Bhagya

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 5 Environmental Studies Solutions Chapter 3 Life on Earth Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 2 Chapter 3 Life on Earth

5th Std EVS 2 Digest Chapter 3 Life on Earth Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Answer the following question in one sentence.

Question a.
What instrument do we need to see a unicellular organism?
Answer:
We need a microscope to see a unicellular organism.

Question b.
Where did the protozoa appear first?
Answer:
The protozoa appeared first in water.

2. Answer the following in brief.

Question a.
How were the sun and the planets in our solar system created?
Answer:

1. Around 4-5 million years ago, an enormous cloud of very hot gases and dust was spinning at a great speed in space.
2. Its circular motion and great speed caused its division into several portions.
3. This splitting created the sun and the planets in our solar system.

Question b.
Write any two characteristics of animals.
Answer:

1. Animals move to find food and for other purposes.
2. Some species of animals lay eggs and their young ones are born out of the egg; whereas animals of some
3. other species give birth to their young ones.

3. Find the names of the planets in the box below.

Question 1.

Answer:

1. Mercury
2. Jupiter
3. Venus
4. Mars
5. Saturn
6. Neptune
7. Earth
8. Uranus

4. Arrange the events given below in chronological order.

Question 1.
Arrange the events given below in chronological order.
(a) Water bodies appeared on the earth’s surface.
(b) The sun and the planets revolving around it were created.
(c) Protozoa appeared in water.
(d) An enormous cloud of hot gases and dust was formed in space.
Answer:
(a) An enormous cloud of hot gases and dust formed in space.
(b) The sun and the planets were formed.
(c) Water bodies appeared on the earth’s surface.
(d) Protozoa appeared in water

Activity :

Question 1.
Make a model of the solar system using balls of different sizes.

Project :

Question 1.
Visit a zoo or make a list of animals which are seen in your neighbourhood and note their characteristics.

Environmental Studies Part 2 Standard 5th Solutions Chapter 3 Life on Earth Additional Important Questions and Answers

Fill in the blanks:

1. An enormous’ cloud of very hot gases and dust spinning at a great speed was formed in ………… .
2. The cloud’s circular motion and great speed caused it to divide into several portions, creating the …………………. and ……………..
3. ………. and …………….. are planets.
4. The ………. is the only planet where life is known to exist
5. After the creation of the earth, it took about ………. years for its surface to cool down and for water bodies to be formed on it.
6. It is believed that various kinds of unicellular? organisms or living things, first appeared in …………. .
7. Unicellular organisms are known as ……….
8. Gradually, ……………….. living things developed from these unicellular ones.
9. Protozoa can only be seen through a ………..
10. The living world on the Earth consists of ………. and ………
11. Animals ………………… in order to get food or for other purpose.
12. Animals of some species lay eggs. Their young ones are born out of …………………
13. Some species, a mother gives ……………… to the young ones.
14. The protozoa are so ………….. that they cannot be seen with the naked eye.
15. Animals of some ………….. lay eggs.
16. Various kinds of .. ………… organisms first appeared in water.

Answer:

1. space
2. Sun, planets
3. Mercury, Venus
4. Earth
5. 80 crore
6. Water
7. Protozoa
8. Multi cellular
9. Microscope
10. Plants, animals
11. Move
12. Eggs
13. Birth
14. Tiny
15. Species
16. Unicellular

Answer each question in one sentence :

Question 1.
When did the formation of the earth begin?
Answer:
On the basis of scientific research, it is believed that the formation of earth came into being around 4.5 billion years ago.

Question 2.
On the onset of creation, what was first formed?
Answer:
An enormous cloud of very hot gases and dust spinning at a great speed was formed in space.

Question 3.
How were the sun and planets formed?
Answer:
The circular motion of the great cloud caused it to divide into several portions thus creating the sun and planets.

Question 4.
Name the planets in our solar system.
Answer:
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are the planets in our solar system.

Question 5.
What forms the solar system?
Answer:
The sun and planets which revolve around the sun forms the solar system.

Question 6.
Which is the only planet where life is known to exist?
Answer:
The Earth is the only planet where life is known to exist

Question 7.
How many years did it take for the surface of the Earth to get cooled?
Answer:
After the creation of the Earth, it took about 80 crore years for its surface to cool down and for water bodies to be formed on it.

Question 8.
What kind of living organisms appeared first? What are they known as?
Answer:
Various kinds of unicellular organisms or living things first appeared in water, they are known as ‘Protozoa’.

Question 9.
When did the multicellular living organisms appear?
Answer:
After the creation of unicellular organisms in water, gradually, multicellular living organisms developed from the unicellular ones.

Question 10.
State the main characteristics of animals in which young ones are born.
Answer:
Animals of some species lay eggs and their young ones are bom out of an egg. While in some other species, a mother gives birth to their young ones.

Question 11.
Which planets revolve around the sun?
Answer:
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are the planets that revolve around the sun.

Question 15.
How many years ago was the cloud formed in space?
Answer:
The cloud was formed in space about 4-5 billion years ago

Answer the following questions in brief:

Question 1.
How did life develop on Earth? Or What was the origin of life on earth?
Answer:

1. After the creation of the Earth, it took about 80 crore years for its surface to cool down and for water bodies to be formed on it.
2. Various kinds of unicellular organisms known as protozoa, first appeared in water.
3. Gradually, multicellular living things developed from these unicellular ones.
4. Thus, life developed on Earth.

Glossary :

1. enormous : very large
2. unicellular : consisting of one cell
3. organism : an individual animal, plant or single-called life form

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 5 Environmental Studies Solutions Chapter 1 What is History? Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 2 Chapter 1 What is History?

5th Std EVS 2 Digest Chapter 1 What is History? Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the blank.

Question a.
The science that tries to understand past events is called ……………….. .
Answer:
The science that tries to understand past events is called ‘history’.

Question b.
History is not written solely on the basis of ……………… .
Answer:
History is not written solely on the basis of imagination.

2. Answer the question in one sentence.

Question 1.
What is the scientific method?
Answer:
The method of using a number of different tests to determine whether the evidence is reliable is called the scientific method.

Question 2.
Of which action is India’s Independence the result?
Answer:
Independence of India is the consequence – result of the struggle of the people of India for independence.

Question 3.
What does the study of history make possible?
Answer:
The study of history makes it possible for us to study what is and what is not favourable for the progress of human society.

3. Answer the following question in brief.

Question a.
Why is history considered to be a scientific discipline?
Answer:
History is considered to be a scientific discipline due to the following reasons :

1. History uses scientific methods while looking for and collecting evidence.
2. It uses scientific methods while examining the evidence and putting it together.
3. Help is taken from other sciences when required.

Question b.
What is it that puts obstacles in the way of village development?
Answer:
Individual or collective actions of human beings have consequences.
Some actions result in an environment that is is not favourable for the progress of society.
The obstacles in the way of village development are :
1. people in the village do not work together and
2. people in the village do not help each another.

4. Complete the concept chart

Question 1.
Complete the concept chart

Answer:

• Nation
• State
• World
• District
• Human civilization

5. Classify the sources of history using the chart given here.

Question 1.
Classify the sources of history using the chart given here.
Sources of history – coins, letters, forts, traditional songs, pots, copper plates,

Answer:

Activities :

Question a.
Collect information and pictures of the historical structures and ancient religious places in your village/city/ neighbouring area.

Question b.
Make a list of the sources that you would use to find out the history of your school. Write down the kind of information that you could get from each of them, for example, the foundation stone of the school : the date of foundation, the person who inaugurated it, etc.

Environmental Studies Part 2 Standard 5th Solutions Chapter 1 What is History? Additional Important Questions and Answers

Fill in the blanks:

1. Words like ‘now’, ‘today’ and ‘this year’ are terms that indicate the ……….. .
2. Words like ‘some time ago’, ‘yesterday’ and ‘last year’ are terms that indicate the …………… .
3. Words like ‘after some time’, ‘tomorrow’ and ‘next year’ are words that indicate the …………….. .
4. The time that has already gone by is the ……………….. .
5. The time that we are in now is the ………….. .
6. The time that is yet to come is the……………….. .
7. With the study of Environmental Studies, we have become acquainted with ……………….. Sciences.
8. The method of using a number of different tests to determine whether the evidence is reliable is called the ……………. method.
9. It is not possible to conduct experiments to recreate the …………….. that happened in the past.
10. Evidence available from all sources is collected and thoroughly examined to determine its ………. .
11. Past events are put in a proper sequence and …………….. is written.
12. History studies events of the ………….
13. Individual or collective actions of human beings have …………. .
14. If people of a village work together and help one another, the village makes …………. progress.
15. If people of a village cannot come together and help one another, it puts ………………… in the way of its development
16. History provides us with ………….. about how we should behave today in order to shape a good future.
17. By studying history, we learn about the progress of human …………..
18. Every village, city, district, state and country has its own ……
19. Every science, too has a …………….
20. The past, present and future are linked by a continuous chain of ………… .
21. Indians fought against the British government to get Independence. This is a ……… action.
22. The events of today are linked with ……………… actions.
23. We learn that man began to make ………….. from materials available in nature.
24. Inventions of today are only possible on the foundation of the discoveries and inventions of the ……………….
25. We divide ………….. in different ways for our convenience.
26. History serves to ……………. and to motivate us by telling the life stories of great people.
27. The method of presenting ……………….. is different from that of other sciences.
28. ……………. is developed further with physical and intellectual development of man.

Answer:

1. present
2. past
3. future
4. past
5. present
6. future
7. various
8. scientific
9. events
10. reliability
11. account
12. past
13. onsequences
14. good
15. obstacles
16. guidelines
17. civilization
18. history
19. history
20. events
21. historical
22. past
23. tools
24. past
25. time
26. inspire
27. history
28. technology

Match the columns:

Question 1.

Answer:

Answer each question in one sentence:

Question 1.
How can past time be described?
Answer:
Time that has already gone by is the past. It can be described by using words like ‘some time ago’, ‘yesterday’ and ‘last year’.

Question 2.
How can present time be described?
Answer:
Time that we are in now is the present. It can be described by using words like ‘now’ ‘today’ and ‘this year’.

Question 3.
How can future time be described?
Answer:
The time that is yet to come is the future, it can be described by using words like ‘after some time’ and ‘next year’.

Question 4.
What is history?
Answer:
The science that tries to understand past events is called ‘history’.

Question 5.
How is history useful to shape the society to have a good future?
Answer:
The study of history makes it possible for us to study what is favourable and what is not favourable for the progress of human society. History thus provides us with guidelines about how we should behave today in order to shape a good future.

Question 6.
List the three types of sources of history?
Answer:
Sources of history are of three types,

• Material sources
• Written sources
• Oral sources.

Question 7.
How is an historical account written?
Answer:
With the help of the evidence that stands the scientific tests for reliability, past events are put in a proper sequence and thus a historical account is written.

Question 8.
What does environmental science do?
Answer:
Environmental science studies the problems of degradation of the environment, pollution, etc. and looks for their solutions.

Question 9.
How do people obstruct the development?
Answer:
If the people of a community or village cannot come together and help one another, this attitude of the people can obstruct its development.

Question 10.
How does history serve to inspire us?
Answer:
By telling us the life stories of great people, history serves not only to inspire us but also to motivate us.

Question 11.
What teaches us about the progress of human civilizations?
Answer:
By studying history, we get to know about the give and take that took place between our own and other civilizations. Thus, history teaches us about the progress of human civilization.

Question 12.
How are the past, present and future linked?
Answer:
The past, present and future are linked by a continuous chain of events.

Question 13.
Give an example of a historical action.
Answer:
An example of a historical action is when Indians fought against the British Government to get Independence.

Question 14.
Give an example of a consequence of an action.
Answer:
India’s struggle for independence resulted in India becoming an independent nation. This is an example of a consequence of an action.

Question 15.
How were inventions of today possible?
Answer:
Inventions of today were possible due to its foundation of discoveries and inventions of the past. e.g. Early man invented wheel and fire. The next generation with the help of technology and intellectual development improved upon it.

Question 16.
Name some present day inventions.
Answer:
Computers and solar cooker are some of the present day inventions.

Question 17.
Name some inventions of early man.
Answer:
Use of fire and invention of the wheel were some significant inventions of the early man

Question 18.
What does the study of history make possible?
Answer:
The study of history makes it possible for us to know what is and what is not favourable for the progress of human society.

Question 19.
On what does the future depend?
Answer:
The future depends on past events.

Question 20.
What does history study?
Answer:
History attempts to find out ansers to many questions by studying the thought process of past societies, their actions and the consequence. On this basis it accordingly guides us to a better future.

Give reasons for the following:

Question 1.
The method of presenting history is different from that of other sciences.
Answer:
i. It is not possible to conduct experiments and to recreate the events that happened in the past.
ii. Therefore the method of presenting history is different from that of other science.

Question 2.
History is also considered to be a science.
Answer:

1. History uses scientific methods at every stage, i.e., while looking for and collecting evidence, examining the evidence and also while putting it together.
2. A times, when required, help is also taken from other sciences.
3. That is why history is also considered to be a science.

Question 3.
History is not written solely on the basis of imagination.
Answer:
i. Evidence which is scientifically tested for its reliability is put in a proper sequence as an historical account.
ii. Therefore we can say history is a science and not written solely on the basis of imagination.

Question 4.
Every science, too, has a history.
Answer:
i. History studies about all the scientific discoveries that brought about important changes in human civilization and of the scientists who made those discoveries.
ii. Therefore it can be rightly said that every science, too, has a history.

Question 5.
Every evidence we get from the sources of history has to be tested to determine whether it is reliable or not.
Answer:
Every evidence we get from the sources of history has to be tested because tests determine the reliability of the source. Only with the help of the evidence past events are put in a proper sequence and a historical account is written.

Answer the following questions in brief:

Question 1.
The past, present and future are linked. Explain.
Answer:

1. The past, present and future are linked by a continuous chain of events.
2. Every event has a consequence.
3. The events of today (ie present) are linked with past actions.
4. When we understand this, we realize that the future depends on past events.
5. Therefore we can say that the past, present and future are linked.

Question 2.
Which are the sources of history? Give two
examples of each.
Answer:
The sources of history are of three types:

1. Material sources – coins, pots, forts.
2. Written sources – letters, inscriptions.
3. Oral sources – traditional stories and songs.

Question 3.
What affects our day-to-day life?
Answer:

1. Individual or collective actions of human beings have consequences.
2. The consequence result in an environment that may be either favourable or unfavourable for the progress of the society.
3. This affects our day-to-day life.

Question 4.
Explain the importance of the study of History.
Answer:

1. History studies the events of the past.
2. History gives information about past societies, their actions and their consequences.
3. The study of history makes it possible for us to study what is favourable for the progress of human society.
4. History provides humans with guidelines about how we should behave today in order to shape a good future. History inspires and motivates us and is thus very important.

Question 5.
What do we learn from history? Explain with examples.
Answer:

1. The past, present and future are linked by a continuous chain of events.
2. The Indian people’s struggle for independence was the action that led to the Indipendence of India.
3. The events of today are linked with past actions.
4. Therefore, the future depends on past events.
5. This is what we learn from history.
6. For example, we learn that man began to make tools and make use of fire from the materials in nature.

Glossary :

1. acquainted : aware
2. evidence : information.
3. favourable : to the advantage of someone or something..
4. reliability : the ability to be depended on for accuracy.
5. degradation : process of degradation.
6. obswuct : be in the way of; prevent.
7. consequences : results of.
8. determine : firmly establish.
9. sequence : a particular order in which related events follow each other. .
10. Obstacle : a thing that blocks one’s way or hinders progress.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 5 Environmental Studies Solutions Chapter 15 Communication and Mass Media Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 1 Chapter 15 Communication and Mass Media

5th Std EVS 1 Digest Chapter 15 Communication and Mass Media Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Write down the educational uses of mass media.

Question 1.
Write down the educational uses of mass media.
Answer:
Mass media helps us in the following ways :

1. Awareness about issues such as environmental balance, gender equality and cleanliness.
2. Forewarn about natural disasters like storms, tsunamis, flood, etc.
3. Awareness about health, educational facilities, good things happening in society, etc.
4. Awareness about basic needs related to food, clothing, shelter, education and health.
5. Helps in the expansion of trade and industry.

2. How were messages communicated before we began to use the telephone?

Question 1.
How were messages communicated before we began to use the telephone?
Answer:
Messages were earlier
1. Sent by pigeons who were trained
2. Men on horseback with messages
3. Letters sent through postal services.

3. What difference has the computer made to your life?

Question 1.
What difference has the computer made to your life?
Answer:
With the help of computers, I am able to get information with the help of internet connection and also able to do work faster and save time and efforts.

Environmental Studies Part 1 Standard 5th Solutions Chapter 15 Communication and Mass Media Additional Important Questions and Answers

Fill in the blanks with the correct answers from the options given below:

Question 1.
The exchange of information is called ……………… .
(a) gossip
(b) noise
(c) communication
Answer:
(c) communication

Question 2.
………………. are used in modem methods of communication.
(a) Artificial satellites
(b) Mobile
(c) Computer
Answer:
(a) Artificial satellites

Question 3.
Indian Satellites used for communication are called ……………… .
(a) AGNI
(b) INSAT
(c) Chandrayaan
Answer:
(b) INSAT

Question 4.
Artificial satellites are launched into space by means of ……………………. .
(a) NASA
(b) rockets
(c) ISRO
Answer:
(b) rockets

Question 5.
The ………………… on a person’s face and other gestures communicate a message to us.
(a) expression
(b) glow
(c) lines
Answer:
(a) expression

Question 6.
Information ………………….. is also a part of communication.
(a) telecast
(b) broadcast
(c) technology
Answer:
(b) broadcast

Question 7.
Information is useful for constructing …………………. .
(a) structures
(b) maps
(c) knowledge
Answer:
(c) knowledge

Question 8.
Through telecommunication, we can easily ………………… people far away from us.
(a) contact
(b) warn
(c) party with
Answer:
(a) contact

Question 9.
Through telecommunication, people can be ………………… about natural disasters like storms, tsunamis, floods etc.
(a) endangered
(b) forewarned
(c) assured
Answer:
(b) forewarned

Question 10.
Mass media helps in successful implementation of ………………. schemes launched for the benefit of people.
(a) public
(b) private
(c) government
Answer:
(c) government

Question 11.
………………. media helps in the expansion of trade and industry.
(a) public
(b) individual
(c) mass
Answer:
(c) mass

Question 12.
We get all sorts of ……………….. through television channels and the internet.
(a) information
(b) transformation
(c) industrialization
Answer:
(a) information

Question 13.
Time spent on watching ………………… leads to the neglect of outdoor sports and physical fitness.
(a) telephone
(b) television
(c) mobile
Answer:
(b) television

Question 14.
Telecommunication devices should be used properly and ……………….. .
(a) honesty
(b) sensibly
(c) truthfully
Answer:
(b) sensibly

Question 15.
We must be careful not to use telecommunication
(a) excessively
(b) severely
(c) seriously
Answer:
(a) excessively

Question 16.
New communication technology has now made this possible on a mobile phone, to ……………….. the person we are talking to.
(a) touch
(b) see
(c) smell
Answer:
(b) see

Answer in detail:

Question 1.
What are the disadvantages of tele-communication devices?
Answer:
The disadvantages of telecommunication devices are:

1. Excessive use of the television, computer or mobile phones cause disorders of the eye, ears and back.
2. Psychological disorders and isolation are also possible.
3. Information through television and the internet disturbs peace and order in society.
4. Excessive TV watching neglect the outdoor sports and physical fitness.
5. Adverse effect on physical health.

Question 2.
What are the uses of artificial satellites?
Answer:
The uses of artificial satellites are as follows:
1. Live telecast of events happening in the world.
2. With the help of phones, we can directly talk to people in other countries.
3. The President or Prime Minister can address the entire nation at the same time over the radio or TV.

Question 3.
What are audio visual communication?
Answer:
With the help of audio visual communication we can see the person whom we are talking to on a mobile phone.

Can you tell?

Question 1.
We watch TV programmes on many different channels. Where do they come from?
Answer:
Artificial Satellites

Question 2.
We talk to others on our mobile phones. What makes communication on a mobile phone possible?
Answer:
Artificial Satellite

3.

Question (a)
Study the pictures given below. Write the name of the emotions that you see in each face in the box below it:
Answer:

Question (b)
Write the names of the means of communication that are used?
Answer:
The expression on the face is used to communicate.

Question 4.
What information do you obtain from a newspaper?
Answer:
Political, Educational, Social, Cultural, Economic and Entertainment.

What’s the solution?

When Amod, who is in the fifth standard, comes home after school, he visits several websites on his computer. He never misses his favourite TV shows. He plays games on his mother’s mobile phone all the time. He is always sitting at home. Lately, his appetite has decreased. He is drowsy6 and has put on weight. Amod’s mother is worried about him. When will she feel better?
Answer:
Amod’s mother will feel better when Amod start going out and play with his friends and be physically fit.

Glossary:

1. neglect – fail to care properly
2. forewarned – inform of a possible danger or problem.
3. implementation – process of putting a plan into effect
4. isolation – process of being isolated
5. adverse – harmful.
6. drowsy – sleepy and lazy.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 5 Environmental Studies Solutions Chapter 14 Transport Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 1 Chapter 14 Transport

5th Std EVS 1 Digest Chapter 14 Transport Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Write five sentences on how you have benefited from transport facilities.

Question 1.
Write five sentences on how you have benefited from transport facilities.
Answer:
Due to transport facilities:

1. Work gets done soon.
2. Time and effort are saved.
3. Trade is facilitated easily.
4. Connection to different parts of the world easily.
5. It has improved lifestyle by education and health services.

2. List four other facilities that have become available in the local area due to transport facilities.

Question 1.
List four other facilities that have become available in the local area due to transport facilities.
Answer:
Due to transport, we are able to get vegetables and fruits. Milk is supplied on time. We are able to go to the market and malls. We are able to visit relatives and friends.

3. Suggest four solutions to reduce the burden on the local transport.

Question 1.
Suggest four solutions to reduce the burden on the local transport.
Answer:
To reduce the burden on local transport build flyovers, walk short distance, avoid unnecessary travel and go to school and work place close to our house.

4. Find the area in your locality with the least pollution. why is this the least polluted area?

5. What is the full form of CNG and LPG.

Question 1.
What is the full form of:
Answer:
1. CNG: Compressed National Gas
2. LPG: Liquidified Petroleum Gas

6.

Question (a)
In the above picture, which vehicle is causing pollution?
Answer:
The Bus

Question (b)
What remedy will you suggest to reduce the pollution caused by this vehicle?
Answer:
The bus should do PUC to control the smoke given out.

Can you tell?

Question 1.
(a) Walking
(b) Riding a bicycle
(c) Using a private vehicle
(d) Using a public vehicle
Which of the above options will you choose on the following occasions?
Answer:

1. Going to study at a friend’s house who lives near by [a]
2. Going to your school which is about one kilometre away. [b]
3. Taking materials to a science exhibition in another town. [c]
4. Going to a wedding in the next town. [d]

Environmental Studies Part 1 Standard 5th Solutions Chapter 14 Transport Additional Important Questions and Answers

Fill in the blanks with the correct answers from the options given below:

Question 1.
Using a vehicle saves ……………….. and ……………… .
(a) time
(b) money
(c) effort
(d) energy
Answer:
(a) time , (c) effort

Question 2.
The burning of fuel in vehicles emits ……………… and ………………… .
(a) water
(b) ash
(c) gases
(d) smoke
Answer:
(c) gas , (d) smoke

Question 3.
If there are traffic jams, ……………….. and …………………. pollution in that area increases.
(a) air
(b) water
(c) noise
(d) land
Answer:
(a) air , (c) noise

Question 4.
Indigenous trees adopt easily to the local environment and help in enhancing ……………….. .
(a) nature
(b) climate
(c) biodiversity
Answer:
(c) biodiversity

Question 5.
We use ………………… in automobiles.
(a) fuels
(b) water
(c) turbines
(d) air
Answer:
(a) fuels

Question 6.
Automobiles cause ………………… and ………………. pollution.
(a) air
(b) land
(c) noise
(d) water
Answer:
(a) air , (c) noise

Question 7.
Different parts of the world are now ………………… due to transport facilities.
(a) known
(b) connected
(c) enemies
(d) friends
Answer:
(b) connected

Question 8.
The transport of goods even on a ………………… level has become simple and easy.
(a) national
(b) state
(c) global
(d) equal
Answer:
(c) global

Question 9.
There is constant ………………. on a busy road.
(a) smoke
(b) water
(c) breeze
(d) traffic
Answer:
(d) traffic

Question 10.
When fuel is burnt in vehicles, minute particles of carbon and lead are released into the ……………………. .
(a) water
(b) air
(c) land
(d) fire
Answer:
(b) air

Question 11.
Growth and development of plants is affected adversely, due to …………………. pollution.
(a) water
(b) air
(c) land
(d) fire
Answer:
(b) air

Question 12.
Constant traffic through forest areas can ……………….. the habitat of plants and animals living there.
(a) harm
(b) protect
(c) befriend
(d) develop
Answer:
(a) harm

Question 13.
The constant sounds of vehicles create …………………… on a large scale.
(a) headache
(b) noise
(c) accidents
(d) music
Answer:
(b) noise

Question 14.
Traffic ………………. causes injuries, deaths and damage to the vehicles.
(a) accidents
(b) jam
(c) noise
(d) smoke
Answer:
(a) accidents

Question 15.
We should cultivate habits such as ………………… short distances.
(a) jogging
(b) riding
(c) flying
(d) walking
Answer:
(d) walking

Question 16.
Our environment is sensitive, that is why, ………………. has destructive effects on it.
(a) pollution
(b) solution
(c) resolution
(d) transportation
Answer:
(a) pollution

2. Match the following:

Question 1.
Match the following:

Answer:

Name the following:

Question 1.
Pollution caused by automobiles.
Answer:
Air and noise.

Question 2.
Gases emitted through burning of fuels.
Answer:
Carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, suphur dioxide.

Question 3.
Indigenous variety of trees.
Answer:
Banyan, Peepul, Neem, Karanj.

Question 4.
Fuels that do not cause pollution.
Answer:
LPG and CNG.

Answer in one sentence:

Question 1.
What facilities grow due to speedier modem means of transport?
Answer:
Modem means of transport speeds up facilities of tourism, health and education.

Question 2.
What is air pollution?
Answer:
An excess of carbon and lead substances lowers the quality of air in the environment which is called air pollution.

Question 3.
What harm do traffic accidents cause?
Answer:
Traffic accidents cause injuries, deaths and damage to the vehicles.

Question 4.
What habit should we cultivate if we have to travel a short distance?
Answer:
If we have to travel a short distance, we should cultivate the habit of working.

Question 5.
What mode of transport saves time and effort?
Answer:
Using a vehicle saves time and effort.

Question 6.
What causes air and noise pollution?
Answer:
Automobiles causes air and noise pollution.

Question 7.
What do vehicles constantly emit?
Answer:
Due to burning of fuel in vehicles, they constantly emit smoke and some poisonous gases.

Question 8.
Name some poisonous gases emitted by burning of fuels.
Answer:
Some of the poisonous gases emitted by burning of fuels include carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide.

Question 9.
What happens when there is constant traffic through forest areas?
Answer:
Constant traffic through forest areas can harm the habitat of plants and animals living there so, the wild animals in these forests migrate elsewhere.

Question 10.
What are the ill-effects of noise pollution to man?
Answer:
Noise pollution causes restlessness, irritability, headaches, lack of concentration, psychological disorders etc.

What are the effects of following on humans, plants and animals?

Question 1.
Air pollution on humans
Answer:
It increases trachea, lung and eye disorders, e.g. burning of the eyes

Question 2.
Air pollution on plants.
Answer:
The leaves of plants shrivel up and fall, sprouts, get scorched. The growth and development of plants is affected.

Question 3.
Air pollution on animals.
Answer:
The habitat of the animals is harmed and wild animals migrate elsewhere.

Question 4.
Sound pollution on humans.
Answer:
Sound pollution causes restlessness, irritability, headaches, lack of concentration, and psychological disorders.

Answer in brief:

Question 1.
What are sailing ships?
Answer:
In olden times, ships did not use fuel engines. They had sails which helped to use the force of wind. They were called sailing ships.

Question 2.
What options should we consider to help reduce pollution?
Answer:
We can help reduce pollution in the following ways:
1. By cultivating a habit to walk short distances.
2. By riding a bicycle for slightly longer distances.
3. By using public transport as far as possible.

Write short notes:

Question 1.
Remedies for reducing pollution.
Answer:
The following are the remedies for reducing pollution:

1. Use fuels that cause less pollution.
2. Maintain and repair vehicles from time to time.
3. Use public transport mostly.
4. Use private vehicles only when necessary.
5. Plant indigenous trees to enhance biodiversity.
6. Use LPG and CNG fuels which do not cause pollution.

Question 2.
Advantages of using a bicycle.
Answer:
The advantages of using a bicycle are as follows:

1. Physical exercise
2. Small loads can be carried
3. Pollution free
4. Self-reliance
5. Saves time
6. Can be stored in a small space
7. Saves money
8. Less crowding of vehicles on the streets

What’s the solution?

Question 1.
Rohan and Sania walk to school. Their school is thirty minutes away from their house. There is a cultural function at their school today. Their grandmother will accompany them to the function. But she gets tired easily because of her age. Which of the options listed below would you suggest for taking her to school?
(a) Walking
(b) Autorickshaw
(c) Bus
(d) Scooter
(e) Car
Answer:
Bus

Can you tell?

1. Observe the pictures and answer the following questions:

Picture: 1

Question 1.
Where have the children stopped?
Answer:
The children have stopped on the road divide.

Question 2.
Why have they stopped there?
Answer:
They have stopped there to cross the road due to heavy traffic.

Question 3.
What are the children doing?
Answer:
The children are rubbing their eyes, coughing and closing their ears.

Question 4.
What is troubling them?
Answer:
The noise and air pollution due to transport routes is troubling them.

Picture – 2:

1. State the difference between the plants close to the road and those for away from the road based on the following points:

Question (a)
Freshness of leaves.
Answer:
The leaves close to the road appear dull compared to the one’s that are far away from the road.

Question (b)
Colour of the leaves.
Answer:
The leaves near the road are brown as they are covered with a thick layer of dust and mud whereas those far away are green in colour.

Question (c)
Appearance of plants.
Answer:
The growth of plants is affected due to the pollution. The plants near the road have few leaves.

Glossary:

1. restlessness – lacking quiet and rest
2. irritability -the state of being irritable
3. pyschological – problem related to the mind
4. indigenous – occuring naturally in a particular place.
5. shrivel – wrinkle and contract
6. scorched – burnt
7. migrate – move from one region to another
8. facilitated – made easier
9. remedies – medicine or treatment.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Marathi Solutions Kumarbharti Chapter 11 मातीची सावली Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Marathi Kumarbharti Solutions Chapter 11 मातीची सावली

9th Std Marathi Kumarbharati Digest Chapter 11 मातीची सावली Textbook Questions and Answers

1. खालील ओळींतील संकल्पना स्पष्ट करा:

प्रश्न 1.
खालील ओळींतील संकल्पना स्पष्ट करा:
(अ) मडक्यातल्या पाण्यासारखा गारवा.
(आ) आईच्या पदरासारखी चिंचेची सावली.
(इ) वरून भिरभिरत येणारी फुलपाखरी पाने.
उत्तर:
(अ) उन्हाळा जितका तीव्र, तितके मडक्यातले पाणी गार असते. अतिथंड पाण्याचा चटका बसतो. मडक्यातले गार पाणी चटका देणारे नसते. त्याचा गारवा प्रसन्न असतो. जुन्या घरातील वातावरण प्रसन्न गारवा देणारे होते.
(आ) आईचा पदर म्हणजे आईची माया. कोणत्याही बाळाला आईचा स्पर्श, आईचा सहवास सुखद, प्रेमळ व हवाहवासा वाटणारा असतो. फरसूला चिंचेची सावली अशीच हवीहवीशी वाटणारी होती.
(इ) चिंचेची बारीक बारीक पाने भुरभुरत, भिरभिरत खाली येतात. फुलपाखरे थव्याथव्याने भिरभिरतात तेव्हा ते दृश्य सुंदर, मनोहारी असते. चिंचेची पानगळ अशीच फुलपाखरांसारखी वाटते.

2. खालील तकता पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 1.
खालील तकता पूर्ण करा.

उत्तर:

3. आकृती पूर्ण करा:

प्रश्न (अ)

उत्तर:

प्रश्न (आ)
पाठाच्या आधारे फरसूचे पुढील मुद्दयांना अनुसरून वर्णन करा:

उत्तर:
1. छंद: फरसू हा निरागस आयुष्य जगणारा सामान्य शेतकरी होता. साध्या साध्या गोष्टींतून तो सुख मिळवायचा. घराच्या पायरीवर बसायचे, फुलपाखरांसारखी भिरभिरत येणारी चिंचेची पाने पाहायची, झाडावर चढणाऱ्या खारीचे बागडणे न्याहाळायचे हा त्याचा आवडता छंद होता. चिंचेच्या मुळावर बसून चांदण्यात खूप उशिरापर्यंत आबूबरोबर गप्पा मारायला त्याला खूप आवडायचे.

2. मेहनत: फरसू मेहनतीत कधी मागे राहिला नाही. जमिनीवर पडणारे चिंचेचे पानन् पान गोळा करून तो ती पाने शेतात पसरवी. भाताचे पीक झाले की, तेथेच वांगी, दुधी यांसारख्या भाज्यांचे पीक घेई. फरसू व त्याची बायको ही उभयता पाठीचा कणा दुखेपर्यंत मेहनत करायची. शेवटपर्यंत मातीचीच चाकरी करायची, झाडापानांना उघड्यावर टाकायचे नाही, हा त्याचा निर्धार होता.

3. दुःख: फरसूचे दुःख मात्र मोठे होते. बिल्डरच्या नादाला लागून मुलाने जमीन, घर, झाडे इत्यादी सर्व विकून टाकले. फरसूचा तो तर जगण्याचा आधार होता. मात्र, त्याच्या भावनेची मुलाला, सुनेला कदर नव्हती. सून तर त्याच्यावर डाफरायची. त्यामुळे फरसूला घर म्हणजे खानावळ वाटत होती.

4. माणूसपण: फरसूने माणूस म्हणून आपली कर्तव्ये पार पाडली होती. दोन्ही मुलींची लग्ने करून त्यांची सुखाने सासरी पाठवणी केली. मुलाला खूप शिकवले. पण शहरीकरणाची वावटळ त्याचा सुखी संसार उद्ध्वस्त करीत होता. एकंदरीत फरसूची कहाणी मनाला व्याकूळ करून टाकते.

4. ओघतक्ता तयार करा:

प्रश्न 1.
ओघतक्ता तयार करा:

उत्तर:

5. खालील वाक्ये प्रमाणभाषेत लिहा:

प्रश्न (अ)
“आमसा जलम या मातीत गेल्ता मणून थोडं वायीट वाटते.”
उत्तर:
“आमचा जन्म या मातीत गेला म्हणून थोडे वाईट वाटते.”

प्रश्न (आ)
“त्यांचीच पुण्यायी यी बावडी नय् नदी हय् नदी.”
उत्तर:
“त्यांचीच पुण्याई ही विहीर नाही नदी आहे नदी.”

6. खालील वाक्प्रचारांचा योग्य अर्थ शोधा व लिहा:

प्रश्न (अ)
टकळी चालवणे –
1. सूत कातणे
2. सतत बोलणे
3. वस्त्र विणणे.
उत्तर:
सतत बोलणे

प्रश्न (आ)
नाळ तुटणे –
1. मैत्री जमणे
2. संबंध न राहणे
3. संबंध जुळणे.
उत्तर:
संबंध न राहणे

7. खालील अर्थांची वाक्ये पाठातून शोधून लिहा.

(अ) फरसूने आपल्या वडिलांचे ऋण दर्शवले –
(आ) फरसूचा संसार होत्याचा नव्हता झाला –
(इ) फरसूचे झाडांबाबतचे प्रेम –

8. स्वमत.

प्रश्न (अ)
‘मातीशी नाळ तुटली, की माणूसपण तरी कसं राहणार?’ या फरसूच्या विधानाशी तुम्ही सहमत असल्यास, त्याची कारणे सोदाहरण लिहा..
उत्तर:
‘मातीशी नाळ तुटली, की माणूसपण तरी कसं राहणार?’ हे विधान मला पूर्णपणे मान्य आहे. माणूस स्वत:च्या इच्छाआकांक्षांसाठी जगतो. तसेच, इतर माणसांबद्दल वाटणारा बंधुभाव हे माणसाचे वैशिष्ट्य आहे. बंधुभाव नष्ट झाला, तर माणूसपण नष्ट होते. शहरीकरणामुळे आपण निसर्गापासून दूर जात आहोत. नैसर्गिक गोष्टींपेक्षा कृत्रिम गोष्टी जास्त आकर्षक वाटू लागल्या आहेत.

शहरात आपल्या अंगाला माती लागत नाहीच, पण दिसतही नाही. सिमेंट काँक्रीट, डांबर, दगड, विटा यांनी आपण माती झाकून टाकली आहे. झाडेपाने दिसेनाशी झाली आहेत. आपले जगणे अधिकाधिक कृत्रिमतेकडे सरकत आहे. याचा कळतनकळत परिणाम होत आहे. आपण एकमेकांपासून दूर जात आहोत. बंधुभाव नष्ट होत आहे. साहजिकच, आपण माणूसपण गमावत आहोत. हा मातीशी नाळ तुटण्याचा परिणाम आहे.

प्रश्न (आ)
पाठात व्यक्त झालेल्या फरसूच्या विचारांबाबत तुमचे मत स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तर:
फरसू हा कष्टाळू गरीब शेतकरी होता. पाठीचा कणा दुखेपर्यंत तो व त्याची पत्नी शेतात राबत. मातीशी नाते असण्यातच माणूसपण असते, अशी त्याची श्रद्धा होती. जमिनीवर, झाडाझुडपांवर त्याचे जिवापाड प्रेम होते. शेवटच्या श्वासापर्यंत जमिनीची सेवा करायची, झाडाझुडपांना उघड्यावर टाकायचे नाही, हा त्याचा निश्चय होता. हा कोणत्याही शेतकऱ्याचा पारंपरिक विचार आहे. मला हा विचार खूप महत्त्वाचा वाटतो.

अलीकडे शिक्षणाचा प्रसार झाल्यापासून लोक पांढरपेशे बनत चालले आहेत. बरेच जण कष्ट करायला राजी नसतात. शेतीला कमी लेखतात. यामुळे जीवनात विकृत्या शिरल्या आहेत. कोणत्याही कारणासाठी झाडे सहज तोडली जातात. प्रदूषणामुळे नदयांची गटारे झाली आहेत. समुद्रसुद्धा मोठ्या प्रमाणात प्रदूषित होत आहे. जमिनीपासून, शेतीपासून माणसे दूर गेल्यामुळे ती निसर्गापासूनसुद्धा तुटली आहेत. ती निसर्गाची नासधूस करीत आहेत. यामुळे माणूस स्वत:चेच जीवन धोक्यात आणीत आहे. यातून बाहेर पडायचे असेल, तर फरसूचा दृष्टिकोन अंगीकारला पाहिजे.

प्रश्न (इ)

‘मातीची सावली’ या पाठाच्या शीर्षकाची समर्पकता तुमच्या शब्दांत लिहा.

उपक्रम:

प्रश्न 1.
प्रस्तुत पाठाचे नाट्यरूपांतर करून वर्गात सादर करा.

प्रश्न 2.
डॉ. नागनाथ कोत्तापल्ले यांचे ‘उदयाच्या सुंदर दिवसासाठी’ – हे पुस्तक वाचा.

भाषा सौंदर्य:

प्रश्न 1.
आपली मराठी भाषा वाक्प्रचार, म्हणी व सुभाषिते यांनी समृद्ध आहे. शरीर अवयव, प्राणी, पक्षी, मानवी भावभावना, अन्न वा इतर अशा अनेक गोष्टींवरून आपल्याला वाक्प्रचार व म्हणी पाहायला मिळतात. खाली एक तक्ता दिला आहे. तक्त्यातील प्रत्येक रकान्यात दिलेल्या उदाहरणाप्रमाणे आणखी म्हणी व वाक्प्रचारांची उदाहरणे लिहा:
उत्तर:

भाषाभ्यास:

तुमच्या पाठ्यपुस्तकांमध्ये तुम्ही धडे वाचता, कविता वाचता. धडे आणि कविता म्हणजेच गय आणि पदध यांच्या रचनेत फरक आहे, हे तुम्हाला माहीत आहे. हा फरक असतो मुख्यतः लयीचा. पदध गाता येते किंवा लयीत वाचता येते. गदयाचे तसे नसते. कवितेमध्ये लय निर्माण कशी होते? कुठल्या गोष्टीमुळे होते? हे आज आपण बघणार आहोत. वृत्त, छंद यांसारख्या गोष्टींमुळे कवितेला लय मिळते. कवितेची लय समजण्यासाठी आपण त्या गोष्टींचा अभ्यास करणार आहोत.

वृत्त किंवा छंद म्हणजे काय ? लय निर्माण करण्यासाठी कवितेची जी विशिष्ट शब्दरचना केली जाते. व्हस्व, दीर्घ स्वरांचा जो एक विशिष्ट क्रम वापरला जातो, त्याला ‘वृत्त’ म्हणतात. याचा अर्थ कविता एका विशिष्ट वृत्तामध्ये रचलेली असते, म्हणून ती आपल्याला लयीत म्हणता येते. गणितात जशा बेरीज, वजाबाकी, गुणाकार, भागाकार या संकल्पना येतात, तशा वृत्तविचारामध्ये काही संकल्पना महत्त्वाच्या आहेत. त्या संकल्पना आपण आधी समजून घेऊया.

Marathi Kumarbharati Textbook Std 9 Answers Chapter 11 मातीची सावली Additional Important Questions and Answers

उतारा क्र. 1

1. पुढील उतारा वाचून दिलेल्या सूचनांनुसार कृती करा:

कृती 1 : (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.
फरक लिहा:

उत्तर:

कृती 2 : (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.
आशय स्पष्ट करा:
1. फरसू पाय ओढत पायरीवर येऊन बसला.
2. आपली खरबरीत बोटं त्याने गुळगुळीत पायरीवरून फिरवली.
उत्तर:
1. आपण आनंदाने चालतो, तेव्हा आपले पाय सहज, भरभर पडतात. फरसूचे पाय असे आनंदाने पडत नाहीत. पाय उचलण्यासाठी त्याला कष्ट पडतात. पाय ओढावे लागतात. म्हणजे फरसू दुःखीकष्टी मनाने पायरीवर येऊन बसतो.
2. खरबरीत बोटे म्हणजे भरपूर कष्ट केलेल्या हातांची बोटे. या खरबरीत बोटांना गुळगुळीत पायऱ्या सुखाच्या वाटत नाहीत. पायऱ्यांचा गुळगुळीतपणा दूरचा, परका वाटतो.

प्रश्न 2.
माहिती लिहा:

उत्तर:

प्रश्न 3.
उताऱ्यातील सासरे-सून यांच्यातील नाते स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तर:
सुनेला वाटते की, सासऱ्यांनी तिच्या इच्छेप्रमाणे वागावे. सासरे ।
त्यांच्या जीवनातील सर्व जुन्या गोष्टी नष्ट झाल्याने दुःखी आहेत. सासऱ्यांच्या मनातील भावना सून लक्षात घेत नाही
आणि त्यांच्यावर डाफरत राहते.

प्रश्न 4.
कोष्टक पूर्ण करा:

उत्तर:

कृती 3 : (स्वमत/अभिव्यक्ती)

प्रश्न 1.
या उताऱ्यातून तुम्हांला जाणवणारी फरसूची मन:स्थिती लिहा.
उत्तर:
दरवाजाच्या चौकटीला धरून फरसू उठतो. त्याच्या पायांची हाडे कडकडतात. यावरून तो उतारवयात आहे, हे लक्षात येते. त्याला आताचे वातावरण प्रिय नाही. चकचकीत, ऐषारामी वातावरणात त्याचे मन रमत नाही. तो उदास, विमनस्क स्थितीत वावरतो. त्याच्या खरबरीत बोटांना गुळगुळीत पायरीचा स्पर्श सुखद वाटत नाही.

गुबगुबीत खुर्चीतही त्याला अवघडल्यासारखे होते. त्याला हवेहवेसे वाटणारे दृश्य त्याच्या मनात जागे होते. ते असते पूर्वीचे, त्याच्या तरुणपणातील. चिंचेचे झाड, मंगलोरी कौले, इकडून तिकडे बागडणाऱ्या खारी यांनी बनलेले वातावरण त्याला समाधान दयायचे. आता ते सर्व नाहीसे झाले आहे. त्याच्या फक्त आठवणी शिल्लक राहिल्या आहेत. या आठवणींनी फरसू उदास होतो आणि आभाळाकडे बघत राहतो.

उतारा क्र. 2

1. पुढील उतारा वाचून दिलेल्या सूचनांनुसार कृती करा:

कृती 1 : (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.
आकृती पूर्ण करा:

उत्तर:

प्रश्न 2.
का ते लिहा:
1. गावकरी फरसूवर मनोमन जळायचे.
2. पाठीचा कणा दुखेपर्यंत फरसू पत्नीसहित राबणे चालू ठेवायचा.
उत्तर:
1. पावसाळ्यात फरसूचे भातशेत हिरवेगार दिसायचे. पिकल्यानंतर ते भात झळाळणाऱ्या सोन्यासारखे दिसे. त्यामानाने इतरांचे शेत पिकत नसे.
2. भाताचे पीक झाल्यावर फरसू तिथे वांगी, कारली, दुधी वगैरे भाज्यांचीही पिके घ्यायचा. तो दुबार पिके घ्यायचा. त्यासाठी भरपूर कष्ट घ्यावे लागायचे.

प्रश्न 3.
पुढील वाक्य प्रमाणभाषेत लिहा:
त्यांचीच पुण्यायी यी बावडी नय् नदी हय् नदी.
उत्तर:
त्यांचीच पुण्याई, ही विहीर नाही, नदी आहे नदी.

प्रश्न 4.
पुढील अर्थाचे वाक्य उताऱ्यातून शोधून लिहा:
फरसने आपल्या वडिलांचे ऋण दर्शवले.
उत्तर:
बापजादयांची कमायी रे पोरांनो!

कृती 2 : (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.
विधान पूर्ण करा:
फरसूच्या मते, बापजादयांच्या पुण्याईमुळे …………………..
उत्तर:
फरसूच्या मते, बापजादयांच्या पुण्याईमुळे –
(अ) फरसूच्या विहिरीला वैशाखातही भरपूर पाणी असे.
(आ) फरसूने तीन मुलींची लग्ने करून त्यांना सासरी पाठवले. तिघींनाही गळे झाकतील एवढे दागिने करून घातले. इतकी सुबत्ता त्याला लाभली होती.

प्रश्न 2.
आकृती पूर्ण करा:

उत्तर:

कृती 3 : (स्वमत/अभिव्यक्ती)

प्रश्न 1.
फरसूच्या यशा मागील तुम्हांला जाणवलेले रहस्य सांगा.
उत्तर:
फरसूच्या यशामागे दोन गोष्टी आहेत. एक आहे त्याची श्रद्धा आणि दुसरी आहे त्याचा विज्ञाननिष्ठ दृष्टिकोन. त्याची चांगल्या, उदात्त मूल्यांवर श्रद्धा आहे. त्याच्या मते, कोणाच्याही कामात खोडा घालू नये. म्हणजे कोणाचेही वाईट करू नये. इतरांचे वाईट केल्यास आपले अकल्याण होते, असा त्याचा ठाम विश्वास आहे. आपल्या बापजादयांनी कोणाचीही फसवणूक केली नाही; कोणाला नाडले नाही; म्हणून आपली भरभराट झाली, असे त्याला वाटते.

दुसरी गोष्ट म्हणजे त्याचा विज्ञाननिष्ठ दृष्टिकोन. त्याने नैसर्गिक खतावरच पूर्णपणे भर दिला. रासायनिक खताचा वापर केला नाही. रासायनिक खताचा वापर न केल्यामुळे जमिनीचे नुकसान झाले नाही. त्याने चिंचेचा पाला शेतात पसरून त्याचेच खत होऊ दिले. तसेच, मुख्य भातपिकानंतर त्याने वांगी, कारली, दुधी वगैरे भाज्यांची पिके घेतली. या प्रकारच्या दुबार पिकांमुळेही जमिनीचा कस वाढण्यास मदत झाली. एकंदरीत, श्रद्धा व विज्ञाननिष्ठ दृष्टिकोन यांमुळे फरसू यशस्वी झाला.

उतारा क्र. 3

1. पुढील उतारा वाचून दिलेल्या सूचनांनुसार कृती करा:

कृती 1 : (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.
पुढील कोष्टक पूर्ण करा:

उत्तर:

प्रश्न 2.
कोष्टक पूर्ण करा:

उत्तर:

प्रश्न 3.
पुढील अर्थाचे वाक्य उताऱ्यातून शोधून लिहा:
फरसूचे झाडांबाबतचे प्रेम.
उत्तर:
पोटच्या पोरांइतक्याच प्रेमाने वाढवलेल्या झाडापानांना जीव जाईस्तोवर उघड्यावर टाकायचं नाही, हा त्याचा निश्चय होता.

कृती 2 : (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.
अर्थ स्पष्ट करा:
1. पूर्वी असे पाय भरून यायचे नाहीत.
2. आपला आधार तर कधीच तुटून पडला.
उत्तर:
1. झाडापानांवर प्रेम असल्यामुळे कष्ट कधी जाणवलेच नाहीत.
2. फरसूची पत्नी मरण पावली. त्यामुळे त्याचा आधार तुटून पडला.

प्रश्न 2.
फरक लिहा:

उत्तर:

कृती 3 : (स्वमत/अभिव्यक्ती)

प्रश्न 1.
मनू आणि फरसू यांच्यातील नाते भावनाहीन, कोरडे होण्यामागील तुम्हांला जाणवलेले कारण स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तर:
फरसू कष्ट करीत करीत व निसर्गाशी खेळत खेळतच जगला. त्यामुळे त्याचा जमिनीवर, झाडापानांवर जीव आहे. त्यांच्या आधारानेच आपले जीवन उभे राहते. म्हणून जीव असेस्तोवर जमिनीची चाकरी करायची, झाडापानांना आधार दयायचा, हा त्याचा निर्धार होता. तसेच, फरसू खेडेगावात राहत असल्यामुळे खेडेगावातील माणसे एकमेकांना धरून राहतात. तिथे व्यक्तीच्या स्वत:च्या सुखदु:खापेक्षा संपूर्ण समाजाचे सुखदुःख महत्त्वाचे मानले जाते.

मनूने शिक्षण घेतले. आपल्याकडील बहुतांश शिक्षण पुस्तकी असते. ते कष्टापासून दूर असते. यामुळे मनूला शेतीतले कष्ट कमी दर्जाचे वाटतात. चकचकीत, गुळगुळीत स्वरूपाचा बंगला सुखाचा वाटतो. नोकरी करणारा कळतनकळत फक्त स्वत:चाच विचार करू लागतो. मनूचे तेच झाले. तो फरसूपासून मनाने दूर गेला. त्या दोघांमध्ये भावनिक नाते राहिलेच नाही. दोघांमध्ये संवाद राहिला नाही. समाधान राहिले नाही.

उतारा क्र. 4

1. पुढील उतारा वाचून दिलेल्या सूचनांनुसार कृती करा:

कृती 1 : (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.
माहिती लिहा:
1. पूर्वीच्या जुन्या घरातील जेवणाच्या वेळचे वातावरण.
2. पूर्वीच्या जेवणाचे स्वरूप.
3. कोसूचा मृत्यू.
उत्तर:
1. पूर्वी जुन्या घराच्या अंधाऱ्या पडवीत जेवणे होत असत. कोसू प्रार्थना करी. प्रार्थना संपल्यावर जेवण चालू होई. त्या वेळी कोसूची टकळी चालू असे. मनू तर जेवता जेवता बहिणींशी मस्ती करायचा. वातावरण मोकळे, प्रेमळ असे.. जेवताना आनंद मिळे.
2. पूर्वीचे जेवण साधे असे. जेवणात एखादी भाजी, कधी डाळ, सुके बोंबील, भात आणि तांदळाच्या भाकऱ्या असत. जेवणात कोणताही उंची थाट नव्हता. तरी जेवणाचे समाधान मिळे.
3. वाडीत काम चालू होते. हे काम करताना कोसूच्या पायाला तार की खिळा, असे काहीतरी लागले. म्हटले तर साधी इजा झाली होती. तीच महागात पडली. आठवड्याभरातच कोसूची प्राणज्योत मालवली.

प्रश्न 2.
पुढील अर्थाचे वाक्य उताऱ्यातून शोधून लिहा:
फरसूचा संसार होत्याचा नव्हता झाला.
उत्तर:
तरारून वाढलेल्या गुबगुबीत केळीचं अख्खं बन एका पाऊसवाऱ्यात जमिनीवर झोपावं, तसा आपला संसार होत्याचा नव्हता झाला.

कृती 2 : (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.
संकल्पना स्पष्ट करा:
1. केळीचे बन जमिनीवर झोपावे, तसे.
2. कारली-वांग्यासारखा जमिनीचा बाजार मांडला.
3. बैलासारखी मान डोलावली.
उत्तर:
1. केळ पडली की ती पूर्ण उन्मळून पडते. तिची जमिनीत रुजलेली सर्व मुळे मातीतून पूर्णपणे बाहेर येतात. म्हणजे ती समूळ नष्ट होते. केळीचे अखंड बन जर असेच आडवे झाले, तर सगळी बाग उजाड झालेली दिसते. अशाच प्रकारे एकाएकी कोसू मरण पावल्यामुळे फरसूचा संसार उद्ध्वस्त झाला.

2. कारली-वांग्याचा बाजार मांडला जातो, तेव्हा त्या कारल्या वांग्यांबद्दल कोणालाही आपुलकी वाटत नसते. किंबहुना त्यांची विक्री झाली, तर सगळ्यांना आनंदच होतो. म्हणून बाजारात सर्व विक्रेते ओरडून लोकांना खरेदी करण्याचा आग्रह करीत असतात. वेळप्रसंगी कमी किमतीतही विकत असतात. यालाच बाजार मांडणे म्हणतात. जमिनीची बाब तशी नसते. आपण जमीन विकून तिला कारली-वांग्याच्या पातळीवर आणले असे फरसूला वाटत असते.

3. नंदीबैलाचा मालक सांगतो, त्याप्रमाणे बैल मान डोलावतो. बैलाला स्वत:चे मत वा भावना नसतात. तो मालकाच्या म्हणण्याप्रमाणे वागतो. त्याप्रमाणेच आपणही मनूच्या म्हणण्याला मान डोलावली. आपले मनातले खरेखुरे म्हणणे सांगितलेच नाही, असे फरसूला वाटते.

प्रश्न 2.
फरसूच्या कल्पनेप्रमाणे कोसूच्या मृत्यूमागील कारणे.
उत्तर:
फरसूच्या कल्पनेप्रमाणे कोसूच्या मृत्यूमागील कारणे:
1. ज्या मातीने संसार फुलवला, त्या मातीलाच उजाड केल्यामुळे कोसू मरण पावली असावी.
2. मनूने जमीन विकायचा विचार मांडला, तेव्हा नंदीबैलाप्रमाणे आपण मान डोलावली, असे फरसूला वाटले.

कृती 3 : (स्वमत/अभिव्यक्ती)

प्रश्न 1.
फरसू व मनू यांची जीवनदृष्टी समजावून सांगा.
उत्तर:
फरसूच्या जुन्या घरात पूर्वी जेवतानाचे वातावरण लोभसवाणे होते. सगळेजण गप्पाटप्पा करीत, थट्टामस्करी करीत जेवत असत. त्यात माया होती. भावनेचा ओलावा होता. त्यात सहज, साध्या निर्मळ भावनांना वाव होता. म्हणून ते वातावरण सुंदर होते, सुखद होते. या वातावरणात शेती, गाईगुरे, झाडेपाने यांनाही स्थान होते. गावातल्या लोकांनाही स्थान होते. सगळ्यांच्या सुखदुःखात सहभागी होत जगणे हवे असते.

मनूला व त्याच्या पत्नीला, म्हणजे फरसूच्या सुनेला ही जगण्याची रीत मान्य नव्हती. त्यांना उच्च दर्जाच्या गुळगुळीत फरश्या बसवलेली, मोठ्या, उंच इमारतीमधील महागडी घरे अधिक आकर्षक वाटतात. मनू जुन्या घराला गोठा म्हणतो. त्याला शेतीपेक्षा नोकरी अधिक चांगली वाटते. या दोन वेगवेगळ्या जीवनरिती आहेत. दोन्ही एकमेकींच्या विरुद्ध आहेत. मनूला फरसूचे मन कळत नाही. त्यामुळेच मनू कायम फरसूविरुद्ध उभा ठाकतो.

उतारा क्र. 5

पुढील उतारा वाचून दिलेल्या सूचनांनुसार कृती करा:

कृती 1 : (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.
आकृती पूर्ण करा:

उत्तर:

प्रश्न 2.
कोष्टक पूर्ण करा:

उत्तर:

कृती 2 : (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.
उत्तर लिहा:
फरसूच्या दृष्टीने जमिनीवर झालेले अत्याचार:

1. ………………………………………
2. ………………………………………
3. ………………………………………
4. ………………………………………

उत्तर:

1. जमिनीवर ट्रॅक्टर फिरला.
2. बागायत मातीला मिळाली.
3. मोठाले खड्डे खणले गेले.
4. भलेमोठे दगडविटांचे धूड उभारले गेले.

प्रश्न 2.
आकृती पूर्ण करा:

उत्तर:

उतारा क्र. 6

1. पुढील उतारा वाचून दिलेल्या सूचनांनुसार कृती करा:

कृती 1 : (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.
कारणे लिहा:
1. फरसू मध्यरात्री घराबाहेर बसला आहे.
2. फरसूने हात जोडून आकाशाकडे पाहिले.
उत्तर:
1. प्रथम फरसूची बायको गेली. मग जमीन गेली. घर गेले. सर्व झाडे गेली. जिवाभावाच्या सर्वच गोष्टी नष्ट झाल्या. म्हणून तो प्रचंड अस्वस्थ झाला होता. दु:खामुळे त्याला चैन पडेना आणि तो मध्यरात्र असतानाही घराबाहेर येऊन बसला.
2. पूर्वजांनी जमीन मिळवली होती. त्यांनीच घर बांधले होते. त्यांनीच झाडेझुडपे लावली. पैशाच्या हव्यासाने पूर्वजांची सर्व कमाई आपण घालवली. हा एक प्रकारे गुन्हाच केला, अशी फरसूची भावना होती. या गुन्हयाबद्दल येशूकडे माफी मागावी, म्हणून त्याने हात जोडून आकाशाकडे पाहिले.

प्रश्न 2.
पुढील घटनांचे परिणाम लिहा:
1. जमीन विकली, पैसा आला – …………………….
2. मनूने कागद आणला, फरसूने सही केली – …………………..
उत्तर:
1. जमीन विकली, पैसा आला – ते बापाला विसरले.
2. मनूने कागद आणला, फरसूने सही केली – फरसूला वाटले, त्याने बेइमानी केली. आपल्या आईला फसवले.

कृती 2 : (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.
अर्थ स्पष्ट करा:
आमशा आजा, पणजाअं रगत हय्!
उत्तर:
जमीन, घर, झाडेपेडे हे फरसूच्या पूर्वजांनी, त्याच्या आजा पणजाने मिळवले होते. तेवढे सगळे उभे करण्यासाठी त्यांनी स्वत:ची आयुष्ये ओतली होती. रक्त आटवले होते. ते सगळे आपण पैशांसाठी विकले, याचे प्रचंड दु:ख व पश्चात्ताप फरसूला होतो. हा पश्चात्ताप व्यक्त करण्यासाठी फरसू हे उद्गार काढतो.

प्रश्न 2.
आबूने फरसूची काढलेली समजूत तुमच्या शब्दांत लिहा.
उत्तर:
मध्यरात्री दुःखावेगाने अस्वस्थ होऊन फरसू घराबाहेर पडला. त्याला पाहून आबूने आश्चर्य व्यक्त केले. त्यावर, पूर्वजांनी रक्त आटवून उभारलेली संपत्ती आपण विकली, याबद्दलचा पश्चात्ताप त्याने आबूकडे व्यक्त केला. आबूने त्याची समजूत काढली. अशी जमीन अनेकांनी विकली आहे. त्यात गैर काहीच नाही. मिळालेल्या भरघोस पैशांनी मनूचे जीवन पूर्ण समृद्ध होणार आहे. ही सुद्धा चांगलीच घटना आहे. म्हणून फरसूने त्याचे दु:ख वाटून घेऊ नये, असे आबूने समजावले.

कृती 3 : (स्वमत/अभिव्यक्ती)

प्रश्न 1.
‘फरसूच्या घरातील यातनादायक वातावरणाला फरसू व मनू हे दोघेही सारखेच जबाबदार आहेत.’ विधान स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तर:
काळानुसार परिस्थिती बदलते. प्रत्येक पिढीचे विचार बदलतात. नवीन पिढी नवीन विचारांना अनुसरून चालते. नव्या पिढीची जगण्यावागण्याची रीत वेगळी असते. ही रीत म्हणजे जीवनशैली. मन् हा नव्या युगातला युवक आहे. त्याची जीवनशैली आधुनिक काळातली. तो या नव्या जीवनशैलीला अनुसरूनच वागणार. हा बदल फरसूला कळलेला नाही. म्हणून त्याला दु:ख होते. तो वेदनेने विव्हळतो. त्याच वेळी मनूलाही वडिलांची मन:स्थिती कळत नाही. वडील है ज्या विचारांच्या वातावरणात वाढले, त्याच विचारांना धरून ते वागणार. त्यांना स्वत:च्या विचारांत झटकन बदल करता येणार नाही.

नवीन विचार ते त्वरेने आत्मसात करू शकणार नाहीत. हे सर्व मनूनेही लक्षात घ्यायला हवे होते. वडिलांना हळूहळू आपल्या विचारांकडे आणायचा प्रयत्न त्याने करायला हवा होता. पण त्याने तो तसा केला नाही. बापलेक दोघेही आपापल्या जागी घट्ट राहिले. त्यांच्या दुःखाचे मूळ तिथे आहे. म्हणून दोघेही सध्याच्या परिस्थितीला जबाबदार आहेत.

उतारा क्र. 7

1. पुढील उतारा वाचून दिलेल्या सूचनांनुसार कृती करा:

कृती 1 : (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.
आशय स्पष्ट करा:
1. जलमभर ढोरहारकं खपाला पाये.
2. त्यांना पायाखालती जमीनच नय् रे………
3. त्यांशे पाय जमिनीवर नाय.
उत्तर:
1. फरसू जमीन विकल्याबद्दल दु:खी होतो. आबूला वाटते की, फरसूला दारिद्र्यात राहणेच पसंत आहे. पैसे हातात आले की, अनेक सुखे मिळवता येतात. पण फरसू या सुखांची आस बाळगतच नाही. तो स्वत:ला यातनांमधून मुक्त करण्याचा प्रयत्नच करीत नाही. म्हणून आबूचे मत असे बनत चालले आहे की, फरसूला ढोरासारखे राबणे आवडते.

2. फरसूच्या मते, आपल्या मालकीची जमीन असेल, तरच आपण स्थिर असतो, आपल्या जीवनाला अर्थ असतो. आपल्या मालकीची जमीन नसेल, तर आपल्याला कोणताही आधार नसतो. आपण जमीन विकल्यामुळे आपली नातवंडे-पतवंडे यांचा आधारच आपण काढून घेतला, असा अर्थ होऊ शकतो.

3. आबूच्या मते, आजच्या पिढीतील मुले हुशार आहेत, कर्तबगार आहेत. त्यांचा पाय जमिनीवर ठरत नाही. ते बोटीने, विमानाने जगभर हिंडतात. अरबस्तान, इंग्लंड, अमेरिका वगैरे अनेक देशांमध्ये जातात. म्हणून आबू म्हणतो की, हल्लीच्या मुलांचा पाय जमिनीवर ठरतच नाही. ही मुले सतत फिरतीवर असतात. त्यांची प्रगती होत आहे.

प्रश्न 2.
आकृती पूर्ण करा:

उत्तर:

कृती 2 : (आकलन)

प्रश्न 1.
विधाने पूर्ण करा:
1. आबूच्या मते, जमीन विकल्याने …………………………..
2. फरसूच्या मते, जमीन नसेल तर ………………………….
उत्तर:
1. आबूच्या मते, जमीन विकल्याने अमाप पैसा मिळाला. आता मरेपर्यंत सुखात राहता येईल.
2. फरसूच्या मते, जमीन नसेल, तर ढोरासारखे जीवन उपयोगाचे नाही. आपले आयुष्य संपले. आता पुढच्या मुलाबाळांना पायाखाली जमीनच राहणार नाही.

प्रश्न 2.
कसे/कशी ते लिहा:

1. इमारत वर येत होती – …………………………………………….
2. चांदण्या प्रकाशात धूड भासत होते – …………………………
3. इमारतीची सावली – ………………………………………………..
4. शेताला कवटाळत अस्ताव्यस्त पसरली होती – ……………………………

उत्तर:

1. कोंबासारखी
2. अक्राळविक्राळ
3. काळी ठिप्पूस
4. सुस्तावल्यासारखी.

कृती 3 : (स्वमत/अभिव्यक्ती)

प्रश्न 1.
‘फरसूला वाटलं, ही आपल्या मातीची सावली आहे,’ या विधानाचा आशय तुमच्या शब्दांत सांगा.
‘मातीची सावली’ या पाठाच्या शीर्षकाची समर्पकता तुमच्या शब्दांत लिहा.
उत्तर:
शहरीकरणामुळे शहराकडे लोकांचे लोंढे वाहत आहेत. घरांची मागणी वाढत आहे. हे पाहून बिल्डरांची हाव वाढली आहे. 1 ते जमिनी गिळंकृत करीत आहेत. नव्या पिढीच्या हे लक्षात येत नाही. नव्या पिढीला फक्त पैसाच दिसतो. पैशाने सर्व काही विकत घेता येईल, असे त्यांना वाटते. पैशांसाठी जमीन विकली, तर आपल्या

आयुष्याची सर्व पाळेमुळे उद्ध्वस्त होतात; माणूस मनाने उद्ध्वस्त होतो; हे त्यांच्या लक्षात येत नाही. दीड एकर जमिनीवर उभी राहणारी उंच इमारत म्हणजे एखादा अक्राळविक्राळ राक्षसच आहे, असे फरसूला भासते. त्या इमारतीची सावली त्याच्या संपूर्ण जमिनीवर पसरली आहे. जणू काही त्या सावलीने त्याची जमीन, त्याचे संपूर्ण जीवनच गिळंकृत केले आहे, असे त्याला वाटत राहते. फरसू या दर्शनाने व्याकूळ होतो; विकल होतो. हा सर्व भाव ‘मातीची सावली’ या दोन शब्दांतून व्यक्त होतो.

भाषाभ्यास:

(अ) व्याकरण घटकांवर आधारित कृती:

1. समास:

प्रश्न 1.
तक्ता भरा:
उत्तर:

2. शब्दसिद्धी:

प्रश्न 1.
‘ता’ प्रत्यय असलेले चार शब्द लिहा.
उत्तर:

1. ममता
2. नम्रता
3. उदारता
4. सुंदरता.

3. वाक्प्रचार/म्हणी:

प्रश्न 1.
डोळे भरून येणे –
1. खूप रडणे
2. दुःख होणे
3. डोळ्यांत पाणी येणे.
उत्तर:
दु:ख होणे.

(आ) भाषिक घटकांवर आधारित कृती:

1. शब्दसंपत्ती:

प्रश्न 1.
विरुद्धार्थी शब्द लिहा:

1. सावली
2. जन्म
3. पाप
4. शाप.

उत्तर:

1. सावली × ऊन
2. जन्म × मृत्यू
3. पाप × पुण्य
4. शाप × आशीर्वाद.

प्रश्न 2.
पुढील नामांआधी कंसातील योग्य विशेषणे जोडा: (चकचकीत, गुबगुबीत, गुळगुळीत, खरबरीत)

1. ………… पायरी
2. ………….. बोटं
3. …………… घर
4. …………… केळी

उत्तर:

1. गुळगुळीत पायरी
2. खरबरीत बोटं
3. चकचकीत घर
4. गुबगुबीत केळी.

2. लेखननियम:

प्रश्न 1.
अचूक शब्द निवडून लिहा:

1. विहिर, वीहिर, विहीर, वीहीर.
2. निच्शय, नीश्चय, निश्चय, नीच्शय.
3. ऐसपैस, एसपैस, ऐसपैस, ऐसपेस.
4. पूण्याई, पुण्याई, पूण्याइ, पुन्याइ

उत्तर:

1. विहीर
2. निश्चय
3. ऐसपैस
4. पुण्याई.

3. विरामचिन्हे:

प्रश्न 1.
पुढील वाक्यांत योग्य विरामचिन्हे घालून वाक्ये पुन्हा लिहा:
1. बाबा चला जेवून घ्या मनू म्हणाला
2. आबा म्हणाले अरे अया रडते काय फरसू
उत्तर:
1. “बाबा, चला, जेवून घ्या,’ मनू म्हणाला.
2. आबा म्हणाले, “अरे, अया रडते काय फरसू?”

4. पारिभाषिक शब्द:

प्रश्न 1.
पुढील इंग्रजी पारिभाषिक शब्दांचे मराठी प्रतिशब्द लिहा:

1. Corporation
2. Handbill
3. Index
4. Refreshment.

उत्तर:

1. महामंडळ, निगम
2. हस्तपत्रक.
3. अनुक्रमणिका
4. अल्पोपाहार.

मातीची सावली Summary in Marathi

प्रस्तावना:

प्रसिद्ध लेखक. कथा, बालकथा, व्यक्तिचित्रण, ललित लेखन, अनुवादित लेखन असे विविध प्रकारचे लेखन त्यांच्या नावावर जमा आहे. प्रस्तुत पाठ म्हणजे त्यांची एक कथा आहे. आधुनिक जीवनाचा, शहरी जीवनाचा प्रभाव वाढत जाऊन शेती व शेतीवर आधारित ग्रामीण जीवन हळूहळू लोप पावत आहे. अशा वेळी नामशेष होत असलेल्या संस्कृतीच्या परंपरेच्या वारसदारांची होणारी उलघाल या कथेत सांगितली आहे. ही कथा प्रमाण भाषेतच आहे.

पण तिच्यातील संवाद हे बोलीभाषेतील आहेत. उत्तर कोकणाच्या वसईपर्यंतच्या किनारपट्टीतील परिसरात बोलली जाणारी ही एक बोली आहे. फरसू हा एक गरीब शेतकरी. तो पारंपरिक समाजजीवनाला अनुसरून जगणारा. जमीन, शेती, झाडेपाने यांच्यावर मनापासून, जिवापाड प्रेम करणारा. या सर्वांशी त्याचे रक्ताचेच नाते निर्माण झाले आहे. पूर्वजांनी जी वाट मळून ठेवली आहे, त्या वाटेने जाण्यात त्याला धन्यता वाटते. मनू त्याचा मुलगा. त्याला फरसूने वाढवले, शिकवले.

शिक्षणाच्या जोरावर त्याला आधुनिक वळणाची नोकरी लागली. त्यानंतर त्याची दृष्टीच बदलली. चकचकीत, गुळगुळीत बंगल्याच्या बदल्यात त्याने बिल्डरला जमीन विकली. फरसूच्या जगण्याच्या सगळ्या खाणाखुणा पुसून टाकणाऱ्या एकेक घटना घडू लागल्या. त्यामुळे फरसू विकल झाला. असहायतेने तो परिस्थितीला शरण गेला. त्याच्या वेदनांचे चित्रण या कथेत आलेले आहे.

शब्दार्थ:

1. खरबरीत – खरखरीत.
2. डाफरायची – रागाने खेकसून बोलायची.
3. दुसऱ्या वितापर्यंत – (एक वासरू जन्मल्यापासून) दुसऱ्या वासराचा जन्म होईपर्यंत.
4. कोरड्याठाक – पूर्ण कोरड्या.
5. खोडा – हातपाय अडकवून शिक्षा करण्याचे उपकरण, उनाड गुराच्या गळ्यातील लोढणे.
6. तुमश्या – तुमच्या.
7. नशिबाई – नशिबाची.
8. रेल – राहील.
9. रेतात – राहतात.
10. मेणवात – (शब्दश: अर्थ : मेणबत्तीची वात.) इथे अर्थ : प्राण.
11. लागलोआ – लागला असता.
12. माणसाहारकं – माणसासारखं.
13. घालाशी – घालायची.
14. ढोरहारकं – ढोरांसारखे, गुरांसारखे.

वाक्प्रचार व त्यांचे अर्थ:

1. खोडा घालणे – संकटे निर्माण करणे.
2. उघड्यावर टाकणे – जबाबदारी झटकणे, जबाबदारी घेण्यास नकार देणे. जबाबदारी नाकारून असहाय स्थितीत ढकलणे.
3. टकळी चालणे – बडबड करणे, सतत बोलत राहणे.
4. मेणवात विझून जाणे – मरण पावणे.
5. नजर लागणे – (एखादया व्यक्तीमुळे) काहीतरी वाईट घडणे.
6. पापांचा घडा भरणे – सर्वनाशाचा क्षण येणे.
7. संसार फुलणे – संसारात सुखसमृद्धी येणे.
8. मातीला मिळणे – उद्ध्वस्त होणे, विनाश होणे.
9. नाळ तुटणे – संबंध न राहणे.
10. डोळे भरून येणे – डोळ्यांत पाणी येणे.

बोलीभाषेतील वाक्यांचा अनुवाद

1. वाक्ये: यी बावडी नय् नदी हय् नदी. कोणाया कामात खोडा घटला ते तुमश्या नशिबाई वाळू जाल्याशिवाय रेल का?
भाषांतर: ही विहीर नाही. नदी आहे नदी. एखादयाच्या कार्यात अडथळे आणले, तर तुमच्या नशिबाची वाळू झाल्याशिवाय राहील का?

2. वाक्ये: काय सपने बगत उबे रेतात, कोण जाणे ! अख्खा दिवस रांदीतच बसावं का आमी?
भाषांतर: कसली स्वप्ने पाहत उभे राहतात, कोण जाणे ! अख्खा दिवस आम्ही काय रांधतच (स्वयंपाक करीतच) बसायचे काय?

3. वाक्ये: नय् ते उबा जलम त्या गोठ्यात काडाला लागलोआ. आज माणसाहारकं घर मिळालंय.
भाषांतर: नाही तर उभा जन्म त्या गोठ्यात काढावा लागला असता. आज माणसासारखे घर मिळाले.

4. वाक्य: जेजूस आथं मानासुदं नेलं ते बरं होईल.
भाषांतर: हे येशू, आता मलासुद्धा नेलेस तर बरे होईल.

5. वाक्य: आमचा फरसू खरंस डोकरा जाला आथं.
भाषांतर: आमचा फरसू खरेच म्हातारा झाला आता.

6. वाक्य: तू आपला नुसता रडत बसलाय.
भाषांतर: तू आपला नुसता रडत बसला आहेस.

7. वाक्य: ते शाप मीस भोगीन.
भाषांतर: ते शाप मीच भोगीन.

8. वाक्य: माती नयेल ते ढोराअ जीवन तरी काय कामाअ?
भाषांतर: माती (जमीन) नसेल तर ते ढोराचे जीवन तरी काय कामाचे?

9. वाक्य: पण आमशी नातंपण… त्यांना कायच नय् येणार रे…
भाषांतर: पण आमची नातवंडे… त्यांच्या वाट्याला काहीच येणार नाही रे…

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 5 Environmental Studies Solutions Chapter 13 Methods of Preserving Food Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 1 Chapter 13 Methods of Preserving Food

5th Std EVS 1 Digest Chapter 13 Methods of Preserving Food Textbook Questions and Answers

1. What’s the solution?

Question (a)
The papads have become soft and moist .
Answer:
Papads which have been soft and moist should be kept in sun for drying. Drying method involves removal of water content (moisture) from the foodstuffs. Papads when kept in sun for drying for 2-3 days will become crisp again.

Question (b)
Fruits like mangoes, amlas, guavas and vegetables like peas, onions, tomatoes, fenugreek are needed all year round. They are available in plenty only in certain seasons.
Answer:
Different methods of food preservation are used in order to preserve fruits and vegetables. Mangoes can be preserved by making their squash preparation. Peas can be peeled from pods and preserved by keeping them in refrigerator for long time. Onions can be dried or fried and kept for a longer period of time. Tomatoes can be preserved by making tomato puree, squash or sauce.

2. Use your brain power!

Question 1.
Semolina (Shevaya) do not get spoiled for a very long time. But kheer made from them spoils easily. Why is this so?
Answer:
Semolina (Shevaya) are made by drying them in the sun. Since they are dried in sun, the water content in them is completely lost, hence they can be stored for longer time. On the other hand, kheer is made by using milk and milk is a highly perishable’’ product, hence kheer gets spoilt quickly.

3. Find and correct the wrong statements:

Question (a)
When something is boiled, the microorganisms in it are destroyed.
Answer:
It is a correct statement.

Question (b)
Our food does not get spoiled when microorganism begin to grow in it.
Answer:
It is an incorrect statement.
Correct statement: Our food gets spoiled when microorganisms begin to grow in it.

Question (c)
Foodstuffs dried in summer cannot be used for the rest of the year.
Answer:
It is an incorrect statement.
Correct statement: Foodstuffs dried in summer can be used for the rest of the year.

Question (d)
Foodstuffs get warmth when put in a fridge.
Answer:
It is an incorrect statement.
Correct statement: Foodstuffs get cool temperature when put in a fridge.

4. Answer the following questions:

Question (a)
What are the different methods of preserving food?
Answer:
Boiling, drying, cooling and placing the foodstuffs in airtight cans are the different methods of preserving food.

Question (b)
Why do we avoid eating food that has got spoiled?
Answer:
We should avoid eating spoiled food because it can cause stomach ache, diarrhoea/vomiting etc.

Question (c)
Why do we make jams from fruits?
Answer:
Fruits cannot stay fresh for longer period of time. In order to preserve them, various food preservatives like sugar is added to it. By preserving the fruits by adding sugar, we can get jams even after the season of fruits is over. Hence, we make jams from fruits.

Question (d)
What are preservatives?
Answer:
Certain substances that are added to the foodstuffs to preserve them for a long time are called preservatives.

Question (e)
Find out the names of the different spices. Also find out which part of their plant they are.
Answer:
Cinnamon, cardamom, bill leaves, cloves etc. are different spices. Cinnamon is a part of the stem of a plant, cardamom is fruit of plant and clove is a flowerbud of a tree.

Environmental Studies Part 1 Standard 5th Solutions Chapter 13 Methods of Preserving Food Additional Important Questions and Answers

Fill in the blanks with the correct answers from the options given below:

Question 1.
………………. and ……………. are kept to dry in the open air in summer.
(a) Onions, potatoes
(b) Carrots and brinjals
(c) Milk, milk products
Answer:
(a) Onions, potatoes

Question 2.
……………………, ………………….. and …………………….. are available where food is kept.
(a) Air, moisture, warmth
(b) Fungus, ants, insects
(c) Spores, mice, rats
Answer:
(a) Air, moisture, warmth

Question 3.
Spoiled food has reduced ………………. value.
(a) nutrition
(b) additional
(c) reductional
Answer:
(a) nutrition

Question 4.
……………….. can be dried and stored for a long time.
(a) Spices
(b) Jams
(c) Mangoes
Answer:
(a) Spices

Question 5.
…………………. are present all around us in air as well as in water.
(a) Microorganisms
(b) ants
(c) insects
Answer:
(a) Microorganisms

Question 3.
State whether the following statements are True or False:

1. Asafoetida (hing) is a preservative.
2. Spices cannot be stored for a longer period of time.
3. Mango pulp and milk products are not spoiled quickly.

Answer:

1. True
2. False
3. False

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
What is the advantage of placing the foodstuffs in the airtight cans?
Answer:
When the foodstuffs are preserved in airtight containers, the microorganisms are first destroyed and it is ensured that water or air does not enter the food stuff.

Question 2.
What are the conditions required for the growth of fungus?
Answer:
Availability of food, water, air and warmth are the conditions required for the growth of fungus.

Question 3.
What is the special feature of drying method?
Answer:
When the foodstuffs are dried by drying method, the water content in them is lost. This is the special feature of drying method.

Question 4.
What happens when the foodstuffs are boiled?
Answer:
When the foodstuffs are boiled, the microorganisms present in them are destroyed.

Question 5.
What precaution should be taken while buying food in sealed bags or boxes?
Answer:
While buying food in sealed bags or boxes, we should always check the expiry (use before) date printed on it.

Can you tell?

Talk to the elderly people in your family to find the answers to the following questions with reference to the foodstuffs mentioned below:
(milk, vegetables, grains, flours, sugar, jaggery)

Question 1.
When do we say that foodstuff is spoiled? What changes are seen in it?
Answer:
The foodstuff smells foul and have unpleasant appearance. There is even growth of fungus on foodstuffs.
Changes that occur in spoilt food: (a) Taste changes (b) Colour of the food change (c) Presence of black, white patch (fungus) on food (d) Unpleasant smell (e) Nutritive value reduces.

Question 2.
Is the time in which foodstuffs get spoilt different in different seasons?
Answer:
Yes, the time in which the foodstuffs gets spoilt is different in different seasons. Spoilage of any foodstuffs depends on the presence of temperature and humidity of the environment. Therefore in winter, foodstuffs are preserved for a long time than summer season.

Question 3.
Which foodstuffs get spoilt most quickly?
Answer:
Milk and milk products, fruits, vegetables, etc. are the foodstuffs which get spoilt most quickly.

Question 4.
What measures are taken to keep the foodstuffs in the house in good conditions, for as long as possible?
Answer:
We can keep the foodstuffs in the refrigerator, some foodstuffs can be dried, fried, etc. and stored for a long period.

Glossary:

1. pulp – soft, wet and crushed mass
2. fibrous – consisting of fibres.
3. airtight – not allowing air to escape or pass through.
4. moist – slightly wet
5. crisp – firm, dry and brittle
6. perishable – that which gets spoilt.

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Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 5 Environmental Studies Solutions Chapter 2 History and the Concept of ‘Time’ Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 2 Chapter 2 History and the Concept of ‘Time’

5th Std EVS 2 Digest Chapter 2 History and the Concept of ‘Time’ Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the blank.

Question a.
The calendar we use today is based on the ______________.
Answer:
The calendar that we use today is based on the Common Era/Christian Era..

Question b.
The period before the Common Era is known as the time ____________.
Answer:
The period before Common Era or Christian Era is known as the Before Christ (BC).

2. Answer the question in one sentence.

Question a.
which scientific methods are used to estimate the age of the layers of soil and the remains found in them?
Answer:
Carbon-14 analysis and Tree-rings analysis are the scientific methods used to estima~e age of the layers of soil and the remains found in them

Question b.
How is the first century of the Common Era written?
Answer:
The first century of the Common Era is written as 1-100 AD.

3. Answer the following question in brief.

Question a.
What is meant by the unilinear division of time?
Answer:

1. Seven days make a week; two weeks make a fortnight and four weeks make a month.
2. Twelve months make a year, a hundred years make a century and ten centuries make a millennium.
3. This method of dividing time is known as the unilinear division of time.

Question b.
What are the units of measuring time?
Answer:

1. A second is the smallest unit of measuring time. Sixty seconds make a minute and sixty minutes make an hour.
2. Twenty-four hours make a day; seven days make a week and two weeks make a fortnight.
3. Four weeks (two fortnights) make a month and twelve months make a year.
4. One hundred years make a century and ten centuries make a millennium.

4. Complete the chart given below.

Question 1.
Complete the chart given below.

Answer:

Activity :

Question 1.
Prepare a monthly plan for yourself on the lines of the one given below.

Environmental Studies Part 2 Standard 5th Solutions Chapter 2 History and the Concept of ‘Time’ Additional Important Questions and Answers

Fill in the blanks:

1. There are different methods of …………. time.
2. Time is ……………
3. We divide time into …………. .
4. We divide the day into two parts, and …………. .
5. Our earth rotates around its ………….. with a certain speed
6. Our Earth …………….. round the sun.
7. The sun has its own ………….
8. We receive ……….. from the sun.
9. The earth takes ………………….. hours to complete one rotation around its own axis.
10. A period of daytime and following night together make one …………. .
11. Seven days from Monday to Sunday make one ………….
12. Two weeks make a ……………….
13. Four weeks make a ……….
14. Twelve months make a …………..
15. One year is followed by another and, when hundred years go by, a ………….. completed.
16. When ten centuries, i.e. 1000 years are gone, a ………………… is completed.
17. In history books also, a chain of events that follow one after the other is presented in a … and ……………. manner.
18. ………. means in the year of Our Lord.
19. The Christian or Common Era began in the memory of ………….
20. The first century of this era is written as …….. CE or AD.
21. The period of the first millennium of this era is written as ……………. CE or AD.
22. The years of this period are counted and written in …………………. order.
23. The first century before the Common Era is indicated as ……………. BCE.
24. The first millennium before the Common Era is indicated as …………………. BCE.
25. The life time of Vardhaman Mahavir is written as ………….
26. The lifetime of Gautam Buddha is written as ………….
27. Measuring time is to measure the …………… of time.
28. Second, day, month, century, are some of the …………. of measuring time.
29. ………………. is the smallest unit of time.
30. It is an age-old custom to start a new to commemoratel a special event.
31. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj started a new era known as ………………….. in 1674 to commemorate his coronation.
32. ………………… and ……………. are two eras that are used in India.
33. The founder of Islam ……………….. migrated from Mecca to Madina.
34. The ………………….. era was started to commemorate prophet Muhammad’s migration.
35. The past is the subject matter of ………….
36. The period of history goes back to the time of the birth of our ……………….. system.
37. Our solar system came into being about ………………… billion years ago.
38. Our earth isa. ………. in the solar system.
39. The earth was also formed …………. billion years ago
40. History is divided into two main periods and ………….
41. The …………………….. period is the period for which no written records are available.
42. The period for which written records are available from which history can be written is known as the …………. period.
43. There are various methods of …………. .
44. There are many layers of ………….. deposited one above the other under the surface of the ground.
45. A rough estimate of how many years ago they existed can certainly be made using ……………. methods.
46. ………………. analysis and …….. analysis are known as dating techniques.
47. …………. is a science that tells us about events that happened in the past.

Answer:

1. reckoning
2. continuous
3. period
4. day, night
5. axis
6. revolves
7. light
8. light
9. 24
10. day
11. week
12. fortnight
13. months
14. year
15. century
16. millennium
17. linear, serial
18. Anno Domini
19. Jesus Christ
20. 1-100
21. 1-1000
22. reverse
23. 100-1
24. 1000-1
25. 599 BC-527BC
26. 563 BC – 483 BC
27. length
28. units
29. second
30. era
31. Rajyabhishek Shaka
32. Shalivahan Shaka, Vikram Samvat
33. Prophet Muhammad
34. Hijri
35. history
36. solar
37. 4.5
38. Planet
39. 4.5
40. Prehistoric, historic
41. prehistoric
42. historic
43. measuring
44. soil
45. scientific
46. Carbon14 analysis, tree-rings analysis
47. History

Match the columns:

Question 1.

Answer:

Answer each question in one sentence:

Question 1.
How is the day divided?
Answer:
The day is divided into two parts – day and night.

Question 2.
What are the two movements of the Earth?
Answer:
The two movements of the earth are rotation and revolution.

Question 3.
What is rotation?
Answer:
The movement of the earth around its own axis at a certain speed is called the rotation of the earth.

Question 4.
What is revolution?
Answer:
The movement of the earth around the sun is called ‘revolution of the earth’.

Question 5.
What is one day?
Answer:
The period of day time and the following night together makes one day.

Question 6.
What makes one week?
Answer:
Seven days, Monday to Sunday make one week

Question 7.
What is a fortnight?
Answer:
2 weeks or 14 days make a fortnight.

Question 8.
What makes a month?
Answer:
Four weeks or 30/31 days make a month.

Question 9.
What makes a year?
Answer:
Twelve months make a year.

Question 10.
How is a century completed?
Answer:
One year followed by another year and when 100 years go by, a century is completed.

Question 11.
What is a millennium?
Answer:
When ten centuries, i.e. 1000 years have gone by, a millennium is completed.

Question 12.
What is unilinear division of time?
Answer:
The method of dividing time into day, week, month, year, century and millennium is known as unilinear division of time.

Question 13.
What is Christian Era?
Answer:
This era began in memory of Jesus Christ and so this era is called as Christian Era.

Question 14.
What is common Era?
Answer:
The calendar we use today is based on the Christian era. Since it is commonly followed all over the world, now it is called as ‘Common Era’.

Question 15.
How is the first century of Common Era written?
Answer:
The first 100 years, i.e., the first century of this era is written as years 1 – 100 CE or 1 – 100 AD.

Question 16.
How is the first millennium written?
Answer:
The period of the first millennium of this era is written as, 1 – 1000 CE or 1 – 1000 AD.

Question 17.
What is BCE or BC?
Answer:
The period before the common era is known as the time “Before Common Era (BCE)” or
“Before Christ (BC)”.

Question 18.
How are the years recorded in the BCE or BC period?
Answer:
The years of this period are counted and also written in reverse order.

Question 19.
How is the first century of ‘Before the Common Era period’ written?
Answer:
The first century before the Common Era is indicated as 100 – 1 BC.

Question 20.
How is the first millennium of ‘Before the Common Era period’ written?
Answer:
The first millennium Before the Common Era is indicated as 1000 – 1 BCE.

Question 21.
How is the life time of Vardhaman Mahavir written?
Answer:
The life time of Vardhaman Mahavir is written as 599 BC – 527 BC.

Question 22.
How is the life time of Gautam Buddha written?
Answer:
The life time of Gautam Buddha is written as 563 BC – 483 BC.

Question 23.
Name the units of measuring time.
Answer:
Second, minute, hour, day, week, fortnight, month, year, century and millennium are units of measuring time.

Question 24.
Which is the smallest unit of measuring time?
Answer:
The second is the smallest unit of measuring time.

Question 25.
Which is the most common method of measuring time in different parts of the world?
Answer:
The Common Era or the Christian Era is the most common method of measuring time in different parts of the world.

Question 26.
How is a date written?
Answer:
The date consists of the serial number of that day followed by the name or serial number of the current month and then serial number of the current year.

Question 27.
When does a new era generally commence?
Answer:
It is an age-old custom to start a new era to commemorate a special event.

Question 28.
Which era was started by Shivaji Maharaj?
Answer:
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj started a new era or shaka known as ‘Rajyabhishek Shaka’ in 1674 to commemorate his coronation

Question 29.
Which two eras are used in India?
Answer:
Shalivahan Shaka’ and ‘Vikram Samvat’ are two eras that are used in India.

Question 30.
Who is Prophet Muhammad?
Answer:
Prophet Muhammad is the founder of Islam.

Question 31.
When did Prophet Muhammad start an era?
Answer:
Prophet Muhammad migrated from Mecca to Medina, so, the ‘Hijri Era’ was started to commemorate this event.

Question 32.
Which era is used by the Parsi community in India?
Answer:
The Parsi community in India uses the “Shahenshahi Era”.

Question 33.
What makes up the subject matter of History?
Answer:
The past makes up the subject matter of History

Question 34.
When did our solar system come into being?
Answer:
Our solar system came into being about 4.5 billion years ago

Question 35.
How long ago was our earth formed?
Answer:
Our Earth is a planet in the solar system, so it is presumed that the earth was also formed 4.5 billion years ago.

Question 36.
Which two main periods is the time in History divided?
Answer:
The time in history is divided into two main periods: Pre-historic and Historic period.

Question 37.
What is Pre-historic period?
Answer:
The Pre-historic period is the period for which no written records are available.

Question 38.
What is Historic period?
Answer:
The period for which written records are available from which history is written is known as Historic period’.

Question 39.
What is years before the common era?
Answer:
The events before the beginning of the common era are mentioned as having occurred a certain number of years before the common era.

Question 40.
What are evidences?
Answer:
Evidence is usually in the form of man-made artifacts and fallen structures.

Question 41.
How can we determine the time of the events that took place thousands of years ago?
Answer:
With the help of artifacts and also using scientific methods we can determine the time of the events that took place thousands of years ago.

Give reasons for the following :

Question 1.
Time is divided into periods.
Answer:
i. There are different methods of reckoning time
ii. Time is continuous, but for our convenience we divide time into periods.

Question 2.
The Christian era is also known as the common era.
Answer:

1. The calendar we use today is based on the Christian era.
2. This era is most widespread and commonly used all over the world.
3. Therefore this era is now called the Common era.

Question 3.
Time in history is divided into two main periods.
Answer:

1. The span of 4.5 billion years, since the earth’s formation is a vast period of time.
2. It is not easy to grasp this entire period all at оnсе.
3. It is necessary to divide it into a number of stages in order to understand it better.
4. Therefore, Time in history is divided into two main periods, i.e. Pre-historic and Historic period.

Question 4.
The earth receives continuous light from the sun, but then too we see light only in day time and nights are dark.
Answer:

1. Due to the earth’s rotation around its own axis, only a part of the earth’s surface faces the sun.
2. It is only this part of the surface that becomes bright
3. The part that is not facing the sun remains dark.
4. Therefore we see light only in daytime even though the earth receives continuous light from the sun.

Question 5.
When we measure time, we actually measure its length.
Answer:

1. There are various methods of measuring time.
2. These methods allow us to identify a particular day, month or year with respect to an earlier or later day, month or year.
3. Thus, when we measure time, we actually measure its length.

Answer the following questions in brief :

Question 1.
How are days and nights formed?
Answer:

1. The earth receives light from the sun.
2. As the earth rotates around its axis, that part of the surface which turns towards the sun becomes bright i.e. day.
3. The part that moves away has darkness i.e. night thus days and nights are formed.

Question 2.
What is the unilinear division of time?
Answer:

1. Seven days from Monday to Sunday, make one week.
2. Two weeks make a fortnight.
3. Four weeks make a month.
4. Twelve months make a year.
5. One year is followed by another and, when 100 years go by, we have a century.
6. When 10 centuries, ie. 1000 years are gone, a millennium is completed.
7. Such a method of dividing time is known as a unilinear division of time.

Question 3.
Explain time before the common or Christian era.
Answer:

1. The period of time before the common era is known as the time before Common Era (BCE) or Before Christ (BC).
2. The years of this period are counted and written in reverse order.
3. The first century before the common era began at the year 100 BCE and ended with 1 BCE.
4. It is written as 100-1 BCE.

Question 4.
How do we measure the length of time?
Answer:

1. There are various methods of measuring time.
2. These methods allow us to identify a particular day, month, a year with respect to an earlier or later day, month or year.
3. For example, if it is June, then we know that the earlier month was May and the next one will be July.
4. If today is 10th of June, then we can tell that tomorrow will be 11th of June and yesterday was 9th of June.
5. Thus, when we measure time we actually measure its length.

Question 5.
How are dating techniques used?
Answer:

1. By using dating techniques we learn how old the layers of soil and the remains found in them are.
2. Then we can put approximate dates to their occurrence?
3. For example, if an earthen pot is estimated to be five thousand years old with the help of dating techniques, we can say that the earthen pot dates back roughly to 3000 BC
4. Then we can conclude that the period of the culture to which the pot belongs must be around 3000 BC.

Question 6.
What is meant by Prehistoric period?
Answer:

1. ‘Prehistory’ means ‘before history’.
2. The prehistoric period is the period for which no written records are available.
3. The history of this period has not been written down.

Question 7.
What is meant by Historic period?
Answer:

1. Unlike the Prehistoric period, we can trace the events and progress of the historic period.
2. The historic period is the period for which written records are available.
3. We can use these written records to write history.

Glossary :

1. commemorate : remember and show respect for.
2. estimate : roughly calculate or judge the value.
3. unilinear : developing in a steady way.
4. coronation : the ceremony of crowning the ruler.
5. reckoning : the action of calculating
6. widespread : spread among a large o number or over a large area
7. occurrence : an incident or an event

Read More:

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Balbharti Maharashtra State Board 11th Maths Book Solutions Pdf Chapter 9 Differentiation Miscellaneous Exercise 9 Questions and Answers.

11th Maths Part 2 Differentiation Miscellaneous Exercise 9 Questions And Answers Maharashtra Board

(I) Select the appropriate option from the given alternatives.

Question 1.
If y = \(\frac{x-4}{\sqrt{x+2}}\), then \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) is
(A) \(\frac{1}{x+4}\)
(B) \(\frac{\sqrt{x}}{\left(\sqrt{x+2)^{2}}\right.}\)
(C) \(\frac{1}{2 \sqrt{x}}\)
(D) \(\frac{x}{(\sqrt{x}+2)^{2}}\)
Answer:
(C) \(\frac{1}{2 \sqrt{x}}\)
Hint:

Question 2.
If y = \(\frac{a x+b}{c x+d}\),then \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) =
(A) \(\frac{a b-c d}{(c x+d)^{2}}\)
(B) \(\frac{a x-c}{(c x+d)^{2}}\)
(C) \(\frac{a c-b d}{(c x+d)^{2}}\)
(D) \(\frac{a d-b c}{(c x+d)^{2}}\)
Answer:
(D) \(\frac{a d-b c}{(c x+d)^{2}}\)
Hint:

Question 3.
If y = \(\frac{3 x+5}{4 x+5}\), then \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) =
(A) \(-\frac{15}{(3 x+5)^{2}}\)
(B) \(-\frac{15}{(4 x+5)^{2}}\)
(C) \(-\frac{5}{(4 x+5)^{2}}\)
(D) \(-\frac{13}{(4 x+5)^{2}}\)
Answer:
(C) \(-\frac{5}{(4 x+5)^{2}}\)
Hint:

Question 4.
If y = \(\frac{5 \sin x-2}{4 \sin x+3}\), then \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) =
(A) \(\frac{7 \cos x}{(4 \sin x+3)^{2}}\)
(B) \(\frac{23 \cos x}{(4 \sin x+3)^{2}}\)
(C) \(-\frac{7 \cos x}{(4 \sin x+3)^{2}}\)
(D) \(-\frac{15 \cos x}{(4 \sin x+3)^{2}}\)
Answer:
(B) \(\frac{23 \cos x}{(4 \sin x+3)^{2}}\)
Hint:

Question 5.
Suppose f(x) is the derivative of g(x) and g(x) is the derivative of h(x).
If h(x) = a sin x + b cos x + c, then f(x) + h(x) =
(A) 0
(B) c
(C) -c
(D) -2(a sin x + b cos x)
Answer:
(B) c
Hint:
h(x) = a sin x + b cos x + c
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
h'(x) = a cos x – b sin x = g(x) …..[given]
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
g'(x) = -a sin x – b cos x = f(x) …..[given]
∴ f(x) + h(x) = -a sin x – b cos x + a sin x + b cos x + c
∴ f(x) + h(x) = c

Question 6.
If f(x) = 2x + 6, for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
= ax² + bx, for 2 < x ≤ 4
is differentiable at x = 2, then the values of a and b are
(A) a = \(-\frac{3}{2}\), b = 3
(B) a = \(\frac{3}{2}\), b = 8
(C) a = \(\frac{1}{2}\), b = 8
(D) a = \(-\frac{3}{2}\), b = 8
Answer:
(D) a = \(-\frac{3}{2}\), b = 8
Hint:
f(x) = 2x + 6, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
= ax² + bx, 2 < x ≤ 4
Lf'(2) = 2, Rf'(2) = 4a + b
Since f is differentiable at x = 2,
Lf'(2) = Rf'(2)
∴ 2 = 4a + b …..(i)
f is continuous at x = 2.
∴ \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 2^{+}} f(x)=f(2)=\lim _{x \rightarrow 2^{-}} f(x)\)
∴ 4a + 2b = 2(2) + 6
∴ 4a + 2b = 10
∴ 2a + b = 5 …..(ii)
Solving (i) and (ii), we get
a = \(-\frac{3}{2}\), b = 8

Question 7.
If f(x) = x² + sin x + 1, for x ≤ 0
= x² – 2x + 1, for x ≤ 0, then
(A) f is continuous at x = 0, but not differentiable at x = 0
(B) f is neither continuous nor differentiable at x = 0
(C) f is not continuous at x = 0, but differentiable at x = 0
(D) f is both continuous and differentiable at x = 0
Answer:
(A) f is continuous at x = 0, but not differentiable at x = 0
Hint:

Question 8.
If f(x) = \(\frac{x^{50}}{50}+\frac{x^{49}}{49}+\frac{x^{48}}{48}+\ldots .+\frac{x^{2}}{2}+x+1\), then f'(1) =
(A) 48
(B) 49
(C) 50
(D) 51
Answer:
(C) 50
Hint:

(II).

Question 1.
Determine whether the following function is differentiable at x = 3 where,
f(x) = x² + 2, for x ≥ 3
= 6x – 7, for x < 3.
Solution:
f(x) = x² + 2, x ≥ 3
= 6x – 7, x < 3
Differentiability at x = 3


Here, Lf'(3) = Rf'(3)
∴ f is differentiable at x = 3.

Question 2.
Find the values of p and q that make function f(x) differentiable everywhere on R.
f(x) = 3 – x, for x < 1
= px² + qx, for x ≥ 1.
Solution:
f(x) is differentiable everywhere on R.
∴ f(x) is differentiable at x = 1.
∴ f(x) is continuous at x = 1.

f(x) is differentiable at x = 1.
∴ Lf'(1) = Rf'(1)
∴ -1 = 2p + q …..(ii)
Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get
p = -3
Substituting p = -3 in (i), we get
p + q = 2
∴ -3 + q = 2
∴ q = 5

Question 3.
Determine the values of p and q that make the function f(x) differentiable on R where
f(x) = px³, for x < 2
= x² + q, for x ≥ 2
Solution:
f(x) is differentiable on R.
∴ f(x) is differentiable at x = 2.
∴ f(x) is continuous at x = 2.
Continuity at x = 2:
f(x) is continuous at x = 2.


f(x) is differentiable at x = 2.
∴ Lf'(2) = Rf'(2)
∴ 12p = 4
∴ p = \(\frac{1}{3}\)
Substituting p = \(\frac{1}{3}\) in (i), we get
8(\(\frac{1}{3}\) – q = 4
∴ q = \(\frac{8}{3}\) – 4 = \(\frac{-4}{3}\)

Question 4.
Determine all real values of p and q that ensure the function
f(x) = px + q, for x ≤ 1
= tan(\(\frac{\pi x}{4}\)), for 1 < x < 2
is differentiable at x = 1.
Solution:
f(x) is differentiable at x = 1.
∴ f(x) is continuous at x = 1.
Continuity at x= 1:
f(x) is continuous at x = 1.

Question 5.
Discuss whether the function f(x) = |x + 1| + |x – 1| is differentiable ∀ x ∈ R.
Solution:


Here, Lf'(1) ≠ Rf'(1)
∴ f is not differentiable at x = 1.
∴ f is not differentiable at x = -1 and x = 1.
∴ f is not differentiable ∀ x ∈ R.

Question 6.
Test whether the function
f(x) = 2x – 3, for x ≥ 2
= x – 1, for x < 2
is differentiable at x = 2.
Solution:

Question 7.
Test whether the function
f(x) = x² + 1, for x ≥ 2
= 2x + 1, for x < 2
is differentiable at x = 2.
Solution:

Question 8.
Test whether the function
f(x) = 5x – 3x², for x ≥ 1
= 3 – x, for x < 1
is differentiable at x = 1.
Solution:

Here, Lf'(1) = Rf'(1)
∴ f(x) is differentiable at x = 1.

Question 9.
If f(2) = 4, f'(2) = 1, then find \(\lim _{x \rightarrow 2}\left[\frac{x f(2)-2 f(x)}{x-2}\right]\)
Solution:

Question 10.
If y = \(\frac{\mathbf{e}^{x}}{\sqrt{x}}\), find \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) when x = 1.
Solution:

State Board Class 11 Maths Solutions

• Differentiation Ex 9.1 Class 11 Maths Solutions
• Differentiation Ex 9.2 Class 11 Maths Solutions
• Differentiation Miscellaneous Exercise 9 Class 11 Maths Solutions

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 5 Environmental Studies Solutions Chapter 12 Food for All Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 1 Chapter 12 Food for All

5th Std EVS 1 Digest Chapter 12 Food for All Textbook Questions and Answers

1. What’s the solution?

Question 1.
The plant in the pot is not growing well.
Answer:
Pesticides must be sprayed and manure should be added to the soil, then the plant in the pot will grow.

2. Use your brainpower!

Question 1.
What is the purpose of storing foodgrain in our house?
Answer:
We store food in our house so that we have food to suffice when food is not available or there is a shortage, or during difficult times like floods, famine or earthquakes.

3. Find and correct the incorrect statements:

Question (a)
There is only one method of farming.
Answer:
Incorrect, lot of improvised methods are brought about through research.

Question (b)
India is an agricultural country.
Answer:
Correct.

Question (c)
Use of improved seeds does not lead to higher yields.
Answer:
Incorrect, use of improved seeds leads to higher yield.

4. Answer the following:

Question (a)
What are the advantages of using improved seeds?
Answer:
1. Nowadays, improved seeds are developed through research.
2. These seeds have a higher yield and can resist pest attacks.
3. Some varieties of these seeds become ripe for harvesting in a shorter period while some give a higher yield even with a low supply of water.

Question (b)
Which are the modem methods of irrigation? What are their advantages?
Answer:
1. Drip irrigation and sprinkle irrigation are the two modem methods of irrigation.
2. These methods ensure that the required amount of water drips only near the plants.
3. Thus, full use is made of the available water and there is no wastage.

Question (c)
Describe the ‘Drip irrigation’ method.
Answer:
1. The ‘Drip irrigation’ method makes use of pipes with holes.
2. This ensures that the required amount of water drips only near the plants.
3. This method makes full use of the water available without wasting it.

Question (d)
What are the reasons due to which growing crops are damaged?
Answer:
Diseases and pest attacks are the reasons due to which growing crops are damaged.

Question (e)
What is done to avoid the damage to crops?
Answer:
As a remedy, insecticides and pesticides are sprayed on crops or certain chemicals are rubbed on the seeds before sowing to avoid damage to crops.

Question (f)
What causes the fertility of the soil to diminish?
Answer:
1. Overwatering makes the land saline and fallow.
2. Overuse of chemical fertilisers leads to accumulation of excessive chemicals in the soil.
3. This reduces the fertility of the soil and reduces the productivity.

Question (g)
What changes has modern technology brought about in the methods of farming?
Answer:

1. Improve seeds having better yield.
2. Modem methods of irrigation.
3. Availability of fertilizers to improve productivity.
4. These modern technological methods have brought about tremendous improvement in the methods of farming.

Question (h)
What methods are used to preserve food- grains?
Answer:
1. To prevent damage by pests, chemicals are sprayed at the place of storage or all around it.
2. Neem leaves or some protective chemicals are mixed in the grain as their smell repels insects.
3. Storage places are kept dry and airy to prevent fungus formation.

Question (i)
How is water made available for farming?
Answer:
1. Huge quantities of water are stored by building dams and bunds on rivers to obstruct the flow of water downstream.
2. Improved methods of irrigation are used which provide enough water to the plants and at the same time, help to save a lot of water.

5. Match the following:

Question 1.
Match the following:

Answer:

Environmental Studies Part 1 Standard 5th Solutions Chapter 12 Food for All Additional Important Questions and Answers

Fill in the blanks with the correct answers from the options given below:

Question 1.
We get food from ……………… .
(a) shops
(b) plants
(c) school
Answer:
(b) plants

Question 2.
To get food, we sow grains in fields and plant ……………….. trees in ochards.
(a) fruit
(b) jowar
(c) sweet potatoes
Answer:
(a) fruit

Question 3.
About …………………. of the land of our country is used for agriculture.
(a) 50%
(b) 60%
(c) 70%
Answer:
(b) 60%

Question 4.
The agricultural season from June to October is called the ……………… season.
(a) kharif
(b) rabi
(c) summer
Answer:
(a) kharif

Question 5.
The agricultural season from October to March is called the ………………….. season.
(a) kharif
(b) rabi
(c) summer
Answer:
(b) rabi

Question 6.
The crops grown from March to June are called ………………….. crops.
(a) winter
(b) monsoon
(c) summer
Answer:
(c) summer

Question 7.
Every farmer wishes to get a good ……………… .
(a) holiday
(b) harvest
(c) sleep
Answer:
(b) harvest

Question 8.
A good harvest provides the farmer a ……………. income.
(a) good
(b) bad
(c) ugly
Answer:
(a) good

Question 9.
The harvested crop must be ………………. safely.
(a) protected
(b) collected
(c) stored
Answer:
(c) stored

Question 10.
The population of our country is ………………. .
(a) increasing
(b) decreasing
(c) diminishing
Answer:
(a) increasing

Question 11.
In the traditional methods of agriculture ploughing was carried out with the help of
(a) oxen
(b) cow
(c) buffalo
Answer:
(a) oxen

Question 12.
A ‘mot’ driven with the help of …………………… was used to draw water from the well.
(a) cow
(b) dogs
(c) oxen
Answer:
(c) oxen

Question 13.
Farmers now carry out all their tasks with the help of ………………… .
(a) machines
(b) oxens
(c) bullocks
Answer:
(a) machines

Question 14.
Improved seeds are developed through ………………… .
(a) ploughing
(b) studying
(c) research
Answer:
(c) research

Question 15.
Improved seeds have a higher ………………. .
(a) yield
(b) field
(c) goals
Answer:
(a) yield

Question 16.
Crops grow well if they are ………………. at the right time.
(a) poltered
(b) tilled
(c) watered
Answer:
(c) watered

Question 17.
Dams and bunds help to raise the levels of …………….. .
(a) well water
(b) ground water
(c) rain water
Answer:
(b) ground water

Question 18.
Crops were traditionally watered through
(a) canals
(b) streams
(c) rivers
Answer:
(a) canals

Question 19.
Drip and sprinkle irrigation are …………………. methods of irrigation.
(a) urban
(b) rural
(c) modern
Answer:
(c) modern

Question 20.
If the same crops are grown frequently in a field, the ………………. of the soil decreases.
(a) fertility
(b) water
(c) manure
Answer:
(a) fertility

Question 21.
We have to add fertilizers to the soil to restore its ……………… .
(a) irrigation
(b) productivity
(c) yield
Answer:
(b) productivity

Question 22.
Fertilizers provide the required ………………. substance to the crop.
(a) productive
(b) nutritive
(c) chemical
Answer:
(b) nutritive

Question 23.
Natural fertilizers are called
(a) manures
(b) chemicals
(c) pesticides
Answer:
(a) manures

Question 24.
…………………. makes the land saline and fallow.
(a) Manure
(b) Pesticides
(c) Overwatering
Answer:
(c) Overwatering

Question 25.
Disease and pest attacks can ………………… crops in the field.
(a) damage
(b) restore
(c) revive
Answer:
(a) damage

Question 26.
The grain is dried well in the sun and filled in
(a) pots
(b) tanks
(c) sacks
Answer:
(c) sacks

Question 27.
Storage places are always kept dry and airy to prevent ………………… formation.
(a) colour
(b) fungus
(c) insect
Answer:
(b) fungus

Question 28.
All the time, plants are busy ………………… the food they need.
(a) producing
(b) mincing
(c) cooking
Answer:
(a) producing

Question 29.
Plants ……………….. food in their stems or roots.
(a) eat
(b) produce
(c) store
Answer:
(c) store

Question 30.
In India, due to the improved methods of cultivation, we now produce plenty of ………………….. .
(a) grass
(b) plants
(c) foodgrains
Answer:
(c) foodgrains

Question 31.
The surplus foodgrain is stored in huge ……………………. .
(a) godowns
(b) house
(c) warehouse
Answer:
(c) warehouse

Question 32.
Today our country is ………………… as far as production of foodgrains is concerned.
(a) self-reliant
(b) self-help
(c) self-study
Answer:
(a) self-reliant

Question 33.
………………… was responsible to bring about the Green Revolution in India.
(a) Dr. M. S. Swaminathan
(b) Tukdoji Maharaj
(c) Sant Gadgebaba
Answer:
(a) Dr. M. S. Swaminathan

Question 34.
In ……………. our country too enacted a food security law.
(a) 2013
(b) 2014
(c) 2015
Answer:
(a) 2013

Question 35.
Agricultural schools have also been started for
(а) scholars
(b) students
(c) farmers
Answer:
(c) farmers

Answer in one sentence:

Question 1.
What percent of land is used for agriculture in our country?
Answer:
About 60% of the land in our country is used for agriculture.

Question 2.
Name the two main agricultural seasons in our country.
Answer:
The Kharif and the Rabi seasons are the two main agricultural seasons.

Question 3.
What is Kharif season?
Answer:
The season from June to October when crops are watered mainly by rain, it is called Kharif season.

Question 4.
What is Rabi season?
Answer:
The season from October to March when the rain soaked soil, retreating monsoon and dew water the crops, it is Rabi season.

Question 5.
What are summer crops?
Answer:
Crops grown from March to June are called summer crops.

Question 6.
What is essential for a good harvest?
Answer:
Fertile land, good quality seeds and fertilizers and availability of water are essential for a good harvest.

Question 7.
How has it been possible to fulfill the needs of all the people?
Answer:
Though the population of the country is increasing, the needs of the people are fulfilled because of the modern improved methods of agriculture.

Question 8.
How did the oxen help the fanner, in the traditional methods of agriculture?
Answer:
In the traditional method of agriculture, ploughing, tilling, harvesting, threshing as well as drawing water from the well was all done with the help of an oxen.

Question 9.
What helps farmers to do all their work?
Answer:
The farmer carries out all his tasks with the help of machines.

Question 10.
Traditionally how were crops watered?
Answer:
Crops were traditionally watered through canals.

Question 11.
Which are the modem methods of irrigation?
Answer:
Drip irrigation and sprinkle irrigation are the two modem methods of irrigation.

Question 12.
What is sprinkle irrigation?
Answer:
Sprinkle irrigation makes use of sprinklers of different sizes that spray water directly on plants.

Question 13.
What happens when the same crops are grown frequently in a field?
Answer:
If the same crops are grown frequently in a field, the fertility of the soil decreases.

Question 14.
What do fertilizers do to the soil?
Answer:
Fertilizers provide the required nutritive substances to the crop and restores its productivity.

Question 15.
Which are the two types of fertilizers?
Answer:
Natural and chemical are the two types of fertilizers.

Question 16.
How is manure obtained?
Answer:
Manure is obtained from materials available in nature like green waste and animal dung.

Question 17.
How are chemical fertilizers made?
Answer:
Chemical or artificial fertilizers are mixtures of different chemical substances in specific proportions, useful for agriculture.

Question 18.
What happens to soil when it is over-watered?
Answer:
Overwatering makes the land saline and fallow.

Question 19.
Where do plants store their food?
Answer:
Plants store their food in their stems or roots.

Question 20.
What is done to the surplus foodgrain, in India?
Answer:
In India, the surplus foodgrain is stored in huge warehouses.

Question 21.
Who gets credit for the research that led to ‘Green Revolution’?
Answer:
Dr. M. S. Swaminathan gets credit for the research that led to ‘Green Revolution’.

Question 22.
What is ‘Green Revolution’?
Answer:
Improved quality of seeds of wheat and rice that led to tremendous increase in the production of these foodgrains is called ‘Green Revolution’.

Question 23.
What are ‘Food Security laws’?
Answer:
Laws to ensure that every person gets sufficient food according to his need are ‘Food Security laws’.

Question 24.
What is Organic farming?
Answer:
Farming that relies on natural materials is called organic farming.

What are the benefits of ‘Organic farming’?

Question 1.
What are the benefits of ‘Organic farming’?
Answer:
1. In ‘Organic farming’, the nutritive substances in the soil are retained.
2. The organic pesticides used in this method have no harmful effects on those who eat the produce.
3. The grain grown by this method is nutritious and also good to taste. That is why farmers have begun to opt for organic farming methods.