Category: Class 11

Std 11 History Chapter 10 Question Answer Changing Times Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 10 Changing Times Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 11 History Chapter 10 Changing Times Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 11 Chapter 10 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write complete sentences.

Question 1.
The history of Indo-Greeks is known through their _____________
(a) literature
(b) inscription
(c) coins
(d) pottery
Answer:
(c) coins

Question 2.
Gupta dynasty was founded by _____________
(a) Sri Gupta
(b) Ghatotkach
(c) Samudragupta
(d) Ramgupta
Answer:
(a) Sri Gupta

Question 3.
After accession by defeating the Shakas _____________ took up the title of ‘Vikramaditya’.
(a) Chandragupta II
(b) Ramgupta
(c) Chandragupta I
(d) Kumaragupta
Answer:
(a) Chandragupta II

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Answer:
(b) Pushpatta – Floral designs

2. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
During the Gupta period, the power was concentrated in the hands of local landlords.
Answer:

• During the Gupta period, lands were granted to civil and military officers instead of salaries.
• The roots of the feudal system can be found in this period.
• It is believed that the feudal economy brought about the decline of urban centers.
• Because of revenue tax exemption on the donated land, the revenue too decreased and the royal treasury was depleted.
• It was concentrated in the hands of locals’ landlords. Because of this the king no longer remained in the center of power.

Question 2.
Every tide of the Huna invasion made the Gupta rule weaker.
Answer:

• During the period of Kumargupta son of Chandragupta II, the Huna in India began.
• Kumargupta withheld the attacks of Hunas.
• After Kumargupta, the succeeding kings proved to be incapable of protecting their kingdom.
• Finally, the Gupta empire disintegrated into many and small kingdoms.

3. State your opinion.

Question 1.
Samudragupta performed the Asvamedha sacrifice after Digvijaya.
Answer:

• Samudraguptas ambition was to rule entire India as a unified empire.
• Samudragupta first conquered neighbouring kingdoms.
• After the conquest in the North, he carried out an expedition in the south to conquer the southern kingdoms. The rulers of the regions beyond this conquered area became his feudatories.
• He made them accept his suzerainty.
• After this conquest (Digvijay) Samudragupta performed the Ashwamedha Sacrifice and proclaimed himself as Chakravarti king.

4. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Gupta Sculptures
Answer:

• The human figure was the central theme of the sculptures in the Gupta period.
• Human sculptures and images of deities were created during this period.
• Sculptures belonging to this period are found at many places such as Sarnath, Devgadh, Ajanta.
• During this period, Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain religious icons were made of stone, metals, and terracotta.

Question 2.
Indo-Roman trade
Answer:

• The Periplus of Erythrean Sea written in the mid 1st century C.E mentions the Red sea and the sea routes connecting coastal lines, ports, provinces, goods exchanged in trade.
• Items like textiles, black pepper, precious stones, ivory, and animals such as monkeys, parrots, and peacocks for entertainment were exported from India.
• Gold coins were the medium of exchange. Coral and liquor were items of import.
• A large amount of these gold coins found in south India gives an extent of the trade.
• The growing trade between Rome and India saw the rise of several markets and cities.
• Ter, Nevasa, Bhokardan were some of the places where commodities were stored.
• The port of Sopara and Kalyan were important centers of Indo-Roman trade.

5. Answers the following questions with the help of given points.

Question 1.
How did the standardization in various sections during the Gupta period take place?
(a) Division of Gupta administration
(b) Changes in economic structure economy of agriculture
(c) Development of Gupta coinage.
Answer:
(a) Division of Gupta Administrations:

• During the Gupta period, the king was the center of administration. The Prince, Amatya (ministers), and advisors helped him. Many times, the prince was appointed as viceroy who looked after the provincial administration.
• Every province was subdivisions These subdivisions were called Vishaya There was an independent administrator appointed to these Visayas. They were known as ‘Vishayapath’.
• ‘Kumaramatya’ were the provincial officers and ‘Ayuktak’ were the officials who looked after the affairs of the districts.
• Gupta’s administration was decentralized. Many decisions were taken.

(b) Changes in the economic structure, economy of agriculture:

• The economic structure of the agricultural system was changed by the Gupta kings.
• They preferred giving land to local farmers for tilling. Land donations were also made for the cause of religion and learning. These lands were tax-free.
• They were called Agraharas
• The civil and military officers were granted land grants instead of salaries. Because of revenue tax exemption on the donated land.
• The power was concentrated on the local landlord
• Sugarcane and wheat were cultivated in the northwest province of the Gupta empire while the rice was cultivated in Magadha and eastern regions.

(c) Development of Gupta Coinage:

• Gold Smiths enjoyed a high social status in this period.
• The gold coins are excellent examples of their skills.
• The beautiful and realistic portrayal of various aspects of the king is the characteristic of Gupta Coins.

Activity

Collect more information about ‘Harshacharita’ written by Banabhatta, with the help of the internet.
Answer:

• ‘Harshacharita’ is a biography of Indian Emperor Harsha by Banabhatta also known as Bana, who was a Sanskrit writer of seventh century C.E., India.
• This work is in Sanskrit. It has been categorized as an akhyayika (legend), a romanticized yet historical account.
• Harshacharita has been written in a florid and fanciful style.
• Bana has in detail and vividly described rural India’s natural environment as well as the extraordinary industry of the Indian people.
• This work presents the emperor’s actions in an overly favourable light.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Textbook Solutions

• India During Mauryan Period Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Post Mauryan India Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Changing Times Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Kingdoms in South India Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• India, Nations in the Northwest of the Indian Subcontinent a Class 11 History Textbook Solutionsnd China
• India, Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Delhi Sultanate, Vijayanagar and Bahamani Kingdom Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• India During Mughal Period Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Swarajya to Empire (Maratha Period) Class 11 History Textbook Solutions

Std 11 History Chapter 9 Question Answer Post Mauryan India Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 9 Post Mauryan India Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 11 History Chapter 9 Post Mauryan India Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 11 Chapter 9 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write complete sentences.

Question 1.
The last emperor of the Mauryan dynasty was ______________
(a) Ajatshatru
(b) Chandragupta Maurya
(c) Brihadratha
(d) Emperor Ashoka
Answer:
(c) Brihadratha

Question 2.
The Nashik inscription, mentions king ______________ as ‘Trisamudratoyapitavahana’.
(a) Gautamiputra Satakarni
(b) Hala
(c) Yadnashre Satakarni
(d) Simuka
Answer:
(a) Gautamiputra Satakarni

Question 3.
Satavahana King, Hala, compiled ______________
(a) Brihatkatha
(b) Gatha Saptashati
(c) Katantra
(d) Meghadoota
Answer:
(b) Gadha saptashati

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Answer:
(b) Gunadhya – Brihatkatha

2. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
During the Satavahana period, there was the rise of many trade centers.
Answer:

• During the Satavahana period, many industries and trade flourished.
• Various shrenis (guilds) emerged during this period.
• The trade and industries were controlled with the help of these shrenis. The shrenis also provided loans. Indo-Roman trade also flourished during this period.
• Trade centres like Pratishthan (Paithan), Tagar (Ter), Nasik (Nashik), Karhatak (Karhad) during the Satavahana period.

Question 2.
The caste system became rigid during the Satavahana period.
Answer:

• The society of Satavahanas was organized into four varnas.
• The caste system during this period became deep-rooted.
• The intermixture of varnas and castes, the closed nature of different guilds, need of including foreigners in the social structure were some of the reasons why the caste system became rigid.

3 Give your opinion.

Question 1.
Prakrit language was encouraged during the Satavahanas period.
Answer:

• Learning and art received royal patronage during the Satavahana period.
• Prakrit language and literature flourished during this period.
• Hala, the seventeenth king of the Satavahanas compiled ‘Gathasaptashati’.
  Gunadhya, a minister in his court wrote a text ‘Brihatkatha’ in Prakrit language named Paishachi.
• Thus, the Prakrit language was encouraged during the Satavahanas period.

4. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Nashik inscription of Gautami Balasri
Answer:

• The reign and achievements of Satavahana Emperor Gautamiputra Satakarni can be found in the Nashik inscription of his mother Gautami Balashri.
• Gautamiputra Satakarni is mentioned as ‘Shakapahlavyavannisudan’ i.e., destroyer of Shakas, Pallavas, and Greeks,
• Satavahanakulayashahpratishthapankar’ i.e., one who reinstalled the success of the Satavahana family and ‘Trisamudratoyapitavahana’ i.e., one whose horses drank the water of the three seas.

Question 2.
Naneghat-ancient trade route in Maharashtra
Answer:

• Naneghat is a mountain pass on the ancient trade route in Maharashtra.
• This route connects the ancient town of ‘Jirnanagar’ (Junnar) and the Kokan province.
• Sopara and Kalyan were the most important trade centers in ancient Maharashtra.
• Internal as well as foreign trade was carried on from these towns.
• Goods imported from Rome were unloaded at Sopara and from there it was carried over to Paithan and Kolhapur.

Question 3.
Gatha Saptashati
Answer:

• Hala compiled several poems in Prakrit. He selected 700 verses and compiled them and named them ‘Gaha Sattasai’ (Gatha Saptashati).
• This was the first text compared in the Maharashtri Prakrit language.
• The subject of these poems portrays human nature and transaction.
• Various religious observance, ethical norms, and contemporary festivals are described in it. Gathasaptasati reflects the social life in Maharashtra of the Satavahana period.

5. Write information about the Satavahana dynasty with the help of given points.

Question 1.
(a) Rise and expansion
(b) Administrative system
(c) Trade and industries
(d) Literature and art
Answer:
(a) Rise and expansion: After the disintegration of the Mauryan Empire, many new powers arose. Among them, the Satavahanas are mentioned as the earliest ruling dynasty in Maharashtra. The Satavahanas ruled over a vast region of Maharashtra, Andhra, and Karnataka. Parithan. Maharashtra was the capital of the Satavahanas. The mention of Puranas the Andhras or Andhrabhrutyas’ Probably these terms refer to the Satavahanas. Simuka was the first Satavahana king to be mentioned in the Naneghat inscription.

The most important king of this dynasty was Shri Satakarni, Hala, Gautamiputra Satakarni and Yajna Satakarni. Gautamiputra Satakarni conquered the Shakas and also Central India and the entire regions of Dakshinapatha. He also established his dominance over the Republic states in Central India and Rajasthan. Gautamiputra proved his strength by gaining victory over Nahapana. The Satavahana rule became weak due to the constant struggle between Shakas and Satavahanas.

(b) Administrative system: The state was divided into small provinces. Every province was under civil and military officials. Civil officials such as ‘Amatya’ ‘Mahabhoj’ and military officials such as ‘Mahasenapati’ and ‘Maharathi’ were appointed. Grama (village) was the smallest unit of administration. Grama was a source of revenue and also for the recruitment of soldiers during war-like situations. Grama was an integral part of the central machinery.

(c) Trade and industries: Agriculture was the main source of income. Along with it many industries and trade flourished. Various Shrenis (Guilds) also emerged during this period. The trade and industries were controlled with the help of these shrenis. Indo-Roman trade also flourished during the Satavahana period. Trade centers like Pratishthan (Paithan), Tagar (Ter), Nasik (Nashik), Karhatak (Karhad) developed during this period. Cotton cloth, muslin, and sackcloth, and other merchandise were the terms of trade. Kalyan, Sopara, Bhadoch were important trade centers.

(d) Literature and art: Learning and art received royal patronage. Prakrit language and literature flourished. Hala compiled ‘Gathasaptashati’. Gunadhya, a minister wrote Brihatkatha in a Prakrit language called Paishachi. Sarvavarma wrote a treatise on Sanskrit grammar named ‘ Katantra’. A new native Indian style emerged in this period. The four gateways (Toranas) of the Sanchi Stupa No.1 built during this period are excellent examples of this style. Many incidents from the life of Gautama Buddha are carved on these gateways. A number of rock-cut caves at Bhaje, Nashik, Karle, etc., belong to this period. Especially the Chaitya at Karle, its magnificent facade entrance and sculptural are the finest examples of the sculptural art of this period.

Activity

Collect information about historical remains in your surrounding area and prepare an information booklet based on the gathered information.
Answer:
Prepare a booklet based on the information gathered on the historical remains.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Textbook Solutions

• India During Mauryan Period Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Post Mauryan India Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Changing Times Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Kingdoms in South India Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• India, Nations in the Northwest of the Indian Subcontinent a Class 11 History Textbook Solutionsnd China
• India, Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Delhi Sultanate, Vijayanagar and Bahamani Kingdom Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• India During Mughal Period Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Swarajya to Empire (Maratha Period) Class 11 History Textbook Solutions

Std 11 History Chapter 8 Question Answer India During Mauryan Period Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 8 India During Mauryan Period Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 11 History Chapter 8 India During Mauryan Period Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 11 Chapter 8 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
The first well-known king of the Haryank dynasty is _____________
(a) Chandragupta Maurya
(b) Bimbisara
(c) Ajatashatru
(d) Mahapadma
Answer:
(b) Bimbisara

Question 2.
The Nanda dynasty was established by _____________
(a) Dhanananda
(b) Shishunaga
(c) Mahapadma Nanda
(d) Emperor Ashoka
Answer:
(c) Mahapadma Nanda

Question 3.
The great drama in Sankrit literature, Swapnavasavadatta, was written by _____________
(a) Kautilya
(b) Bharat
(c) Kalidasa
(d) Bhasa
Answer:
(d) Bhasa

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Answer:
(b) Greek ambassador who visited India during the period of Chandragupta Maurya – Megasthenes

2. Choose the correct reason and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
Emperor Ashoka erected many pillars.
Reason _____________
(a) Spread of art
(b) Spread of ‘Dhamma’
(c) Growth of trade
(d) For recognition of his work
Answer:
(a) Spread of art

3. Explain the following Statements with reasons.

Question 1.
Ashoka’s victory at Kalinga proved to be a turning point in history as well as the life of Ashoka.
Answer:

• There was a great loss of human life in this (Kalinga)war. Ashoka became victorious.
• The destruction caused due to the Kalinga war brought about a great change in the mind of Ashoka.
• His mind got diverted towards the non-violent, peaceful Buddhist religion.
• The desire of Digvijaya was replaced by Dharma Vijaya (Dhamma Vijaya).
• His career proved to be important because of the religious ideals propagated by him and the creation of a mechanism to until it in people’s life.

Question 2.
The war between Chandragupta and the Greek King Seleucus was very important.
Answer:

• Chandragupta Maurya defeated the Nandas and established the Mauryan dynasty.
• In the text of Mahavamsa, Chandragupta is referred to as ‘the emperor of Jambudvipa i.e. emperor of Bharatvarsh’.
• The Mauryas created a huge empire by conquering the big and small states in the northwest, north, and southern regions.
• As a consequence, the boundaries of the Mauryan Empire extended to the Hindukush in the northwest.
• The Mauryan Empire extended from Hindukush to the Bay of Bengal in the east and Gujarat in the west, as well as the Himalayas in the north to the Krishna river in the south.
• Thus, the war between Chandragupta and the Greek King Seleucus was very important.

Question 3.
The Mauryan administration acquired a definite form.
Answer:

• Chandragupta Maurya was a valiant king and an efficient administrator.
• He set up a defined mechanism of state administration which suited the economic conditions and the needs of the Maurya empire.
• The Mauryan emperors created a unified empire.
• At the same time, they devised a decentralized administrative system for the efficient functioning of the empire.

4. State your opinion.

Question 1.
Chandragupta Maurya is the first Chakravarti emperor in the history of India.
Answer:

• The concept of ‘Chakravarti’ occurs in the literature on ancient Indian polity.
• The sovereign ruler whose chariot could roll in all four directions without any obstruction was known as Chakravarti.
• It was expected that his rule should be ethical and for the welfare of the state.
• During his tenure, the wheel of ‘Ruta’ remains intact. His rule is on an extended territory.
• Thus, Chandragupta Maurya was the first Chakravarti Emperor.

Question 2.
The rock edicts of Ashoka are an important source of history.
Answer:

• The rock edicts and pillar inscriptions are found in many places in the regions of Afghanistan, Nepal, and India.
• These rock edicts and pillar inscriptions give information about the boundaries of the Mauryan empire.
• Ashoka’s effects to spreads Buddhist ideals and the written evidence of the spread of Buddhism and Indian culture in distant countries through the Buddhist monks sent by Ashoka occurs in these inscriptions.
• Thus, the rock edicts of Ashoka are an important source of history.

Question 3.
Various trade guilds developed during the Mauryan period.
Answer:

• During the Mauryan period, there was an increase in revenue due to a well-organized taxation system.
• Several industries and professions flourished during this period.
• As a result of this these professions were organised into trade guilds, for e.g., there were guilds of carpenters, weavers, farmers, etc.
• Thus, Various trade guilds developed during the Mauryan period.

5. Observe the map/picture on page 58 of your textbook and answer the questions based on it.

Question 1.
Regions included in Ashoka’s Empire.
Answer:
Regions of Afghanistan, Nepal, and India are included in Ashoka’s Empire.

Question 2.
Locations of Ashoka’s rock and pillar edicts.
Answer:
Ashoka’s rock edicts are found in locations such as Mansehra, Taxila, Kalsi, Toshali, Maski, Kupaga, Brahmagiri, Siddhapur, Sopara, Girnar, Kasi, Rupnath, Bairat.
Ashoka’s pillar edicts are found in locations such as Topra, Meerut, Nigliva, Rummindei, Lauruja Nandangarh, Saurya, Araraj, Ramparva, Sanchi, Sannati.

Activity

Collect information about the stupas during the period of Ashoka.
Answer:
In the Mauryan Period, mainly in the period of Ashoka numerous stupas were built and scattered all over the country. The stupas of solid domes were constructed of brick or stone of different sizes. The Ashoka stupas were constructed to celebrate the achievements of the Gautam Buddha. It is said that 84,000 stupas were built all over the country. One example of a stupa constructed by Ashoka is that of Sanchi Stupa.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Textbook Solutions

• First Farmers Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• First Cities of India Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Chalcolithic Villages in India Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Vedic Period Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Janapadas and Republics Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Second Urbanisation in India Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• India and Iran (Persia) Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• India During Mauryan Period Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Post Mauryan India Class 11 History Textbook Solutions

Std 11 History Chapter 7 Question Answer India and Iran (Persia) Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 7 India and Iran (Persia) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 11 History Chapter 7 India and Iran (Persia) Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 11 Chapter 7 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
The Greek historian ___________ is said to be the father of modern historiography.
(a) Herodotus
(b) Alexander
(c) Scylax
(d) Daryush
Answer:
(a) Herodotus

Question 2.
Taxila was ruled by King ___________ at the time of Alexander’s advent.
(a) Chandragupta
(b) Ambhi
(c) Porus
(d) Shashigupta
Answer:
(b) Ambhi

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Answer:
(d) Nysa – Greek settlement

1C. Write the names.

Question 1.
Last emperor of Achaemenid Empire-
Answer:
Daryush – III

Question 2.
Name of coins issued by Daryush-I
Answer:
Darik and Siglos

2. Explain the statements with reasons.

Question 1.
Alexander invaded Persia.
Answer:

• The Persians invaded Greece but were defeated. Thereafter the conflict between the Achaemenids and Greeks continued over a prolonged time.
• An impact of this conflict was to manifest in the way of the invasion of Persia by Alexander III, the King of Macedonia.
• Thus, Alexander invaded Persia.

Question 2.
Alexanders’ invasion of India did not have a far-reaching impact on the political scenario of India.
Answer:

• Alexander invaded India and conquered some kingdoms from Afghanistan to Sindh-Punjab. He could not however establish his rule for a long time.
• After his confrontation with Porus, Alexander proceeded in the direction of Chenab and Ravi.
• He conquered the kingdoms on the way and reached the bank of Beas. Alexander’s soldiers had lost spirit and they refused to march forward.
• Before setting on the return journey. Alexander handed over the regions in Punjab to Porus and those in Sindh to Ambhi.
• He appointed Greek satraps and in 325 B.C.E.
• Alexander died in Babylon. After his death, Chandragupta Maurya established his vast empire from Bihar to Afghanistan.

3. State your opinion.

Question 1.
Herodotus is said to be the father of modern history writing.
Answer:

• Herodotus was the first historian who collected information-seeking answers to a particular question and then put it in chronological order. While doing this he did not bring in notions like a god, human destiny, etc.
• Putting historical events in a chronological sequence became an essential theme of history writing.
• This theme proved to be fundamental in the development of history writing as an independent discipline.
• Therefore, Herodotus is said to be the father of historiography.

Question 2.
Ancient Taxila was the center of knowledge and education.
Answer:

• Buddhist literature and writings of the Greek historians give information about Taxila.
• There were several learned individuals (Acharyas) staying in Taxila.
• Many students from various regions of the Indian subcontinent were attracted to Taxila because of the fame of the acharyas.
• Thus, Taxila had become a great center of education.
• Thereby it had assumed the magnitude of a natural university.

4. Answers the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Describe the political and cultural effects of the Achaemenid rule on India.
Answer:

• The Persian supremacy prevailed in the Indian subcontinent for at least two centuries.
• The Persian rulers set up an administrative system.
• Every conquered region was annexed to their territory as a satrapy and a satrap (governor) was appointed as its chief administrator.
• A newly opened waterway for the transport between Persia and the Indian subcontinent facilitated trade between Achaemenid provinces in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent and the regions of Sindh-Punjab.
• The ivory and teak exported from India had great demand in the Persian markets. The architects, sculptors, and other artisans lost the royal patronage so they had to move out in search of work. They migrated to India.
• They received royal patronage in the court of emperor Ashoka. Their style is reflected in the stone pillars erected by Emperor Ashoka.
• Thus, the sculptural art in ancient India has its roots in the Persian; and accordingly, in the Greek sculptural style.

Question 2.
Describe Alexander’s invasion of India.
Answer:

• Alexander invaded the Indian subcontinent and conquered some kingdoms from Afghanistan to Sindh-Punjab.
• He, however, could not establish his rule there for a long time.
• Alexander became the king of Macedonia in 334 B.C.E. He defeated emperor Daryush III in 331 B.C.E.
• After conquering the region of Kabul, he reached the foothills of the Hindukush mountains.
• Then he camped at a place called Nicaea situated on Uttarapatha. Ambhi welcomed Alexander and sought friendship with him.
• Alexander conquered almost all kingdoms in Kabul, Sindh, and Punjab.
• On the bank of Jhelum, Alexander and King Porus confronted each other and there was a fierce battle between them.
• Porus was defeated but Alexander and his army were greatly influenced by his valour.
• Alexander’s soldiers had lost spirit due to the frequent battles and refused to march forward. Alexander was forced to return.
• Before returning, Alexander handed over the regions in Punjab.

Activity

Collect additional information about the palace at Persepolis and Apadana at Susa with the help of the internet.
Answer:

• Persepolis was the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire.
• Earliest evidence shows that the earliest remains of Persepolis date back to 515 BC.
• Apadana at Susa.
• Apadana is a large hypostyle hall. The palace complex in Susa, Iran, the capital of the Achaemenid Empire.
• The construction was parallel to that of Persepolis. This palace was built during the reign of Darius I, the Great.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Textbook Solutions

• First Farmers Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• First Cities of India Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Chalcolithic Villages in India Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Vedic Period Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Janapadas and Republics Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Second Urbanisation in India Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• India and Iran (Persia) Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• India During Mauryan Period Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Post Mauryan India Class 11 History Textbook Solutions

Std 11 History Chapter 6 Question Answer Second Urbanisation in India Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 6 Second Urbanisation in India Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 11 History Chapter 6 Second Urbanisation in India Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 11 Chapter 6 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
Ashmaka is the name in ____________ language.
(a) Pali
(b) Sanskrit
(c) Ardhamagadhi
(d) Prakrit
Answer:
(b) Sanskrit

Question 2.
The capital of Kashi Mahajanapadas was ____________
(a) Gorakhpur
(b) Chandranagar
(c) Raj agriha
(d) Varanasi
Answer:
(d) Varanasi

Question 3.
Gautam Buddha was born in ____________
(a) Kushinagara
(b) Sarnath
(c) Lumbini
(d) Pataliputra
Answer:
(c) Lumbini

Question 4.
The river ____________ was the natural boundary between Uttara Panchala and Dakshina Panchala.
(a) Yamuna
(b) Bhagirathi
(c) Ganga
(d) Niranjana
Answer:
(b) Bhagirathi

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Answer:
(c) Matsya – Virat Nagar

2. Choose the correct reason and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
Gautam Buddha travelled continuously for 45 years ____________
(a) in search of a Guru
(b) to practice austerities
(c) to preach dhamma
(d) to attain enlightenment
Answer:
(c) to preach dhamma

3. Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

4. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
The rise of Mahajanpadas came into being.
Answer:

• By 600 B.C.E. sixteen Mahajanapadas were established in India, from the northwest region to Magadha.
• Conquering other janapadas and annexing their territory permanently to one’s own, became a regular practice in the times of Mahajanapadas.
• Ultimately, this conflict resulted in the creation of a large empire like Magadha.
• Ancient India once again witnessed the rise of cities.

Question 2.
The process of second urbanisation began in ancient India.
Answer:

• The Janapadas with definite geographic borders and administrative systems were established roughly around 1000 B.C.E.
• It resulted in the creation of sixteen Mahajanapadas from Afghanistan stretching to the banks of the Godavari in the south.
• The capital cities of the mahajanapadas and some other cities, which flourished because of prospering trade once again brought the age of urbanisation in India.
• It is known as the ‘Second Urbanisation’.
• By the 6th century B.C.E. these and a few other cities had become very prosperous.
• Thus, the process of second urbanisation began in ancient India.

Question 3.
Vardhamana Mahavira and Gautama Buddha attracted a large number of followers.
Answer:

• Among the various stream of thought that arose in the 6th B.C.E, a large number of people were attracted to the teaching of Vardhamana Mahavira and Gautama Buddha.
• Their teachings showed the way to overcome the disparity in the society resulted from the Varna and caste system.
• At the age of 42, Vardhamana Mahavira attained absolute knowledge (Keval Dnyana).
• Thereafter, people started addressing him as ‘Kevali’, ‘Jina’ and ‘Mahavira’.
• While Buddha attained enlightenment at the age of 35. After that, he was known as ‘Buddha’, ‘Tathagata’ and also as ‘Shakyamuni’.

5. Explain the following concepts.

Question 1.
Nastik Darshan
Answer:

• Nastik Darshan refers to the Jain and the Buddhist schools of thought.
• In other words, both, the Jain and the Buddhist schools of thought are considered as the ‘nastik’
• Both refuse to accept the authority of the Vedas and the Vedic rituals.
• Both the schools had followers in large numbers from all strata of the society.

Question 2.
The eightfold path was preached by Gautama Buddha.
Answer:
Gautama Buddha explained the eightfold path by including:

• Samyak Drishti (To understand and accept that nothing happens against the rules of nature)
• Samyak Sankalp (Right determination)
• Samyak Vacha (Right speech)
• Samyak Karmanta (Right behaviour)
• Samyak Aajiva (Livelihood by right means)
• Samyak Vyayam (Conscious avoidance of offensive things)
• Samyak Smriti (Watchfulness and memory of right things)
• Samyak Samadhi (Establishing the mind firmly in equanimity; a state beyond pleasure and sorrow)

6. Describe the administrative system of the Mahajanapadas with the help of the following points.

Question 1.
(a) Terms showing types of states
(b) King’s installation
(c) Authority of the king
(d) Decision-making
Answer:
(a) Terms showing types of states: Rajya, Swarajya, Bhavjya, Vairajya, Maharajya, Samrajya, and Prameshthya were the different types of states that existed during the 6th B.C.E.

(b) King’s installation: A ‘Raja’ was expected to be a ‘Kshtriya’ and according to the existing norms, a Brahmin was expected to refrain from accepting the position of a Raja. The position of Raja was generally hereditary. However, at times, a king was elected by the people.

(c) Authority of the king: The coronation of a king gave him absolute authority over his subjects. He was the one to decide the amount of taxes to be collected from them. He was the ultimate lord of all the land in his kingdom and so he could donate any portion of that land according to his wish. Nevertheless, his power was not totally unrestricted.

(d) Decision-making: The king made his decisions by seeking advice from his officials such as Purohita, Senani, Amatya, Gramani, etc. Besides, there was an assembly of people of all classes. When it assembled everybody present could participate in the decision-making process. There were times when people’s assemblies made a king steps down from the throne.

Activity 1.

Collect and compile the information about Jain Tirthankaras.
Answer:
A “Tirthankara” is a saviour and spiritual teacher of the Jain dharma. Tirthankara in Sanskrit means ‘Ford-maker’ and is also known as “Jina” or “Victor”.
A Tirthankara is a rare individual who has conquered samsara, the cycle of death and rebirth
There were 24 Tirthankaras in Jainism. They are as follows:

1. Lord Rishabhdev
2. Lord Ajitnath
3. Lord Sambhavnath
4. Lord Abhinandananath
5. Lord Sumatinath
6. Lord Padmaprabh
7. Lord Suparshvanath
8. Lord Chandraprabh
9. Lord Suvidhinath Swami or Puspadanta
10. Lord Sheetalnath
11. Lord Shreyansnath
12. Lord Vasupujya
13. Lord Vimalnath
14. Lord Anantnath
15. Lord Dharmnath
16. Lord Shantinath
17. Lord Kunthunath
18. Lord Aranath
19. Lord Mallinath
20. Lord Munisuvrat
21. Lord Naminath
22. Lord Neminath
23. Lord Parshvanath
24. Lord Mahavir

Activity 2.

Collect information about Jataka stories. Select any of the Jataka stories and present, them as a stage play.
Answer:
Students have to do it on their own.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Textbook Solutions

• First Farmers Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• First Cities of India Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Chalcolithic Villages in India Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Vedic Period Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Janapadas and Republics Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Second Urbanisation in India Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• India and Iran (Persia) Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• India During Mauryan Period Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Post Mauryan India Class 11 History Textbook Solutions

Std 11 History Chapter 5 Question Answer Janapadas and Republics Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 5 Janapadas and Republics Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 11 History Chapter 5 Janapadas and Republics Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 11 Chapter 5 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
A region occupied by the ‘janas’ was called as __________
(a) Ganarajya
(b) Janapada
(c) Mahajanapada
(d) Gotra
Answer:
(b) Janapada

Question 2.
The principal functionary of a Ganasangha was known as __________
(a) Senapati
(b) Bhandagarika
(c) Raja
(d) Uparaja
Answer:
(c) Raja

Question 3.
The author of the ‘Ashtadhyayi’ which mentions ‘Janapadin’ was __________
(a) Kautilya
(b) Panini
(c) Chanakya
(d) Vyas
Answer:
(b) Panini

Question 4.
The sense of territoriality and the ensuing awareness __________ were the main factors responsible for the formation of ancient Janapadas in India.
(a) of unity
(b) of authority
(c) of autonomy
(d) of public authority
Answer:
(c) of autonomy

1B. Find the incorrect pairs from set ‘B’ and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Answer:
(d) Aparanta – the region to the south of Vindhya ranges

2. Choose the correct reason and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
The Ganasangha of the Youdhey, Malav, Kshudraka were mentioned as Ayudhajivi. Because-
(a) it was in the northeast region of the Indian Subcontinent.
(b) these people were skilled warriors and warfare was the means of their livelihood.
(c) they were skilled in trade and commerce.
(d) these were the ganasanghas dependent on agriculture and animal husbandry.
Answer:
(b) these people were skilled warriors and warfare was the means of their livelihood.

3. Complete the concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

4. Explain the concepts with examples.

Question 1.
Ganarajya and Sangharajya
Answer:

• ‘Gana’ means the ruling class comprising members of equal social status.
• Similarly, ‘sangha’ means a state formed by many kulas or janapadas by coming together.
• By the 6th century B.C.E. many sangharajyas had come into existence.
• There were three main types of the ancient federation of states in India:
• Ganarajya of the members of the same kula. For example, Malava and Shibi.
• Ganarajya was created by more than one kulas coming together. For example, Vajji Ganasangha. It included eight kulas. Vajji, Lichchhavi, Dnyatruk, and Videha were the important ganas among them.
• More than one ganrajyas coming together to create a sangharajya. For example, Yaudheya- Kshudrak Sangh.

Question 2.
Vartashastarpajivi Ganasnagh
Answer:

• Ancient Indian literature mentions two more types of ganasanghas.
• ‘Ayudhjivi’ sangh and ‘Varta-Shastropajivi’ sangh.
• ‘Varta’ means trade and commerce.
• The people in the Varta-Shastropajivi ganasanghas lived by trade and commerce, agriculture and animal husbandry, as well as their skills in warfare.
• People in the Kamboj and Saurashtra ganasanghas earned their livelihood by these means.

Question 3.
‘Jana’ and ‘Janapada’
Answer:

• Vedic people used the term Jana to designate a group of people, united under a common bond of singular kinship structure.
• Their settlement was known as ‘Grama’.
• A cluster of gramas consisting of the same Jana was known by the name of that particular Jana.
• A region occupied by a Janas was called Janapada.
• Gradually the Janapadas had more formal administrative structures transforming them into independent states.
• These were the first well-established states of ancient India.
• However, this does not necessarily mean that every Janapada evolved into an independent state.

5. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Describe the democratic and oligarchic states in ancient India.
Answer:
Democratic States:

• Some of the ganasanghas were divided into regional zones called ‘Khanda’.
• They functioned through a group of elected individuals, who were found capable.
• Each of the elected members represented his respective khanda.
• These elected members were installed with collective authority for the smooth running of the ganasangha.
• This was a democratic system. Ganasanghas which functioned in this democratic way existed in Punjab and Sindh at the time of Alexander’s invasion.
• Each elective representative of the respective regional zone was designated as ‘Ganamukhya’.
• Every ganamukhya was a member of the assembly known as ‘ganaparishada’.
• The decisions made by the ganaparishada were implemented by designated functionaries of various cadres.
• He was known as the ‘Adhyaksha’ or ‘Raja’.

Oligarchic States:

• In this type the elite class in the society held all the powers of decision-making and administration,
• Panini and Kautilya mention them as ‘Rajshabdopajivi’ Sangh.
• Panini includes Vajji, Andhaka, Vrishni, Yaudheya in the Rajashabdopjivi type.
• Kautilya includes the Vrijji or Vajji, Madrak, Kuru, Panchala, etc. in this type.
• This type of ganasanghas was more prevalent in the eastern region of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

Activity

Present an act in the class based on the simulation of the administrative system of an oligarchic state.
Answer:
Students have to make the presentation in class.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Textbook Solutions

• First Farmers Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• First Cities of India Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Chalcolithic Villages in India Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Vedic Period Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Janapadas and Republics Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Second Urbanisation in India Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• India and Iran (Persia) Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• India During Mauryan Period Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Post Mauryan India Class 11 History Textbook Solutions

Std 11 History Chapter 4 Question Answer Vedic Period Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 4 Vedic Period Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 11 History Chapter 4 Vedic Period Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 11 Chapter 4 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
The importance of agriculture is clearly emphasised in the ______________ mandala of the Rigveda.
(a) 4th
(b) 10th
(c) 8th
(d) 6th
Answer:
(b) 10th

Question 2.
A potter is mentioned as an artisan in the ______________ for the first time.
(a) Rigveda
(b) Yajurveda
(c) Samaveda
(d) Atharvaveda
Answer:
(b) Yajurveda

Question 3.
The god who protected the animals was known as ______________
(a) Indra
(b) Pushan
(c) Ashwin
(d) Varun
Answer:
(b) Pushan

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set ‘B’ and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Answer:
(c) Krishtya – Tribal settlements

1C. Write the names.

Question 1.
A branch of linguistics.
Answer:
Philology

Question 2.
A battle was fought among the ten tribal chiefs.
Answer:
Dasharajnya Yuddha

Question 3.
Cultivable land prepared by ploughing.
Answer:
Urvara

2. Complete the concept map given below:

Question 1.

Answer:

3. Choose the correct reason and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
Panis were looked upon as enemies by the Vedic people because-
(a) they belonged to a different tribe.
(b) their language was impure.
(c) Panis used to steal the cattle of the Vedic people.
(d) Panis did not obey the orders of the Vedic people.
Answer:
(c) Panis used to steal the cattle of the Vedic people.

4. State your opinion.

Question 1.
There is a debate about the original home of the Aryans.
Answer:

• The debate began in the 16th Century. Till then the concept of the ‘Aryans’ was not known.
• The European academics became aware of the similarities between Sanskrit and Latin-Greek languages.
• This resulted in the notion of the Indo-European language family which gave momentum to the search for a Mother language from which developed the Indo-European languages.

Question 2.
The Rigvedic people subsisted on agriculture.
Answer:

• The Rigvedic tribal settlements have been mentioned as ‘Krishtya’ in the Rigveda. ‘Krish’ means ploughing.
• Hence the people who ploughed and also their settlements were mentioned as ‘Krishtya’.
• The importance of agriculture is clearly emphasised in the 10th mandala of Rigveda.
• It states that for the farmer his ploughshare is the means of obtaining.

5. Explain the following concepts.

Question 1.
Origin of Aryan people.
Answer:

• There are multiple unanswered questions, such as, who were the Aryans, did they arrive in India from a distant place or were they natives of India, which are the archaeological sites where the remains of their culture are found, how to identify those remains, etc.
• Most of the information about their culture is derived from Vedic literature. There are various v opinions about the chronology of the Vedic culture.
• However, there is a general agreement that the Vedic people composed Rigveda in India around 1500 B.C.E.
• However, Lokmanya Tilak calculated this date as 6000 B.C.E. on the basis of astronomical events.
• He was also of the opinion that the original home of the Aryans was in the Arctic region.
• This debate began in the 16th century. Till then the concept of the ‘Aryans’ was not known.

Question 2.
Indo-European family of languages.
Answer:

• In the year 1583, an Italian merchant by the name of Filippo Sassetti came to Kochi (Cochin) the port city in Kerala.
• He never returned to his motherland. He stayed in Kerala and Goa. During his stay, he wrote detailed letters to his family members about Indian life, language and culture. He happens to be the first European who wrote about his observations of Indian society.
• He also studied Sanskrit. He was the first one who observed the similarities between Sanskrit and Latin.
• His observations could be said to be the first, to give impetus to the notion of a family of Indo-European languages.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Textbook Solutions

• First Farmers Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• First Cities of India Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Chalcolithic Villages in India Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Vedic Period Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Janapadas and Republics Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Second Urbanisation in India Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• India and Iran (Persia) Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• India During Mauryan Period Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Post Mauryan India Class 11 History Textbook Solutions

Std 11 History Chapter 3 Question Answer Chalcolithic Villages in India Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 3 Chalcolithic Villages in India Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 11 History Chapter 3 Chalcolithic Villages in India Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 11 Chapter 3 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
On one of the cemetery H pots, dead humans are seen carried by ____________ in their stomach.
(a) deer
(b) peacock
(c) fish
(d) bull
Answer:
(b) peacock

Question 2.
The archaeological evidence shows that Balathal was a center of mass production of ____________
(a) stone pots
(b) copper pots
(c) earthen pots
(d) glassware
Answer:
(c) earthen pots

Question 3.
Permanent villages of farmers were first established in Maharashtra by ____________ people.
(a) Savalda
(b) Malwa
(c) Harappa
(d) Kayatha
Answer:
(b) Malwa

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set ‘B’ and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Answer:
3. Ahar Culture – Balathal

2A. Explain the statements with reasons.

Question 1.
Harappan people had to migrate.
Answer:

• When the Mature (urban) Harappan civilisation collapsed completely, the people of Late Harappan cultures who had settled on the ruins of Mature Harappan cities had to migrate elsewhere.
• The urban Harappans and the Late Harappans dispersed. Wherever these people reached, new rural cultures came into being.
• Thus, as the Harappan civilisation collapsed, Harappan people had to migrate.

Question 2.
People of ‘Malwa’ culture were the first farmers of Maharashtra.
Answer:

• The people of Malwa culture reached Maharashtra around 1600 B.C.E. Permanent villages of farmers were first established in Maharashtra by the Malwa people.
• After arriving in Maharashtra, they came into contact with the neolithic people in Karnataka.
• It resulted in a few changes in the pot-making technology of Malwa people as far as shapes of the pots and designs are concerned.
• Thus, they were considered the first farmers of Maharashtra as they were the first to establish in Maharashtra.

3. State your opinion.

Question 1.
It seems that the Harappan people had gone as far as Bihar.
Answer:

• Chalcolithic sites have been discovered in Bihar, Bengal, Odisha, and Madhya Pradesh.
• The excavations at sites like Chirand, Sonpur, etc. yielded earthen pots of black-and-red ware.
• The shapes of these pots are similar to those of Harappan culture.
• Thus, it seems that the Harappan people had gone as far as Bihar, and the local cultures were influenced by them.

4. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Banas Culture
Answer:

• The chalcolithic culture in India generally belongs to, the Post-Harappan period.
• However, the ‘Ahar’ or ‘Banas’ culture in the Mewad region of Rajasthan was contemporary to the Harappan civilisation.
• Balathal and Gilund are important sites of Ahar culture.
• It was first discovered at Ahar near Udaipur, so it was named as ‘Ahar’ culture.
• Ahar is a tributary of the river Banas, so it is also known as ‘Banas culture’.

Question 2.
Malwa Culture
Answer:

• The name ‘Malwa’ tells us that this culture originated and spread first in the Malwa region.
• It flourished in Madhya Pradesh during 1800 B.C.E. – 1200 B.C.E. Navadatoli, situated on the bank of Narmada is an important site of Malwa culture.
• The people of Malwa culture reached Maharashtra around 1600 B.C.E.
• Permanent villages of farmers were first established in Maharashtra by the Malwa people. They were the first farmers of Maharashtra.

Question 3.
Kayatha Culture
Answer:

• Kayatha is a chalcolithic site situated on the banks of the river known as Chhoti Kali Sindh at a distance of 25 km from Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh.
• Kayatha culture was contemporary to the Harappan civilisation.
• The Kayatha people followed agriculture and animal husbandry.
• They mainly used handmade pots and microliths.

5. Write about the chalcolithic cultures in Gujarat with the help of the given points.

Question 1.
(a) Period
(b) Means of livelihood
(c) Geographical spread
(d) Evidence of cultural contact with other people.
Answer:
(a) Period: The chalcolithic settlements in Gujarat coincide with the following phases of the Harappan culture:

• Early Harappan phase (3950-2600 B.C.E.)
• Mature (urban) phase (2600-1900 B.C.E.)
• Post-Harappan phase (1900-900 B.C.E.)

(b) Means of livelihood: There are ample sources of semi-precious stones in Gujarat. Making beads of these stones was a big industry during Harappan times. The Neolithic settlements in Gujarat played a major role in procuring these stones. People residing in the neolithic settlements of Gujarat were mainly pastoral, that is people whose primary occupation was animal husbandry. Thus, making beads, animal husbandry, pottery making were some of the means of livelihood.

(c) Geographical spread: There are regional variations in the characteristics of the chalcolithic cultures of Gujarat. The chalcolithic pottery of Kutch – Saurashtra and Northern Gujarat are distinct from each other. The chalcolithic villages in Kutch-Saurashtra were abandoned by 1900 B.C.E.

(d) Evidence of cultural contact with other people: In the post-Harappan period there were two chalcolithic cultures in Gujarat. The culture in south Gujarat was known as ‘Prabhas’ culture and the one in northeastern Gujarat was known as ‘Rangpur’ culture. These cultures existed till 1800-1200 B.C.E.

Activity

With the help of the Internet, reference books, field trips, newspaper articles, etc. obtain pictures of excavated artifacts and architectural remains and arrange an exhibition under the guidance of your teachers.
Answer:
To be done by students.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Textbook Solutions

• First Farmers Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• First Cities of India Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Chalcolithic Villages in India Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Vedic Period Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Janapadas and Republics Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Second Urbanisation in India Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• India and Iran (Persia) Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• India During Mauryan Period Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Post Mauryan India Class 11 History Textbook Solutions

Std 11 History Chapter 2 Question Answer First Cities of India Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 2 First Cities of India Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 11 History Chapter 2 First Cities of India Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 11 Chapter 2 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
In the early phase of agriculture, making __________ pots and farming were the jobs of women.
(a) copper
(b) bronze
(c) earthen
(d) stone
Answer:
(c) earthen

Question 2.
Lothal is known for its ancient __________
(a) agriculture
(b) dock
(c) textiles
(d) tools
Answer:
(b) dock

Question 3.
A general impression prevailed that the Harappan seals had some connection with the __________ civilisation.
(a) Chinese
(b) Greek
(c) Mesopotamian
(d) Egyptian
Answer:
(c) Mesopotamian

Question 4.
The bodies (mummies) of dead royalties in Egypt were wrapped in __________ coloured cloth.
(a) white
(b) black
(c) red
(d) blue
Answer:
(d) blue

2A. Choose the correct reason and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
The major reason for the decline of the Mesopotamian civilisation was __________
(a) foreign invasion
(b) deteriorating environment
(c) loss in trade
(d) migration
Answer:
(b) deteriorating environment

2B. Find the incorrect pair from set ‘B’ and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Answer:
(c) Shortugai – Badakshan province of Afghanistan

3. Explain the statements with reasons.

Question 1.
The remains found in cities like Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Kalibangan, Lothal, Dholavira, Rakhigarhi, etc. are evidence of the past glory of this civilization.
Answer:

• A well-developed and rich civilisation flourished in the Indian subcontinent in the period from 3500-3000 B.C.E.
• This period is characterised by systematic town planning, with houses of baked brick, granaries, excellent drainage systems, public baths, and impressive public movements.
• Good administrative control over the distribution of water and other resources.
• Remains also prove a good social organisation, a proper social hierarchy based on the position of power.
• Flourishing internal and distant trade, mass production of goods, and craft specialisation developed writing system of script on Harappan seals give evidence of the past glory of the civilisation.

Question 2.
Lapis lazuli had a very important place in the Harappan trade.
Answer:

• A network of small towns, big and small villages, and campsites of semi-nomadic people functioned to cater to the needs of major urban centres of the Harappan civilisation.
• The Harappan settlement of ‘Shortugai’ in the Badakshan province of Afghanistan, is rich with mines of lapis lazuli, a semi-precious stone in Mesopotamia.
• The Mesopotamian epics describe Goddess Inanna’s palace, the walls of which were embedded with this stone, lapis lazuli.
• This stone was a very important commodity in the Harappan trade with Mesopotamia.

Question 3.
Harappan civilisation declined.
Answer:

• Sir Mortimer Wheeler in his study has concluded that the Harappan civilisation was destroyed by Indra, who destroyed the fortified cities.
• Vedic Aryans destroyed the Harappan cities under the leadership of Indra.
• The civilisation also declined due to the cumulative effects of factors such as the decline in trade, climatic changes, and the weakening of the economy.

4. State your opinion.

Question 1.
The Harappan cities and villages in the vicinity were interdependent.
Answer:

• The interrelationship between Harappan cities and villages was dependent on the mechanism of making available food grains and raw materials.
• A network of small towns, big and small villages, and campsites of semi-nomadic people, functioned to cater to the needs of major urban centres of Harappan civilisation.
• The city people were dependent on natural sources and villages in their vicinity, to meet the needs of urban lifestyle and urban administration.

Question 2.
The Harappan cities seem to have a well-organised administrative system.
Answer:

• The Harappan cities had a well organised administrative system to manage industrial production, import-export, the interrelationship between cities managing trading operations and villages around them.
• The town planning, standardization of bricks, weights, seals, shapes, and ornamentation of various objects, confirm the presence of an efficient administrative system.
• Cities like Harappa and Mohenjodaro were perhaps regional capitals.
• Lothal and Kalibangan were important religious centres.
• However, the nature of Harappan polity, whether it was a single state or a federation of small states, is not yet known.

5. Answer the following questions with the help of given points.

Question 1.
Write about the characteristics of Harappan cities with the help of the given points:
(a) Town planning
(b) Social organisation
(c) Administration
(d) Economy
Answer:
(a) Town planning:

• The town planning of Harappan cities was very systematic.
• Houses were of baked bricks, which included bathrooms, toilets, wells.
• Granaries existed, with impressive public monuments.
• The excellent drainage systems, public baths, and independent fortification walls are highlights.
• The grid pattern was used, where streets crossed each other in right angles, and the resulted blocks were used for building houses.
• The English bond masonry method was used with two headers and two stretchers to build a wall, which was especially useful for earthquake-prone areas.

(b) Social organisation:

• Social hierarchy was based on the position of power.
• Classes of skilled artisans and individuals were based on craft specialisation.
• Belief systems existed, with evidence of burials indicating rituals after death.
• Artifacts and architecture also indicate belief systems.

(c) Administration:

• Administrative control existed over the distribution of water and other resources.
• The size of bricks indicates the use of standardisation and ratio.
• Weights, set style of shapes and painted designs of pottery, majestic and non-residential buildings for public administrative offices are also seen.

(d) Economy:

• Harappan civilisation practiced mass production of goods for trade purposes.
• The concentration of factories and residences of artisans in a particular area of the city indicates the purpose of convenience of production, flourishing internal and distant trade, and administrative control over trade transactions.
• Well-shaped, beautiful earthen pots, statues, metal objects of gold, silver, copper, and bronze were made.
• Various types of beads were prepared, indicating a sound economy.

Activity

Collect information and illustrations with the help of the internet about the town planning of the Harappan cities and Chandigarh. Compare them.
Answer:
The town planning of the Harappan Cities:

• The Harappans were the first to build planned cities with a scientific drainage system.
• Their cities were built on a uniform plan.
• The people of Indus valley lived a highly civilized and developed life.
• This highly developed and scientific plan can be seen in the following areas.

Streets:

• The streets were straight and cut each other at right angles
• They were 13 to 34 feet wide and were well lined.
• The streets and roads divided the city into rectangular blocks.
• Lamp posts were provided at regular intervals.
• Dust bins were also provided on the streets which proves the presence of a good municipal administration.

Drainage System:

• The city was provided with an excellent closed drainage system.
• Each house had its own drainage and soak pit which was connected to the public drainage.
• Brick-laid channels were found through every street.
• The drains were covered and had manholes at regular intervals for cleaning and clearing.
• Large brick culverts were constructed on the outskirts of the city to carry excess water.
• The Indus valley civilization had a perfect underground drainage system.

The Great Bath:

• The most striking feature of Mohenjo Daro is the Great Bath.
• It consists of a large quadrangle. In the center, there is a large swimming pool approx. 39 ft long, 23 ft wide, and 8 ft deep.
• This swimming pool had rooms and galleries on all four sides.
• It had a flight of steps at either end and a well in one of the adjoining rooms. The water was discharged by a huge drain.
• The Great Bath had 8ft thick outer walls.

Granaries:

• The largest building in Mohenjo Daro is the granary which is 45.71 m long and 15.23 m wide.
• Granaries have also been found in Harappa and the southern parts of Kalibangan.
• These granaries were used to store grains which were probably collected as revenue or storehouses to be used in emergencies.

Buildings:

• People of the Indus valley civilization built houses and other buildings on the side streets.
• Built terraced houses of burnt bricks.
• Every house had two or more rooms, there were also more than one-storied houses.

The town planning of Chandigarh City:

• Chandigarh, the capital of the northern Indian states of Punjab and Haryana was designed by the Swiss-French modernist architect, Le Corbusier.
• Buildings include the Capitol Complex with its High Court, Secretariat, and Legislative Assembly.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Textbook Solutions

• First Farmers Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• First Cities of India Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Chalcolithic Villages in India Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Vedic Period Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Janapadas and Republics Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Second Urbanisation in India Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• India and Iran (Persia) Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• India During Mauryan Period Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Post Mauryan India Class 11 History Textbook Solutions

Std 11 History Chapter 1 Question Answer First Farmers Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 1 First Farmers Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 11 History Chapter 1 First Farmers Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 11 Chapter 1 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
“Yellow River” is the English translation of the Chinese name ____________
(a) Kemet
(b) Mother
(c) Sorrow
(d) Huang He
Answer:
(d) Huang He

Question 2.
The Australian archaeologist ____________ coined the term ‘Neolithic Revolution’.
(a) Gorden Willey
(b) Gordon Childe
(c) Herodotus
(d) Collingwood
Answer:
(b) Gordon Childe

Question 3.
The neolithic people at Gilgal had systematically planted ____________ trees.
(a) guava
(b) sapodilla
(c) fig
(d) Indian blackberry
Answer:
(c) fig

Question 4.
____________ in the Shirur taluka of Pune district is an important site of the village of Chalcolithic farmers in Maharashtra.
(a) Saradwadi
(b) Ranjangaon
(c) Pabal
(d) Inamgaon
Answer:
(d) Inamgaon

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set ‘B’ and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Answer:
(2) The valley of Nile – Egypt

2. Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.

Answer:

3. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
The camps of Mesolithic people developed into the first settled villages of neolithic people in Mesopotamia.
Answer:

• Mesopotamia is between the two rivers, Tigris and Euphrates.
• The Mesolithic people began to settle in the region (Mesopotamia) for a longer time, due to the availability of ample water.
• As both the rivers flooded annually, fertile soil was deposited on their banks.
• Ample water and fertile soil resulted in camps of Mesolithic people, who developed into the first settled neolithic villages, which grew wheat and barley.

Question 2.
‘’Huang He’ river is considered to be the mother of the Chinese culture.
Answer:

• The yellow silt brought by the ‘’Huang He’ river, earns her the name of “Yellow River” in English.
• The other names ‘River’ and ‘Mother’, indicate her extraordinary place in the Chinese culture.
• The name ‘River’ indicates her importance as a river.
• The Chinese culture evolved here, with wheat, foxtail millet, and rice being grown by neolithic farmers in the villages.

Question 3.
In the latter half of the neolithic age, Pottery-making had become an art that required special skills.
Answer:

• The neolithic pottery, in the beginning, was in monochrome, i.e., single colour with a burnished surface. Pots were polished by rubbing with a wooden or stone tool.
• Some pots had carved designs, using techniques of stamping and applique work.
• Gradually Neolithic people began to decorate their pots with painted designs.
• Thus, in the latter half of the Neolithic age, pottery making had become an art that required special skills.

4. State your opinion.

Question 1.
There were radical changes in the way of human life during the neolithic age.
Answer:

• In the neolithic age, people lived settled lives with permanently occupied dwellings.
• The common storage places of food grains indicated that transactions related to food production were centrally controlled.
• Hierarchical social and family structure and concept of inheritance have their roots in Neolithic times.
• Pottery making along with polished stone tools is an essential characteristic of neolithic culture.
• Beads of various types of siliceous stones and chank shells were made, indicating craft specialization and various classes of skilled artisans.

Question 2.
The Neolithic people invented the wheel and the technology they had developed so far, underwent a revolution.
Answer:

• Neolithic people produced wheel-made pottery.
• Wheel technology made it possible to produce pottery on a large scale.
• The invention of the wheel made it possible to obtain raw material from distant places in lesser time.
• It became easier to send the finished goods to distant markets, where it was in more demand.
• It helped to develop trade and commerce and transport on a greater scale.

5. Observe the map on page 2 of your textbook and answer the following questions based on it.

Question 1.
What is the name of the sea on the African continent?
Answer:
The name of the sea on the African continent is the Mediterranean Sea.

Question 2.
In which continent did Harappan civilization originate?
Answer:
The Harappan civilization originated in the Continent of Asia.

Question 3.
What is the name of the ocean in the south of India?
Answer:
The Indian Ocean is the name of the ocean in the south of India.

6. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Neolithic ‘Jericho’
Answer:

• The Palestinian city of Jericho, on the banks of the River Jordan, is the first neolithic permanent settle’ in 9000 B.C.E.
• It started getting organized into a well-knit society by about 8000 B.C.E.
• The village had a protective wall around it, with a watchtower, giving evidence of an organized society.
• It is proved that cultivation began in Jericho, as discovered at Gilgal a site near Jericho.
• Laboratory analysis has proved that neolithic people had systematically planted fig cuttings,
• This stands to be the first attempt at planned cultivation.

Question 2.
‘Holocene’ epoch
Answer:

• The last glacial period in the history of our planet came to an end about 12000-11000 years ago.
• This was the beginning of a new epoch, known as ‘Holocene’.
• With the beginning of the Holocene, glaciers began to melt, increasing the volume of water in rivers and oceans.
• As a result, the availability of animals and vegetation for food increased.
• The period witnessed the extinction of gigantic mammoth.
• A variety of fishes, small animals like goats, sheep, deer were available for food.

7. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Write in detail about the ‘first farmers’ and the beginning of agriculture in India.
Answer:

• Archaeological sites of Neolithic villages, which have been discovered prove that there were well-settled villages in the Indian subcontinent, as early, as 8000 B.C.E.
• Historian scholars generally agree that the Harappan cities evolved from these early villages.
• Barley was the main crop grown by the farmers in these villages, where wheat was grown on a smaller scale.
• The farmers in these villages were the ‘first farmers’ of the Indian Sub-continent. They lived in mud houses and domesticated cattle and goat-sheep.
• The transition from hunter-gatherer’s life to the beginning of cultivation spans through 10000¬8700 B.C.E.
• The beginning of cultivation is also the beginning of the Neolithic age. The period also marked the domestication of animals along with cultivation.
• While wheat and flaxseeds were grown, barley was the main crop in this period.
• Modified composite tools like fishing harpoons, spears, and arrows were made. Blades known as microliths and tools like sickle and scythe were used for harvesting cereals and fruits.

Question 2.
What knowledge was essential for the Neolithic people to make pottery?
Answer:

• The neolithic pottery, in the beginning, was in monochrome (single colour) with a burnished i.e., polished by running with a wooden or stone tool, surface. Some pots had carved designs.
• The techniques of stamping and applique work i.e., pasting wet clay ribbons and making patterns on them were also used.
• Painted designs on pots in the latter half of the neolithic age, made pottery art that required special skills.
• To master the art of pottery-making one needs to possess knowledge of the following things:
  • To know the source of clay of excellent quality.
  • To manage to obtain clay.
  • To knead and prepare the clay for pottery production.
  • To be able to turn the pot to the desired shape.
  • To have artistic skills for decorating the pottery.
  • To know the technique of making pottery at proper temperatures, approximately 850° – 900° Celsius.
• Pottery helps us to know the cultural history, the material richness of the place, where it was found.
• With the help of pottery, we can also know about the contacts of the residents of the place with other cultures.

Question 3.
Write about the trade and transport in the Neolithic age.
Answer:

• In the latter half of the Neolithic age, people had started using beasts of burden for transporting goods.
• Tools like axes, scrapers, and chisels enabled neolithic people to cut trees and work on wood.
• Probably the round-shaped pieces of wooden logs were used as wheels, as they could easily gain momentum.
• The neolithic people invented the wheel and the technology they had developed so far underwent a revolution.
• The Neolithic people began to produce wheel-made pottery. The wheel technology made it possible to obtain the raw material from distant places in much lesser time.
• It became easier to send the finished goods to distant markets where it was more in demand.
• It helped to develop trade and transport on a greater scale.

Question 4.
Write about the beginning of urbanization in the Neolithic age.
Answer:

• After settling down at one place for a long time, a feeling of ownership arose among neolithic people.
• This feeling was focused on their individual dwellings and the piece of land cultivated by them.
• With social organization and administration, the villages expanded.
• Along with it, awareness of collective landholdings and the village boundaries became prominent.
• It was thus felt that the village community had a natural right over the immediate territory around the village periphery.
• This kind of awareness of natural rights over a particular region is known as ‘territoriality’.
• Rules and norms were created to manage the collective resources, water sources, crafts dependent on it, trade and community life, etc. Consequently, rituals and their details gained importance.
• The need of managing and keeping records of trade, rituals, writing, systems, and administrative machinery developed.
• It gave rise to administrative centers. Such administrative centers attract a large population that includes officials, people from various occupations.
• As a result, the periphery of the original settlement kept expanding and cities came into being.
• Thus, began the process of urbanization in the Neolithic age.

Activity (Textbook Page No. 9)

Write in detail about any of the ancient civilizations.
Answer:
Among the ten oldest civilizations in the world, Mesopotamian, Indus Valley, Egyptian and Chinese are well known.
1. The Mesopotamian Civilization:
Mesopotamia is the Greek name of the region between two rivers, Tigris and Euphrates. Meso means the ’middle one’ and Potamos means ’river’. The region between the two rivers is ’Mesopotamia’.

• Name of the Civilization: Mesopotamian civilization
• Period: 3500BC-500BC
• Original Location: Northeast by the Zagros mountains, Southeast by the Arabian Plateau
• Current Location: Iraq, Syria, and Turkey
• Meaning: Land between rivers (ancient Greek)
• Major Highlights:
  • The first civilization in the world.
  • People developed the idea of agriculture and started domesticating animals for both food and farming.

2. The Indus Valley Civilization:

• Name of the Civilization: Indus Valley civilization
• Period: 3300 BC-1900 BC
• Original Location: Around the basin of the Indus river
• Current Location: Northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India
• Major Highlights:
  • One of the oldest civilizations in the world.
  • One of the three earliest civilizations along with Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt.
  • Most widespread covering an area of 1.25million kilometers. Also known as Harappan and Mohenjo-Daro civilization named after the excavation sites where the remains were originally found.
  • A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture. This culture was rich in arts and crafts.

3. The Ancient Egyptian Civilization:

• Name of the Civilization: Egyptian civilization
• Period: 3150 BC-30 BC
• Original Location: Banks of the Nile
• Current Location: Egypt
• Major Highlights:
  • Construction of Pyramids
  • One of the oldest and culturally rich civilizations and a majestic civilization on the banks of the River Nile is known for its Pharaohs, Pyramids, and the Sphinx.

4. The Chinese Civilization:

• Name of the Civilization: The Chinese civilization
• Period:1600 BC -1046 BC
• Original Location: Yellow River and Yangtze region
• Current Location: Country of China
• Major Highlights:
• Agriculture in the Neolithic villages of China began around 7000 B.C.E.
• Wheat, foxtail millet, and rice were grown by farmers in these villages.
• The invention of paper and silk.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Textbook Solutions

• First Farmers Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• First Cities of India Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Chalcolithic Villages in India Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Vedic Period Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Janapadas and Republics Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Second Urbanisation in India Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• India and Iran (Persia) Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• India During Mauryan Period Class 11 History Textbook Solutions
• Post Mauryan India Class 11 History Textbook Solutions