users living at distant places within their network to connect to another thus increasing social connection, share ideas, photographs, videos, information and other happenings around the world.

Problem:

1. Untrustworthy Member Data.
2. Users submit inaccurate information on their profile.
3. Leaving social networking is difficult; there are saved accounts, and ways to continue to reconnect to the site, even after an individual uninstall the account.
4. Less time for face to face connections with family members.
5. Being too much online diminishes our skills and can have serious side effects. These side effects are becoming more and more frequent amongst the waves of generations.

Class 11 Sociology Textbook Solutions Digest

• Introduction to Sociology Class 11 Sociology
• Contribution of Western and Indian Sociologists Class 11 Sociology
• Basic Concepts in Sociology Class 11 Sociology
• Social Institutions Class 11 Sociology
• Culture Class 11 Sociology
• Socialization Class 11 Sociology
• Social Stratification Class 11 Sociology
• Social Change Class 11 Sociology

Sociology Class 11 Chapter 5 Culture Question Answers Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Sociology Solutions Chapter 5 Culture Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Culture Class 11 Sociology Chapter 5 Questions and Answers

1. (A) Choose the correct alternative and complete the statements.

Question 1.
Culture is ……………….
(natural / personal / adaptive)
Answer:
adaptive

Question 2.
Material culture is ……………….
(concrete / abstract / intangible)
Answer:
concrete

Question 3.
Bollywood music is an example of ……………….
(high culture / popular culture / folk culture)
Answer:
popular culture

1. (B) Correct the incorrect pair.

Question 1.
(a) Classical singing of Bhimsen Joshi – High culture
(b) Shakespeare’s literature – Folk culture
(c) Harry Potter books – Popular culture
(d) Religious group – Sub-culture
Answer:
(b) Shakespeare’s literature – High culture

1. (C) Identify the appropriate term from the given options.

(Folk Culture, Material Culture, Popular Culture)
Question 1.
Songs transmitted from one generation to the next.
Answer:
Folk Culture

Question 2.
Use of mobile phones today.
Answer:
Material Culture

1. (D) Correct underlined words and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
Belief in superstition is an example of material culture.
Answer:
Belief in superstition is an example of non-material culture.

Question 2.
E-commerce is an example of popular culture.
Answer:
E-commerce is an example of mass culture.

2. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Characteristics of Culture.
Answer:
The term culture refers to the way of life of a member of various societies or groups. Culture has the following characteristics:

1. Culture is acquired : Culture is learnt by each member through socialization. Cultural learning takes place through experience and symbolic interactions. Culture is propagated through generations.
2. Culture is abstract : Culture exist in the minds or habits of the members in a society. We cannot see culture but can see human behaviour.
3. Culture is shared : Culture is shared by a group of people belonging to the same community. They share same values, beliefs and traditions. These aspects develop a sense of unity.
4. Culture is man-made : Culture is a human product and does nothing on its own.
5. Culture is idealistic : Culture embodies the ideas and norms of a group. It consists of intellectual, artistic and social ideas which are followed by members of the society.
6. Culture is transmitted among the members of the society : The cultural ways are learned by persons from persons and many of them are handed down by one’s elders, parents, teachers and others.

Question 2.
Social Benefits of Culture.
Answer:
Culture has many social benefits:

1. Fundamental benefits : Cultural experiences are opportunities for leisure, entertainment, learning and sharing experiences with others. These benefits are intrinsic to culture. They are what attracts us and the reason why we participate.
2. Improved, learning and valuable skills for the future : In children and youth, participation in culture helps to develop thinking skills and build self-esteem, which enhance educational outcomes.
3. Better health and well-being : Participation in culture contributes and cultural engagement improves both mental and physical health.
4. Social solidarity and cohesion : Culture helps build social capital – the bond that holds communities together. Cultural activities such as festivals, bring people together and build social solidarity. Our diverse cultural heritage develops a feeling of pride and a sense of belonging to a wider community.

3. Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Material Culture and Non-Material Culture.
Answer:

Question 2.
Folkways and Mores.
Answer:

4. Explain the following concept with suitable examples.

Question 1.
Norms
Answer:

1. Norms are rules and behavioural expectations by which a society guides the behaviours of its members.
2. Some norms are prescriptive and some are prescriptive norms Most norms apply universally but some norms are culture specific.
3. Social norms are further divided into folkways and mores. Folkways are mildly enforced social expectations, while mores are strictly held beliefs about behaviours.
   Example : Folkways – the concept of appropriate dress. Mores – Religious doctrines, taboos, customs, laws, etc.

Question 2.
Folk Culture
Answer:
Folk culture refers to the culture of ordinary people particularly those living in pre-industrial societies. It is an authentic culture. It never aspire to be an art but its distinctiveness is accepted and respected.

Example : Parents expect obedience from children, the time of meals, the number of meals per day, the manner of taking meals the manner of speech; dressing; forms of etiquette and numerous other practices of daily life.

5. Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

6. Give your personal response.

Question 1.
Very few people make an effort to learn classical music today.
Answer:
Classical music is not popular among people today because like any other form of music one requires exposure over a period of time to become familiar. While pop music is appreciated by a large number of people with no cultural expertise.

Question 2.
It is not easy to give up superstitious beliefs.
Answer:
Superstitious beliefs are form of non-material culture which are rooted in society for many decades and centuries. Change in this aspect is not readily accepted by the society or certain sections of the society. It is rooted in society for many decades and centuries. Hence, change in these aspects is not easy

11th Sociology Digest Chapter 5 Culture Intext Questions and Answers

ACTIVITY (Textbook Page No. 61)

Question 1.
Presentation : students make groups of 5 in class and present an aspect of culture, (e.g., language, dialect, dress, folklore, dances, music, art, food habits, architecture, literature, tribal life, rural life, urban life) of any state in India.
Answer:
Students should conduct a presentation in the classroom with the help of using power point, charts to explain the various cultural elements of any one state in India.

Question 2.
Culture varies from society to society. Each Society or a group will have different culture. These cultures are sometimes overlapping and sometimes exclusive. Give examples. (Textbook Page No. 51)
Answer:
Compare culture of different states in India, how they are different in their lifestyles, food habits, dressing styles etc. Also explain by giving examples how certain elements of culture overlap or have similarities. Many cultural elements of different states are also exclusive in nature, peculiar to that region to maintain the ethnicity.

Both Gujarat and Maharashtra were created on May 1, 1960. The dialects spoken in each state are also different. In Maharashtra, the majority of the people speak the Marathi language. The same is true for the Gujarati language in Gujarat this is an example of exclusive culture.
Hindi, one of the official language of India, is a common language. This is an example of overlapping culture.

Question 3.
Observe cultural change around you and list examples of cultural lag in society. (Textbook Page No. 52)
Answer:
Make a note of cultural changes around you.
Example:

1. Younger generations have become more independent.
2. Indian culture today allows young men and woman to have more freedom of choice with respect to marriage partner.
3. Impact of internet similarly, list examples of cultural lag in society.

Example of cultural lag
For example, expectant parents can use genetic engineering to select their unborn child’s eye colour or sex. However, many people view this type of genetic engineering as unethical and believe it could lead to unintended social consequences. This an example of cultural lag.

Question 4.
Look at your surrounding and list out the examples of cultural hybridisation in the areas of food, toys, religious practices, festivals, celebrations. (Textbook Page No. 59)
Answer:

1. Burger and pizza with a pinch of Indian spices, Indianisation of Chinese food.
2. Celebration of Valentine’s Day.
3. Hybrid version of Barbie, fusion music, formation of new language after blending different languages etc.

Class 11 Sociology Textbook Solutions Digest

• Introduction to Sociology Class 11 Sociology
• Contribution of Western and Indian Sociologists Class 11 Sociology
• Basic Concepts in Sociology Class 11 Sociology
• Social Institutions Class 11 Sociology
• Culture Class 11 Sociology
• Socialization Class 11 Sociology
• Social Stratification Class 11 Sociology
• Social Change Class 11 Sociology

Sociology Class 11 Chapter 4 Social Institutions Question Answers Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Sociology Solutions Chapter 4 Social Institutions Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Social Institutions Class 11 Sociology Chapter 4 Questions and Answers

1. (A) Choose the correct alternative and complete the statements.

Question 1.
A rule that prescribes marriage within a group is called ……………….
(exogamy / endogamy / polygamy)
Answer:
endogamy

Question 2.
A family that comprises at least three generation is a ………………… family.
(nuclear / joint / cohabitation)
Answer:
joint

Question 3.
The 10 + 2 + 3 system is part of the ………………. system of education.
(informal / formal / universal)
Answer:
formal

1. (B) Correct the incorrect pair.

Question 1.
(a) School – Distance Education
(b) Peer group – Informal Education
(c) Health care training – Non-formal Education
(d) Family – Informal Education
Answer:
(a) School – Formal education

1. (C) Identify the appropriate term from the given options.

(Homosexual Marriage, Matrilocal, Heterosexual Marriage)
Question 1.
A married couple is expected to live at the wife’s residence.
Answer:
Matrilocal

Question 2.
A form of marriage between persons of the same sex.
Answer:
Homosexual Marriage

1. (D) Correct underlined words and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
X married Y. Later she divorced her spouse and married Z. This is an example of polygamy.
Answer:
X married Y. Later she divorced her spouse and married Z. This is an example of monogamy.

Question 2.
Mass production and factory system are found in agricultural society.
Answer:
Mass production and factory system are found in industrial society.

2. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Types of family based on authority.
Answer:
On the basis of authority within family, two broad forms of family can be identified. Matriarchal Family : In matriarchal family authority rests at the hands of the mother and she is considered the head of the family. In matriarchal family descent is traced through mother’s line, known as matrilineal system. Residence of the marriage is matrilocal i.e., the bridegroom lives with the wife’s family and the name follows the mother’s line. It is matronymic. The Garo and Khasi tribes of North East India and the Nair’s of South India follow the matriarchal system.

Patriarchal Family : In patriarchal family all authority rests at the hands of the male head and the eldest male is regarded as the head of the patriarchal family. It is patrilineal i.e., descent is traced through father’s line. Residence after marriage is patrilocal. The married couples live with the husband’s family, and the name of the father’s side continues to the next generation. It is patronymic. Patriarchal family is the most widespread form of family in India and most parts of the world.

Question 2.
Stages of Economy.
Answer:
Human society has evolved through various stages, depending upon the way it evolved mechanisms to adapt to changing material needs.

With respect to the changing nature of work and economy three broad stage of economy are as follows: Agriculture Revolution : From hunting-gathering and then pastoral phases, human society entered into a new stage with discovery of agriculture. With development of agriculture, food production increased. Complex division of labour, advanced trade and permanent settlement are the result of economy expansion through agricultural technology.

Industrial Revolution : Industrial revolution which happened around the middle of the 18th century, first in England transformed social and economic life like never before. It brought four notable economic changes.

1. New forms of energy : With the pioneering invention of the steam engine in 1765 by James Watt, the use of animal and human muscle energy was significantly reduced.
2. Centralisation of work in factories : Use of machinery gave rise to a new workplace called factory.
3. Mass production : Industrial economy developed the manufacturing sector very fast and produced goods on a large scale.
4. Division of labour : The factory system reduced the importance of human skills and resulted to specialised division of labour.
5. Industrialization transformed the whole society and also created huge economic gaps in the society.

The Information Revolution : By the middle of the 20th century the nature of production started to change. The use of automated machinery drastically reduced the role of human labour in manufacturing. Three key changes were seen due to the development of computer and information technology.

1. Tangible products to idea : The tertiary or service sector providing services and dealing with production of ideas and symbols is expanding very fast.
2. Mechanical skills to literacy skills : The information revolution demands a new set of skills such as literacy skills – the ability to communicate, to write, to present and use computer technology.
3. Work from anywhere : Computer technology is allowing for decentralisation of work.

Question 3.
Importance of Education.
Answer:
Education is broad process of learning that broadens an individual’s cognitive horizons and develops in them the skills to choose, evaluate and add to existing knowledge.
The functions of education can be as follows:
1. Inculcate common values and moral beliefs : Children coming from diverse family and community backgrounds gain an understanding of the common values and moral beliefs in society through school education.

2. Fosters self-discipline : Through education children learn self-discipline. They internalise the social rules that contribute to the smooth function of society.

3. Teaches specialised skills: The education system teaches specialised skills needed for a complex modern economy. For example, technical schools are specially designed to provide technical / vocational training.

4. Instils the value of achievement in children : Schools like wider society, largely operate on a meritocratic basis. Those with ability and talent achieve their just rewards.

3. Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Matriarchal Family and Patriarchal Family.
Answer:

Question 2.
Agriculture Revolution and Industrial Revolution.
Answer:

4. Explain the following concept with suitable examples.

Question 1.
Cohabitation
Answer:

1. Cohabitation is the sharing of a household by an unmarried couple.
2. Live in relations or cohabitation may or may not lead to marriage.
   Example : Younger generations specially in many parts of Europe and in some urban areas in India are preferring cohabitation as family relation. This is especially true among same sex couples.

Question 2.
Formal Education
Answer:

1. Formal education is planned with a specific end in view.
2. It involves direct schooling and instruction. Since it is provided to fulfill specific ends, formal education is limited to a specific period. Formal education has a well-defined and systematic curriculum based on aims designed according to the needs of society.

Example : Schooling and education are considered as a formal education based on formal curriculum with specific subject and skills.

5. State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
In a modernizing society the role of parents are changing.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Rapid growth of divorce and changing roles of woman give rise to a new family form and relation which has led to changes in the role of parents.
2. The average age at which people get married is also increasing. There is also an increasing trend of individuals not getting married. There is a changing role of women due to education and employment. All these changes are affecting family as an institution.
3. In our contemporary society, the traditional belief of fathers are the breadwinners and mothers only do household chores is no longer true. With the advent of globalization, their roles are changing which is vastly different from their previous generations.

Question 2.
India is in the stage of industrial revolution.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. India is in the stage of information revolution. The development of computer and information technology have changed the nature of work in India.
2. The use of automated machinery has reduced the role of human labour in manufacturing. Service industries like public relations, banking and sales, media, advertising have expanded.
3. The introduction of computer and information have changed the character of work in India.

6. Give your personal response.

Question 1.
What are your views about love marriage? Do you support it? Explain.
Answer:
The basic concept of love marriage lies in the fact that the girl or boy chooses his or her life partner. The restrictions of caste, religion, physical appearance does not apply when a person falls in love. In India these restrictions are seriously enforced which limit the number of desirable matches for a person. Also, it curbs the practice of dowry as one does not need to prove one’s worth. Therefore, I support love marriages.

Question 2.
How has the information revolution impacted your life?
Answer:
Information revolution has made our life easier. Information revolution has made it possible to do many things from the comforts of one’s own home. I can take virtual tour of museums, buildings etc. It has exposed one to different cultures. One can do all of shopping online. It has created abundance of data on every possible subject or interest.

7. Answer the following in detail (About 150-200 words).

Question 1.
Show how the role of family has changed in the present times. Illustrate with your own examples.
Answer:
Families are the nexus of activities that include parenting , employment and leisure. As society changes, families must adapt to the new structures and processes resulting from this change. One of the most striking features of modern societies has been rapid growth of divorce.

The average age at which people get married is also increasing along with an increasing trend of an individuals not getting married. The changing roles of woman through increased education and employment, has put additional pressures on the family to adapt to dual-earner, households and changing needs of child care. All these changes are affecting family as an institution.

It has given rise to new family relationship:
(i) Single-parent Family : Majority of single parent families are headed by single mothers. This may result from divorce, separation, death or by choice. Sometimes growing up in a single parent family can be a disadvantage for children.

(ii) Cohabitation : Cohabitation is the sharing of a household by an unmarried couple. Younger generations, especially in many parts of Europe and in some urban areas in India are preferring cohabitation as family relation. This is especially true among some same sex couples.

(iii) Step-parenting : As rates of divorce and remarriage is steadily on an increase, it gives rise to a new family form and relation of step-parenting. The extent of children staying in step families is increasing.

In the traditional family living, the wife had no voice in family decision making but in contemporary family she has equal power role to play. The authority has shifted from patriarchal to parents who consult their children an all-important issues before taking any decisions about them. Younger generations now claim more individuality. Change in family does not mean the complete erosion of previous norms and structure.

11th Sociology Digest Chapter 4 Social Institutions Intext Questions and Answers

ACTIVITY (Textbook Page No. 41)

Question 1.
Discuss why hypogamous marriages are resisted in society. Take help of newspapers, magazines and cinema.
Answer:
Reasons for resisting hypogamous marriage. Hypergamy is a term used for the practice of a person marrying a spouse of higher caste or social status than themselves. Young women generally marry older men of higher status, with general rule that older men have more time to create wealth and status than younger men. Today such marriages are on decline, as most people marry their approximate social equals and in some parts of the world hypergamy has decreased. Also, it is becoming less common for women to marry older men though hypergamy does not require the man to be older but only of higher status.

Question 2.
Look at the matrimonial advertisements in newspapers, magazines and internet and discuss the findings. Do you think endogamy is still the prevalent norm in India? (Textbook Page No. 42)
Answer:
Religion and Caste endogamy still dominates while choosing a life partner. Women have the freedom to select a spouse in urban areas, yet, the choice can be restricted. So, in general, marriage is often seen as socially determined institutions.

Question 3.
Watch the classic movie ‘Modern Times’ made by Charlie Chaplin and have a discussion on the effects of mechanisation on human labour. (Textbook Page No. 44)
Answer:
The film ‘Modern Times’ is a comment on the desperate employment and financial conditions that people faced during the great depression conditions created, by the modern industrialization in the view of Chaplin. Modern Times’ portray Chaplin as a factory worker where he is subjected to such indignities as being forced fed by a malfunctioning ‘feeding machine’. In the movie, industry is portrayed as something bigger and more valuable than the people who work within it. Chaplin tries to point out the fact at the industrialized world functions in a way that suppresses human agency and creativity.

Question 4.
Eminent personalities having achieved social prestige and position on the basis of their educational qualification. (Textbook Page No. 48)
Answer:
(i) Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar : Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar was born on 14th April 1891. During his childhood he was subjected to socio-economic discrimination and faced severe humiliation. Dr. Ambedkar earned his doctorates in Economics from both Columbia University and the London School of Economics. He gained reputation as a scholar for his research in Law, economics and political science. In his initial career, he worked as an economist, professor and lawyer. He was posthumous awarded the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian award, in 1990.

(ii) A. P. J. Abdul Kalam : A. P. J. Abdul Kalam was born on 15th October 1931. His father was an owner of a boat, an imam of local mosque. Due to destruction in business and loss of the family fortune, Kalam’s family suffered poverty. To help his family, he started selling newspapers at an early age. Abdul Kalam completed his graduation from the Madras Institute of Technology and joined the Aeronautical Development Establishment of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) as a scientist after becoming a member of Defence Research and Development Service (DRDS). He came to be known as the Missile Man of India’. He was the 11th President of India.

Class 11 Sociology Textbook Solutions Digest

• Introduction to Sociology Class 11 Sociology
• Contribution of Western and Indian Sociologists Class 11 Sociology
• Basic Concepts in Sociology Class 11 Sociology
• Social Institutions Class 11 Sociology
• Culture Class 11 Sociology
• Socialization Class 11 Sociology
• Social Stratification Class 11 Sociology
• Social Change Class 11 Sociology

Sociology Class 11 Chapter 3 Basic Concepts in Sociology Question Answers Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Sociology Solutions Chapter 3 Basic Concepts in Sociology Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Basic Concepts in Sociology Class 11 Sociology Chapter 3 Questions and Answers

1. (A) Choose the correct alternative and complete the statements.

Question 1.
Society is based on ……………….
(co-operation / competition / conflict)
Answer:
Co-operation

Question 2.
Villages are a part of ……………….. community.
(rural / city / metropolitan)
Answer:
rural

Question 3.
Family is an example of a ………………. group.
(large / primary / formal)
Answer:
primary

Question 4.
Social status refers to ……………… in a group.
(function / position / purpose)
Answer:
position

1. (B) Correct the incorrect pair.

Question 1.
(a) Family – Voluntary Group
(b) Caste – Involuntary Group
(c) Village – Primary Group
(d) Workplace – Secondary Group
Answer:
(a) Family – Involuntary Group

1. (C) Identify the appropriate term from the given options.

(Role, Folkways, Society)
Question 1.
Punctuality in class is the duty of a student.
Answer:
Role

Question 2.
In many places in India, eating with hands is a common practice.
Answer:
Folkways

1. (D) Correct underlined words and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
Norms which can be applied in daily life are called law.
Answer:
Norms which can be applied in daily life are called standard norms.

Question 2.
Family is an example of a/an voluntary group.
Answer:
Family is an example of a/an involuntary group.

2. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Characteristics of Society.
Answer:
(i) Society includes likeness : According to Maclver ‘society’ means likeness. Social relationships exist among those who are alike in body and mind. People have similarities with regard to their needs aim, ideals, values, outlook towards life and so on.

(ii) Society includes difference : A society together with likeness is also based on differences. Differences is an important factor for a healthy society. Different types of personalities are essential in our society in order to satisfy the different needs. These differences are based on sex, age, physical strength, intelligence, talent, personality and unequal possessions of material objects and wealth.

(iii) Interdependence : Individuals in a society depend upon one another for the satisfaction of needs. One group, one nation, one community depends upon the other for its development, t Interdependence is seen in family groups as well. The existence of society depends upon different types of social relationships.

(iv) Co-operation : Every society is characterized by co-operation and division of labour. It is necessary for survival.

(v) Normative nature : In a society, social behaviour is evaluated by social control. These controlling means are known as norms. Norms control the misbehaviour or the acts which are harmful to society thus protecting the society.

(vi) Society is dynamic : No society is static. It changes continuously; old customs, traditions, I values, norms and institutions replace the new customs, traditions, values, norms and institutions.

Question 2.
Characteristics of Primary Group.
Answer:

1. Physical proximity : This is essential for a primary group as people have close relations with each other. Hence, they experience physical proximity.
2. Smallness of the group : These social groups are small in size and bring out the close relations among its members.
3. Permanence of relationship : Close relations create more unity among the members.
4. Face-to-face relationship : These social groups are small in size and are based on greater closeness. It is useful for maintaining group stability.
5. Similar objectives and goals : This group is homogeneous in nature. Hence, there is uniformity of objectives and goals among its members.
6. The relationship is an end in itself: The relationships in this group are very natural.
7. Informal control: This group is conventional and based on emotional bonds.

Question 3.
Types of Norms.
Answer:
Folkways : The term was first used by William Sumner. According to him, folkways are the recognized ways of behaving and acting in society. Example, eating using one’s fingers, eating with chopsticks, eating with fork and spoon; different ways of wearing a sari.

Mores : Mores are more rigid than folkways. They are instruments of social control and deals with higher values of people. Example, sexual relations before marriage are not permitted.

Law : Law is an important and essential element of society.
They are deliberately formulated rules of behaviour. It is universal in nature and common for all to follow. There are two types of law- Customary Law and Enacted Law.

1. Customary law – It is not in a written form but orally transmitted. It is followed in tribal as well as in rural society.
2. Enacted law – This law is in a written form. It is important as well as obligatory in a modern, complex and dynamic society. For example, The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955; The Domestic Violence Act, 2005.

3. Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Primary Group and Secondary Group.
Answer:

Question 2.
Voluntary Group and Involuntary Group.
Answer:

4. Explain the following concept with suitable examples.

Question 1.
Reference Group
Answer:
The concept of reference group was introduced by Robert Merton. A reference group is a group to which an individual or another group is compared. We use reference groups in order to guide our behaviour and attitudes that help us to identify social norms.

Reference Groups are of two types Informal and Formal.

1. Informal reference groups are formed by the individual as per their likes, interests and attitudes.
   Example : Family, peer groups, teachers, siblings, associates, etc.
2. Formal Reference Group are the ones that have a specific goal or mission.
   Example : Labour unions, supreme court, military units, corporations, worship place, universities, etc.

Question 2.
Role Conflict
Answer:

1. Role conflict refers to a clash between roles.
2. When one faces incompatibility between two or more roles at the same time or in a given situation. Role conflict is inevitable.

Example: A boss will suffer role conflict if forced to fine an employee who is also a close friend. A newly married bride experiences role conflict because she has to adjust with her in-laws, household work and office work.

5. (A) Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

5. (B) State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
Society never changes.
Answer:
This statement is False.
1. Society is a web of social relationships. These relationships and interactions are based upon different institutions, traditions, customs, values and norms of the society.

2. Changes in any one of this is reflected in the changes in relationship and interaction among the individuals. Change is a universal phenomenon. No single society is static. Factors like, westernisation, modernisation, industrialisation, education have brought various changes in society.

3. Today, educational system, family patterns, norms, values, needs, etc., are changed. People have become more self-centred. Individual freedom, consciousness towards one’s own rights are increasing. Hence, society is changing continuously.

Question 2.
People living in a community must have awareness of sharing a way of life.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Individuals are emotionally attached to their community. People those who live in a particular community occupy a definite territorial area. They share common objectives and needs.
2. They have love and affection towards each other.
3. This develops a sense of belongingness. Therefore, people living in a community must have awareness of sharing a way of life.

6. Give your personal response.

Question 1.
Show how folkways, mores and laws may clash with each other.
Answer:
Folkways is one of the essential elements of culture. Folkways govern our daily routine and ordinary contacts with other people. Whereas mores are considered as vital to the welfare of the group. Folkways and mores are the customary way of life and standards of right and wrong. Example: wearing clothes are mores and wearing clothes of different styles are folkways.

Laws are deliberately formulated rules of behaviour that are enforced by a special authority, e.g., there are laws that can punish people for marrying more than one person. Hindu Marriage Act, 1955.

Mores, folkways and laws are taught through the process of socialisation by various sources like family, friends, peer groups, schools, etc. However, these three clash each other in various ways. In today’s complex, competitive society, one finds it difficult to cope up with these three elements of society. Example: there is a man who belongs to a poor family and has the responsibility of marriage of his sister. Being born in a poor family, he doesn’t have enough money for his sister’s marriage. As per the laws, asking for dowry is illegal, but due to his financial condition, he has to ask for dowry from his in-laws to get his sister married. In such situation folkways, mores and law clash each other.

Question 2.
Do you think that role conflict is inevitable in social life?
Answer:
Yes, the role conflict is inevitable in social life.
When an individual has to play several roles at a time, then it is not possible to perform one role appropriately, it is called as role conflict. In today’s society, everyone wants to achieve high status in society. Everyone wants to achieve a life of luxury and comfort. People want to earn more and more money. Expectations have been increased. In order to adjust with such competitive situation, one has to play different role in the society. That creates role conflict.

Example: A woman working as a nurse in the hospital, has to look after her sick in-laws at home, because of which she can’t pay proper attention towards her duty. A husband who has to attend urgent meeting as a manager, can’t give time to his family. One has to perform multiple roles in a complex society. That is why role conflict is inevitable in social life.

7. Answer the following in detail (About 150-200 words).

Question 1.
Identify any two secondary groups of which you are a member. Discuss any four characteristics with reference to the groups that you have named.
Answer:
Secondary groups have impersonal, formal, indirect, temporary and goal oriented relationships with large number of members. It is not possible to have regular, permanent, close and intimate relations with everyone. People meet each other only for serving specific purposes. Relations are maintained only when the specific purposes are fulfilled and people are satisfied.

People are always very busy and it is necessary to have appointments before meeting. Secondary group are heterogeneous and formal in natural. People are given time to meet but for that purpose only. People do not meet for long term goals. Free expressions of emotions, feelings and intimacy is not allowed. In secondary group, members have to follow rules and regulations strictly.

Example : (i) Student of a college
(ii) Member of NSUI – National Students Union of India (or) ABVP – Akhil Bhartiya Vidhyarthi Parishad
Characteristics of secondary group with reference to the above mentioned group. Large Size: In college or in NSUI number of students and members is large. Here, the membership is unlimited as compared to primary group.

Indirect relations : Due to large size, direct relations among all the students and members are not possible. To convey any message, we take help of modern means of communication, e.g., mobile phones, e-mail, WhatsApp, etc.

Impersonal relations : As the members are large in size personal interactions is very rarely seen. Here, we do not know each other personally. That is why, relationship is not personal.

Formal relations : Informal relations is not possible because face to face contact can’t take place. People are more goal oriented. Membership is strictly based upon laws and regulations.

11th Sociology Digest Chapter 3 Basic Concepts in Sociology Intext Questions and Answers

ACTIVITY (Textbook Page No. 25)

Question 1.
Visit a rural, tribal or urban community and speak to 3-5 people and find out about their work, families, customs, beliefs etc. Write a report or make a short film on your mobile phone.
Answer:
Tribal, Rural and Urban Community – Work, Families, Customs, Beliefs-
(i) The Tribal Community : The tribal community is small in size. Each tribe has its own culture. They are close to nature and their life is influenced by religion. Therefore, they worship natural forces and seek assistance from the shaman and magician for solving their problems. Their economy and usage of technology is simple. This is known as subsistence economy.

(ii) Rural Community : The rural community is largely homogeneous. The main occupation of the people in this community is agriculture and non-agricultural occupations such as dairy farming, poultry, etc. This community is influenced by nature and they worship it as God or Goddess.

The rural community is influenced by the institution of family and characterized by primary relations. Joint family continues to exist in rural areas though some modification has occurred.

(iii) Urban Community : The urban community is large in size and consists of mostly nuclear families. It is a settlement of socially heterogeneous people. Occupations of the urban people are non agricultural. There is more scope for division of labour. This community is greatly impacted by artificial or man-made environment rather than natural environment on the urban community.

Question 2.
Prepare a photo essay regarding interactions observed within primary and secondary groups. Students should go around in their neighbouring localities and capture with their devices (like mobiles), the interaction patterns based on characteristics of various types of groups. How to write a photo essay? (Textbook Page No. 29)
Answer:
(Students are required to perform this activity themselves by visiting the link http://www. collectivelens.com/blog/creating-photoessay/ as a guideline.)

Question 3.
Conduct a role play exercise to understand the concept of role conflict and role strain. For example: Working women performing various roles inside and outside the home. (Textbook Page No. 32)
Answer:
Understanding 1: Women consider that the household affairs and care for the family is their primary duty. Women are thus confronted with the challenge of playing the dual role, to excel at home, as well as at the workplace. To prove her competence on both the fronts, women are facing the problem of overwork and are often being stressed or drained of their energy. Yet, they find themselves unable to match the expectations at any of the two places, which gives rise to role conflict and role strain.

Understanding 2:
Role Conflict:
Role conflict occurs when conflicting expectations arise from two or more statuses than an individual occupies.

Role Strain:
Role strain arises when conflicting expectations are built into a single status.

Question 4.
List out various folkways and mores that we find in our day-to-day lives. (Textbook Page No. 33)
Answer:
Folkways: The folkways are the recognized ways of behaving and acting in society. Folkways are norms that stem from and organize casual interactions and emerge out of repetition and routines. We engage in them to satisfy our daily needs and they are most often unconscious in operation, though they are quite useful for the ordered functioning of the society.

1. Waiting in a queue
2. Appropriate dressing.
3. Practice of raising one’s hand to take turns while speaking in a group.
4. While eating using one’s fingers, eating with chopsticks, eating with fork and spoon.
5. Different ways of wearing a sari.

Mores : “More are the popular habits and traditions when they include a judgment that are conductive to social welfare and when they exert a coercion on an individual to conform to them”.

More are stricter than folkways, as they determine what is considered moral and ethical behaviour. Mores structure the difference between right and wrong. Violation of mores results in disapproval or ostracizing. As such mores play a key role in shaping our value, beliefs, behaviour, and interactions than folkways.

1. Religious doctrine.
2. Sexual relations before marriage are not permitted.
3. It is not acceptable to use drugs such as heroin and cocaine.
4. It is expected that one will be one time for work.
5. Talking to oneself in public is not considered normal behaviour.
6. Nudity in public is not acceptable.

Class 11 Sociology Textbook Solutions Digest

• Introduction to Sociology Class 11 Sociology
• Contribution of Western and Indian Sociologists Class 11 Sociology
• Basic Concepts in Sociology Class 11 Sociology
• Social Institutions Class 11 Sociology
• Culture Class 11 Sociology
• Socialization Class 11 Sociology
• Social Stratification Class 11 Sociology
• Social Change Class 11 Sociology

Sociology Class 11 Chapter 2 Contribution of Western and Indian Sociologists Question Answers Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Sociology Solutions Chapter 2 Contribution of Western and Indian Sociologists Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Contribution of Western and Indian Sociologists Class 11 Sociology Chapter 2 Questions and Answers

1. (A) Choose the correct alternative and complete the statements.

Question 1.
The Industrial Revolution took place in ………………..
(North America / Europe / Australia)
Answer:
Europe

Question 2.
Science is based on …………………
(beliefs / facts / guess work)
Answer:
facts

Question 3.
Significant work has been done on kinship organisation in India, by female sociologist ………………
(Iravati Karve / Suma Chitnis / Neera Desai)
Answer:
Iravati Karve

Question 4.
The ……………….. stage of societal growth is characterised by explanations which are abstract but not God-centred.
(Theological / Metaphysical / Positive)
Answer:
Metaphysical

1. (B) Correct the incorrect pair.

Question 1.
(a) Abdul Rahman Ibn-Khaldun – North Africa
(b) Auguste Comte – France
(c) Harriet Martineau – England
(d) Karl Marx – Russia
Answer:
(d) Karl Marx – Germany

1. (C) Identify the appropriate term from the given options.

(Polarization. M. N. Srinivas, R. N. Mukherjee)
Question 1.
Marx argues that classes will become hostile towards each other.
Answer:
Polarization

Question 2.
The Indian sociologist who coined the term westernisation.
Answer:
M. N. Srinivas

1. (D) Correct the underlined words and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
The stage of society where empirical evidence forms the basis for explanation is the theological stage.
Answer:
The stage of society where empirical evidence forms the basis for explanation is the positive / scientific stage.

Question 2.
The book ‘Le Suicide’ was written by Hobbes.
Answer:
The book ‘Le Suicide’ was written by Emile Durkheim

2. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Contribution of G. S. Ghurye to Indian Sociology.
Answer:
1. Govind Sadashiv Ghurye was the first who introduced sociology in India after independence. Therefore, he is considered as the ‘Father of Indian Sociology’. He established ‘Indian Sociological Society’ and started the journal ‘Sociological Bulletin’.

2. Ghurye’s work on scheduled tribes, were based on the historical, administrative and social dimensions of Indian tribes. He wanted the tribals to be integrated with the wider Indian society. He has written on tribes like Mahadev Kolis in Maharashtra. His book, ‘Caste and Race in India’ is one of the most important contribution to Indian sociology.

3. Ghurye referred to the long process of Hinduisation of the tribes from different parts of India. He considered cultural unity between tribes and caste as the only means to promote integration in Indian society.

4. His book, ‘Caste and Race in India’, published in 1932 combines historical, anthropological and sociological perspectives to understand caste and kinship system in India.

Question 2.
Types of suicide according to Durkheim.
Answer:
Suicide is a type of death carried by an individual intentionally or deliberately. According to Durkheim suicide is a social phenomenon. Following are the types of suicide.
1. Egoistic suicide : It takes place when an individual is very much self-centred and least bothered about the other members of society, e.g., it is committed by people who become introvert and have less desires to live in the company of others, suicide rates are higher for those widowed, single and divorced.

2. Anomic suicide : When situations go against the norms and values of a person. In such condition individual finds it difficult to face the situation and adjust with that, e.g., suicide of farmers.

3. Altruistic suicide : This type of suicide is different from egoistic suicide. This type of suicide means sacrificing own life for the betterment of people or society, e.g., Sati system, a patient commits suicide for the sake of family.

4. Fatalistic suicide : When an individual is under excessive control from the outside factors fatalistic suicide takes place e.g., Dowry death. According to Durkheim social situations, circumstances, factors are responsible for suicide and become a ‘social fact.’

3. Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Theological Stage and Positive Stage.
Answer:

Question 2.
Anomic Suicide and Altruistic Suicide.
Answer:

4. (A) Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

4. (B) State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
According to Marx, capitalism gives rise to we feeling among workers.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Capitalists accumulate profit through the exploitation of labour. The poverty of the workers’ class grows with increasing exploitation of labour.
2. Economic exploitation and inhuman conditions lead to the increasing alienation of workers.
3. The classes tend to become internally homogeneous and class struggle, more intensified and creates class solidarity and we feeling among the workers.

Question 2.
Iravati Karve has made significant contribution to the study of Kinship in India.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Iravati Karve has contributed in the field of Sociology as well as Anthropology. She wrote a book ‘Kinship Organization in India’ in which she describes major kinship systems in India.
2. Kinship is one of the concepts which is socially and culturally related with factors like family, caste and languages in India.
3. According to her, kinship system is based on the geographical and linguistic group differences.
   Thus, Iravati Karve has made significant contribution to the study of Kinship in India

5. Give your personal response.

Question 1.
Do you think globalization has led to polarization of classes? Discuss with relevant examples of your own.
Answer:
Yes, globalization has led to polarization of classes. This has led to segregation of people in the society that may emerge from income inequality, economic restructuring etc. It leads to differentiation of groups on the basis of high income and low income. Skilled people manage to get high paying jobs while the less educated/skilled people receive low wages.

Question 2.
Do you think Kinship bonds are weakening? Give reasons for your response?
Answer:
Yes, I think as we Indians are progressing and trying to establish our nation as a developed nation, we on the other side are losing importance of our family ties. Kinship bonds means ties based on blood and marriage.
Following are some of the reasons which are axing Kinship bonds.

1. Urbanisation, one of the major reasons of migration of people from rural to urban resulting into formation of a nuclear family.
2. Modernisation, making individuals self-centred, career oriented simultaneously detach from family.
3. Change in the medium of recreation, earlier it was family get together or celebration of festivals or religious ceremony now it is Cinema Hall or Visit to Mall.
4. Increasing control of electronic gadgets like T.V., Mobile Internet, etc., which make virtual world closer but taxing to kinship bond, care and attachment.
5. Dominance of materialistic world results into abundance of needs. Above all, todays smart and modern generation is chopping their own roots, meaning, weakening kinship bonds.

6. Answer the following in detail (About 150-200 words).

Question 1.
You have studied about Comte’s Law of Three Stages of human thought. With reference to the first and third stage, comment on the challenges it poses for Indian society.
Answer:
Auguste Comte believed that the evolution of human mind had taken place along with the evolution of the individual mind. Comte’s social philosophy is based on the concept of three stage of human thought.

Theological stage : In this stage human beings believed in supernatural and spiritual factors. It was believed that three was a control of God on all events in the world. The human mind, at this level, supposed that all phenomena was produced by the immediate action of supernatural beings. For example, all natural calamities were the expressions of God’s anger. This stage is dominated by priests and ruled by military men.
Following are the challenges which poses for Indian society:

1. During this stage, human mind is dominated by sentiments, feelings and emotions.
2. Certain section of Indian society believed that all actions/events happened due to power of God/ Supernatural beings.
   E.g. drought, flood, earthquake etc., natural calamities were nothing but anger of God.
3. Explanation for all happening events are the form of myths concerning spirits and supernatural beings.
4. During this stage, military society was basically dying and priests were dominated.
5. In short, due to effect of theological stage there was lack of logical and orderly thinking in the Indian society.

Positive/Scientific stage : Comte says, scientific stage is an improved and scientific form of human thinking. Now, instead of imagination, we turn to observation. Since Reason and examination were basic planks of knowledge at this stage hence, one seeks to establish laws which link facts and which govern social life.

Effect of scientific stage on Indian Society:

1. Finally, in this stage, Indian society turned towards the scientific way of thinking.
2. Instead of imaginations, society turned towards observation, reason and examination all these were basic planks of knowledge.
3. The concept of God started vanishing from human mind.
4. Society adopted the scientific rational way of thinking and there is no place for any belief or superstition in it.
5. In this way, Comte’s first and third stage affected the Indian Society.

11th Sociology Digest Chapter 2 Contribution of Western and Indian Sociologists Intext Questions and Answers

ACTIVITY (Textbook Page No. 16)

Question 1.
Discuss how ‘polarization of classes’ and ‘class solidarity’ are relevant in the present times.
Answer:
In present times, polarization of classes and class solidarity is associated with the segregation within a society which are immediate cause of emergence of income inequality, economic displacements, formation of various social groups from high income to low income, economic restructuring particularly in cities, economic inequality etc.

Question 2.
Read newspaper articles related to caste issues (e.g. representation, atrocities, reservation) and share the findings with your class. (Textbook Page No. 19)
Answer:
Reference : Times of India (March 29, 2019)
The Indian Express (June 6, 2019)
Times of India (June 3, 2019)

Class 11 Sociology Textbook Solutions Digest

• Introduction to Sociology Class 11 Sociology
• Contribution of Western and Indian Sociologists Class 11 Sociology
• Basic Concepts in Sociology Class 11 Sociology
• Social Institutions Class 11 Sociology
• Culture Class 11 Sociology
• Socialization Class 11 Sociology
• Social Stratification Class 11 Sociology
• Social Change Class 11 Sociology

Sociology Class 11 Chapter 1 Introduction to Sociology Question Answers Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Sociology Solutions Chapter 1 Introduction to Sociology Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Introduction to Sociology Class 11 Sociology Chapter 1 Questions and Answers

1. (A) Choose the correct alternative and complete the statements.

Question 1.
The term ‘Socius’ means ………………..
(science / companion / social)
Answer:
companion

Question 2.
The term ‘logos’ means ………………..
(associate / science / methodology)
Answer:
science

Question 3.
…………………. is often regarded as the ‘Father of Sociology’.
(Durkheim / Weber/ Comte)
Answer:
Comte

Question 4.
When sociologist make an effort to understand practical problems of daily life it is a/an …………….. science.
(pure / application / theoretical)
Answer:
application

1. (B) Correct the incorrect pair.

Question 1.
(a) Study of role of biology in human life – Bio-Sociology
(b) Study of social words of Art and Aesthetics – Sociology of Art
(c) Theoretical of knowledge in sociology in marketing segmental division of customers, Needs analysis etc. – Sociology of Market Research
(d) Study of visual dimensions of social life – Diaspora Studies
Answer:
(d) Study of visual dimensions of social life – Visual Sociology

1. (C) Identify the appropriate term from the given options.

(Diaspora Studies, The Positive Philosophy, Theoretical Science)
Question 1.
Comte coined the term sociology in this book.
Answer:
Positive Philosophy

Question 2.
Sociology is concerned with developing sociological theory.
Answer:
Theoretical Science

1. (D) Correct underlined words and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
When sociological research is done for its own sake it makes sociology a/an applied science.
Answer:
When sociological research is done for its own sake it makes sociology a pure as well as a social science.

Question 2.
Rape, hate, crimes and terrorism are examples of social institutions.
Answer:
Rape, hate, crimes and terrorism are examples of social problems/ pathology.

2. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Nature of sociology
Answer:

1. Sociology is an empirical science : Sociology studies and analyses social facts on the basis of scientific method. Empiricism is it’s central feature as a science.
2. Sociology is a theoretical and applied science : Verification and formulation of new theories is a constant process in sociology. Also, many branches of sociology are based on the application of sociological knowledge to the field. Hence, it is a ‘pure’ as well as an ‘applied’ social science.
3. Sociology is a factual science : The aim of sociology of to find out the reality of society hence sociology studies the constructive part ans destructive elements in society.
4. Sociology is a holistic science : Sociology does not limit itself to the study of any specific or particular aspect of society. It studies society as a whole.

Question 2.
New emerging areas in sociology
Answer:
The subject matter of sociology is very wide. Hence, new areas emerging in sociology are:

1. Bio-sociology : Studies the role of biology in human social life.
2. Sociology of art : Helps to understand the social world of art and aesthetics.
3. Sociology of market research : It deals with the theoretical knowledge of sociology in marketing, segmental division of customers, needs analysis etc.
4. Visual sociology : Based on visual dimensions of social life.
5. Diaspora studies : Studies migration and its cultural, literacy, social, demographic, anthropological, political, economic impact and international of relations.

Question 3.
Enlightenment period
Answer:

1. The Europe produced a ‘Scientific Revolution’ in the Renaissance period. There was increased emphasis on science in society as a whole. The technological advancement influenced every sector of life.
2. The ideas and discoveries contributed by science led to emergence of sociology. This era is known as the enlightenment period.
3. The Enlightenment period saw the beginning of the scientific revolution. Science was considered in the social context and looked at as a tool for satisfying the needs of humanity.
4. New scientific discoveries helped in the eradication of blind beliefs. This period has made a significant contribution to shaping a scientific attitude in Sociology.

3. Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Natural Science and Social Science.
Answer:

Question 2.
Theoretical Science and Applied Science.
Answer:

4. Explain the following concept with suitable examples.

Question 1.
Diaspora
Answer:

1. Diaspora is he movement of the people from their original place to other geographical area.
2. Though people migrate they maintain their originality in the migrated area.
3. The people though they have migrated from their original place, follow their rituals, customs and maintain their original existence in areas where they have been migrated.
   Example: Migration of rural people to urban area.

Question 2.
Bio-Sociology
Answer:

1. Bio-Sociology is a subject that has emerged relatively recently in Sociology.
2. Researchers in the area use a variety of sociological methodologies to study the role of biology in human social life.
3. Biologically male and female are different. Both have different strength and capacity because of their body structure. But in society culture plays different role in nurturing them.
4. These discrimination and differences affected the society in a great way. Bio-Sociology helps to understand this concept.
   Example : Gender differences and discrimination.

5. (A) Complete the concept maps.

Answer:

5. (B) State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
The French revolution led to changes in society.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. French Revolution was one of the best examples of struggle for freedom and equality.
2. Through this revolution feudal system had been overthrown. The new system came into existence which was based on the principles of liberty, fraternity and equality.
3. French revolution brought tremendous changes in the life of the people not only in France but all over Europe. Hence, French revolution led to changes in society.

Question 2.
The development in natural sciences has had an impact on sociology as a discipline.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. Natural sciences are differentiated from other modes of knowledge, by method, not by subject matter.
2. The revolutionary concept that social phenomena are natural phenomena and therefore can be studied by natural – science methodology is being rapidly accepted.
3. Sociology uses scientific methods and research to solve the many problems of society like poverty unemployment etc. Hence, the development in natural science has had an impact on sociology as a discipline.

6. Give your personal response.

Question 1.
Is India in the ‘scientific’ stage of growth? Explain why you hold the view that you do.
Answer:
Yes, India is in the ‘scientific’ stage of growth.
During ancient period India faced many social problems like blind faith, illiteracy, child-infanticide etc. Many cultural, political differences etc., were followed. By adopting scientific method, sociologist have been trying to minimize the problems. They have suggested some measures to the government to find out certain solutions to solve the problems.

The technological and scientific advancement influenced every sector of life. India’s scientific stage of growth includes technical development, which have resulted in technological inventions for scientific growth.

Question 2.
Explain in brief the link between cinema and society.
Answer:
Cinema is one of the means of mass media. Cinema and society are inter related and inter connected with each other. Society influences the cinema and vice versa. But cinema has both positive and negative influences on the society. As far as India is concerned one can find diversity in each and every aspect of society. In such situations cinema plays important role in integrating the society. It also helps to inculcate certain values like honesty, hard work, sympathy, charity, brotherhood etc.

Society influences the cinema and its subject matter. Film makers give special attention on the interest and demand of the people of the society.

7. Answer the following in detail (About 150-200 words).

Question 1.
Discuss with suitable examples, the scope of sociology in today’s world.
Answer:
The following points explains the scope of sociology in today’s world.
1. Bio-Sociology – Example : Gender differences and discrimination. Researchers in the area* use a variety of sociological methodologies to study the role of biology in human social life.

2. Sociology of Art – Example : Warli paintings depicts their lifestyle or paintings related with Mohenjo Daro and Harappan Civilization. This area helps to understand the social world of art and aesthetics. This field seeks to understand the social context of the production and consumption of art.

3. Sociology of Market Research – Example : Advertising of bathing soap by convincing the people that they have used river Ganga’s water in that. This is an applied field that connects marketing and sociological strategies to understand the market in a meaningful way.

4. Visual Sociology – Example: A researcher takes help of newspaper, film, movie, photographs for their study or for the study of a particular society. Visual sociology is concerned with visual dimension of social life. With the help of film, movie, pictures one can visualize or imagine a particular problem, on the basis of which valid and relevant data can be collected.

5. Diaspora Studies – Example : Migration of rural people to urban area. Diaspora is one of the movements of the people from their original place to other geographical area. Though people migrate they maintain their originality in the migrated area. The people though they have migrated from their original place, follow their rituals, customs and maintain their original existence in areas where they have been migrated.

11th Sociology Digest Chapter 1 Introduction to Sociology Intext Questions and Answers

ACTIVITY (Textbook Page No. 6)

Question 1.
You have read about commercial, scientific, industrial and French revolutions which were responsible for the emergence of Sociology as a discipline. Identify the effects of industrial development on Indian society.
Answer:
The effects of industrial development on Indian society are:

1. The use of new tools, machinery and techniques have increased the production speed of goods.
2. Development of trade, new institutions like, banks, credit /debit card facilities emerged.
3. Industrialization lead to Urbanization leading to migration of people from rural to the urban areas.
4. Rise in the factory system of production which provided many new job opportunities in small and large scale industries.
5. Emergences of new organisation and industrial policy.
6. Increase in national income.
7. Improved living standards of the people.
8. Stimulation of progress in other sectors of the economy.
9. Promotes specialization of labour.
10. Provides large scope for technological progress.

Question 2.
Interview two people from your local area, who have migrated from another place. Find out the reasons for shifting and ask about their experiences and problems. (Textbook Page No. 8)
Answer:
Following is a case of inter-state migration in India.
Interview name : Mr. XYZ
Migrated from : Bihar
Migrated to : Mumbai.
Reasons : Advanced economic and social life. Advanced / better quality of education. Faster access to facilities and services like healthcare, education, etc. Higher job opportunities and better standard of living.

Experience : As time passes, a house on rent. Good education to children. Happy urban life.
Problems : Language barriers
Discrimination and inequality
Less paid
Difficulties in job hunting
Exploitation housing problems

Question 3.
Visit any nearby NGO and collect information about their work. Prepare a PPT and present it in your class. (Textbook Page No. 9)
Answer:
Akshara : Empowering Women and Girls.
Akshara is a society helping women live a violent free dignified life without discrimination. It focuses on empowering women and girls through education, productive works and resistance to violence in their lives, so they can be strong and independent contributing members to society.

Akshara has a three-dimensional vision for change:

1. Changing hearts and minds of young women and men.
2. Transforming public attitudes
3. Reforming systems that deny gender justice

Work – (a) Akshara provides scholarships for education, training in life and technical skills and job placements for socially, economically disadvantaged young women.
(b) Akshara trains young men to become support gender equality and take up personal and social action.
(c) Akshara caters gender oriented educational stuff, online a training material videos and documentaries.
(d) Akshara lobbies with the state.

Vision – To establish a gender equality and violence free society
Goods – (a) Enhance societal consciousness on gender inequality.
(b) Employment of women and youth.
(c) Prevent violence towards women.

Question 4.
Discuss the statement listed
(i) Sociology is practical and related to life
(ii) Careers in Sociology. (Textbook Page No. 11)
Answer:
(i) Sociology is practical and related to life : Practical sociology refers to a form of sociological practice that is concerned with using sociological theories and research to understand on going activities. It is the task of sociology to study the social problems through the methods of scientific research and to find out solutions to them.

Sociology studies everyday social life, human interaction, institutions, behaviour and its origins. Sociology helps us to understand our and other people’s culture and environment.

(ii) Careers in Sociology.

1. Human Resources
2. Journalism
3. Social Work / Public services
4. Academics
5. Consumers Relations
6. Lawyer
7. Guidance Counsellor (Guidance counsellor use knowledge of the Sociology of learning to help students navigate the academic world.)

Class 11 Sociology Textbook Solutions Digest

• Introduction to Sociology Class 11 Sociology
• Contribution of Western and Indian Sociologists Class 11 Sociology
• Basic Concepts in Sociology Class 11 Sociology
• Social Institutions Class 11 Sociology
• Culture Class 11 Sociology
• Socialization Class 11 Sociology
• Social Stratification Class 11 Sociology
• Social Change Class 11 Sociology