Category: Class 12

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Hindi Yuvakbharati 12th Digest Chapter 12 लोकगीत Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Hindi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 12 लोकगीत

12th Hindi Guide Chapter 12 लोकगीत Textbook Questions and Answers

कृति-स्वाध्याय एवं उत्तर

आकलन

प्रश्न 1.
(अ) उत्तर लिखिए :
(१) मन को प्रसन्न करने वाले – ………………………………
(२) धरती को नहलाने वाले – ………………………………
उत्तर :
(1) बादल।
(2) मेघा।

(आ) परिवर्तन लिखिए :

उत्तर :
बाग-बगीचे हरे-भरे हो गए हैं।
खेत और वन सब हरे-भरे हो गए हैं।

शब्द संपदा

प्रश्न 2.
उचित जोड़ियाँ मिलाइए :
अ – आ
(१) तालाब – (१) सरिता
(२) नदी – (२) सर
(३) बयार – (३) भ्रमर
(४) हवा – (४) भौंरा
उत्तर :
(1) तालाब – सर
(2) नदी – सरिता
(3) बयार – हवा
(4) भौंरा – भ्रमर।

अभिव्यक्ति

प्रश्न 3.
(अ) ‘सावन बड़ा मनभावन’, इस विषय पर अपने विचार व्यक्त कीजिए।
उत्तर :
सावन मास का नाम आते ही मन में ढेर सारी उमंगें हिलोरें मारने लगती हैं। सावन के महीने का भारतीय संस्कृति में विशेष महत्त्व है। कजरारी काली घटाएँ, उमड़ते-घुमड़ते, मदमाते बादल, रिमझिम फुहारें, भीना-भीना मौसम – सावन शब्द अपने आप में मनभावन है। अषाढ़ की तपती-झुलसाती गरमी के बाद सावन की ठंडी फुहारें तन व मन को प्रफुल्लता प्रदान करने के साथ वातावरण को भी सुरम्यता प्रदान करती हैं।

मुरझाई, कुम्हलाई धरा सावन की ठंडी फुहारों में भीग हरियाली की सुंदर चूनर ओढ़ स्वयं को बड़े मनमोहक अंदाज में सजा लेती है। सावन प्रकृति को तो सराबोर करता ही है, साथ ही मानव मन में भी उल्लास और उमंग भर देता है। प्रकृति खिलखिलाती है, तो मनमयूर झूम उठता है।

(आ) ‘बसंत के आगमन पर प्रकृति खिल उठती है’, इस तथ्य को स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर :
भारत में बसंत ऋतु को सबसे सुंदर और आकर्षक मौसम माना जाता है। बसंत के आगमन पर प्रकृति खिल उठती है। पेड़ों की शाखाओं पर नए, हरे-गुलाबी पत्ते आ जाते हैं। चहुँ दिशाओं में रंग-बिरंगे सुगंधित पुष्प दृष्टिगोचर होते हैं। उन पर मँडराती सुंदर तितलियाँ सबका मन मोह लेती हैं।

हर तरफ हरियाली का साम्राज्य दिखाई पड़ता है। संरदियों की लंबी खामोशी के बाद पक्षी मधुर आवाज में पेड़ों की शाखाओं पर नाचना और गाना शुरू कर देते हैं। मानो वसंत का स्वागत कर रहे हों। इस मौसम में न अधिक सरदी होती है और न ही अधिक गरमी। आकाश बिलकुल साफ दिखाई देता है। खेतों में फसलें पकने लगती हैं। सभी के हृदय आनंद से परिपूर्ण होते हैं।

रिसास्वादन

प्रश्न 4.
‘बसंत और सावन ऋतु जीवन के सौंदर्य का अनुभव कराते हैं। इस कथन के आधार पर कविता का रसास्वादन कीजिए।
उत्तर :
बसंत ऋतु आते ही हर तरफ फूल महकने लगते हैं। सरसों फूल जाती है और पूरी धरती हरियाली की चादर ओढ़कर खिल उठती है। कली-कली फूल बनकर मुस्कुराने लगती है। जिसके कारण तन-मन भी प्रसन्न हो जाते हैं। इस ऋतु के आने से खेत, वन, बाग-बगीचे सब हरे-भरे हो जाते हैं, इंद्रधनुष के विभिन्न रंगों के समान भाँति-भाँति के रंग-बिरंगे फूल खिल उठते हैं। भौंरों के दल प्रसन्न होकर फूलों पर मँडराने लगते हैं।

काजल लगी कजरारी आँखों में सपने मुस्कुराने लगते हैं और कंठ से मीठे गीत फूटने लगते हैं। बाग-बगीचों में बहार आने के साथ ही यौवन भी अँगड़ाइयाँ लेने लगता है। मधुर-मस्त बयार चलने के कारण सबके तन-मन प्रसन्न हो जाते हैं। इसी प्रकार मनभावन सावन आने पर बादल घिर-घिरकर गरजने लगते हैं, बिजली चमकने लगती है और पुरवाई चलने लगती है। मेघ रिमझिम-रिमझिम करके बरसते रहते हैं।

मानो प्यार बरसाकर हृदय का तार-तार रँग रहे हों। हर व्यक्ति का मन गुलाब की तरह खिल जाता है। दादुर, मोर और पपीहे बोलकर सबके हृदय को प्रफुल्लित करते रहते हैं। अँधियारी रात में जुगनू जगमग-जगमग करते हुए इधर से उधर डोलकर सबका मन लुभाते हैं। लताएँ और बेलें सब फूल जाती हैं। डाल-डाल महक उठती है। सरोवर और सरिताएँ जल से भरकर उमड़ पड़ती हैं। सभी मनुष्यों के हृदय आनंदित हो उठते हैं।

साहित्य संबंधी सामान्य ज्ञान

प्रश्न 5.
(अ) लोकगीतों की दो विशेषताएँ :
………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………
उत्तर :
(1) लोकगीतों में गेयता तत्त्व प्रमुख होता है।
(2) लोकगीत मुख्यतः जनसाधारण के त्योहारों से संबंधित होते हैं।

(आ) लोकगीतों के दो प्रकार :
………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………
उत्तर :
(1) कजरी
(2) सोहर

प्रश्न 6.
निम्नलिखित शब्दसमूह के लिए कोष्ठक में दिए गए शब्दों में से सही शब्द चुनकर शब्दसमूह के सामने लिखिए।
(शब्द – पुरस्कार, मितव्ययी, शिष्टाचार, अखाद्य, अमूल्य, प्रणाम, अहंकार, हर्ष, गगनचुंबी, शोक, प्रवचन, अवैध, क्षमाप्रार्थी, मनोहर, अदृश्य)

1. मन का गर्व –
2. आंतरिक प्रसन्नता –
3. जिस वस्तु का मूल्य आँका न जा सके –
4. धार्मिक विषयों पर दिया जाने वाला व्याख्यान –
5. किसी अच्छे कार्य से प्रसन्न होकर दी जाने वाली धनराशि –
6. प्रिय व्यक्ति की मृत्यु पर प्रकट किया जाने वाला दुख –
7. बड़ों के प्रति किया जाने वाला अभिवादन –
8. कम व्यय करने वाला –
9. आकाश को चूमने वाला –
10. जो विधि या कानून के विरुद्ध हो –
11. क्षमा के लिए प्रार्थना करने वाला –
12. सभ्य पुरुषों का आचरण –
13. मन को हरने वाला –
14. जो दिखाई न दे –
15. जो खाने योग्य न हो –

उत्तर :

1. मन का गर्व – अहंकार
2. आंतरिक प्रसन्नता – हर्ष
3. जिस वस्तु का मूल्य आँका न जा सके – अमूल्य
4. धार्मिक विषयों पर दिया जाने वाला व्याख्यान – प्रवचन
5. किसी अच्छे कार्य से प्रसन्न होकर दी जाने वाली धनराशि – पुरस्कार
6. प्रिय व्यक्ति की मृत्यु पर प्रकट किया जाने वाला दुख – शोक
7. बड़ों के प्रति किया जाने वाला अभिवादन – प्रणाम
8. कम व्यय करने वाला – मितव्ययी
9. आकाश को चूमने वाला – गगनचुंबी
10. जो विधि या कानून के विरुद्ध हो – अवैध
11. क्षमा के लिए प्रार्थना करने वाला – क्षमाप्रार्थी
12. सभ्य पुरुषों का आचरण – शिष्टाचार
13. मन को हरने वाला – मनोहर
14. जो दिखाई न दे – अदृश्य।
15. जो खाने योग्य न हो – अखाद्य।

Hindi Yuvakbharati 12th Digest Chapter 12 लोकगीत Additional Important Questions and Answers

कृतिपत्रिका के प्रश्न 2 (अ) तथा प्रश्न 2 (आ) के लिए
पद्यांश क्र. 1
प्रश्न. निम्नलिखित पद्यांशपढ़कर दी गई सूचनाओं के अनुसार कृतियाँ कीजिए :

कृति 1 : (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.
संजाल पूर्ण कीजिए :

उत्तर :

प्रश्न 2.
कविता की पंक्तियों को उचित क्रमानुसार लिखकर प्रवाह तख्ता पूर्ण कीजिए :
(1) जइसे इंद्रधनुष के फूल रे, सुनु रे सखिया।
(2) बगिया फूलल यौबन फूल रे, सुनु रे सखिया।
(3) आइल बसंत के फूल रे, सुनु रे सखिया।
(4) कली-कली मुसुकाइल बन के फूल रे, सुनु रे सखिया।
उत्तर :
(1) आइल बसंत के फूल रे, सुनु रे सखिया।
(2) कली-कली मुसुकाइल बन के फूल रे, सुनु रे सखिया।
(3) जइसे इंद्रधनुष के फूल रे, सुनु रे सखिया।
(4) बगिया फूलल यौबन फूल रे, सुनु रे सखिया।

कृति 2 : (शब्द संपदा)

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित शब्दों के समानार्थी शब्द पद्यांश में से ढूँढ़कर लिखिए :
(1) नेत्र = ……………………………………….
(2) धरा = ……………………………………….
(3) कुसुम = ……………………………………….
(4) ऋतुराज = ……………………………………….
उत्तर :
(1) नेत्र = आँख
(3) कुसुम = फूल
(2) धरा = धरती
(4) ऋतुराज = बसंत

पदयाश क्र. 2
प्रश्न. निम्नलिखित पद्यांश पढ़करदी गई सूचनाओं के अनुसार कृतियाँ कीजिए :

कृति 1 : (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.
उत्तर लिखिए :
(1) ऐसी बयार बह रही है ……………………………………….
(2) गौरैया के माथे पर ऐसा फूल सजा है ……………………………………….
(3) हरेक का मन इसकी तरह खिल रहा है ……………………………………….
(4) फूलों के आस-पास ये मँडराने लगे ……………………………………….
उत्तर :
(1) मस्त।
(2) काला।
(3) गुलाब की तरह
(4) भौरे।

प्रश्न 2.
निम्नलिखित शब्दों के लिए परिच्छेद में प्रयुक्त शब्द ढूँढ़कर लिखिए :
(1) आँचल – ……………………………………….
(2) बरसना – ……………………………………….
(3) काला – ……………………………………….
(4) हृदय – ……………………………………….
उत्तर :
(1) आँचल – अँचरा
(2) बरसना – झरना
(3) काला – करिया
(4) हृदय – मनवा।

कृति 2 : (शब्द संपदा)

प्रश्न 1.
पद्यांश में प्रयुक्त शब्द-युग्म ढूँढ़कर लिखिए :
(1) ………………………………..
(2) ………………………………..
(3) ………………………………..
उत्तर :
(1) झर-झर
(2) कली-कली
(3) तार-तार।

प्रश्न 2.
उचित जोड़ियाँ मिलाइए :
अ – आ
(1) फूल – सहेली
(2) सखिया – प्रसून
उत्तर :
(1) फूल – प्रसून
(2) सखिया – सहेली

कृति 3 : (अभिव्यक्ति)

प्रश्न 1.
‘बसंत में ऐसा क्या है, जो बाकी ऋतुओं से भिन्न है’ 40 से 50 शब्दों मेंस्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर :
बसंत का आगमन होते ही वे पेड़, जो पतझड़ के कारण अनमने और उदासीन-से खड़े रहते हैं, नव पल्लवों से ढक जाते हैं, पुष्पित हो जाते हैं। प्रकृति झंकृत हो उठती है। कोयल मधुर-गान करने लगती है। ऐसा अन्य ऋतुओं में नहीं होता। सरदी में बहुत ठिठुरन होती है, तो गरमी में भयंकर ताप संतप्त करता है। वर्षा ऋतु में चारों ओर कीचड़, पानी और गंदगी दिखाई पड़ती है। पतझड़ में वृक्ष शोभाहीन हो जाते हैं। बसंत ऋतु अपने मनमोहक रंगों, गंध और मादकता के कारण अन्य ऋतुओं से भिन्न है। इस ऋतु के आने पर मनुष्य ही नहीं, बल्कि पूरी प्रकृति ही मस्ती में झूम उठती है।

पद्यांश क्र. 3
प्रश्न. निम्नलिखित पद्यांश पढ़कर दी गई सूचनाओं के अनुसार कृतियाँ कीजिए :

कृति 1 : (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.
संजाल पूर्ण कीजिए :

उत्तर :

प्रश्न 2.
काव्य पंक्तियाँ पूर्ण कीजिए :
(1) बदरा गरजै बिजुरी चमकै, …………………………………
(2) दादुर, मोर, पपीहा बोले, …………………………………
(3) संकर कहैं बेगि चलो सजनी, …………………………………
(4) लता, बेल सब फूलन लागी, …………………………………
उत्तर :
(1) बदरा गरजै बिजुरी चमकै, पवन चलति पुरवैया ना!
(2) दादुर, मोर, पपीहा बोलै, जियरा मोर हुलसावै ना!
(3) संकर कहैं बेगि चलो सजनी, बँसिया स्याम बजावै ना!
(4) लता, बेल सब फूलन लागी, महकी डरिया-डरिया ना!

कृति 2 : (शब्द संपदा)

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित शब्दों का वचन बदलकर लिखिए :
(1) लता – …………………………………
(2) बेलें – …………………………………
(3) पपीहा – …………………………………
(4) बंसी – …………………………………
उत्तर :
(1) लता – लताएँ
(2) बेलें – बेल
(3) पपीहा – पपीहे
(4) बंसी – बंसियाँ।

प्रश्न 2.
उचित जोड़ियाँ मिलाइए :
अ – आ
(1) बदरा – मुरली
(2) बंसी – बादल
उत्तर :
(1) बदरा – बादल
(2) बंसी – मुरली।

1. अलंकार :

प्रश्न 1.
म्नलिखित काव्य पंक्तियों में निहित अलंकार पहचानकर
उसका नाम लिखिए :
(1) देख लो साकेत नगरी है यही,
स्वर्ग से मिलने गगन में जा रही।
(2) मखमल के झूल पड़े हाथी-सा टीला
(3) गोपी पद-पंकज पावन की, रज जामैं सर भीजैं।
उत्तर :
(1) अतिशयोक्ति अलंकार
(2) उपमा अलंकार
(3) रूपक अलंकार।

2. रस :

प्रश्न 2.
निम्नलिखित काव्य पंक्तियों में निहित रस पहचानकर
उसका नाम लिखिए :
(1) मोको कहाँ ढूँढ़े बंदे, मैं तो तेरे पास में।
खोजी होय तो तुरतहिं मिलिहैं, पल भर की तालास में।

(2) जो तुम आ जाते एक बार, कितनी करुणा, कितने संदेश
पथ में बिछ जाते बन पराग, गाता प्राणों का तार-तार।

(3) रे नृपबालक कालबस बोलत तोहि न सँभार।
धनुही सम त्रिपुरारि धनु बिदित सकल संसार।।
उत्तर :
(1) शांत रस
(2) शृंगार रस
(3) रौद्र रस।

3. मुहावरे :

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित मुहावरों के अर्थ लिखकर वाक्य में प्रयोग कीजिए :

(1) घाट-घाट का पानी पीना
अर्थ : हर प्रकार के अनुभव से परिपूर्ण होना।
वाक्य : बिना पैसे दिए उस अधिकारी से काम करवाना असंभव है, उसने घाट-घाट का पानी पीया है।

(2) आँखें चार होना
अर्थ : प्रेम होना।
वाक्य : आजकल के कुछ विद्यार्थियों की कॉलेज के दिनों है में आँखें चार हो जाती हैं।

(3) एक और एक ग्यारह
अर्थ : एकता में शक्ति होना।
वाक्य : जमींदार के अन्याय के खिलाफ उस युवक ने गाँव वालों को इकट्ठा कर कहा, ‘हम इस अन्याय का बदला लेकर जमींदार को बता देंगे कि एक और एक ग्यारह कैसे होते हैं।’

(4) कटे पर नमक छिड़कना
अर्थ : दुखी व्यक्ति को और दुखी करना।।
वाक्य : परेशान व्यक्ति को अपमानजनक शब्द कहना यह कटे पर नमक छिडकना है।

(5) शक्ल पर बारह बजना
अर्थ : बड़ा उदास होना।
वाक्य : बारहवीं कक्षा का अंतिम दिन था। मित्रों से बिछड़ने के ख्याल से हम सभी की शक्ल पर बारह बजे थे।

(6) पेट में दाढ़ी होना
अर्थ : अत्यंत चतुर होना।
वाक्य : अरुण शक्ल से भोला लगता है, पर उसके पेट में दाढ़ी है।

4. काल परिवर्तन :

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित वाक्यों को कोष्ठक में सूचित काल में परिवर्तन कीजिए :
(1) स्नेहा के हाथ से धागा छूटता है और पतंग उड़ जाती है। (सामान्य भूतकाल)
(2) हमारी साँस हमें पराए धन-सी लगती है। (सामान्य भविष्यकाल)
(3) वह आसमान पर रोज एक ख्वाब लिखता है। (पूर्ण भूतकाल)
(4) कोई ध्यान नहीं देता है। (अपूर्ण वर्तमानकाल)
(5) कैसा सवाल पूछते हैं आप भी? (पूर्ण वर्तमानकाल)
उत्तर :
(1) स्नेहा के हाथ से धागा छूट गया और पतंग उड़ गई।
(2) हमारी साँस हमें पराए धन-सी लगेगी।
(3) उसने आसमान पर रोज एक ख्वाब लिखा था।
(4) कोई ध्यान नहीं दे रहा है।
(5) कैसा सवाल पूछा है आपने भी?

5. वाक्य शुद्धिकरण :

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित वाक्य शुद्ध करके लिखिए :
(1) थोड़ी देर तीनों अपनी जोंपड़ी से बाहर थे।
(2) आज उशे नींद नहीं आ रई थी।
(3) इतने में पुलीस भी वहाँ पहुँच चूकी थी।
(4) लारी ऐक तेज आवाज के साथ आगे बड़ गई।
(5) जिंदगी की हलनचल का पत्ता आवाजों से लग रहा है।
उत्तर :
(1) थोड़ी देर बाद तीनों अपनी झोंपड़ी से बाहर थे।
(2) आज उसे नींद नहीं आ रही थी।
(3) इतने में पुलिस भी वहाँ पहुँच चुकी थी।
(4) लारी एक तेज आवाज के साथ आगे बढ़ गई।
(5) जिंदगी की हलचल का पता आवाजों से लग रहा है।

लोकगीत Summary in Hindi

लोकगीत विधा परिचय :
काव्य का एक प्रकार लोकगीत भी है। लोकगीतों की रचना पद, दोहा, चौपाई जैसे छंदों में की जाती है। लोकगीत में त्योहारों की बड़ी सरस अभिव्यक्ति पाई जाती है। इनमें गेयता तत्त्व प्रमुख होता है। कजरी, सोहर, चैती, बन्ना-बन्नी लोकगीतों के विभिन्न प्रकार हैं। लोकगीतों की भाषा में ग्रामीण जनजीवन का स्पर्श रहता है। ये परंपरा द्वारा अगली पीढ़ी तक पहुँच जाते हैं।

लोकगीत विधा विधा परिचय :
काव्य का एक प्रकार लोकगीत भी है। लोकगीतों की रचना पद, दोहा, चौपाई जैसे छंदों में की जाती है। लोकगीत में त्योहारों की बड़ी सरस अभिव्यक्ति पाई जाती है। इनमें गेयता तत्त्व प्रमुख होता है। कजरी, सोहर, चैती, बन्ना-बन्नी लोकगीतों के विभिन्न प्रकार हैं। लोकगीतों की भाषा में ग्रामीण जनजीवन का स्पर्श रहता है। ये परंपरा द्वारा अगली पीढ़ी तक पहुँच जाते हैं।

लोकगीत विधा विषय प्रवेश :
प्रस्तुत काव्य में बसंत ऋतु व सावन के आगमन पर होने वाले परिवर्तनों का सजीव चित्रण किया गया है। बसंत के आने से सरसों का फूलना, अलसी का अलसाना फूलों का महकना, खेत, बाग-बगीचों का हरा-भरा हो जाना, मधुर-मस्त बयार का चलना, तन और मन का प्रसन्न होना, यौवन का अंगड़ाइयाँ लेना, कजरारी आँखों के सपने और अंत में प्रिय के वियोग में आँखों से आँसुओं की झड़ी लगना आदि जनमानस की भावनाओं की सुंदर अभिव्यक्ति है।

सावन के महीने में बादलों का घिर-घिरकर आना, बिजली का चमकना, पुरवाई का चलना, दादुर, मोर, पपीहे का बोलना, अँधियारी रात में जुगनू का जगमग-जगमग करते हुए इधर से उधर डोलना, लताओं और बेलों का फूलना, डाल-डाल का महक उठना, सरोवर और नदियों का जल से भर जाना सभी मनुष्यों के हृदय आनंदित कर जाता है।

लोकगीत विधा कविता का सरल अर्थ

सुनु रे सखिया

(1) आइल बसंत के फूल ……………………………………………….. आइल।

नायिका अपनी सखी से कह रही है कि सुन सखी, बसंत ऋतु आ गई है। हर तरफ फूल महकने लगे हैं। बसंत के आने से सरसों फूल गई है, अलसी अलसाने लगी है और पूरी धरती मानो हरियाली की चादर ओढ़कर खिल उठी है। कली-कली फूल बनकर मुस्कुराने लगी है। सुन सखी, बसंत ऋतु आ गई है। इस ऋतु के आने से खेत और वन सब हरे-भरे हो गए हैं, जिसके कारण तन-मन भी प्रसन्न हो गए हैं।

इंद्रधनुष के विभिन्न रंगों के समान भाँति-भाँति के रंग-बिरंगे फूल खिल उठे हैं। सुन सखी, बसंत ऋतु आ गई है। काजल लगी कजरारी आँखों में सपने मुस्कुराने लगे हैं और कंठ से मीठे गीत फूटने लगे हैं। बाग-बगीचों में बहार आने के साथ ही यौवन भी अंगड़ाइयाँ लेने लगा है। सुन सखी, बसंत ऋतु आ गई है।

(2) बहे मस्त बयार ……………………………………………….. आइल।

मधुर-मस्त बयार चल रही है। मानो प्यार बरसाकर हृदय का तार-तार रँगने लगी है। हर व्यक्ति का मन गुलाब की तरह खिल रहा है। सुन सखी, बसंत ऋतु आ गई है। बाग-बगीचे हरे-भरे हो गए हैं। कलियाँ खिलने लगी हैं। भौंरों के दल प्रसन्न होकर फूलों पर मँडराने लगे हैं। गौरैया भी माथे पर काला फूल सजाकर इतराने लगी है। सुन सखी, बसंत ऋतु आ गई है।

सखी, ऐसी मनभावन ऋतु में मेरे पिया मेरे पास नहीं है। प्रिय के वियोग में आँखों में लगा काजल भी चुभ रहा है। अच्छा नहीं लग रहा है। सेज मानो काँटों से भर गई है। आँसुओं की झड़ी लगी है। ये सभी मनमोहक दृश्य बबूल के काँटों की प्रतीति करा रहे हैं। पर सखी, बसंत ऋतु फिर भी आ गई है फूलों की महक लेकर।

(3) सावन आइ गये ……………………………………………….. सावन।

मनभावन सावन आ गया है। बादल घिर-घिरकर आने लगे हैं। बादल गरज रहे हैं, बिजली चमक रही है और पुरवाई चल रही है। सावन आ गया है। मेघ रिमझिम-रिमझिम करके बरस रहे हैं और धरती को नहला रहे हैं। सावन आ गया है। दादुर, मोर और पपीहे बोल रहे हैं और मेरे हृदय को प्रफुल्लित कर रहे हैं। सावन आ गया है। अँधियारी रात में जुगनू जगमग-जगमग करते हुए इधर से उधर डोल रहे हैं और सबका मन लुभा रहे हैं।

सावन आ गया है। लता और बेल सब फूलने लगी हैं। डाल-डाल महक उठी है। सावन आ गया है। सभी सरोवर और सरिताएँ जल से भरकर उमड़ पड़ी हैं। सभी मनुष्यों के हृदय आनंदित हो रहे हैं। कवि शंकर कह रहा है हे प्रिय शीघ्र चलो, श्याम बाँसुरी बजा रहे हैं। सावन आ गया है।

लोकगीत विधा शब्दार्थ (सुनु रे सखिया)

• आइल = आया
• हरसाइल = हर्षित होना
• भइल = हुआ
• चिटकाइल = चटककर खिल उठी
• सेजरा = सेज
• सरसाइल = सरस हुआ अर्थात फूलों से लद गई
• गइल = गया
• कजराइल = काजल लगाया
• करिया = काला
• अँचरा = आँचल

लोकगीत विधा (कजरी)

• पुरवैया = पूरब की ओर से बहने वाली हवा
• दादुर = मेंढक
• सर = तालाब
• मेहा = मेघ, बादल
• हुलसावै = आनंदित होना
• सरसै = आनंद से भर जाना

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Marathi Yuvakbharati 12th Digest व्याकरण समास Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions व्याकरण समास

12th Marathi Guide व्याकरण समास Textbook Questions and Answers

कृती

1. अधोरेखित शब्दांमध्ये दडलेले दोन शब्द ओळखून चौकटी पूर्ण करा.

(अ) प्रतिक्षण – [ ]
(आ) राष्ट्रार्पण – [ ]
(इ) योग्यायोग्य – [ ]
(ई) लंबोदर – [ ]
उत्तर :
(अ) प्रतिक्षण – [प्रति] [क्षण]
(अ) राष्ट्रार्पण – [राष्ट्र] [अर्पण]
(अ) योग्यायोग्य – [योग्य] [अयोग्य]
(अ) लंबोदर – [लांब] [उदर]

(अ) प्रतिक्षण → प्रति (प्रत्येक) व क्षण या दोन शब्दांचा एक शब्द केला आहे.
(अ) राष्ट्रार्पण → राष्ट्र व अर्पण या दोन शब्दांचा एक शब्द केला आहे.
(अ) योग्यायोग्य → योग्य व अयोग्य या दोन शब्दांचा एक शब्द केला आहे.
(अ) लंबोदर → लंब व उदर या दोन शब्दांचा एक शब्द केला आहे.

2. अव्ययीभाव समास
खालील वाक्यांतील सामासिक शब्द ओळखून अधोरेखित करा.

प्रश्न 1.
(a) वैभव वर्गातील कोणत्याही तासाला गैरहजर राहत नाही.
(b) नागरिकांनी गरजू विदयार्थ्यांना यथाशक्ती मदत केली.
(c) रस्त्याने चालताना जाहिरातींचे फलक सध्या पावलोपावली दिसतात.
उत्तर :
(a) वैभव वर्गातील कोणत्याही तासाला गैरहजर राहत नाही.
(b) नागरिकांनी गरजू विदयार्थ्यांना यथाशक्ती मदत केली.
(c) रस्त्याने चालताना जाहिरातींचे फलक सध्या पावलोपावली दिसतात.

वरील वाक्यांतील अधोरेखित शब्द हे सामासिक शब्द आहेत.

सामासिकशब्द →

1. गैरहजर
2. यथाशक्ती
3. पावलोपावली.

प्रश्न 2.
खालील तक्ता पूर्ण करा.

उत्तर :

3. तत्पुरुष समास
खालील वाक्यांतील सामासिक शब्द ओळखून अधोरेखित करा.

प्रश्न 1.
(a) मेट्रो रेल्वेचा लोकार्पण सोहळा थाटामाटात पार पडला.
(b) सुप्रभाती तलावात नीलकमल उमललेले दिसले.
(c) शिक्षण प्रक्रियेत पालक, शिक्षक आणि विदयार्थी हा आदर्श त्रिकोण असतो.
उत्तर :
(a) मेट्रो रेल्वेचा लोकार्पण सोहळा थाटामाटात पार पडला.
(b) सुप्रभाती तलावात नीलकमल उमललेले दिसले.
(c) शिक्षण प्रक्रियेत पालक, शिक्षक आणि विदयार्थी हा आदर्श त्रिकोण असतो.

वरील वाक्यांतील अधोरेखित शब्द हे सामासिक शब्द आहेत.
सामासिक शब्द →

1. लोकार्पण
2. नीलकमल
3. त्रिकोण.

प्रश्न 1.
खालील तक्ता पूर्ण करा.

उत्तर :

प्रश्न अ.
विभक्ती तत्पुरुष समास
पुढील उदाहरणांचा अभ्यास करून तक्ता पूर्ण करा.

उत्तर :

प्रश्न आ.
कर्मधारय समास
पुढील वाक्ये अभ्यासून तक्ता पूर्ण करा.
(१) गुप्तहेर वेशांतर करून खऱ्या माहितीचा शोध घेतात.
(२) अतिवृष्टीमुळे ओला दुष्काळ पडला.
(३) काही माणसे केलेल्या कामाचे मानधन घेणे टाळतात.
(४) निळासावळा झरा वाहतो बेटाबेटांतुन.

उत्तर :

प्रश्न इ.
द्विगू समास
खालील वाक्यांतील सामासिक शब्द ओळखून दिलेला तक्ता पूर्ण करा.
(१) सूर्याच्या सोनेरी किरणांनी दशदिशा उजळून निघाल्यात.
(२) नवरात्रात ठिकठिकाणी गरबा नृत्याचे कार्यक्रम चालतात.
(३) सुरेखाला वन्यजीव सप्ताहानिमित्त झालेल्या वक्तृत्व स्पर्धेत प्रथम क्रमांक प्राप्त झाला.

उत्तर :

प्रश्न 2.
तत्पुरुष समासाचे प्रकार ओळखून खालील तक्ता पूर्ण करा.

उत्तर :

4. द्वंद्व समास

प्रश्न 1.
खालील उदाहरणांतील सामासिक शब्द ओळखून अधोरेखित करा.
(a) पतिपत्नी ही संसाररथाची दोन महत्त्वाची चाके आहेत.
(b) योग्य पुरावा उपलब्ध झाला, की खरेखोटे कळतेच.
(c) स्नेहमेळाव्यात मित्रमैत्रिणींच्या गप्पागोष्टी रंगात आल्या.
उत्तर :
(a) पतिपत्नी ही संसाररथाची दोन महत्त्वाची चाके आहेत.
(b) योग्य पुरावा उपलब्ध झाला, की खरेखोटे कळतेच.
(c) स्नेहमेळाव्यात मित्रमैत्रिणींच्या गप्पागोष्टी रंगात आल्या.

प्रश्न 2.
खालील तक्ता पूर्ण करा.

उत्तर :

प्रश्न 3.
खालील तक्ता पूर्ण करा.

उत्तर :

5. बहुव्रीही समास

प्रश्न 1.
खालील उदाहरणे अभ्यासा व त्यातील सामासिक शब्द अधोरेखित करा.
(१) कृष्णा हा माझा सहाध्यायी आहे.
(२) काल रात्री आमच्या परिसरात नीरव शांतता होती.
(३) रावणाला दशमुख असेही संबोधले जाते.
उत्तर :
(१) सहाध्यायी → जो माझ्यासह अध्ययन करतो असा तो → (कृष्णा)
(२) नीरव → अजिबात आवाज जीत नसतो अशी → (शांतता)
(३) दशमुख → दहा मुखे आहेत ज्याला असा तो → (रावण)

प्रश्न 2.
खालील तक्ता पूर्ण करा.

उत्तर :

Marathi Yuvakbharati 12th Digest व्याकरण समास Additional Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
पुढील वाक्ये वाचा व अधोरेखित शब्दांकडे नीट लक्ष दया :
(a) प्रत्येकाने प्रतिक्षण सतर्क असावे.
(b) स्वातंत्र्यवीरांनी आपले तन–मन राष्ट्रार्पण केले.
(c) सज्जन माणूस योग्यायोग्यतेचा निवाडा करतो.
(d) लंबोदर विदयेची देवता आहे.
उत्तर :
(a) प्रतिक्षण
(b) राष्ट्रार्पण
(c) योग्यायोग्यतेचा
(d) लंबोदर

• वरील प्रत्येकी दोन शब्दांतील मधले काही शब्द व विभक्ती प्रत्यय गाळून जोडशब्द तयार केले आहेत.

कमीत कमी दोन शब्दांच्या एकत्रीकरणाला समास असे म्हणतात. एकत्रीकरणाने जो नवीन जोडशब्द तयार होतो, त्याला सामासिक शब्द म्हणतात आणि तयार झालेला सामासिक शब्द फोड करून सांगण्याच्या प्रक्रियेला समासाचा विग्रह असे म्हणतात.

सामासिक शब्द – विग्रह

• प्रतिक्षण – प्रत्येक क्षणाला
• राष्ट्रार्पण – राष्ट्राला अर्पण
• योग्यायोग्य – योग्य किंवा अयोग्य
• लंबोदर – लंब आहे उदर (पोट) असा तो

समासात कमीत कमी दोन शब्द असतात.
समासातील शब्दांना पद म्हणतात.
पहिला शब्द म्हणजे पहिले पद.
दुसरा शब्द म्हणजे दुसरे पद.
समासातील कोणते पद महत्त्वाचे किंवा प्रधान आहे, यावरून समासाचे प्रकार ठरतात.

महत्त्वाचे पद म्हणजे प्रधान पद (+)
कमी महत्त्वाचे पद म्हणजे गौण पद (-)

पहिले पद दुसरे पद समासाचा प्रकार

• प्रधान गौण = अव्ययीभाव समास (+–) (प्रतिक्षण)
• गौण प्रधान = तत्पुरुष समास (– +) (राष्ट्रार्पण)
• प्रधान प्रधान = वंद्व समास (++) (योग्यायोग्य)
• गौण गौण = बहुव्रीही समास (––) (लंबोदर)

अव्ययीभाव समास

• या सामासिक शब्दांतील पहिले पद हे महत्त्वाचे आहे व संपूर्ण शब्द वाक्यात क्रियाविशेषण अव्ययाचे कार्य करतो.

ज्या समासातील पहिले पद महत्त्वाचे असते व जो सामासिक शब्द क्रियाविशेषण अव्ययाचे कार्य करतो, त्या समासाला अव्ययीभाव समास म्हणतात.

आ, प्रति, यथा इत्यादी संस्कृत उपसर्ग आणि दर, बिन, बे यांसारखे फारशी उपसर्ग यांच्या साहाय्याने अव्ययीभाव समासातले सामासिक शब्द तयार होतात. तसेच, काही मराठी शब्दांची द्विरुक्ती होऊनही काही सामासिक शब्द तयार होतात. उदा., पुढील शब्द पाहा.

आणखी काही सामासिक शब्द [अव्ययीभाव समास] :

• आजन्म
• आमरण
• प्रतिदिन
• यथावकाश
• यथाक्रम
• बिनधास्त
• बिनचूक
• दरसाल
• दररोज
• बेपर्वा
• दारोदारी
• गावोगाव
• दिवसेंदिवस
• गल्लोगल्ली
• जागोजागी
• बेशिस्त

तत्पुरुष समास

• या सामासिक शब्दांतील दुसरे पद हे महत्त्वाचे आहे.

ज्या समासातील दुसरे पद महत्त्वाचे असते व अर्थाच्या दृष्टीने गाळलेला शब्द किंवा विभक्तिप्रत्यय विग्रह करताना घालावा लागतो, त्यास तत्पुरुष समास म्हणतात.

म्हणून,

तत्पुरुष समासाच्या तीन उपप्रकारांचा अभ्यास करू या :

• विभक्ती तत्पुरुष
• कर्मधारय
• द्विगू.

विभक्ती तत्पुरुष :
विभक्ती तत्पुरुष समासातील सामासिक शब्दात विभक्ती प्रत्यय किंवा शब्दयोगी अव्यय गाळलेले असते.

उदा.,

• क्रीडेसाठी अंगण → क्रीडांगण
• विदयेचे आलय → विदयालय

वरील पहिल्या उदाहरणात ‘साठी’ हे शब्दयोगी अव्यय तर दुसऱ्या उदाहरणात ‘चे’ हा विभक्तिप्रत्यय गाळला आहे.

म्हणून,

ज्या तत्पुरुष समासात विभक्ती प्रत्ययाचा किंवा शब्दयोगी अव्ययाचा लोप करून दोन्ही पदे जोडली जातात, त्यास विभक्ती तत्पुरुष समास म्हणतात.

काही विभक्ती तत्पुरुष समासाचे सामासिक शब्द :

• ईश्वरनिर्मित
• गुणहीन
• तोंडपाठ
• मतिमंद
• लोकप्रिय
• देवघर
• वसतिगृह
• दुःखमुक्त
• आम्रवृक्ष
• कार्यक्रम
• गणेश
• दीनानाथ
• मन:स्थिती
• मोरपीस
• वातावरण
• स्वभाव
• सूर्योदय
• हिमालय
• ज्ञानेश्वर
• स्वाभिमान
• घरकाम
• स्वर्गवास
• वनमाला
• सिंहगर्जना

कर्मधारय समास :

प्रश्न 1.
पुढील सामासिक शब्द नीट अभ्यासा :
(a) अमृतवाणी→ दोन्ही पदे ‘प्रथमा’ विभक्तीत
(b) नीलकमल → पहिले पद विशेषण व दुसरे नाम
(c) घननीळ → दुसरे पद विशेषण व पहिले नाम
(d) नरसिंह → पहिले पद उपमेय व दुसरे उपमान
(e) कमलनयन → पहिले पद उपमान व दुसरे उपमेय
(f) मातृभूमी → दोन्ही पदे एकरूप
(g) शुभ्रधवल → दोन्ही पदे विशेषणे.
उत्तर :
(a) अमृतवाणी → अमृतासारखी वाणी
(b) नीलकमल → निळे असे कमळ
(c) घननीळ → निळा असा घन
(d) नरसिंह → सिंहासारखा नर
(e) कमलनयन → कमलासारखे डोळे
(f) मातृभूमी → भूमी हीच माता.

ज्या तत्पुरुष समासातील दोन्ही पदे एकाच विभक्तीत म्हणजे साधारणतः प्रथमा विभक्तीत असतात आणि त्यातील एक पद विशेषण व दुसरे नाम असते, त्यास कर्मधारय समास म्हणतात.

कर्मधारय समासाचे काही सामासिक शब्द :

• मुखचंद्रमा
• श्यामसुंदर
• कृष्णविवर
• विदयाधन
• दीर्घकाळ
• महादेव
• भारतमाता
• महर्षी
• महाराष्ट्र
• सुदैव
• ज्ञानामृत
• महाराज
• महात्मा
• पांढराशुभ्र
• तपोधन
• गुणिजन

द्विगू समास :

प्रश्न 1.
पुढील वाक्यांतील सामासिक शब्द ओळखून दिलेला तक्ता पूर्ण करा :
(a) सूर्याच्या सोनेरी किरणांनी दशदिशा उजळून निघाल्यात.
(b) नवरात्रात ठिकठिकाणी गरबा नृत्याचे कार्यक्रम चालतात.
(c) सुरेखाला वन्यजीव सप्ताहानिमित्त झालेल्या वक्तृत्व स्पर्धेत प्रथम क्रमांक प्राप्त झाला.
उत्तर :
(a) दशदिशा = दश + दिशा → पहिले पद संख्याविशेषण
(b) नवरात्र = नऊ + रात्र → पहिले पद संख्याविशेषण
(c) सप्ताह = सप्त + आह → पहिले पद संख्याविशेषण

ज्या तत्पुरुष समासातील पहिले पद संख्याविशेषण व दुसरे पद नाम असते, त्यास द्विगू समास म्हणतात.

द्विगू समासाचे काही सामासिक शब्द :

• द्विदल
• त्रिखंड
• त्रिकोण
• त्रिभुवन
• चौकोन
• पंचगंगा
• षट्कोन
• षण्मास
• सप्तसिंधू
• सप्तस्वर्ग
• सप्तपदी
• पंचारती
• पंचपाळे
• अष्टकोन
• आठवडा
• दशदिशा

वंद्व समास

ज्या समासातील दोन्ही पदे प्रधान (समान दर्जाची) असतात, त्यास दुवंद्व समास म्हणतात.

सामासिक शब्दाच्या विग्रहावरून वंद्व समासाचे तीन प्रकार पडतात :

• इतरेतर द्वंद्व
• वैकल्पिक द्वंद्व
• समाहार वंद्व.

इतरेतर द्वंद्व समास :

प्रश्न 1.
पुढील वाक्ये वाचा व अधोरेखित शब्दांकडे नीट लक्ष या :
(a) आईवडील ही घरातील दैवते आहेत.
(b) भाऊबहीण दोघेही एकाच महाविदयालयात आहेत.
उत्तर :
(a) आईवडील → आई आणि वडील.
(b) भाऊबहीण → भाऊ व बहीण.

जेव्हा द्वंद्व समासातील सामासिक शब्दांचा विग्रह करताना ‘आणि, व’ या उभयान्वयी अव्ययांचा वापर केला जातो, तेव्हा त्यास इतरेतर द्वंद्व समास म्हणतात.

बह्वीही समासाचे काही सामासिक शब्द :

• लंबोदर
• गजानन
• नीलकंठ
• भालचंद्र
• अष्टभुजा
• अनाथ
• दशानन
• निर्धन
• पंचमुखी
• कमलनयन
• अभंग
• निबल

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Marathi Yuvakbharati 12th Digest व्याकरण वाक्यरूपांतर Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Marathi Yuvakbharati Solutions व्याकरण वाक्यरूपांतर

12th Marathi Guide व्याकरण वाक्यरूपांतर Textbook Questions and Answers

कृती

1. खालील तक्ता पूर्ण करा.

उत्तर :
(१) दिलेल्या सूचनांचे पालन करा.

• वाक्यप्रकार → आज्ञार्थी वाक्य
• विधानार्थी वाक्य → दिलेल्या सूचनांचे पालन करणे आवश्यक आहे.

(२) बापरे! किती वेगाने वाहने चालवतात ही तरुण मुले!

• वाक्यप्रकार → उद्गारार्थी वाक्य
• विधानार्थी – नकारार्थी वाक्य → तरुण मुलांनी खूप वेगाने वाहने चालवू नयेत.

(३) स्वयंशिस्त ही खरी शिस्त नाही का?

• वाक्यप्रकार → प्रश्नार्थी वाक्य
• विधानार्थी – होकारार्थी वाक्य → स्वयंशिस्त ही खरी शिस्त आहे.

(४) मोबाइलचा अतिवापर योग्य नाही.

• वाक्यप्रकार → विधानार्थी – नकारार्थी वाक्य
• आज्ञार्थी वाक्य → मोबाइलचा अतिवापर टाळा.

(५) खऱ्या समाजसेवकाला लोकनिंदेची भीती नसते.

• वाक्यप्रकार → विधानार्थी – नकारार्थी वाक्य
• प्रश्नार्थी वाक्य → खऱ्या समाजसेवकाला लोकनिंदेची भीती असते का?

(६) विदयार्थ्यांनी संदर्भग्रंथांचे वाचन करावे.

• वाक्यप्रकार → विधानार्थी वाक्य
• आज्ञार्थी वाक्य → विदयार्थ्यांनो, संदर्भग्रंथांचे वाचन करा.

2. कंसातील सूचनेप्रमाणे वाक्यरूपांतर करा.

(a) सकाळी फिरणे आरोग्यास हितकारक आहे. (नकारार्थी करा.)
(b) तुम्ही काम अचूक करा. (विधानार्थी करा.)
(c) किती सुंदर आहे ही पाषाणमूर्ती! (विधानार्थी करा.)
(d) पांढरा रंग सर्वांना आवडतो. (प्रश्नार्थी करा.)
(e) चैनीच्या वस्तू महाग असतात. (नकारार्थी करा.)
(f) तुझ्या भेटीने खूप आनंद झाला. (उद्गारार्थी करा.)
(g) अबब! काय हा चमत्कार! (विधानार्थी करा.)
(h) तुम्ही कोणाशीच वाईट बोलू नका. (होकारार्थी करा.)
(i) निरोगी राहावे असे कोणाला वाटत नाही ? (विधानार्थी करा.)
(j) दवाखान्यात मोठ्या आवाजात बोलू नये. (होकारार्थी करा.)
उत्तर :
(a) सकाळी फिरणे आरोग्यास अपायकारक नाही.
(b) तुम्ही काम अचूक करणे आवश्यक आहे.
(c) ही पाषाणमूर्ती खूप सुंदर आहे.
(d) पांढरा रंग कुणाला आवडत नाही?
(e) चैनीच्या वस्तू स्वस्त नसतात.
(f) किती आनंद झाला तुझ्या भेटीने!
(g) हा अजब चमत्कार आहे.
(h) तुम्ही सगळ्यांशी चांगले बोला.
(i) निरोगी राहावे असे सर्वांना वाटते.
(j) दवाखान्यात हळू आवाजात बोलावे.

• लेखन करताना काही वेळा वाक्यरचनेत बदल करण्याची गरज भासते, अशा बदलाला ‘वाक्यरूपांतर किंवा वाक्यपरिवर्तन’ असे म्हणतात.
• वाक्यांचे रूपांतर करताना वाक्यरचनेत बदल होतो, पण वाक्यार्थाला बाध येत नाही.

विधानार्थी, प्रश्नार्थी, उद्गारार्थी, आज्ञार्थी या वाक्यांचे एकमेकांत रूपांतर होते.

उदाहरणार्थ,
पुढील वाक्ये नीट अभ्यासा :

• मुलांनी शिस्त पाळणे खूप आवश्यक आहे. (विधानार्थी वाक्य.)
• किती आवश्यक आहे मुलांनी शिस्त पाळणे! (उद्गारार्थी वाक्य.)
• मुलांनी शिस्त पाळणे आवश्यक नाही का? (प्रश्नार्थी वाक्य.)
• मुलांनो, शिस्त अवश्य पाळा. (आज्ञार्थी वाक्य.)

म्हणून :

वाक्यार्थ्याला बाध न आणता वाक्याच्या रचनेत केलेला बदल म्हणजे वाक्यरूपांतर होय.

होकारार्थी – नकारार्थी (वाक्यरूपांतर)

पुढील वाक्ये नीट अभ्यासा.

• क्रिकेट मालिकेत भारतीय संघ विजयी झाला. (होकारार्थी वाक्य.)
• क्रिकेट मालिकेत भारतीय संघ पराभूत झाला नाही. (नकारार्थी वाक्य.)

होकारार्थी वाक्याचे नकारार्थी वाक्यात रूपांतर करताना आपण काय केले?

• विजयी x पराभूत
• झाला x झाला नाही.

दोन विरुद्धार्थी शब्दबंध घेऊन वाक्य बदलले. पण वाक्याचा अर्थ बदलला नाही.

म्हणून,

वाक्य रूपांतर करताना वाक्याच्या रचनेत बदल झाला, तरी वाक्याच्या अर्थात बदल होता कामा नये.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 4 Colonialism and the Marathas Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 4 Colonialism and the Marathas

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
Marathas defeated the Portuguese during the siege of __________
(a) Vengurla
(b) Phonda
(c) Surat
(d) Rajapur
Answer:
(b) Phonda

Question 2.
The political relations between Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj and the British began due to the __________ episode.
(a) Kudal campaign
(b) Afzal Khan
(c) Fazal Khan
(d) coronation
Answer:
(b) Afzal Khan

Question 3.
The younger brother of Bajirao Peshwa I defeated the __________ at Vasai.
(a) British
(b) French
(c) Dutch
(d) Portuguese
Answer:
(d) Portuguese

Question 4.
The ‘Third Battle of Panipat’ was fought between Marathas and the __________
(a) British
(b) Abdali
(c) Ahmed Khan Bangash
(d) Najib Khan
Answer:
(b) Abdali

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) Cosme da Guarda	Portuguese historian
(b) Gonsalo Martez	Portuguese emissary
(c) Francois Martin	Chief of the Dutch factory
(d) Henry Revington	British Officer

Answer:
(c) Francois Martin – Governor General of Pondicherry

2A. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
The first Europeans to arrive in India-
Answer:
Portuguese

Question 2.
The place where the Portuguese stored their ammunition-
Answer:
Panvel

Question 3.
They honoured Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj with tributes for ensuring the safety of their factories and issuing trade permits-
Answer:
The Dutch

Question 4.
The British agent at Jaitapur-
Answer:
Velaji

2B. Choose the correct reason from those given below and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj levied octroi on the salt trade to __________
(a) oppose the Portuguese
(b) stop the British trade of salt
(c) raise funds for Swarajya
(d) oppose the colonialists
Answer:
(b) stop the British trade of salt

3. State your opinion.

Question 1.
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj built a naval force.
Answer:
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj had foreseen the ulterior motives of the foreigners and their ways of infiltration. He built strategies to arrest their advances in India. He took immediate measures by creating a strong naval force. He levied octroi on British trade salt as a measure to protect the local salt trade. Thus, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj adopted a strong policy against the European colonizers.

Question 2.
Maratha’s policies were anti-colonial.
Answer:
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj had foreseen the ulterior motives of the Europeans and their ways of infiltration. So, he built strategies to arrest their advances in India. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj adopted a very strong policy against the European colonisers by levying octroi on the British salt trade etc. The Marathas were the only Indian rulers to adopt a policy of resistance against the European colonisers.

4. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Write about Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj’s policies regarding the European traders as seen in his Adnyapatra.
Answer:
The strategy of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj against the Europeans is clearly seen in Adnyapatra.
The following were his policies:

• They should be kept at bay maintaining only business relations.
• Not allotting them any space near the entrance of a creek or a sea fort.
• Their establishments should not be a nuisance.
• They should not be allowed to flaunt their military strength.
• Not allow them to construct any permanent buildings.
• They must accept these conditions otherwise they are of no use.
• He also said that a fine should be collected if any foreign traders were found in the enemy land during expeditions.
• After they pay the fine, they should be sent back to their factory or the place from where they had arrived.
• They should not be treated in the same manner as the enemy is treated.

Question 2.
Explain Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj’s resolute policy of safeguarding Maratha sovereignty.
Answer:
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj took several steps to safeguard the Maratha empire.

• Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj created a strong naval force and constructed forts for e.g., Hillforts, Sea forts, and Land forts.
• Henry Oxenden, a British agent who was present at the coronation of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj sought permission to open a factory at Rajapur.
• He also levied 2.5% octroi on British goods.
• An agreement was signed between the British and the Marathas on 12th June 1674.
• According to this agreement, the Marathas issued permission to open factories at Rajapur, Dabhol, Chaul, and Kalyan. He also prohibited the usage of British coinage.
• He also refuted some of the conditions put by the British such as the British goods found afloat from the wrecked ships should be returned to them and the Marathas should enter a treaty with the Siddis of Janjira.
• This clearly reveals his resolute policy of safeguarding Maratha’s sovereignty.

Question 3.
Why did the strongest Maratha rule come to an end?
Answer:
There were several reasons for the downfall of the Maratha empire:
(i) Internal weakness of the Maratha Empire: The empire of the Marathas was not well knit. It was a confederacy of the Maratha chiefs who were in conflict with one another. The nominal unity of the Marathas remained only up to the period of the rule of Madhav Rao I.

(ii) Lack of Political Foresight: The Marathas lacked wisdom and farsightedness. They failed to achieve the political unity of India and therefore failed to utilise the resources of the country either for the benefit of the people or for meeting the challenge of a foreign foe.

(iii) Incapable Leadership: All capable Maratha chiefs died by the end of the eighteenth century. After that the leadership of the Marathas was taken over by Bajirao II, Daulatrao Scindia, Yashwant Rao Holkar, and Nana Phadnavis. The Marathas thus lacked leadership.

(iv) Military weakness of the Marathas: The Marathas were militarily weak compared to the English as they had left their traditional method of guerrilla warfare and adopted European methods which they failed to perfect.

(v) Diplomacy of the English: The English were more diplomatic than the Marathas. The quarrels among the Marathas provided a good opportunity for the English to take advantage. Besides, the English had their eyes on the politics of the entire India.

5. Observe the map on textbook page 29 and answer the questions based on it.

Question 1.
Where were the Dutch colonies on the west coast of India?
Answer:
On the west coast of India, there were warehouses at Vengurla in Konkan and at Photo Novo (Parangi Pettai) and Tegna Pattam (Devanapattinam) in Karnataka.

Question 2.
Where did the French establish their colonies on the east coast of India?
Answer:
The French had their colony in Pondicherry (Puducherry) on the east coast.

Question 3.
Whose warehouses were at Agra and Allahabad?
Answer:
This warehouse is not mentioned on the map. This area was ruled by the Mughals.

Project (Textbook Page No. 33)

Question 1.
Collect information about the colonies established by the European colonialists in various countries with the help of internet.
Answer:
The European colonialists had their colonies in the following countries.
(A) Africa:

• Belgium – Belgian Congo, Lado Enclave, Rwanda, and Burundi
• Britain – Sudan, Basutoland, Balleland, British East Africa (Kenya), British Somaliland, British Togoland
• Gold Coast, South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia, Botswana, Nigeria, Ghana, etc.
• France – Gambia, Comoros, French Algeria, French Congo, French Guinea, Ivory Coast, French Madagascar, etc.
• Dutch – Dutch East Indies, Curacao, The Dutch Slave Coast, the Dutch Gold Coast, Surinam.
• Germany – German East Africa, German Southwest Africa, German West Africa.
• Portugal – Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique.

(B) Asia:

• Britain – Colony Aden, British Borneo, Burma, Ceylon, Cyprus, India, Iraq, Malay, North Borneo, Palestine, etc.
• France – Cochin, China, Annam, Laos, and Cambodia.
• Dutch – Dutch East Indies, Malacca, Taiwan, Tonkin/Annam, Maluku Islands.
• Portugal – Goa, Malacca and Southeast Asia, China and Japan, Spice Islands, South Asia, Persian Gulf, and the Red Sea.

(C) North America:

• Britain – Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York,
• Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.
• France – New France (including Canada and Louisiana), French West Indies and
• French Guiana.
• Dutch – New Netherland was the first Dutch colony in North America.

(D) South America:

• Spain – Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 3 India and European Colonialism Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 3 India and European Colonialism

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
Vasco da Gama was a seafarer from ___________
(a) Poland
(b) England
(c) France
(d) Portugal
Answer:
(d) Portugal

Question 2.
The license was given by England to the East India Company to trade with eastern countries by ___________
(a) Sir George Oxenden
(b) Princess Braganza
(c) Queen Elizabeth
(d) Homer
Answer:
(c) Queen Elizabeth

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) Arcebispo	Chief Executive Officer
(b) Chancellor	Judge
(c) Vedor da Fazenda	In charge of Company’s Possessions
(d) Capitaon	Captain

Answer:
(a) Arcebispo – Archbishop

2. Complete the concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

3. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
The Indian rulers had to obtain Cartaz.
Answer:
Cartaz: The Cartaz was a license issued by the Portuguese to the Indian rulers for sailing on the Indian Ocean when they established firm control of the Indian Ocean. It usually carried details like the name of the vessel (ship), the name of the captain of the ship, port of departure and arrival, the list of weaponry on the ship loaded for the purpose of self-defense, etc.

Question 2.
Indian rulers found it difficult to fight the Portuguese.
Answer:
The Portuguese established a strong navy. They used to launch sudden attacks on their enemy’s territory from the sea and wreck it completely. The Indian rulers could not match the Portuguese in their war tactics. Later when they established their firm control on the Indian Ocean it became necessary for the Indians to get a license from them for sailing on the Indian Ocean.

4. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Which are the places where the Portuguese established their colonies?
Answer:
By 1608, the Portuguese had established their colonies on the western coast of India at Diu, Daman, Chaul, Goa (including Sashti and Bardish), Honnavar, Gangoli, Basrur, Mangalore, Kannur, Kodungallur, Kochi, and Kollam. Similarly, on the eastern coast, they had trader colonies at Nagapattinam, Mylapore or Sao Tome/San Thom, and Hugli in Bengal. This stretch of the Portuguese empire had its capital at Goa.

Question 2.
What were the rights given to United East India Company by the Dutch government?
Answer:
The Dutch government issued a license to the company to conduct trading with the eastern countries. The same license permitted them to appoint staff, establish factories, build forts, engage in battles against the eastern countries, and also sign treaties with them. Accordingly, the company appointed a Governor-General to take care of Indian affairs.

Class 12 History Chapter 3 India and European Colonialism Intext Questions and Answers

Try to do this (Textbook Page No. 19)

Collect information of the church in Kerala, named after Vasco da Gama, with the help of the internet.
Answer:
St. Francis Church:

• Built-in 1503 as one of the oldest European churches in India.
• Originally known as St. Bartholomew.
• Constructed of wood and stone.
• First Portuguese church in India.
• Founded by Pedro Alvarez De Cabral.
• Built-in Persian architecture style.
• The Portuguese built a fort and within the fort, they built a church.
• History has it that Vasco da Gama died during his third visit to India and was buried here in 1524.
• After 14 years his body was moved to Lisbon.

Try to do this (Textbook Page No. 21)

Make a list of the ship-building facilities in pre-independence and post-independence India and collect information about the development of the shipbuilding industry.
Answer:
Students can use the following points as references.

• India’s maritime history began during the 3rd millennium B.C.E.
• When Indus valley had trade contact with Mesopotamia.
• Strabo mentions Rome and Greece had maritime trade relations with India.
• The Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach India by sea and traded in spices etc. followed by the Dutch.
• The shipbuilding activities of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj are particularly noteworthy. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj built a strong naval force.
• In the modern period, the British East India Company shipped substantial quantities of spices.
• Ship Building was a well-established craft.
• Some of the well-known shipyards in India today are Sembmarine Kakinada Ltd (SKL) India, Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL) India, Western India Shipyard Ltd.

Try to do this (Textbook Page No. 21)

The currency of various countries is known by specific names. Prepare a list of countries and their currencies.
Answer:

Country	Currency
1. Afghanistan	Afghan Afghani (AFN)
2. Argentina	Argentine peso (ARS)
3. Australia	Australian dollar (AUS)
4. Bahrain	Bahraini dinar (BHD)
5. China	Chinese yuan (CNY)
6. Denmark	Danish krone (DKK)
7. Egypt	Egyptian pound (EGP)
8. Germany	Euro (EUR)
9. India	Indian rupee (INR)
10. Japan	Japanese yen (JPY)
11. United States of America	US dollar (USD)
12. United Kingdom	Pound sterling (GBP)

Project (Textbook Page No. 23)

Compile the names of Governors of British East India Company from 1600 to 1857. C.E.
Answer:
The Regulating Act of 1773 created the office with the title of Governor-General of Presidency of Fort William or Governor-General of Bengal. He was appointed by the Court of Directors of the East India Company.

Governor-General	Years Active
1. Warren Hastings	1772 – 1785
2. Sir John Macpherson	1785 – 1786
3. Lord Cornwallis	1786 – 1793
4. Sir John Shore	1793 – 1798
5. Lord Wellesley	1798 – 1805
6. Sir George Barlow	1805 – 1807
7. Lord Minto I	1807 – 1815
8. Lord Hastings	1813 – 1823
9. Lord Amherst	1823 – 1828
10. Lord William Bentinck	1828 – 1835
11. Sir Charles Metcalfe	1835 – 1836
12. Lord Auckland	1836 – 1842
13. Lord Dalhousie	1848 – 1856
14. Lord Canning	1856 – 1862
15. Lord Lawrence	1864 – 1869
16. Lord Mayo	1869 – 1872
17. Lord Lytton	1876 – 1880
18 .Lord Ripon	1880 – 1884
19. Lord Dufferin	1884 – 1888
20. Lord Lansdowne	1888 – 1894
21. Lord Curzon	1894 – 1905
22. Lord Minto	1905 – 1910
23. Lord Hardinge	1910 – 1916
24. Lord Chelmsford	1916 – 1921
25. Lord Reading	1921 – 1926
26. Lord Irwin	1926 – 1931
27. Lord Willingdon	1931 – 1936
28. Lord Linlithgow	1936 – 1944
29. Lord Wavell	1944 – 1947
30. Lord Mountbatten	March 1947 – August 1947

 

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 2 European Colonialism Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 2 European Colonialism

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
‘Declaration of Independence was drafted by __________
(a) George Washington
(b) Thomas Jefferson
(c) Lord Amherst
(d) Lord Cornwallis
Answer:
(b) Thomas Jefferson

Question 2.
The second Anglo-Burmese war was fought during the times of __________
(a) Lord Amherst
(b) Lord Dufferin
(c) Lord Dalhousie
(d) Ashley Eden
Answer:
(c) Lord Dalhousie

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
1. Togoland	German colony
2. Egypt	British colony
3. Orange Free State	Dutch colony
4. Ivory Coast	Portuguese colony

Answer:
Ivory Coast – French colony

2A. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
The region from Florida to California on the southern coast of America was under the control of-
Answer:
Spain

Question 2.
The sea voyages for exploration were encouraged in the reign of-
Answer:
Queen Elizabeth I

2B. Choose the correct reason from those given below and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
The British wanted to gain control over Myanmar because __________
(a) they wanted to expand their empire
(b) it was very important to control the natural resources and the market in Myanmar
(c) they wanted to be at the forefront of the colonial competition amongst the European nations
(d) they wanted to teach a lesson to King Thibaw of Myanmar
Answer:
(b) it was very important to control the natural resources and the market in Myanmar

3. Complete the following concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

4. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Nature of Colonialism.
Answer:

• Colonialism is the act of a developed nation occupying the land of a less developed, distant nation and establishing its rule on the occupied country. Europeans travelled all over the world with various intentions such as the urge for adventures, to earn a name, to discover unknown lands, to search for gold mines, etc.
• The Europeans established colonies wherever they went and in doing so there was a competition to gain economic, social, and political supremacy among the nations. Extreme nationalism, feeling of racial superiority, industrialization, aggressive approach, etc., are the factors that led to the growth of colonialism.
• Thus, Europeans went to America, Australia, and New Zealand. The Europeans also colonised Asia. However, the climate of Asia did not favour them. Favourable or unfavourable, Europeans disposed of the indigenous people in their own lands.
• The Europeans saw these colonies as potential marketplaces to sell their surplus goods which were accumulated as a result of mass production. The Europeans also needed additional sources that would provide ample raw material.
• In the latter half of the 19th century, England built a flourishing trade as a result of the industrial revolution.

Question 2.
American War of Independence.
Answer:
The colonies got into several battles with the British army even after gaining independence. The colonies finally at Saratoga got a decisive victory over the British army. This victory proved to be a turning point for the colonies as the French agreed to support them in their conflict against the British. Eventually, Spain also joined the conflicts in their struggle for independence.

On 7th October 1780, George Washington defeated the British army. On 19th October, British General Lord Cornwallis surrendered and America became independent. The American revolt for independence is also known as the ‘American Revolution’. America proved to the world that the subjects have a right to fight their rulers who deny them their natural rights.

5. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
The industrial revolution gave momentum to colonialism.
Answer:
Colonialism was a result of the industrial revolution. Production increased enormously because of the new machines. However, the rate of local consumption was much less compared to the surplus rate of production. Hence, the immediate need of the Europeans was to find new markets for selling their products. It was also necessary that these markets be dependable and easy to dominate.

Question 2.
European nations established colonies in America.
Answer:
The stronger European nations dominated the weaker countries by establishing colonies there and pushed them to subjection. The lands of the original inhabitants in America were seized by the Europeans and were also massacred. The original inhabitants were forced into slavery. The Europeans discovered gold mines and the Spanish colonizers brought African slaves to work in sugarcane and tobacco fields. Farming and mining earned them enormous wealth. Essential raw materials were exported to Spain and the finished goods used to be imported for sale in the local markets for the colonies. The trade of gold and silver also earned huge profits for the king. Witnessing Spain’s prosperity England, Holland and France also began to establish colonies in America.

Class 12 History Chapter 2 European Colonialism Intext Questions and Answers

Try to do this. (Textbook Page No. 11)

Locate the following regions under British domination on the map: Gibraltar, Malta in the Mediterranean Sea; British Guyana, British Honduras, British West Indies, Bermuda and Falkland islands in the Western Hemisphere; Aden, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Hongkong, India; also, the countries in Africa.
Answer:

Project (Textbook Page No. 18)

Question 1.
Collect information about the biodiversity and sources of minerals in the African continent.
Answer:
1. Meaning of Biodiversity:
Biodiversity consists of two words ‘Biological’ and ‘Diversity’. It refers to all the variety of life that can be found on earth (plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms) as well as to the communities that they form and the habitats in which they live.

2. Biodiversity in Africa:

• Rich in biodiversity.
• Africa supports the earth’s largest assemblages of large mammals which roam freely in many countries.
• Africa is home to a rich and diverse animal, plant, and marine biodiversity that provide critical ecosystem services.

3. Minerals in Africa:
Africa is rich in mineral reserves and ranks first or second in quantity of world reserves of bauxite, cobalt, industrial diamond, phosphorite, platinum, etc.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 1 Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 1 Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
In 1440 ________ started the printing press.
(a) James Watt
(b) Gutenberg
(c) Aristotle
(d) Homer
Answer:
(b) Gutenberg

Question 2.
In 1609 _______ made a modified telescope.
(a) John Kay
(b) Copernicus
(c) Galileo
(d) Kepler
Answer:
(c) Galileo

Question 3.
_________ was the first explorer to circumnavigate the African continent.
(a) Henry the Navigator
(b) Marco Polo
(c) Bartholomew Dias
(d) Columbus
Answer:
(c) Bartholomew Dias

B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) John Kay	Flying shuttle
(b) Samuel Crompton	Cotton gin
(c) Edmund Cartwright	Power loom
(d) James Watt	Steam engine

Answer:
Samuel Crompton – Spinning Mule

2. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
Father of the empirical science —
Answer:
Galileo

Question 2.
Scientists who told the world that the centre of our planetary system is the ‘Sun’ and not the ‘Earth’ —
Answer:
Nicolaus Copernicus

Question 3.
The treatise was written by Varahmihir —
Answer:
Brihatsamhita

3. Complete the following concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

4. Write short notes.

Question 1.
European Crusades.
Answer:

1. The two cities of Jerusalem and Bethlehem considered holy by the Jews, Christians, and Muslims were under Islamic rule in the 11th century.
2. Christians of Europe wanted to regain hold over these cities and fought several wars known as ‘Crusaders’.
3. The common people in Europe were highly inspired to be part of such religious wars.
4. When the Pope announced that the sins of those who took part in such wars would be forgiven and would immediately go to Heaven, there was spontaneous participation by the common people in the crusaders.
5. Besides social and political circumstances, the Roman emperors were also trying to bring Syria and Asia Minor under their control.
6. Moreover, the rich merchants in Genova and Venice in Italy were looking for Central Asian markets to establish their trade.
7. The first crusade started in 1096 C.E.
8. A second call for the crusade was given by Pope Eugenius III who sought help from the French King Louis VII and the German King Conrad III.
9. The crusaders were ultimately defeated by the Turks and in 1187 C.E. Saladin, the Sultan of Egypt defeated the crusaders by conquering Jerusalem.
10. However, the crusaders failed for several reasons such as the attitude of the Pope and the European rulers common people losing faith, the rift between the Pope and the European kings, etc.

Question 2.
Metallurgy in Europe.
Answer:

1. England had a number of iron mines.
2. Therefore, it was necessary to advance the technique of smelting iron to acquire purified iron from it.
3. The fuel for iron furnaces was replaced from wood to coal.
4. Special machines were made to keep the furnaces at a set temperature and to maintain their aeration.
5. In 1865, the process of producing steel from molten iron was invented and the nature of the iron industry underwent a major transformation.
6. At about the same time, a method was adopted to pour the molten metal into casts for making iron bars (e.g. rails).

5. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
The European Renaissance is supposed to have reached its zenith in the 15th-16th centuries.
Answer:

1. The European Renaissance began in the 14th century C.E.
2. It reached its zenith in the 15th and 16th centuries.
3. These three centuries laid the foundations of a culture based on rationalism and science.
4. This age gave a new direction to human intellect genius and way of life.
5. People started writing poetry, drama, and fiction.
6. Novel experiments were conducted in the field of science.
7. In the pre-renaissance period, the thought about the existence of the universe revolved around ‘God’.
8. In short, in this period new inventions, machinery, art, drama, literature, and geographical discoveries have taken place.

Question 2.
The ‘Industrial Revolution first began in England.
Answer:
‘Industrial Revolution’ indicates the transition from manual production to mechanized production.

1. In England, the atmosphere was suitable for the industrial revolution.
2. Large amounts of iron ore and coal were available.
3. The humid climate of England was suitable for producing yarn.
4. These conditions proved to be favourable for the textile industry in England.
5. England had also established a large number of colonies by then so England could obtain raw material at cheap rates from these colonies.
6. England could also export the processed goods and sell it in their colonies with large profit margins using their navy.
7. The availability of cheap labour made it possible for them to maintain an optimum level of costs.
8. These factors prepared the ground for the industrial revolution in England thus giving a boost to its economy. Because of the above reasons Industrial revolution first began in England.

6. State your opinion.

Question 1.
The European natural scientists of the 17th century laid the foundations of modern science.
Answer:
The scientists of the 17th century emphasized the following things:

• To prove that scientific principles established by empirical experiments are true despite time and space.
• To convert the emergent scientific rules into scientific formulae.
• To create new scientific parlance and so on.
  These efforts helped the progress of science.

Question 2.
The economy based on surplus production supported economic nationalism and also imperialism.
Answer:

• Economic nationalism began the vicious circle of continuously capturing new marketplaces, searching for sources of a cheap supply of raw material, maintaining an unbroken chain supply of raw material), to attract more and more investors, to safeguard their investments. This resulted in limitless exploitation of the colonies.
• Extreme nationalism, industrialization, concepts of racial superiority, aggressive colonial policies further supported the growth of imperialism.
• The result was the immense expanse of the empires like England, France, Belgium, Germany, etc.

7. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Explain the causes and effects of European crusades.
Answer:
Causes of European crusades:

• The two cities of Jerusalem and Bethlehem considered holy by the Jews, Christians, and Muslims were under Islamic rule in the 11th century.
• Christians of Europe wanted to regain hold over these cities and fought several wars known as ‘Crusaders’.
• The common people in Europe were highly inspired to be part of such religious wars.
• When the Pope announced that the sins of those who took part in such wars would be forgiven and would immediately go to Heaven, there was spontaneous participation by the common people in the crusaders.
• Besides social and political circumstances, the Roman emperors were also trying to bring Syria and Asia Minor under their control.
• Moreover, the rich merchants in Genova and Venice in Italy were looking for Central Asian markets to establish their trade.
• The first crusade started in 1096 C.E.
• A second call for the crusade was given by Pope Eugenius III who sought help from the French King Louis VII and the German King Conrad III.
• The crusaders were ultimately defeated by the Turks and in 1187 C.E. Saladin, the Sultan of Egypt defeated the crusaders by conquering Jerusalem.
• However, the crusaders failed for several reasons such as the attitude of the Pope and the European rulers common people losing faith, the rift between the Pope and the European kings, etc.

The crusades had far-reaching effects:

• According to some historians, the crusades led to the end of feudalism in Europe.
• The faith in the Pope began to decline.
• The contact with the regions in Central Asia led to the increased trade and new venues were opened for cities in Italy and Germany.
• It led to the rise of a new class of traders.
• European warfare went through many changes for e.g. they acquired expertise in building forts, managing the forts as military outposts, building bridges, etc.
• The European kings levied new taxes which were added to the royal treasury.
• The Europeans were introduced to newer types of plants, fruits, perfumes, etc.
• The Europeans came in contact with the Arabs and adopted many Arabic words in Alchemy, Music, and Commerce.

Question 2.
Give detailed information on the development of science and scientific inventions during the renaissance period.
Answer:
The scientists of the 17th century emphasized the following things:

• To prove that scientific principles established by empirical experiments are true despite time and space.
• To convert the emergent scientific rules into scientific formulae.
• To create new scientific parlance and so on.
• These efforts helped the progress of science.
• The compass, the barometer, telescope, and the thermometer were invented during this period.
• Microscopes were invented to observe various types of micro-organisms.
• Robert Boyle, an alchemist discovered that that the absolute pressure and the volume of a gas are inversely proportional.
• The research in physics was more focused on heat and sound.
• In zoology, a methodology known as ‘Taxonomy’ was developed to classify animals.
• Benjamin Franklin’s research was on lightning and electricity. He coined many technical terms which are used in science even today.

Class 12 History Chapter 1 Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science Intext Questions and Answers

Try to do this. (Textbook Page No. 3)

Collect information about how the early European universities worked.
Answer:

• Early European universities were the University of Bologna in 1088 or the University of Paris (1150-1170).
• the University of Bologna is considered the ‘mother of universities’.
• European universities concentrated on science and research
• Original Medieval universities arose from the Roman Catholic Church schools
• Purposes included training of professionals, scientific investigation, and teaching critical thinking and research.
• During Renaissance, the humanist ideas were slowly accepted
• Universities began preparing the student for a civilized life
• The curriculum included liberal arts such as Trivium (grammar, rhetoric, logic) and Quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music)

Find it out. (Textbook Page No. 8)

Make a list of the European countries where the Industrial Revolution spread in its first stage.
Answer:
The industrial revolution first began in Britain in the late 1770s and first spread to Belgium followed by France and the German states and in North America.

Project (Textbook Page No. 9)

Collect detailed information about the voyages of Bartholomew Dias and Vasco-da- Gama and read it aloud in the class.
Answer:
(A) Bartholomew Dias:

• Bartholomew Dias was a Portuguese explorer.
• He was the first European to sail around the southern tip of Africa which the Portuguese would name as the ‘Cape of Good Hope.
• Dias and his crew departed from Lisbon, Portugal in August 1487 with three ships.
• Dias’s expedition sailed along the African coast following the route of Diogo Cao who had earlier sailed along the African coast in the 1480s.
• Near the southern tip of Africa Dias’s 3 ships sailed into a dangerous storm that pushed them away from the African coast. They sailed around the tip of Africa in January 1488 without seeing the land.
• After 30 days without seeing land, he entered what he named Aguada de Sao Bras (Bay of Saint Blaise) in February 1488.
• Dias wanted to continue to India but he was forced to turn back when his crew refused to go further and the rest of the officers favored going back home.
• It was on his return journey that he actually discovered the Cape of Good Hope in May 1488.
• Dias returned to Lisbon in December 1488 after an absence of 16 months and 17 days.

(B) Vasco da Gama:

• Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese explorer and the first European to reach India by sea.
• His initial voyage to India was the first to link Europe and Asia by an ocean route, connecting the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and therefore the West and the Orient.
• This discovery is considered to be a milestone in world history.
• Vasco da Gama’s discovery of the sea route to India opened the way for an age of imperialism in Asia.
• Vasco da Gama landed in Calicut, India on May 20, 1498.
• This boosted the economy of the Portuguese Empire.
• Vasco da Gama led the two of the India Armadas, the first and the fourth.
• In 1524, Vasco da Gama was appointed as Governor of India, with the title of Viceroy, and was ennobled as Count of Vidigueria in 1519.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Geography Solutions Chapter 5 Secondary Economic Activities Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Geography Solutions Chapter 5 Secondary Economic Activities

1. Complete the Chain

Question 1.

A	B	C
(1) Small scale industries	(1) Manual manufacturing	(1) Ceramics
(2) Cottage industries	(2) Skilled crafts person	(2) Tata Iron and Steel company
(3) Consumer goods	(3) Individual	(3) Potters
(4) Private	(4) Ready for direct consumption	(4) Pharmaceutical

Answer:

A	B	C
(1) Small scale industries	(1) Ready for direct consumption	(1) Potters
(2) Cottage industries	(2) Manual manufacturing	(2) Ceramics
(3) Consumer goods	(3) Skilled crafts person	(3) Pharmaceutical
(4) Private	(4) Individual	(4) Tata Iron and Steel company

2. Identify the correct correlation.

A : Assertion, R : Reasoning
Question 1.
A – The humid climate of Mumbai offered great scope for the development of cotton textile industries.
R – Industries require ample amount of water.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer:
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Question 2.
A – In India, industries are found concentrated in few areas are available.
R – India is predominantly agrarian country.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer:
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is correct explanation of A.

3. Give geographical reasons.

Question 1.
Distribution of industries is uneven.
Answer:

• Distribution of industries depend upon various physical factors like climate, raw material, water and power supply, labour, transportation, land, etc., and economic factors like capital, market and government policies.
• Physical and economic factors vary from region to region and political factors vary from country to country.
• Industries are developed where physical and economic factors are favourable for their development.
• Thus, distribution of industries is uneven.
• For example, in India industries are concentrated in Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Delhi, Chota Nagpur region and in the rest of India, agriculture is the only major economic activity.

Question 2.
Iron and steel industries are found in mineral rich area of Dhanbad.
Answer:

• Important raw materials used in iron and steel industry are iron-ore, limestone, dolomite, manganese and coal.
• All these raw materials are heavy, bulky and weight-loosing.
• The cost of transportation of these materials are very high.
• Dhanbad and its surrounding areas are the major iron-ore and coal producing areas.
• • Since this industry is using weight-losing raw materials which are available around Dhanbad, iron and steel industry is found at Dhanbad.

Question 3.
Fruit-processing industries are found in Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg districts of Konkan region.
Answer:

• Fruit processing industries use fruits as raw material.
• Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg districts are known for horticulture. They are major mango, jackfruit, cashew and kokum producing districts of Maharashtra.
• All these fruits are raw materials in fruit processing industry.
• These raw materials are bulky, weight-losing and perishable and hence the industry is located in Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg districts where fruits are grown in plenty.

Question 4.
What are the major factors which have hindered the growth of industries in South America?
Answer:

• Industries in the continent of South America are developed only in coastal areas of Brazil, Argentina, Chile and Peru.
• The hindrances in the growth of industries in South America are due to unfavourable physical factors such as dense forests in Brazil, deserts in interior parts of Argentina, Andes mountain range running along the west coast.
• The economic factors like limited capital, lack of modern technology and lack of transportation facilities etc., create hindrance in development of industries.
• Comparatively low density of population and lack of markets are the other factors responsible to have hindered the growth of industries in South America.

4. Write short notes on.

Question 1.
Footloose industries.
Answer:

• Footloose industry is a general term for an industry that can be placed and located at any location without effect of factors of location such as land, labour, climate and capital.
• The raw material used as well as finished products of these industries are very light so their location near the source of raw material or transport is not important.
• These industries often have spatially fixed cost, which means that costs of the product do not change despite where the product is assembled.
• Diamond cutting, computer chips and mobiles manufacturing are some of the examples of footloose industries.
• Advance technology like internet, email are used for raw material as well as marketing.
• These are generally non-polluted industries.

Question 2.
Public sector industries.
Answer:

• Public sector industries are owned by the state.
• The investments in public sector industries is done by the government. Also, marketing of goods is done through government agencies.
• Public sectors include public goods and governmental services such as military, law enforcement infrastructure (public roads, bridges, tunnels, water supply electrical grids, health, etc.).
• Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited (BHEL) is one of the largest engineering and manufacturing companies of its kind in India engaged in designing engineering construction.

Question 3.
Economics of scale.
Answer:
1. Economics of scale are the cost advantages that enterprises obtain because of various facilities
established due to basic industries in certain region.

2. Sometimes due to advantage of many favourable factors for industrial development in certain areas, there is concentration of industries in that area, which is called agglomeration of industries.

3. In these regions industries develop not due to any locational factors but due to economies of scale enjoyed because agglomeration of industries.

4. Due to the development of basic industries other ancillary industries which are complementary to each other also develop. For example, once cotton textile industry develops in any region, readymaide garment making industries, industries supplying dyes and chemicals, industries producing materials like thread, buttons, laces, etc., also develop.

5. Due to such agglomeration, the industries in that region get more profit compared to their investment due to economies of scale such as cheap transport, labour, financial facilities etc. For example, transport companies give concession, hence, the cost of transportation decreases.

6. Since industries in this region are complementary, it is easier to collect or supply goods from other industries of nearby areas. For example, dye making industries supply dyes to cotton textile industry and cotton textile industry supplies cloth to ready-made garment industries.

Question 4.
Role of transportation in industries.
Answer:

• Transportation facilities are important for the collection of raw materials and distribution of finished products.
• Low cost of transportation is the key factor in the location of industries.
• Transport network is crucial for sustained economic growth and development of a nation.
• Transport system helps to send raw material, fuel and machinery to different industries at the right time and runs the industry.
• Thus, transport plays a crucial role in the development of industries.

5. Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Weight-losing and Weight-gaining Industries.
Answer:

Weight-loosing	Weight-gaining
(i) Weight-losing industries are those industries in which raw material are relatively bulky but finished products are relatively light.	(i) Weight-gaining industries are those industries in which raw materials are relatively lighter than finished products.
(ii) Weight-losing industries are located near raw materials.	(ii) Weight-gaining industries are located near markets.
(iii) For example, sugar industries locate near sugarcane producing areas. 10 tons of sugarcane is required to produce 1 ton of sugar.	(iii) For example, cotton textile industries locate near the market because finished product cotton cloth is heavier than the raw material cotton.

Question 2.
Primary and Secondary Activities.
Answer:

Primary Activities	Secondary Activities
(i) Primary activities include activities, such as hunting, fishing, mining, agriculture.	(i) Secondary activities include manufacturing and constructions.
(ii) These activities are concerned with obtaining materials directly from nature. For example, fish from water or wood from trees.	(ii) These activities add value to the already existing products by changing their form, making them more suitable to satisfy our needs and wants.
(iii) Primary activities produce raw materials.	(iii) Secondary activities produce finished products.
(iv) Production of goods in primary activities depends upon natural factors.	(iv) Production of goods in secondary activities depends on technology, skill of labours and capital.

Question 3.
Basic Industries and Consumer Industries.
Answer:

Basic Industries	Consumer Industries
(i) The finished products of these industries are used by other industries.	(i) The finished products of these are used as raw material which are directly consumed by consumers.
(ii) For example, iron and steel industry provides steel as raw material to machine tool making or agricultural implements making industry.	(ii) For example, the medicines made in pharmaceutical industries are directly consumed by consumers.
(iii) These industries supply their products to others. Hence, they are called linkage products.	(iii) These industries supply their products to consumers. Hence, they are called as consumer goods industries.

6. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Explain the physical factors affecting location of industries.
Answer:
Climate, raw material, water, power, labour, land and transport are important physical factors deciding the location of industry.

Extreme climate like too hot, too cold, dry and very humid climate are not suitable for industries. Generally, industries develop in areas of moderate climate.

Availability of raw material is essential for the development of industries. Industries using perishable, heavy, bulky and weight-losing raw materials are located in the areas of source of raw materials. For example, sugar mills near sugarcane growing areas.

Most of the industries require lot of water for processing, like cooling, washing etc. Such industries are located near lakes, rivers or other water bodies. For example, many industries are located around Great Lakes in USA.

Labour is another important factor deciding location of industries. Availability of skilled, semi-skilled and cheap labour is very important to work in industries. Hence, we generally find labour colonies are located where skilled and cheap labour is available.

Transport facilities are essential for transport of raw materials and finished products. Low cost transport is the key factor in the development of industries. Industries develop in the areas, where transportation network is well developed. For example , many industries are developed along Trans-Siberian railway line in Russia.

Industrial development need huge land for the construction of industrial units. Industries develop where cheap, plain and extensive land is available.

Industries need power supply, main sources of power supply are coal, oil, electricity and now a days wind energy, solar energy etc. Industries locate near coal mines, or availability of electricity. For example, industries concentrated around coal mining area of Ruhr region of Germany or industries concentrated near Khopoli hydro power station.

Question 2.
Explain the factors affecting location of sugar industries.
Answer:
The following are the factors affecting the location of sugar industries.

• Sugar industry is and agro-based industry.
• Sugarcane is the raw material in sugar industry.
• Sugarcane is perishable and weight-losing raw material.
• It is also heavy and bulky raw material.
• Taking into consideration all above characteristics of raw material used in sugar industry, it is always located in the areas of sugarcane production.
• In Maharashtra, Satara, Kolhapur, Ahmednagar, Sangli etc., are the sugarcane producing districts and the same districts have concentration of sugar industry.

Question 3.
Explain the economic and political factors affecting location of industries.
Answer:
The following are the economic factors affecting the location of industries.
1. Neatness to market : Transport cost is one of the important costs included in production cost of goods. If industries locate near the market there is saving on transport cost and goods reach to the consumers as early as possible. Some industries whose finished products are perishable or bulky or heavy, locate near the market. For example, ice cream making, furniture making or air craft making industries.

2. Availability of capital : Capital is required for land, construction, equipment, labour, transport etc. Therefore, industries are located in areas where banking and financial facilities are available. Generally, these facilities are available in big cities, therefore in India many industries are located in big cities like Mumbai, Chennai, Bengaluru, Ahmedabad, Kolkata etc.

The following are the political factors affecting the location of industries.
Government policies : The government policy of encouragement or discouragement directly affects location of industry.

• Sometimes government gives encouragement for development of industries in economically backward areas or to reduce the overcrowding in nearby cities by providing land, water, power at cheaper rate. For example, to reduce the overcrowding in Mumbai city, the government provided land, water, electricity at a cheaper rate in Navi Mumbai.
• The government policy regarding import, export, taxes, subsidies, etc., also affect location of industries. For example, liberal policy for industries in the State of Gujarat attracted many industrialists to set up industries.
• Development of SEZ : Due to the development of Special Economic Zone (SEZ) many industries are attracted in SEZ area. SEZ are developed to set up public sector or private sector industries, specially to increase export quality production in the country.

7. Show the following on a map of the world with suitable index

(1) Ruhr industrial region
(2) An industrial region in Japan
(3) An industrial region in South Africa
(4) An industrial region in Australia
(5) Industrial region near Great Lakes
Answer:

Class 12 Geography Chapter 5 Secondary Economic Activities Intext Questions and Answers

Observe the pictures given in the textbook figure. Identify the activities with which these figures are associated and complete the table.

Answer:

Try These

Question 1.
Look at the map of Solapur district. It shows the location of some sugar industries. Shamrao is a farmer at location A. He has just harvested his sugarcane crop. Study the map and tell where should he send his crop? What factors will Shamrao consider for this? (Textbook Page No. 43)
Answer:
(i) Shamrao has two options, he can sell his sugarcane to Pimpalner Sugar Factory or Virag Sugar Factory, since both the factories almost at equal distance from A.
(ii) The most important factor of consideration is the distance and perishability of sugarcane as a raw material.
(iii) Third factor he should take into consideration is from A, the road condition. The factory to which he should send sugarcane must be in good condition; so that sugarcane can be transported to industry as early as possible.

Question 2.
Firoz’s son has done an advanced course in Bakery Management from the nearby city. He wants his son to start a bakery in their village but his son says it should be in the city, which is around 20 kms from their village. Who is correct? Firoz or his son? Why? (Textbook Page No. 44)
Answer:
The decision of Firoz’s son is correct. He should start a bakery in the city. First thing is that bakery products are perishable and secondly there is loss of weight of raw materials in the production of bakery products.

Question 3.
Shantaram is a young boy from a tribal area in Maharashtra. He wants to start a honey processing unit as he has access to good honeycombs in the forest. The city is around 35 kms away. He has his own land in the village and is also getting land in the cit3\ Where should he establish the honey factory? In the village or in the city? Why? (Textbook Page No. 44)
Answer:
(i) Shantaram should start his honey factory in the city. Raw material in his factory will be honeycombs.
(ii) From honeycombs he will get two finished products – honey and wax. The weight of honeycombs after extracting honey and wax will be the same and therefore ideal location is city.

Can you tell?

Question 1.
Find example of market-oriented industries. (Textbook Page No. 45)
Answer:
(i) All textile industries are market-oriented industries Cotton Textile, Silk Textile, Woollen Textile.
(ii) All assembly industries are market-oriented industries Automobile, Air-craft, shipbuilding industries.

Use your brain power!

Question 1.
Following is a list of few industries. Think about the factors of location of these industries and tell whether they are footloose industries or not. Complete the table accordingly. (Textbook Page No. 47)
(i) Cotton textile industries
(ii) Cement industries
(iii) Diamond industries
(iv) Mobile manufacturing units
(v) Paper industry
(vi) Sugar industry
(vii) Food processing industry
(viii) IT (Hardware) industry
(ix) Oil refinery
(x) Hairpins industry
Answer:

Question 2.
(i) Refer to the lumbering map of the world in fig. 4.1 and 5.1, tell which industries will be located in the northernmost island of Japan?
(ii) How have the Great Lakes been instrumented in development of industrial regions in the USA?
(iii) How has the Trans-Siberian Railway contributed to the development of industries in Russia? (Textbook Page No. 51)
Answer:
(i) Paper and pulp industry.
(ii) The Great Lakes have been instrumented in the development of industrial regions in the USA through concentration of minerals and coal producing areas, local market, capital and technological development.

(iii) The Trans-Siberian Railway contributed to the development of industries in Russia is

• Trans-Siberian Railway is the longest railway system connecting Petersburg in Western Russia to Vladivostok on the pacific coast.
• This railway connects all major cities in Russia.
• It passes through major iron-ore and coal producing areas, which has helped to the development of iron and steel industry in Russia.
• This railway line helped for the movement of raw material and finished goods.
• Therefore, many industries have been developed along this railway route.
• It has also helped the movement of passenger and goods traffic in East-West direction.

Make friends with maps!

Question 1.
Study the given map in fig 5.3 and answer the following questions. (Textbook Pages 47 & 48)

(i) In which hemisphere do you find more concentration of industries?
(ii) In which part of North America has the industrial region been mainly developed?
(iii) In which part of Europe is concentration of industries mainly found?
(iv) Why is less industrial development found in other parts of African continent except coastal areas?
(v) In which part of India do you find concentration of industries?
(vi) Why do you think coastal areas have higher concentration industries?
(vii) Write a concluding paragraph on latitudinal distribution of industries in the world.
Answer:
(i) Northern Hemisphere.
(ii) North eastern Region.
(iii) North western, South and Central part
(iv) Dense forest, deserts, mountains, grasslands in other parts of African continent are responsible for less development of industries.
(v) Portal cities like Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata and other areas like Delhi, Bangalore, Chota Nagpur etc.

(vi) Coastal areas have better ports and inland water transport facilities. Even road and rail transport are well developed.

• Extensive level land.
• Industries which depend on imported raw material like oil prefer to develop on coastal areas.
• Industries which need humid climate develop in coastal areas for example textile industry.

(vii) Major industrial regions are concentrated in Northern Hemisphere in the latitudinal belt of 30° North to 50° North latitudes. However, there is an exception of Siberian industrial region in Russia.

• North America, major European countries, Japan, China and parts of Russia falls in this latitudinal belt.
• Major cause of the development of industries in this latitudinal belt is the Industrial Revolution in Europe.
• In this region both mineral based and agro-based industries have developed.
• Development of science and technology, skilled labour, well developed transportation facilities, high standard of living and extensive local market in this latitudinal belt are the other factors responsible for the development of industries.
• However, outside this major industrial belt in Northern Hemisphere* only exception is India, industries have developed in latitudinal belt 8° North to 20° North.
• Even in Southern Hemisphere industries have developed in the same latitudinal belt i.e. 30° South to 50° South latitudinal belt in South Africa, South America and South Australia.

Give it a try

Question 1.
Look at the given logo. Find out more information about it and write a short note on it. (Textbook Page No. 53)
Answer:
Digital India.
(i) Digital India is a campaign launched by the Government of India in order to ensure the government’s services are made available to citizens electronically by improved online infrastructure and by increasing internet connectivity or making the country digitally empowered in the field of technology.
(ii) The initiative includes plans to connect rural India with high speed internet networks.
(iii) Digital India consists of secure and stable digital infrastructure, delivering government services digitally and universal digital literacy.

Make in India:
On 25 September 2014, the Government of India launched a movement ‘Make in India’, like Swadeshi movement, for 25 sectors of Indian Economy. The main purpose to start this movement was to provide encouragement to businessmen in India to set up companies to manufacture their products in India and to investment more for the same.

In line with make in India, individual states too launched their own local initiative, such as ‘Magnetic Maharashtra’, ‘Make in Odisha’, Vibrant Gujarat, etc.

Startup India
(i) Startup India is an initiative of the government of India was first announce by Indian Prime minister, Narendra Modi during his 15 August 2015 address from the Red Fort in New Delhi.

(ii) The action plan of this initiative is focussing on three areas:

• Simplification and Handholding.
• Funding support and incentives.
• Industry-Academia partnership incubation.

(iii) An additional area relating to this initiative is to discard restrictive state Government Policies within this domain, such an ‘License Raj’, Land permissions, Foreign Investment Proposals, and Environmental clearance. It was organised by Department for promotion of industry and internal trade.

Question 2.
Find at least 2 examples of each of the types of industries from India.
Answer:
(i) Industries in Digital India are:
DigiLocker-
DigiLocker is an online service provided by the government wherein any Aadhar card holder can access a cloud with their authentic documents/certificates. For example, driving license, vehicle registration, academic mark sheet etc.

MyGov-
MyGov is an initiative started by the Indian government to engage citizens in governance. The portal can be accessed via a website or a dedicated mobile app.

(ii) Industries in Startup India are:
Zomato:
Zomato is an Indian restaurant aggregator and food delivery startup that was launched in 2008. It is one of the most successful food tech startups.

Paytm:
It is an Indian e-commerce payment system based in Noida. It was founded in August 2010.

Ola Cabs:
It is founded in 2010 and giving tough competition to Uber.

(iii) Industries in Make in India:
Make in India focuses on the following industries viz. Automobiles, Aviation, Biotechnology, Chemicals, Defence manufacturing, etc.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Geography Solutions Chapter 4 Primary Economic Activities Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Geography Solutions Chapter 4 Primary Economic Activities

1. Choose the correct option and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
The gathering of various products from the forests for livelihood is mainly carried in
(a) Temperate coniferous forests.
(b) Temperate deciduous forests.
(c) Tropical deciduous forests.
(d) Equatorial evergreen forests.
Answer:
(d) Equatorial evergreen forests.

Question 2.
Ideal location for fishing
(a) rugged coasts, shallow seas, hot climate, growth of planktons.
(b) shallow seas, the confluence of warm and cold ocean currents, growth of planktons, cold climate.
(c) continental shelf, growth of planktons, good fishing skills, cold climate.
(d) continental shelf, rugged coasts, growth of planktons, cold climate.
Answer:
(b) shallow seas, confluence of warm and cold ocean currents, growth of planktons, cold climate.

Question 3.
Primary economic activities not related directly to latitudinal locations
(a) lumbering
(b) fishing
(c) mining
(d) agriculture
Answer:
(c) mining

Question 4.
Characteristics of extensive commercial agriculture
(a) monoculture, use of water, tropical, cereal production.
(b) monoculture, use of machinery, tropical cereal production.
(c) monoculture, use of manual labour, equator, Thailand, horticulture.
(d) monoculture, use of scientific know how, sub-tropical, production of pulses.
Answer:
(b) monoculture, use of machinery, tropical cereal production.

2. Complete the chain.

Question 1.

A	B	C
(1) Intensive subsistence agriculture	(1) Dogger bank	(1) Small size of farm
(2) Pampas grassland region	(2) Off shore oil and gas production	(2) Unfavourable Climate
(3) Fishing	(3) Rice	(3) Bombay high
(4) Gathering	(4) Dense forest	(4) NE Atlantic Ocean
(5) Mining	(5) Commercial animal husbandry	(5) South America

Answer:

A	B	C
(1) Intensive subsistence agriculture	(1) Rice	(1) Small size of farm
(2) Pampas grassland region	(2) Commercial animal husbandry	(2) South America
(3) Fishing	(3) Dogger bank	(3) NE Atlantic Ocean
(4) Gathering	(4) Dense forest	(4) Unfavourable Climate
(5) Mining	(5) Off shore oil and gas production	(5) Bombay high

3. Write short notes on.

Question 1.
Plantation agriculture
Answer:

• Plantation agriculture is an extensive type of agriculture having large farm size on which one crop is cultivated. This is known as monoculture.
• Care has been taken to maintain the quality of the crop using scientific methods. This type of agriculture is modern as well as capital intensive agriculture.
• Since most of the work is done by human labour this type of agriculture is also referred to as labour intensive agriculture.
• The plantation crops once grown provides production for 10 to 15 years.
• Tea, coffee, rubber, cocoa, cashew nut, spices, etc., are the most important crops. For example, Rubber plantations in Kerala or tea plantations in Assam.
• Malaysia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, Vietnam, Caribbean islands are the important countries where plantation agriculture is practiced.

Question 2.
Physical factors and fishing
Answer:
Development of fishing requires specific physical factors.
Therefore, it is developed on a commercial scale where physical factors are favourable for fishing.

The following are the important physical factors, which can be responsible for the development of fishing.

• Broad continental shelf, with shallow water is favourable. For example, continental shelf along the eastern coastline of Japan is broad and water is shallow.
• Warm and cold ocean currents should meet near the coastline, so that plankton (favourite fish food) is available in plenty.
• Broken coast line which provides natural ports and harbours.
• Cold climate is favourable for natural preservation of fish.
• Since above all physical factors are present on the north-east coast of USA, north western coastline of Europe as well as in Japan, commercial fishing is well developed.

Question 3.
Lumbering on a commercial scale
Answer:
Commercial lumbering is well developed in coniferous forest region of Canada, North Western Europe and Soviet Union.

The important factors responsible for the development of commercial lumbering in the above areas are as follows.

• In coniferous forest one species of trees are found over an extensive area.
• Coniferous trees are tall and away from each other so lumbering is easy.
• Wood is soft and durable. Coniferous forests provide good raw material for paper and pulp industry and furniture making industry.
• Due to good quality of wood (softwood) it has great demand in the world market.
• Cool and pleasant climate is favourable for labour to work throughout the year.

Question 4.
Hunting and loss of ecosystem
Answer:

• Before the development of agriculture hunting was the important activity of man to obtain food.
• Many animal species were becoming extinct because of large scale hunting.
• Therefore, to protect the ecosystem, in many countries commercial hunting is banned.
• Presently, many laws are being passed to conserve and protect the animals and ecosystem.
• Yet, many tribal people such as Eskimos in Tundra region, Pygmies of Equatorial Selvas, Bushmen of Kalahari, Sentinels in Andaman etc., are still doing hunting.

4. Give geographical reasons.

Question 1.
Agriculture is done on a large scale in India.
Answer:

• More than 46 percent of the total population of India is engaged in Agricultural Activities.
• In northern India, we have extensive fertile alluvial soil in Gangetic plains most suitable for the development of agriculture.
• In south peninsular India, there is very fertile black cotton soil suitable for a variety of crops.
• Along the coastal lines fertile soil is found in the deltas of river Krishna, Godavari, Mahanadi, Tapi, Narmada, etc.
• Many rivers like Ganga, Yamuna, Godavari, Tapi, Narmada and their thousands of tributaries and canals provide water for irrigation.
• The economic and social factors, including labour, market, capital, transportation facilities, storage facilities and government policies, etc., are all favourable for the development of agriculture.

Question 2.
Mining is developed in Chhota Nagpur plateau of India.
Answer:

• The distribution of minerals is highly uneven in India.
• The geology of Chhota Nagpur region is very rich in minerals.
• There is concentration of minerals like iron-ore, manganese, mica, copper, limestone, and lead in Chhota Nagpur region.
• The government policy, capital investment in mining activities, technological development, availability of skilled labour, transport facilities, etc., are favourable for the development of mining activity in Chhota Nagpur region.
• Development of many industries related to minerals are located in this area, which gave boost to the development of mining activities.

Question 3.
Lumbering is developed on a large scale in Canada.
Answer:

• Lumbering is one of the most important economic activity in the areas covered by coniferous forest in Canada.
• In Canada coniferous forest grow in large belt, since the climate is suitable for the growth of coniferous trees.
• In these forests only one species of trees grows in one area which is favourable for the lumbering.
• The development of lumbering depends upon the type of wood, climate, market and transport facilities.
• Commercial lumbering is developed in Canada because there is coniferous forest region, which provides soft wood, which is easy to cut, carry and durable.

Cool climate of Canada, well developed transport facilities for the movement of logs, use of machinery for logging, large demand in local and international market for paper and pulp industries, limited development of other economic activities due to extreme cold climate are the other factors responsible for lumbering in Canada.

Question 4.
Extensive agriculture is a commercial type of agriculture.
Answer:

• Extensive commercial agriculture was developed in temperate grassland region in Steppes, Prairies, Downs, Pampas and Veld grasslands.
• In these grassland areas population density is low and size of farms is very large from few hundred to thousand acres.
• There is extensive use of machinery from sowing to harvesting.
• Modern and scientific methods of agriculture are used, so production is large.
• The per hectare production is low whereas per capita production is high.
• Since population in those grasslands is very low and there is surplus production,
• Therefore, large quantities of food grains are available for export, so this agriculture is known as commercial type of agriculture.

Question 5.
Lumbering is practiced more in coniferous region than in tropical region.
Answer:

• Lumbering activity depends upon nature of wood – hard or soft, density of forest, number of species in the forest, transportation facilities, use of machinery and market.
• In coniferous forest region trees provide softwood, which is easy to cut and durable.
• In coniferous forest region one type of species are found in extensive area, so lumbering is easy.
• In coniferous forest region there is use of machinery for lumbering and transport facilities are also well developed.
• There is lot of demand for softwood in local and international market, hence commercial lumbering is more developed.
• On the other hand, in tropical region, density of trees is very high, different types trees grow in close proximity, so lumbering is difficult.
• In tropical region surface movement is difficult and transport facilities are not developed because of marshy land.
• In tropical region there is no local market since trees provide hardwood and therefore commercial lumbering is not developed.

Question 6.
Hunting has been banned.
Answer:

• In the older days hunting was the most important primitive activity of man to obtain food.
• Since agriculture was not developed, it was the only source of food for man.
• As a result, large number of animals were killed to such an extent, that some of the species
  of animal have become extinct or at the verge of extinction.
• In order to conserve and protect animals, hunting is banned all over the world.

5. Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Lumbering in Equatorial forests and Temperate forests.
Answer:

Equatorial Forests	Temperate Forests
(i) It is a tropical evergreen forest.	(i) It is a temperate coniferous forest.
(ii) It is mixed forest.	(ii) One species of trees are found over an extensive area.
(iii) Wood is hard.	(iii) Wood is soft.
(iv) Hot and humid climate, suitable for labour.	(iv) Cool and pleasant climate is suitable for labour.
(v) Surface movement difficult.	(v) Surface movement not difficult.
(vi) Mechanisation not possible for cutting trees.	(vi) Mechanisation is used for cutting trees.
(vii) No demand in local market.	(vii) Local market well developed.

Question 2.
Plantation Agriculture and Extensive Commercial Agriculture
Answer:

Plantation Agriculture	Extensive Commercial Agriculture
(i) Developed in tropical region.	(i) Developed in temperate region.
(ii) Labour intensive farming.	(ii) Machinery is more used.
(iii) Only crops are grown.	(iii) Commercial animal rearing is also done along with farming.
(iv) Tea coffee, cocoa spices are important crops.	(iv) Wheat and maize are important crops.
(v) This type of agriculture is practiced in Malaysia, India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, etc.	(v) This type of agriculture is practiced in temperate grasslands of North America, South America, Europe and Asia.
(vi) Crops for export purpose.	(vi) Crops for export purposes.

Question 3.
Mining and Fishing
Answer:

Mining	Fishing
(i) Since ancient times man is using minerals as raw material.	(i) Since ancient time man is using fish as a food.
(ii) Found naturally in crust of the earth.	(ii) Found naturally but in rivers, lakes, seas and oceans.
(iii) Used as industrial raw materials.	(iii) Used as a food.
(iv) Highly uneven distribution.	(iv) Found everywhere in waterbodies.
(v) Availability of minerals depends upon geological structure.	(v) Availability of fish depends on nature of coast line, cool climate, cold and warm ocean water currents etc.

6. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
What are the factors affecting commercial fishing?
Answer:
Following factors affect commercial fishing.

• Extensive continental shelf with shallow water. For example, Dogger bank fishing area.
• Confluence of warm and cold ocean water currents, which is favourable for the growth of plankton. For example, Gulf warm pcean current and Labrador cold current meet together near Dogger bank on North Eastern coast of North America.
• Broken coastline for the development of ports and -.
• Traditional skills of some local people who are expert in fishing.
• Large size of population to provide demand for fish.
• Limited land to grow protein rich food, so that fish becomes staple food of people.
• Use of advanced fishing boats and fishing nets.
• Cool climate for natural preservation of fish.
• Forest resources to provide wood for ship building industry.

Question 2.
Write a note on Intensive Subsistence agriculture.
Answer:

• Intensive subsistence farming is practiced in densely populated countries like China, India. Japan, Sri Lanka and east Asian countries.
• Since there is large population and limited fertile agricultural land, there is small land holding.
• Farmers work intensively to get maximum yield from available small land.
• Rice is the dominant food crop produced in this region.
• Mostly manual labour and animals are used for all agricultural activities.
• Most of the production is consumed locally and hence no surplus is available for export.
• Yield per hectare is high but yield per capita is low.

Question 3.
Give characteristics of Market Gardening.
Answer:
The following are the characteristics of market gardening.

• It is a modern type of agriculture developed mainly on the fringe of highly industrialised and densely populated urban areas.
• Vegetables, fruits, milk, eggs, meat etc., are the important products produced.
• Size of the farm is very small like garden.
• Scientific and technological knowledge as well as manual labour to some extent is used in production.
• Use of capital is very high.
• Natural organic manures and chemical fertilizers are used.
• Developed in areas lying at the distance of overnight journey by trucks, so that perishable products can be carried to nearby city market as early as possible. For example, vegetables and fruits grown at Vasai and Virar are carried to Mumbai.

Question 4.
Write a note on the areas in the world practicing commercial animal husbandry.
Answer:

• Commercial animal husbandry is practiced in 30°N to 60°N latitude, and 30°S to 55°S latitudes.
• Commercial animal husbandry is practiced in temperate grassland regions of steppes in Russia, prairies in North America, downs in Australia and velds in South Africa and Pampas plains of Argentina.
• In these areas there is cultivation of crops as well as grass for animals.
• In these areas agriculture and animal husbandry is done together.
• This type of farming needs huge capital investment and more use of modern machinery, advanced technology, market and large land.
• In North and South America, it is carried with the help of advanced technology on a commercial scale.

Question 5.
Mining is dependent on the extraction of naturally occurring minerals. Explain.
Answer:

• Mining is one of the oldest economic activity of man.
• Man cannot produce minerals that are naturally found in the crust of the earth.
• This activity solely depends on the presence of minerals.
• It also depends on geology of the region, value of minerals, quality of minerals, capital investments, technology and availability of skilled labour, etc.

Question 6.
Write in detail about the characteristics of primary economic activities.
Answer:

• Hunting, gathering, fishing, rearing animals, mining and agriculture, etc., are the important primary economic activities of man.
• These activities are solely dependent on nature.
• Primary activities mean extraction of natural resources.
• These activities mainly produce raw materials required in different types of industries.
• Natural calamities affect most of the primary activities.
• In developing countries very large proportion of working population is engaged in primary activities, since there is less use of machinery.
• In developed countries there is less proportion of working population engaged in primary activities, since there is more use of machinery.

7. On an outline map of the world, show the following with appropriate symbols and prepare-an index.

Question 1.
(a) Dogger Bank fishing area.
(b) Area of lumbering in Asia.
(c) Area of animal husbandry in Australia.
(d) An area of agriculture in Europe.
(e) Mining area in Arabian Sea.
(f) Fishing area in South-West Atlantic Ocean.
Answer:

8. Given below is the data about the continent wise employment engaged in primary economic activities in the year 2018. Draw a suitable diagram to represent the data and answer the questions that follow

Question 1.

Continent	% of population engaged in primary economic activities
Europe	7.91
Asia	24.49
North America	14.93
South America	14.94
Africa	47.28
Australia	27.79

(1) In which continents is less than 10% of the population engaged in agriculture?
(2) In which continent is more than 40% population engaged in agriculture?
(3) Looking at the given data, can you arrange these continents in ascending order on the basis of level of economic development?
Answer:

(1) In Europe less than 10% population is engaged in agriculture.
(2) In Africa more than 40% population is engaged in agriculture.
(3) Ascending order is as follows:
Africa, Asia, Australia, South America, North America, Europe

Class 12 Geography Chapter 4 Primary Economic Activities Intext Questions and Answers

Try this.

Question 1.
Complete the table. (Textbook Page No. 33)

Answer:

Question 2.
Complete the chain by observing columns A to C. Write the number of the relevant characteristics and type of agriculture in column A. (Textbook Page Nos. 37-39)
Answer:

Question 3.
On the basis of the information given and pictures shown in textbook fig. classify the factors affecting agriculture into physical and human factors. (Textbook Page No. 39)
Answer:

Give it a try.

Question 1.
Complete table. (Textbook Page No. 34)

Answer:
Lumbering practiced in different parts of the world.

Make friends with maps!

Question 1.
Observe the map (Textbook Page No. 32) and answer the following questions (Textbook Page No. 33)

(i) Which economic activities are shown in the following map?
(ii) In which region do you don’t find any activity? what could be the reason?
(iii) In which latitudes do you primarily find the distribution of lumbering activity?
(iv) Why is fishing occupation only found in certain areas in the oceans?
(v) Which primary economic activities are mostly found in Europe?
(vi) What production does the symbol of mining shown in seas and oceans depict?
(vii) In which continent mining is not found?
(viii) In which ocean is the world’s fishing mostly carried out?
(ix) Which primary economic activities are found to the south of Tropic of Capricorn?
(x) Which primary activity is found in the islands of South East Asia?
(xi) Considering all four continents, in which continent do you find less agriculture being practiced?
(xii) Write a paragraph on relationship between latitudinal extent of agriculture and climate in your own words.
Answer:
(i) Agriculture, animal husbandry, fishing, mining and lumbering are the economic activities shown in the map.
(ii) In Antarctica region we do not find any activity because of permafrost and uninhabited continent.
(iii) Lumbering activity is primarily found in 50° to 70° North latitudinal region.

(iv) Fishing can develop only in those areas in the oceans where continental shelf is broad and shallow, meeting of cold and warm ocean water currents and availability plankton food for fish, cool climate etc. Since these physical factors are found only certain areas, so fishing occupation is developed in certain areas only. For example, Dogger banks in Europe or Grand Banks in north eastern part of USA etc.

(v) Agriculture, lumbering, mining and animal husbandry are the primary economic activities found in Europe.
(vi) A star (★) symbol for mining is shown for the production of mining in seas and oceans.
(vii) Mining is not found in the continent of Antarctica.
(viii)The world’s fishing is mostly carried out in the Atlantic Ocean.
(ix) Agriculture, mining, fishing, lumbering and animal husbandry are the primary economic activities found to the south of Tropic of Capricorn.
(x) Agriculture, fishing, and lumbering are the economic activities found in the islands of South East Asia.
(xi) Out of the four continents less agriculture is practiced in the continent of Australia.

(xii) Considering latitudinal extent except North Africa agricultural activities are important economic activities in latitudinal belt 8° to 50° North parallel of latitudes in the northern hemisphere and 20° to 45° latitudes in the southern hemisphere.

• Climate is the most important deciding factors in the development of agriculture.
• With the exception of a few areas, no country in this latitudinal belt experiences snowfall or frost. These weather phenomenon are harmful for the development of agriculture.
• Rainfall in this latitudinal belt is also sufficient and fairly distributed except deserts in continents of Asia and Africa.
• These are all generalised statements. However, agriculture in these latitudinal belts is affected as per the local variations in local weather conditions and physiography of the region.

Can you tell?

Question 1.

(i) Identify the images given in fig. (Textbook Page No. 34)
(ii) What are these products made from?
(iii) What do you find the raw material that are required to make these products.
(iv) What is the occupation of obtaining these products called?
Answer:
(i) Honey, brush, chewing gum, tendu leaves, rope, broom, ornament and wild fruits images are given in photograph.
(ii) These products are made from nature.
(iii) The raw material required is coconut coir, rubber, tendu trees, honeybee and wood.
(iv) The occupation is called food gathering.

Question 2.
List out the effects of deforestation on the environment, animals, birds and humans. (Textbook Page No. 35)
Answer:

• For thousands of years man has been using forests for his shelter, food and clothing and therefore, world’s forest resources are gradually diminishing.
• If, too many trees are cut, forest is not capable of re-establishing itself. This may lead to many environmental problems.

Some of the important problems are as follows.

• After deforesting in many areas, a decrease in rainfall could be noticed.
• As a result of rapid deforestation environmental problems like floods, cyclones, soil erosion, tsunami etc., are increasing.
• Due to large scale deforestation in India, 79 species of mammals, 44 species of birds, 15 species of reptiles and 3 species of amphibians are threatened.
• Nearly 1,500 plant species are considered endangered.

Find out.

Question 1.
With the help of internet, find out about Wild Life (Conservation) Act. (Textbook Page No. 33)
Answer:
Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 and Amendment in 1991.
(i) Objective of the Act is to protect the wild animals, birds and plants particularly the endangered or threatened species.
(ii) The Act prohibits the capturing, killing, poisoning or trapping of wild animals.
(iii) A national wildlife action plan has been made under it.
(iv) The Act envisages the creation and management of sanctuaries and national parks.
(v) A section has also been incorporated for creation of Biosphere Reserves.

The objectives and components of the Act are as follows:

• Control the rapid decline of wildlife. Therefore, specified endangered species are to be protected as a matter of priority.
• In general, protect all species.
• Prohibit regulate hunting (prohibit unlicensed poaching) of wild animals and birds.
• Prohibit regular trade in wild animals, their body parts and articles made by using their body parts.
• Set up protected areas like wildlife sanctuaries and national parks.
• Set up central 200 authorities to regulate zoos and encourage captive breeding of endangered species in the zoos.
• Constitute a wildlife Advisory Board in each state to advice the respective state Governments.

In 1991, the Act was amended to include plants in its definition of wildlife. Until then, for almost two decades, protection of plant life was not on agenda.

Question 2.
Find out how over exploitation of all kinds of animal resources affect human lives and environment. (Textbook Page No. 36)
Answer:

• Due to over exploitation of animal resources there is over grazing and heavy soil erosion.
• Many times, heavy soil erosion results into desertification of land.
• Many times, trees, shrubs and even their roots are used by rural people to feed the animals, it results into deforestation and desertification becomes intense.
• All disadvantages of soil erosion and desertification are faced by human beings.

Question 3.
Mining causes air, water, land and noise pollution on large scale. Look for one example each. (Textbook Page No. 37)
Answer:

• Environment impact of mining can occur at local, regional and global scales through direct and indirect mining practices.
• Impact can result in erosion, sinkholes, loss of biodiversity or the contamination soil. Example of land erosion due to mining is Tedi mines in Papua New Guinea.
• There is pollution of ground water and surface water by the chemicals emitted from mines.
• These processes also have impact on the atmosphere from the emissions of carbon, which have effect on the quality of human health and also biodiversity.

Think about it.

Question 1.
What is the difference between fishing and pisciculture? (Textbook Page No. 36)
Answer:

• The term ‘fishing’ includes all human efforts to obtain the aquatic animals in the sea, inland water and rivers.
• Breeding, rearing and transplantation of fish by artificial means is called pisciculture.
• In other words, pisciculture is fish farming. It involves raising of fish commercially in tanks or enclosures.

Question 1.
Observe the given map in fig. (Textbook Page No. 32) and answer the following questions. (Textbook Page No. 34)

(i) Which countries in the monsoon region practice lumbering on large scale.
(ii) In which part of Australia is lumbering carried on?
(iii) Why do you think lumbering is not carried out in the Northern part of Africa?
(iv) Write a note on relationship between latitudes and lumbering.
(v) Why lumbering is not developed on commercial level in Equatorial region?
Answer:
(i) India, Myanmar, Nepal, Cambodia, Vietnam and Philippines.
(ii) In south western and south eastern part of Australia lumbering is carried on.
(iii) Lumbering is not carried in Northern part of Africa because it is covered by Sahara Desert.

(iv) Lumbering is practiced in the areas where forest grows.

• Different types of forest need different rainfall and temperature conditions for growth of trees.
• The temperature and rainfall are related to latitude.
• Monsoon forests grow in areas of moderate temperature and rainfall; thus, they grow in 30°N to 40°N latitude.
• Coniferous forests grow in cool climate so they grow in 50°N to 70°N latitude

(v) Commercial lumbering is not developed in Equatorial region due to following reasons.

• In Equatorial region there dense and mixed forest growth. Land is covered with marshes.
• The trees provide hardwood which is hard to cut and heavy to carry.
• Due to hardwood it has less demand in the world market.
• Hot and humid climate of this region is not suitable for labour.
• Transport facilities are not well developed.
• Traditional methods of lumbering are used.

Question 2.
Observe the map in figure. (Textbook Page No. 32) and answer the questions given below. (Textbook Page No. 35)

(i) Along which bank of North America is Grand bank located?
(ii) Along which coast of South America is the fishing mostly practiced?
(iii) In which part of Australian continent fishing activity developed?
(iv) Fishing is carried on large scale on the western coast of Africa than on the eastern coast of Africa. Give reasons.
(v) Commercial fishing is practiced on the southern coastline of Greenland. Give reasons.
Answer:
(i) Along North-Eastern bank of North America Grand bank is located.
(ii) Along the Western coast of South America fishing is mostly practiced.
(iii) Along South Eastern part of Australian continent fishing activity is developed.

(iv) Along the western coast of Africa, the continental shelf is broad and water is shallow.

• The Guinea and Benguela warm current and Canary cold current meet together near the Western coastline of Africa, so lot of plankton is available.
• The Western coastline is broken so it is suitable for fishing.
• There is more demand for fish along the western coastline because supply of agricultural goods and meat is limited.
• On the eastern coast of Africa, the continental shelf is narrow, water near the coastline is shallow coastline is smooth, limited plankton etc so fishing is not carried on large scale.
• Therefore, fishing is not carried on large scale on the eastern coast of Africa.

(v) The southern coastline is the traditional area of fishing in Greenland.

• The continental shelf of southern coastline is broad and water near the coastline is shallow.
• The southern coastline of Greenland is broken so it is suitable for fishing.
• The West Greenland current flows along the south coastline of Greenland which brings plenty for plankton near southern coastline.
• It is traditional occupation so skilled people are available for fishing.
• The cold climate of Greenland is suitable for fishing.
• The important species of fish caught near southern coastline of Greenland are Greenland Halibut, Atlantic cod, Snow crab, Atlantic Herring etc.

Question 3.
Look at the map in fig. (Textbook Page No. 32) and answer the following questions. (Textbook Page No. 36)

(i) Do you think there is correlation between animal husbandry and grassland?
(ii) In which continent animal husbandry not practiced on large scale?
(iii) In which regions of the world do animal husbandry and agriculture coincide?
(iv) Animal husbandry is found in between which latitude of the world?
(v) In which zone between 30°North to 30°South latitudes, is animal husbandry not found on large scale? What could be the reason behind.
(vi) What could be the reason of concentration of animal husbandry in the eastern part of Australia?
(vii) Why is animal husbandry developed more in the arid regions of the interior of the continents?
Answer:
(i) Yes, there is correlation between animal husbandry and grassland because animals are grazed on grassland.
(ii) In Africa continent animal husbandry not practiced on large scale.
(iii) In North America, Europe and Asia animal husbandry and agriculture coincide.
(iv) Animal husbandry is found between 30° North to 60° North and 30° South to 55° South.

(v) In a zone between 5° North to 5° South latitudes, animal husbandry is not found on large scale. This zone has equatorial climate, so dense forest growth and inhospitable climate and lack of good quality grass are the reasons for no development of animal husbandry in above mentioned zone.

(vi) For the development of animal husbandry, climate is more important factor. In eastern part of Australia, the climate is suitable for the growth of good quality grass, therefore, animal husbandry is more developed.

(vii) The arid regions of interior of the continents receive very low rainfall.

• Only grass grows in low rainfall areas.
• Due to limited water supply, other economic activities cannot be developed.
• Therefore, only animal husbandry can be developed with the help of grass.

Question 4.
Look at the Fig. (Textbook Page No. 32) and answer the following questions (Textbook Page No. 36 and 37)

(i) In which part of the North American continent is mining mainly found?
(ii) Mining activity is located along which coastal side of South America?
(iii) Comparing other primary economic activities, do you think the extent of mining is related to latitude.
(iv) Looking at the concentration of mining in the world, can you relate it with the economic development of the country?
Answer:
(i) Along North Eastern and western coastline of USA and South Western part of Canada.
(ii) Northern, Western and Southern coastline of South America.
(iii) No, the extent of mining is not related to latitude.

(iv) Yes, we can relate mining with the economic development of the country because minerals provide raw material to many industries, especially heavy industries. Therefore, countries rich in minerals have more economic development. For example, the USA, Developed countries of Europe.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Geography Solutions Chapter 3 Human Settlements and Land Use Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Geography Solutions Chapter 3 Human Settlements and Land Use

1. Identify the correct correlation.

A : Assertion R : Reasoning
Question 1.
A – Settlements can be of various types.
R – Various physical factors affect the growth of settlements.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer:
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Question 2.
A – When cities grow, their functions also grow.
R – Cities can have only one function.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer:
(a) Only A is correct.

2. Give geographical reasons.

Question 1.
Not all rural settlements change into urban settlements.
Answer:

• The area between rural and urban is called rural-urban fringe.
• Villages are beyond the rural-urban fringe and cities have different land use pattern.
• In villages, land is mainly used for agriculture and related activities such as permanent pasture, grazing land, miscellaneous tree crops and groves, fallow land etc.
• In city areas land is mainly used for industries, residential purpose, recreation, transportation etc.
• Since the villages are far away from the city, they maintain their distinct identity and do not change into urban settlement.

Question 2.
In rural settlements, land use is related to agriculture.
Answer:

• Generally, the land in rural areas is used for agriculture and related activities.
• The classification of the land use in rural areas is done according to the Land Records Department.
• As per Land Records Department, the land in rural areas is mainly used for activities related to agriculture, such as some land is under permanent pastures and grazing lands or some under tree crops or culturable waste-land or fallow land etc.
• Thus, all the above types of land use around the rural settlements are related to mainly agriculture.

Question 3.
Rural-urban fringe have the characteristics of both urban and rural settlements.
Answer:

• The area between urban and rural areas is called rural-urban fringe.
• It has the characteristics of both urban as well as rural areas, since it is a transition zone between the two.
• Thus, in rural-urban fringe there is a mixture of urban-rural land use.
• In some rural areas apart from the land use for agriculture, some agricultural land has been converted into residential and industrial uses.
• The villages in rural fringe are partly affected by urbanization.
• Thus, rural-urban fringe has the characteristics of both urban and rural settlements.

Question 4.
Growth of urban areas is linked to land use.
Answer:

• Land use in urban areas is different from land use in rural areas.
• In rural areas the land use is closely related to agricultural activities like cultivation of different crops, plantation of trees, permanent pastures, grazing land, cultivation of tree crops, fallow land etc.
• On the other hand, land use in urban areas is varied and closely related to housing and economic activities.
• As the population of the urban area increases, more and more non-agricultural activities develop in urban areas.
• Growth of urban areas depends upon area under construction, industries, different types of institutions such as school, college, insurance companies, bank etc.
• Recreational activities, transportation are the other urban land uses.
• Thus, growth of urban areas is linked with land use.

3. Write short notes on.

Question 1.
Interrelationship between urban and rural settlement.
Answer:

• Settlements can be divided into urban and rural on the basis of their functions.
• Rural settlements are smaller than urban settlements.
• In rural areas agriculture and allied agricultural activities like livestock rearing, fishing, lumbering etc., are developed.
• In urban areas, industries, construction and economic activities like trade, transport and communication, banking and insurance are the important activities.
• The development industries need various raw material and services which are supplied by rural areas.
• For example, cotton grown in rural areas is supplied to cotton textile industries in urban areas. Everyday many rural people commute to urban areas to work in different activities.
• Thus, there is good interrelationship between urban and rural areas since they depend on each other.

Question 2.
Problems of urban settlements.
Answer:

• Most of the urban areas have very large size of population and density of population is also very high.
• When cities increase in size, many changes occur. These changes are related to land use and structure of the city.
• The large size of population and high density create number of socio-economic, cultural, infrastructural, administrative and environmental problems.
• The air, water and noise pollution, development of slums, traffic jam, overcrowding in trains and buses, waste disposal etc., are some of the serious problems in most of the urban settlements.

Question 3.
Suburbs
Answer:

• In the outer part of the urban areas there are small towns or small cities, they are known as suburbs.
• When big cities become overcrowded and overpopulated, the further development starts outside city area and thus suburbs develop.
• For example, Dombivali, Kalyan, Ambarnath etc., are the suburbs of Mumbai.
• Suburbs generally consists of residential housing and shops of low order, which act as central place for the local community.
• Often, suburbs are the most recent growth of an urban area and their end marks the urban fringe.
• With increase in population there is growth of suburb, the growth of suburbs may result in urban sprawl.

Question 4.
Mixed land use.
Answer:

• Mixed land use is observed in some of the urban areas.
• It is an area where different types of land use exist together.
• In some cities residential, industrial, commercial, administrative functions are found in an integrated manner.
• In many cities in developing countries one can find schools, clinics, houses, business shops at one place itself.
• Generally mixed land use is found in cities which are growing very fast, because land in the city is not sufficient to reserve certain areas for certain land use, therefore there is mixed land use.

4. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Explain the characteristics of rural settlement.
Answer:

• On the basis of functions, settlements can be divided into two types – rural and urban.
• Agriculture and allied agricultural activities like fishing, livestock rearing, lumbering etc., are most economic activities in rural areas.
• The classification of land use in rural areas is done according to Land Records Department.
• As per Land Records Department the land in rural areas is mainly used for activities related to agriculture, such as some land is under agriculture, some under permanent pastures and grazing lands or some under tree crops or culturable waste-land or fallow land etc.
• Most of rural settlements are semi-clustered or fragmented and small in size.
• Primary activities like agriculture, lumbering, fishing, livestock rearing is more developed in rural settlements.
• In rural areas, sometimes agricultural areas are converted into residential or industrial areas.
• Many people in rural areas daily commute to city areas for work, thus rural and urban areas are connected with each other.
• There is an area between rural and urban area which is called rural-urban fringe, rural settlements are beyond the rural-urban fringe.

Question 2.
What factors are responsible for development of various patterns in settlement? Give examples.
Answer:
1. Patterns of settlements are affected by various physical factors like relief, soils, climate, availability of water supply etc.

2. Physical factors influence the type and spacing of settlements, which results into various patterns of settlements.

3. Type of soil and quality of soil are two important factors which affect rural settlements.

4. Fertile plains and valleys have thick, rich and fertile alluvial soil, which supports agriculture, so nucleated settlements develop in these areas. For example, most of the villages in Ganga plains have nucleated settlements.

5. Settlements develop as per the relief of that area. For example, Foothill settlements develop at the foot of mountain, hilltop settlements develop at the top of the hill. For example, hilltop settlement at Shimla or Manali.

6. In the areas of mountainous or hilly relief, due to inaccessibility, there are dispersed or isolated settlements. For example, dispersed or isolated settlements in Himalaya mountains.

7. Sometimes settlements develop along the coastline, canal, river, road, or railway line. They are in straight line; they are called linear settlements. For example, settlements along Konkan coastline and settlements along Mumbai-Pune road.

8. Climate also affects development of settlements. Areas of extreme climate are avoided by people. Therefore, such areas have dispersed settlements.

9. For example, due to extreme hot climate there are dispersed settlements in Rajasthan and due to extreme cold climate, there are isolated settlements in the polar regions.

10. Water is essential for human development. Therefore, many settlements develop around lakes or natural tanks, they are circular settlements.

11. Sometimes settlements develop at the confluence of two rivers, the settlements grow in all three sides, they are triangular settlements. For example, Karad town is on the confluence of Krishna and Koyna river.

12. Sometimes settlements grow around the mines, or any central object. This centre point provides source of livelihood to the people. Thus, radial pattern of settlement develops. For example, radial settlements around coal mines in the State of Bihar.

5. Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Land Use and Land Cover
Answer:

Land Use	Land Cover
(i) Land use describes the use of land by people for different activities, such as recreation, housing, agriculture, educational institutes etc.	(i) Land cover describes the physical surface covering the land such as forest rock, ice, sand, water etc.
(ii) For example, in any city, people may use some land for housing, some for recreation, some for sports ground etc.	(ii) For example, in any area land may be covered by natural factors such as vegetation, river, sand dune, snow covered mountain etc.
(iii) Land use may change from place to place depending upon type of land and need for the people.	(iii) Land cover is natural factor it hardly changes unless man purposefully makes changes in it.
(iv) Land use cannot be studied by the satellite imagery alone.	(iv) Land cover can be studied by satellite imagery.

Question 2.
Barren and Non-agricultural Land
Answer:

Barren Land	Non-agricultural Land
(i) The land which is not used for any human activity is called barren land. In other words, it is wasteland.	(i) The land which is used by man for various human activities except agricultural activity, is called as non-agricultural land.
(ii) For example, hilly or mountainous land, desert land, ravines, swampy and marshy land etc.	(ii) For example, land used for housing, industries, construction of roads, railways etc.
(iii) Generally barren land cannot be used for agriculture or other activities with available technology.	(iii) Due to the development of secondary or tertiary activities there is increase in the used of non-agricultural land.

Question 3.
Radial pattern and Circular Pattern
Answer:

Radial Pattern	Circular Pattern
(i) In radial pattern settlements grow around certain object.	(i) In circular pattern settlements grow around water body.
(ii) They develop near temple or a centre of commercial activity.	(ii) They develop near lake or natural tank.
(iii) For example, settlements near Vindhyachal in Uttar Pradesh.	(iii) For example, settlements around Nainital lake in Uttarakhand.

Question 4.
Nucleated and Dispersed Settlement
Answer:

Nucleated Settlement	Dispersed Settlement
(i) Settlement where buildings or houses are grouped or clustered around a central point or nucleus is known as nucleated settlements.	(i) Settlement where buildings or houses are scattered or dispersed, is known as dispersed settlement.
(ii) Houses or buildings are very close to each other. There may be common wall between two houses.	(ii) Houses or buildings are far from each other. One house may be at a distance of half a kilometre from the other.
(iii) Geographical factors are favourable such as spring or fertile river valley.	(iii) Geographical factors are not favourable such as extreme climate, barren land etc.
(iv) For example, settlements in river valleys.	(vi) For example, settlements in the desert of Rajasthan.

6. Draw a neat and labelled diagram

(1) Linear settlement
(2) Radial settlement
(3) Compact settlement
(4) Dispersed settlement
Answer:

7. Write a note in your own words about how land used in Lonar city has evolved. Refer the map on textbook page no. 30.

Answer:

• Two maps of Lonar city are given. One map is of the year 2005-06 and another is of 2015-16.
• These two maps show the changes in land use that have taken place in the span of 10 years.
• The following changes have been registered.
• There is no change in the size of Lonar lake.
• The area occupied by Lonar city has increased substantially.
• Forest area around the lake has increased.
• An area under waste land/ scrubs have increased.
• Around the temple in the southeast, on the waste scrub land a new rural hospital, government hostel, government ITI, Tahsil office etc., has been developed. This newly developed area has been named as Krishna Nagar, which is not in 2005-06 map.
• To the north-east of the Lonar city two more building have been constructed. One is central public school and another is civil and criminal court.
• To the south of the temple in the heart of Lonar city built up residential area is spreading over built up residential sparse.
• Overall built up residential sparse is increasing in all directions around Lonar lake and south-eat of the Lonar city and thus there is encroachment over agricultural land.

8. Read the given passage and answer the following questions.

Different types of human settlements include hamlets, villages, small towns, large towns, isolated places, cities and conurbations. In some systems, types of human settlements are broken up into urban, suburban and rural; for example, the U.S. Census Bureau divides settlements into urban or rural categories based on precise definitions. Small settlements, such as hamlets and villages, have low populations and restricted access to services, larger types of settlements, such as cities, have higher populations, higher densities and greater access to services.

For example, a village may have only one or two general stores, while a large metropolis may have many specialized stores and chain stores. These differences are known as low-order service settlements and high-order service settlements. Larger settlements also have a sphere of influence affecting surrounding settlements. Settlements may also be divided by the site chosen, such as sites selected based on resources, trading points, defensive sites, shelter and relationship to water resources. The functions of human settlements also differ, as settlements may be established as ports, market towns and resorts. Types of rural settlements may also be classified by function, such as proximity to farming, fishing and mining. Settlements that focus on one economic activity are called single functional settlements. Human settlements may be permanent or temporary. For example, a refugee camp is a temporary settlement, while a city is a permanent settlement.

Question 1.
Which human settlements are mentioned in the passage above?
Answer:
Hamlets, villages, small towns, large towns, isolated places, cities and conurbations are the types of settlements mentioned in the passage.

Question 2.
On what basis are urban and rural areas classified?
Answer:
Settlement are classified on the basis of the size of population, density, access to higher order and lower order services, site chosen, functions, permanent or temporary etc.

Question 3.
What are the functions carried out in rural settlement?
Answer:
Functions carried out in rural settlements are farming, fishing, mining, one or two general stores, etc.

Question 4.
Explain the difference between low-order services and higher order service settlements.
Answer:

• The hamlets and villages have low population and restricted access to lower order services.
  For example, a village may have only one or two general stores. They are called low order settlements.
• Large metropolitan cities have higher population, higher density and greater services of higher order.
• For example, large metropolitans may have chain stores, malls, departmental stores, super markets etc. They are called higher order settlements.

Class 12 Geography Chapter 3 Human Settlements and Land Use Intext Questions and Answers

Try These

Question 1.
Observe Fig 3.2 A to F (Textbook Page No. 22-23). They show various patterns of settlements. Try to understand the difference between them. Carefully read their characteristics in the second column. According to the applicable characteristics, write alphabet of the image settlement in the place provided below characteristics.
Answer:

Satellite image of the settlements	Characteristics of settlements
Photo A	C
Photo B	A
Photo C	F
Photo D	E
Photo E	D
Photo F	B

Question 2.
Can you identify problems faced by your city/town/village in terms of any of the following? (Textbook Page No. 27)

Types of problems	Problems / Issues
1. Economic
2. Social
3. Cultural
4. Environmental
5. Infrastructural
6. Governance and Administrative
7. Others

Answer:

Types of problems	Problems / Issues
1. Economic	Unemployment and poverty
2. Social	Religious conflicts and tension in society
3. Cultural	Commercialisation of festivals
4. Environmental	Air, water and noise pollution
5. Infrastructural	Inadequate roads, bridges and public transport
6. Governance and Administrative	Increase in crime rate and bribery
7. Others	Overcrowding, traffic jam, housing problem

Make friends with maps!

Question 1.
See map of Ichalkaranji city (Textbook Page No. 28) and observe how changes have occurred in the city over the years. Answer the questions that follow.
(i) Enlist the colours used for showing land uses in the index.
(ii) What do the blue and black lines show?
(iii) What is the name of the river in the map?
(iv) Name any two villages shown on the map.
(v) Which city is shown on the map?
(vi) Which periods do the map belongs to?
(vii) Which land covers have reduced? What are their colours?
(viii)Which landcovers seen to have increased? what are their colours?
(ix) Which land cover has been replaced by increased landcovers?
(x) Write a conclusive note comparing both the maps.
Answer:
(i)

• Yellow for agriculture
• Green for forest
• Pink for residential land use
• Dark blue for industrial land use
• Dark green for recreation
• Brown for mining/ quarry
• Violet for public/semi public

(ii) Blue lines show rivers and black lines show roads.

(iii) Panchaganaga river

(iv) Jambhali and Haroli villages

(v) Ichalkaranji

(vi) 2007 and 2017

(vii) Open space-dark green colour, forest – light green colour, wasteland – light violet colour residential sparse – light orange

(viii) Following landcovers have increased landcover for residential area – colour pink, Landcover for industrial area colour dark blue

(ix) Following land cover have been replaced by increased landcovers. Residential sparse areas are replaced by residential built up land use, open space is replaced by residential built up area and wastelands are replaced by industries.

(x) Map A shows land use and land cover map of Ichalkaranji city in the year 2007.

• Map B shows land use and land cover map of Ichalkaranji city in the year 2017.
• Both the maps show that there is land use for agriculture, industries, transportation, residential purpose, recreational purpose, mining around the city, village settlements etc.
• In both the maps there is land is covered by Forest, waterbodies, wasteland/ scrubs, Panchaganaga river etc.
• The landcover in 2017 as compared to landcover in 2007 have been reduced for forest, residential sparse, open space and wasteland.
• The landcover in 2017 as compared to landcover in 2007 have been increased for industries and built up residential areas.
• Residential sparse areas are replaced by residential built up land use, open space is replaced by residential built up area and wasteland are replaced by industries.

Can you tell? (Textbook Page No. 27)

You know what is urban and what is rural. What will you call the area that lies between them?
Answer:

• The area between urban and rural areas is called rural-urban fringe.
• It is characterised by the urban as well as rural characteristics, since it is transition zone between the two.
• Thus, in rural-urban fringe there is a mixture of urban-rural land use.
• In some rural areas apart from the land use for agriculture, some agricultural land has been converted into residential and industrial uses.
• Thus, villages in rural fringe are partly affected by urbanization.
• Thus rural-urban and fringe have the characteristics of both urban and rural settlements.

Find out (Textbook Page No. 27)

Compare the cover page of Std. XII text book with Std. XI geography text book. Discuss and write a short paragraph about changes in land use / land cover in your own words.
Answer:
Geography Cover Page (Textbook of standard XI)

• Depicts the natural landscape.
• There are two snow covered mountains peaks and rivers having their source in these mountains.
• At the foot of the mountain there is fan shape deposit of silt.
• The river has developed number of meanders and an ox-bow lake.
• The slope of the mountains is covered with coniferous forest and on the lower ground at the foot of the mountain there is mixed forest.
• There is a sandy beach. Along the beach there are coconut trees.

Geography Cover Page (Textbook of standard XII)

• Depicts cultural/man made development super imposed on natural landscape.
• A quarry is developed at the foot of mountain.
• There is deforestation and development of two villages and a town on the right bank of the river.
• On this bank of river there is development of industry as well.
• Number of multi-story building have come up on the left bank of the river including a mall and hospital.
• Power line, concrete road and railway have developed in the last 10 years.
• On the beach hotels, rest houses, sport activities have been developed for tourists and therefore number of tourists are seen on the beach.
• The natural landscape on cover of the textbook of Std. XI changes into cultural landscape on the cover page of geography textbook of Std. XII.

Let’s recall (Textbook Page No. 24)

Can you differentiate between urban and rural settlements?
Answer:

• On the basis of functions, settlements are divided into two types – rural settlement and urban settlement.
• There is difference in land use in rural and urban settlements.
• In rural areas the land use is closely related to agricultural activities like cultivation of different crops, plantation of trees, permanent pastures, grazing land, cultivation of tree crops, fallow land etc.
• Where as in urban areas land use is for industries, construction and economic activities like trade, transport and communication, banking and insurance etc.
• Urban settlements are large and compact, since population is more compared to available land.
• Rural settlements are small and dispersed, since population is less compared to available land.

Think about it (Textbook Page No. 24)

Can a town have only one function? Why do the cities become multi-functional?
Answer:
1. Towns do not have only one function.

2. Some towns have one important and major function. They are known by that function. But they have many other functions also. For example, Shirdi in Maharashtra is known for religious function but it has other functions like tourism, education, commercial etc.

3. Cities become multifunctional as they grow. With increase in population demand for various functions increases. As cities grow in size many changes occur and therefore land use also changes.

4. For example, when any city develops as industrial centre, its main function is industries. But as people start coming to that city for employment opportunities, the city grows. Then other functions like educational institutes, business centres, recreational centres, etc., functions develop to fulfil the needs of increasing population. Thus, cities become multi-functional.

Question 1.
Observe Fig. (Textbook Page No. 21) and answer the following questions.

(i) Where are humans’ settlements likely to develop: A, B, C, D or E? Why?
(ii) In the above figure in which place human settlement is not likely to develop? Why?
(iii) Looking at the figure above, what factor do you think could contribute to the development of human settlements?
(iv) Can economic factors be important along with physical factors for the development of human settlements?
(v) Do physical factors affect the economic activity of human settlements?
(vi) Make a list of factors which affect development of settlements in an area.
Answer:
(i) Human settlement is likely to develop at C and D.
The most important factor responsible for the development of settlement is river. Hence, agriculture seems to be the most important activity and development of agriculture needs fertile soil and water supply which is readily available here.

(ii) Human settlement is not likely to develop at A and B. This is because of steep slope and rugged terrain.

(iii) The most important factors that could contribute to the development of human settlements are availability of water from the river and fertile soil on the bank of river.

(iv) Yes, economic factors are equally important along with physical factors for the development of human settlements. For example, industries need development of roads to carry raw material or agriculture also needs development of roads. Many settlements are developed along roads or railway lines.

(v) Yes, physical factors affect the economic activity in the development of human settlement. For example, agriculture is’ an important activity which is affected by relief and water supply. It can be developed where fertile soil and sufficient water supply is available.

(vi) The factors which affect development of settlements are relief, terrain, climate, soil, water supply, altitude, drainage, minerals etc.

Question 2.
Visit http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/1.%20Data%20 Highlight.pdf to know how cities are divided into various types in India on the basis of their populations. Also look for examples from Maharashtra. Refer to the website and complete the table as given below : (Textbook Page No. 24)
Answer:

Classification	Population
Class I	100,00 and above
Class II	50,000 to 99,999
Class III	20,000 to 49,999
Class IV	10,000 to 19,999
Class V	5,000 to 9,999
Class VI	Less than 5000

Question 3.
On the basis of dominant or specialised functions, Indian cities and towns can be broadly classified as follows. Complete the following table with examples from Maharashtra and India. (Textbook Page No. 24)
Answer:

Function	Name of city in Maharashtra	Name of cities outside Maharashtra
Administrative	Nashik	Gandhinagar
Industrial	Chinchwad	Jamshedpur
Transport	Nagpur	Bengaluru
Commercial	Mumbai	Surat
Mining	Chandrapur	Balaghat
Cantonment	Khadki	Agra
Educational	Pune	Kota
Religious	Pandarpur	Varanasi
Tourism	Matheran	Ooty