Bhagya – Page 56 – Balbharati Solutions

The World Since 1945 – I Question Answer Class 11 Political Science Chapter 9 Maharashtra Board

May 6, 2025

Std 11 Political Science Chapter 9 Question Answer The World Since 1945 – I Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 9 The World Since 1945 – I Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 9 The World Since 1945 – I Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Political Science Class 11 Chapter 9 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
In 1949, China became a communist country under the leadership of ___________ (Khrushchev, Mao Zedong, Joseph Stalin, Ho Chi Minh)
Answer:
Mao Zedong

Question 2.
The principle of peaceful co-existence was put forth by ___________ (Eisenhower, Joseph Stalin, Khrushchev, Jawaharlal Nehru)
Answer:
Khrushchev

1B. State the appropriate concept for the given statement.

Question 1.
Period of the dominance of European powers.
Answer:
Eurocentric

Question 2.
The conflict between America and the Soviet Union.
Answer:
Cold War

1C. Find the odd word in the given set.

Question 1.
Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, France.
Answer:
France (not from the soviet bloc)

Question 2.
Italy, Poland, Spain, Greece.
Answer:
Poland (Not from the capitalist bloc nations)

2A. Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 9 The World Since 1945 - I 2A Q1
Answer:

2B. Observe the given map and answer the following questions.

See a map of the Division of Europe after World War II.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 9 The World Since 1945 - I 2B Q1

Question i.
Name two East European countries under influence of the Soviet Union.
Answer:
Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania.

Question 2.
Name two West European countries under the influence of the United States.
Answer:
France, Spain, Italy, Belgium, England.

3. State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
After the Bolshevik Revolution, Soviet Russia became a capitalist nation.
Answer:
This statement is False.

After the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. Vladimir Lenin established Socialism based on Marxist doctrine in Russia.
Thus, Russia became the first communist nation in the world. The USA is an example of a capitalist nation.

Question 2.
The Bandung Conference brought Cold War in Asia.
Answer:
This statement is False.

In 1955, the Bandung conference had 24 participating countries and sought to broad base the concept of regionalism to Asia and Africa.
The Bandung conference tried to bring cooperation and stability to the regions.

4. Answer the following.

Question 1.
Explain the term regionalism.
Answer:
Regional organisations are created by countries from a particular geographic region. They form groups to promote their national interest in a cooperative manner. They try to establish their independent identity. This process of regional level cooperation is also called regionalism.

While geographic linkages are important, sometimes some functional issues become the basis of regional cooperation. These can be in areas like transport and communication, energy, health, etc.

The process of regionalism usually begins with a political dialogue amongst the participants. Such a dialogue may lead to the creation of an organisation. Organisations like the European Union (EU), Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN), or South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) are examples of such regional groupings.

Question 2.
Discuss the role of the United Nations (UNO).
Answer:
The UNO was established in 1945. Its main functions include to
(i) Maintain International Peace and Security: The United Nations came into being with one main purpose i.e., the maintenance of international peace and security. The UN does this by working to prevent conflict, helping parties in conflict to make peace, peacekeeping activities, and creating the conditions to allow peace to hold and flourish.

(ii) Protect Human Rights: The promotion and protection of human rights is a key purpose and guiding principle of the UN. On 10th December 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted.

(iii) Deliver Humanitarian Aid: One of the purposes of the United Nations is “to achieve international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural or humanitarian character.” The international community relies on the UN to coordinate humanitarian relief operations in times of natural and man-made disasters.

(iv) Promote Sustainable Development: The global understanding of development has changed over the years. The UN seeks to promote sustainable development, that is, a development that promotes prosperity and economic opportunity, greater social well-being, and protection of the environment.

(v) Uphold International Law: The development of and respect for international law has been a key part of the work of the UNO. This work is carried out in many ways – by courts, tribunals, multilateral treaties, and by the Security Council and ICJ.

5. Answer the following in detail with reference to the given points.

Question 1.
Elaborate on the dimensions of the Cold War.
(a) political
(b) ideological
(c) economic
(d) security
Answer:
The hostile relations between the USA and its’ allies and the USSR and its allies along with ideological conflict between them is called the ‘Cold War’ or Bipolarity. Its dimensions are
(a) Political dimension: was the aspect of the struggle for political influence over the areas under the control of the two countries. Areas under Soviet influence included East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania. Areas under the United States’ influence included Netherlands, Denmark, Belgium, West Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Greece, and United Kingdom. Finland was forced to opt for neutrality to ensure that both the United States and the Soviet Union did not clash in the region.

(b) Ideological dimension: Eastern Europe adopted Socialist ideology under the influence of the Soviet Union and followed a Socialist form of government. Western Europe adopted capitalist ideology under the leadership of the United States. These countries had democratic governments.

(c) Economic dimension: East European countries with socialist governments followed the socialist economic system. This meant that the government or the public sector would play a dominant role in the economic system. West European countries that followed the democratic system of government had a capitalist form of economy. Here the private sector played a dominant role in the economic system.

(d) Security dimension: Military alliances were created in Europe to protect these countries. The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) was created in 1949 as a military alliance to defend West European countries and the United States from the threat of invasion from the Soviet Union and East Europe. Warsaw Pact was created in 1955 to defend East European countries and the Soviet Union from the threat from Western Europe and the United States.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Textbook Solutions

Development Administration Question Answer Class 11 Political Science Chapter 8 Maharashtra Board

May 6, 2025

Std 11 Political Science Chapter 8 Question Answer Development Administration Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 8 Development Administration Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 8 Development Administration Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Political Science Class 11 Chapter 8 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1. State the appropriate concept for the given statement.

Question 1.
State that promotes the economic and social well-being of its citizens.
Answer:
Welfare State

Question 2.
Unnecessary delays in administrative work are called.
Answer:
Red Tape

2. Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 8 Development Administration 2 Q1
Answer:

3. State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
Change and growth-oriented approaches are called Development Administration.
Answer:
This statement is True.

Development is a complex term that means improvement, growth, or progress. When public administration studies ‘government in action for development’ it becomes development administration.
According to Edward Weidner, “The process of guiding an organization towards the achievement of progressive political, economic and social objectives that are authoritatively determined in one manner or the other” is development administration.

Question 2.
In post-independent India, the government deliberately invested in the public sector.
Answer:
This statement is True.

Post-independence India was reeling from the effects of colonial exploitation in the form of poverty and underemployment.
It needed to modernize the economy towards self-reliance. To establish a welfare state and bring about a socialist pattern of the economy, more emphasis was given to the public sector.

Question 3.
The 73rd amendment act gave constitutional status to municipalities.
Answer:
This statement is False.

73rd Amendment Act (1992) gave constitutional status to Panchayati Raj institutions and is considered a landmark in grassroots democracy in India.
74th Amendment Act (1992) gave constitutional status to municipalities (urban areas).

4. Explain the co-relation between the following.

Question 1.
Planning Commission and NITI Aayog (Traditional public administration and development administration).
Answer:
Development is a complex term that means improvement, growth, or progress. When public administration studies ‘government in action for development’ it becomes development administration. According to Edward Weidner,” development administration is “the process of guiding an organisation toward the achievement of progressive political, economic and social objectives that are authoritatively determined in one manner or the other”.

An approach to have innovative planning towards growth is called development administration. The need for this was felt due to limitations in the traditional approach to public administration, which covered areas such as

Organization of the government machinery
management of different tasks like leadership, planning, etc
personnel administration i.e., recruitment, training of personnel
financial administration e.g., budget, audit, etc
administrative law e.g., tribunals for dispute resolution.

The new approach to public administration and public policy focuses on socio-economic development, political modernization, and adaptation of new technologies in administration.

Development administration has two important aspects viz.

Administration of development – setting development goals and achieving them through the medium of administration.
Development of administration – the existing system has to be improved so as the achieve the goals.

5. Answer the following.

Question 1.
Discuss any 4 areas of study in traditional public administration.
Answer:
The main areas of study in traditional public administration include:

Organization of government machinery.
Management of different tasks like leadership, planning, etc.
Personnel administration i.e., recruitment, training of personnel.
Financial administration e.g., budget, audit, etc.
Administrative law e.g., tribunals for dispute resolution.

Question 2.
Write in brief about NITI Aayog.
Answer:
NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India). After Independence, the Planning Commission was the apex planning body. India adopted Five Year Plans which identified short-term and long-term goals of development in areas such as agriculture, irrigation, industrialization, infrastructure, social security, etc. In 1991, the New Economic Policy focused on economic liberalization.

The Planning Commission has now been replaced by the NITI Aayog (established on 1st January 2015). The Prime Minister is the ex-officio chairman of NITI Aayog. Since India has moved from centralized planning to decentralized planning, this body proposes grassroots level planning from village and district levels to be harmonized with state-level planning and finally with national planning.

NITI Aayog has Governing Council comprising the Chief Ministers of all 29 states and of Delhi and Puducherry and Lt. Governors of Union Territories. As of 2019 Vice-Chairman is Rajiv Kumar and CEO is Amitabh Kant.

6. Express your opinion of the following.

Question 1.
Citizen participation is necessary in development administration.
Answer:
According to Edward Weidner, development administration is “The process of guiding an organisation toward the achievement of progressive political, economic and social objectives that are authoritatively determined in one manner or the other”.

An approach to have innovative planning towards growth is called Development Administration. The need for this was felt due to limitations in the traditional approach to public administration.

The new approach to public administration and public policy focuses on socio-economic development, political modernization, and adaptation of new technologies in administration.

Development Administration has two important aspects viz.

Administration of development – setting development goals and achieving them through the medium of administration.
Development of administration – the existing system has to be improved so as the achieve the goals.
Citizen participation – Development being a process of social and economic change, it is important that people participate actively in it.

If the process of development is cut off from the grassroots then it eventually fails to materialize the objectives it has set. This necessitates peoples’ participation in the process of planning, implementation, and eventual evaluation.

In a diverse society like India people’s participation is necessary. In India, the needs, requirements, and choices of people may vary vastly according to region. The Indian government had introduced a Community Development Programme in 1952 followed by National Extension Service in 1953. The focus was to promote development in the rural and remote areas. The experience of these programmes helped the government to focus on rural India. The purpose of the participation of the rural and urban citizens was sought through the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Textbook Solutions

Public Administration Question Answer Class 11 Political Science Chapter 7 Maharashtra Board

May 6, 2025

Std 11 Political Science Chapter 7 Question Answer Public Administration Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 7 Public Administration Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 7 Public Administration Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Political Science Class 11 Chapter 7 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
The backbone of any administrative system is _____________ (material resource, human resource, natural resource, geographic resource)
Answer:
human resource

Question 2.
Gullick and _____________ put forth the acronym POSDCORB. (Woodrow Wilson, Herbert Simon, Urwick, Dwight Waldo)
Answer:
Urwick

1B. Identify the incorrect pair in every set, correct it and rewrite.

Question 1.
(a) Kautilya – Arthashastra
(b) Aristotle – The Politics
(c) Machiavelli – Republic
Answer:
Machiavelli – The Prince or Plato – Republic

1C. State the appropriate concept for the given statements.

Question 1.
The systematic management of governmental affairs in 18th century Germany and Austria.
Answer:
Cameralism

Question 2.
Efforts of companies to integrate social and environmental concerns.
Answer:
Corporate Social Responsibility

2. State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
The first step in administration is staffing.
Answer:
This statement is False.

According to Gullick and Urwick, public administration should focus on aspects related to the executive branch of government.
It is explained by the acronym POSDCORB. Thus, the first step in administration is Planning, followed by Organisation and then Staffing.

Question 2.
Public Administration as an academic discipline was born in India.
Answer:
This statement is False.

Public Administration as an academic discipline originated in the USA and Woodrow Wilson was the first person to emphasize the need to study it.
However, Kautilya’s ‘Arthashastra’ was a text on administration and political economy in ancient India.

3. Explain the co-relation between the following.

Question 1.
Narrow and Broad perspective of Public Administration (Private administration and Public administration).
Answer:
Private administration is concerned with achieving the goals of private business organizations. The similarities between private and public administration are that both aim to serve the people, have similar types of hierarchy and management systems, and rely on common skills, techniques, and procedures.

The differences between private and public administration relate to aspects like scope, motive, responsibility, weakness, and financial control. Private administration is business-like with a narrower scope, wealth creation as the motive, responsibility to the owners, fewer chances of red-tapism, and internal financial control.

Public administration is bureaucratic with a very wide scope and motive as public service, responsibility to the ministers, intrinsic weakness of red-tapism, and external financial controls.

Question 2.
National Administration and State Administration (Rural administration and Urban administration).
Answer:
At the local level, the administration is either urban or rural. Urban administration includes political and administrative dimensions. For cities, there are Municipal Corporations (with a population of 3 lakhs and more) headed by the Mayor, Municipal Councils (Nagar Palika), City Councils (Nagar Panchayats), and Cantonment Boards. There is also a Municipal Commissioner who performs administrative functions and a Collector who looks after revenue, law, and order, land records, etc.

Rural administration includes three tiers i.e., Zilla Parishad, Panchayat Samiti, and Gram Panchayat. Developmental administration includes Chief Executive Officer, Block Development Officer, and Gram Sevak. There is also the Collector and Tehsildar.

4. Answer the following.

Question 1.
Explain the functioning of the administration.
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 7 Public Administration 4 Q1

(i) At the national level, the work of the Central Government is conducted by various ministries (departments). For example, there are ministries of Agriculture, Health, Home, Defence, etc. Each ministry (or department) is headed by a Minister. Below the Minister is the bureaucracy or the administrative machinery. Besides the ministries, there are such institutions as the Election Commission, Union Public Service Commission. NITI Aayog, etc. These also require administrators or a bureaucracy.

(ii) At the State level also, there are various ministries and commissions that do the work of the government. The ministries of the State are also headed by a Minister and staffed by the bureaucracy.

(iii) At the local level, the administration is of two types: urban and rural administration. At the district level_ the highest administrative officer is the collector. In large cities, the Municipal Commissioner is in charge of the Municipality or Municipal Corporation. In rural areas, at the level of the Tehsil, the Tehsildar looks after the administration.

(iv) There is a close link between political leadership and administrative machinery. At the national, state levels and local levels, the political leaders are closely linked to the administrative machinery.

(v) The recruitment for all administrative posts at all levels is done through competitive examinations conducted by the government. At the central government level, the UPSC and Staff Selection Commission are the bodies that conduct these examinations.

Question 2.
Explain the steps in public policymaking.
Answer:
Public Policy refers to the new approach to understanding aspects of government activities for public welfare ‘ that is beyond simple administrative activities for e.g., Ayushman Bharat which aims to provide universal access to good quality health care in India.

Public policy can be understood in three steps.

Policy Choice: Elected representatives, bureaucrats, and others decide the on which concerns of citizens to deal with, various options available about how to deal with it, and the formulation of a programme are then decided for e.g., anti-malaria programme (its objectives and implementation).
Policy Output: Actual implementation of the policy takes place and policy output is determined
Policy Impact (evaluation stage): This involves assessment of the objectives to determine policy impact and any improvements if required.

5. Answer the following in detail with reference to the given points.

Question 1.
Define public administration and explain its scope with reference to the following points.
(a) narrow perspective
(b) wider perspective
Answer:
Public Administration is a sub-discipline of Political Science. It focuses on ‘government in action’ i.e., implementation of government decisions, policies, and programmes in fields of social security and welfare, law and order, transport and communication, health and sanitation, etc.

The executive branch of government consists of the Political Executive (council of ministers) and Permanent/ Non-political Executive or Bureaucracy. Public Administration as a subject studies the activity and process of the government. According to Waldo, ‘Public Administration is the art and science of management as applied to the affairs of the state’.

Public Administration broadly includes the following:

Activities of all three branches of government, especially that of the executive branch.
Non-political public bureaucracy operating in a political system.
Management of public affairs and policy execution.
Concerned with public welfare and hence provides service and regulatory functions to the people to attain a good life.

Scope of public Administration.
Public Administration can be studied as two categories.
(a) Narrow perspective – It focuses on aspects related only to the executive branch of government. Gullick and Urwick sum this view in the acronym POSDCORB to denote Planning, Organisation, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting, Budgeting.

Maharashtra Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 7 Public Administration 5 Q1

Planning – working out in broad outline/ blueprint of what is to be done and methods to be adopted for it. e.g., NITI Aayog has adopted the approach of grassroots – national level.
Organising – establishing the formal structure of authority through which work is delegated, defined, and coordinated e.g. All India services.
Staffing – recruitment, training, and working conditions of personal e.g., in India this is through UPSC.
Directing – making decisions and issuing instructions and orders as the administration is a continuous activity.
Coordinating – interrelating the work of various selections and parts of the organization. eliminate overlapping of work or conflict over responsibility
Reporting – reporting to superiors/higher authorities any information about ongoing/completed tasks. This ensures responsibility and accountability.
Budgeting – refers to fiscal planning, control, and accounting.

(b) Broad perspective – This differs from the narrow, managerial view of public administration. It includes activities of all three branches of the government, their interrelationships. Specialized government functions such as defense, finance, health care, etc. as well as collaborations with private groups e.g., NGO’s in providing services to the community. This view is concerned with techniques of administration (POSDCORB) as well as with substantive matters of administration.

According to Woodrow Wilson, ‘Administration is the most obvious part of the government- it is a government inaction, the most visible, operative side of the government.’

Activity (Text Book Page No.63)

Question 1.
Look at the latest Annual Report of the Ministry of Home, Government of India. Make a list of the main activities of the ministry.
Answer:
The main activities of the Ministry of Home, GOI include the maintenance of internal security and domestic policy.
The departments included under this Ministry are-

Intelligence Bureau (IB)
Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)
Border Security Force (BSF)
Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)
Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)
National Security Guards (NSG)
National Investigation Agency (NIA)
Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB).

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Textbook Solutions

Role of the Judiciary Question Answer Class 11 Political Science Chapter 6 Maharashtra Board

May 6, 2025

Std 11 Political Science Chapter 6 Question Answer Role of the Judiciary Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 6 Role of the Judiciary Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 6 Role of the Judiciary Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Political Science Class 11 Chapter 6 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
___________ is the first country to create independent judiciary. (India, United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union)
Answer:
United States

Question 2.
The primary function of the judiciary is ___________ (making laws, executing laws, adjudication, make appointments)
Answer:
adjudication

1B. Identify the incorrect pair in every set, correct it and rewrite.

Question 1.
(a) Written Consitution – India
(b) Judicial Review – United Kingdom
(c) Independent Judiciary – United States
Answer:
(b) Judicial Review – USA

1C. State the appropriate concept for the given statement.

Question 1.
Petition regarding important public concerns.
Answer:
Public Interest Litigation (PIL)

Question 2.
The process of removal of judges.
Answer:
Impeachment

Question 3.
Cases can be heard for the first time only in certain courts.
Answer:
Original Jurisdiction

2. Complete the concept map.

Question 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 6 Role of the Judiciary 2 Q1
Answer:

3. State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
There is no need to approve the appointment of judges by the Senate in the United States.
Answer:
This statement is False.

The Judges of the Supreme Court of America and the courts subordinate to it are appointed by the President of the USA.
These appointments can be confirmed only after the Senate gives its approval.

Question 2.
In India judiciary is independent.
Answer:
This statement is True.

Provisions for judicial independence are provided in the Indian Constitution.
This includes provisions related to appointment, tenure, salary, and allowances, removal from office, etc., of judges so that the judiciary acts in a free and fair manner.

4. Explain the co-relation between the following.

Question 1.
Judiciary and Executive.
Answer:
The judiciary and executive are both organs of the government. The main function of the executive is the implementation of laws and policies while the functions of the judiciary include interpretation of law and adjudication. In India, judges are appointed by the President (nominal executive). Traditionally, these appointments were made after consulting with the existing government (ministry). However, to maintain judicial independence, the collegium of judges recommends names for appointment to the President.

There are many instances where the executive is a party to a dispute either as the plaintiff or as the defendant. Given the power of the Government, any legal dispute between it and one or more citizens is usually unequal. There is a possibility that the Government would use its powers to secure a favourable decision. This is where the independence of the Judiciary becomes important. An independent judiciary ensures that all those who appear before it is treated on an equal plane, and thus makes sure that decisions are in accordance with the law.

Question 2.
Supreme Court and High Court.
Answer:
India has a single integrated judicial system, with the Supreme Court at the apex and followed by the High Courts in the States. The Supreme Court controls all courts and tribunals in the territory of India. The High Court controls and supervises the functioning of the subordinate courts e.g., District Courts, in its territorial jurisdiction. The High Courts have Appellate jurisdiction, regarding decisions of the lower courts while Supreme Court can hear appeals in civil, criminal, and constitutional cases against decisions of the High Courts.

Supreme Court has original Jurisdiction such as in disputes about the election of the President or Vice¬President which are its exclusive jurisdiction. Both, Supreme Court and High Court have Writ Jurisdiction i.e., they can issue directives or writs such as Habeas Corpus in case of violation of a person’s fundamental rights. In case of appointment of judges of High Courts, the President also consults the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

5. Express your opinion of the following.

Question 1.
Judiciary must have a leading role in the appointment of judges.
Answer:
One of the main ways to secure judicial independence relates to the appointment of the judges. A judiciary that works under government favour, fear, or pressure i.e., a ‘committed judiciary’ can never give impartial, fair decisions especially when the government is a party in any dispute. The judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts are appointed by the President of India who is expected to be politically neutral.

However, according to the 42nd Amendment Act, the President acts on the aid and advice of the Union Ministry, Hence, executive interference in judicial appointments is a real possibility. Since the 1990s, the Supreme Court ruled that the Judiciary must play a leading role in its judicial appointments.

The Supreme Court set up a Collegium consisting of the Chief Justice of India and the four senior-most judges of the court which would recommend names to the President for appointment to the Supreme Court and the High Courts. The Government’s role in this process has now been minimized.

Question 2.
Judicial activism is significant today.
Answer:
Judiciary in India has started taking a wider view of its functions. For instance, the courts have allowed individuals to file petitions on matters of important public concern. Such cases are known as Public Interest Litigation (PILs). There have been instances where the courts of their own accord, without anyone complaining or filing a petition, have taken note of matters of public concern (Suo moto). This wider view taken by the Judiciary of its functions has been termed as ‘Judicial Activism’.

In recent years, Judicial Activism has led to the courts examining the legality of the decision of the executive over a wide variety of issues including the ones referred to above. Moreover, in many instances, they have also either issued orders on what should be done over many issues or have directed the executive to take action about the same in a specified time period.

There has been much debate over Judicial Activism. Some feel that the judiciary was compelled to intervene because the executive was not discharging its functions properly, while others believe that the courts are exceeding their powers by looking into matters which fall within the jurisdiction of the executive or legislative.

6. Answer the following in detail with reference to the given points.

Question 1.
Explain the process of Judicial Review?
(a) Meaning
(b) Need
(c) When and where it started
(d) Indian context
Answer:
(a) Meaning: Judicial Review means the power of the Judiciary to examine if any law passed by the legislature or any executive policy or action is consistent with the Constitution or not, and if it is not then to declare it as unconstitutional and hence null and void.

(b) Need: It becomes necessary to have an institution that would examine whether the laws are consistent with the Constitution or not. That institution should also have the power to declare any law found inconsistent with the Constitution to be invalid and therefore not to be implemented. This would prevent the Legislature from making laws that violate the Constitution. In democracies with written Constitutions, this power is vested in the Judiciary. The Judiciary is not involved in any way in the law-making process. It is an independent body. Hence it has been assigned this power.

(c) When and where it started: The origins of the power of Judicial Review can be traced to a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States of America given in 1803 in a case known as the Marbury vs Madison case. This was for the first time that the American Supreme Court declared a law passed by the United States Congress to be invalid on the grounds that it was inconsistent with the Constitution of the United States. However, it must be noted that the American Constitution does not have an explicit provision that gives the Judiciary the power of Judicial Review. It is an implied power. To date, the American Supreme Court’s power of Judicial Review has been unchallenged. This is so because it is accepted that such a power is necessary to retain the supremacy of the Constitution.

(d) Indian Context: The Constitution of India does not explicitly provide the judiciary with the power of Judicial Review. However, like in the United States, these powers are implied. The Supreme Court of India has on many occasions declared laws passed by the Legislature as being inconsistent with the Constitution and therefore unconstitutional. In the Indian context, the real issue has been whether the amendments to the Constitution can be held unconstitutional. The issue was settled by the Supreme Court in the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973). In its judgment, the Court stated that the Constitution of India had a ‘Basic Structure’. The Constitutional Amendments passed by the Parliament have to be consistent with this ‘Basic Structure’, and if they are found to be not, then the Supreme Court would declare them unconstitutional. The power to declare any Amendments as unconstitutional rests only with the Supreme Court.

Activity (Text Book Page No. 52)

Make a list of examples of Judicial Activism in India.
Answer:
Judicial Activism refers to the active role of the judiciary in upholding the rights of citizens and preserving constitutional provisions and the legal system of the country. The judiciary takes an active part wherever the legislature of executive fails to perform its duty, especially to dispense social justice.
Some areas of judicial activism include:

Reforming the BCCI even though it is a private body.
The Supreme Court insisting on a collegium of judges to suggest names for elevation as judges to the High/Supreme courts.
Protection of the ecosystem and environmental jurisprudence.
In regard to the Bhopal Gas Tragedy (1984).
Conduct NEET exam all over the country.
The right to privacy is a part of a fundamental right.
Improving conditions of undertrials.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Textbook Solutions

Concept of Representation Question Answer Class 11 Political Science Chapter 5 Maharashtra Board

May 6, 2025

Std 11 Political Science Chapter 5 Question Answer Concept of Representation Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 5 Concept of Representation Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 5 Concept of Representation Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Political Science Class 11 Chapter 5 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
Ancient Greece had ___________ (dictatorship, direct democracy, indirect democracy, monarchy)
Answer:
Direct democracy

Question 2.
The oldest representative assembly in the world is ___________ (House of Commons, House of Lords, Senate, House of Representative)
Answer:
House of Commons

1B. State the appropriate concept for the given statements.

Question 1.
The political system is where people elect representatives to govern themselves.
Answer:
Representative Democracy

1C. Find the odd word in the given set.

Question 1.
The Indian National Trade Union Congress, All India Kisan Sabha, National Students Union of India, Indian National Congress
Answer:
Indian National Congress (it is a political party)

2. Complete the concept maps.

Question 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 5 Concept of Representation 2 Q1
Answer:

3. Explain the correlation between the following.

Question 1.
Governmental and Non-Governmental Organizations.
Answer:
Governmental organizations are public organizations that have a formalized structure. They are formed by election or nomination. They have legal status in terms of their jurisdiction. They are more concerned with political and administrative aspects.

However, such organizations due to their structure and scope may not be able to satisfy the concerns of different sections of the population or to represent various interests and causes. This leads to people who are devoted to the cause coming together as non-profit groups and further their cause. NGO’s work in the field of political and environmental awareness, the welfare of the elderly/women/children/disabled, etc., for e.g., Green Peace (environment), Help Age (senior citizens), CRY (children), AGNI (Political awareness), PFA (animals).

4. Express your opinion of the following.

Question 1.
Pressure groups are different from political parties.
Answer:
I agree with the statement.

The political parties are part of the governmental system. They seek to influence government policy from the inside. A pressure group tries to influence the government from the outside. They do not stand for elections or aim to become members of the legislature/ government.
Political parties have a broad agenda. They seek to represent the people for political, social, economic, cultural, and other concerns. Pressure groups usually have a narrow focus. They focus on specific issues or agitations for a specific cause e.g., the environment.

5. Answer the following in detail with reference to the given points.

Question 1.
What is meant by representation? Explain the various methods of representation?
(a) Meaning
(b) Electoral
(c) Non-electoral
(d) Non-official
Answer:
(a) Meaning: The concept of representation is important in any democracy.
Today, most countries have large territories and populations. Hence, direct democracy is not possible. The form of democracy today is indirect democracy or representative democracy. People elect representatives among themselves to govern the country for e.g., in India, Members of Parliament (MP’s), Members of State Legislative Assemblies/ Councils (MLA’s, MLC’s), of corporations, etc., are all our representatives.

(b) Electoral Method: Persons are directly or indirectly elected by the citizens to govern them as members of representative assemblies e.g., General elections to Lok Sabha, Assembly elections.

(c) Non-electoral Method: Representatives occupy their position through nomination or appointment for e.g., President of India appoints 12 Members to the Rajya Sabha.

(d) Non-official Method: Civil society represents the people through various pressure groups like trade unions, student groups, peasant organizations.

6. Suggest ways by which you can encourage people to vote in elections.
Answer:

NGO’s such as AGNI have special programmes designed to encourage people to exercise their franchise.
Street plays, flash mobs at railway stations, talks in colleges about the importance of voting.
Voter enrollment drives to encourage youngsters to vote.
Advertisements, especially involving celebrities as ‘ambassadors’ for the franchise.
In some countries of the world, the franchise is compulsory.

Activity (Text Book Page No. 44)

Question 1.
Write the history of anyone national political party in India.
Answer:
Indian National Congress
Indian National Congress was founded on 28th December 1885 due to the efforts of A.O. Hume, to act as a platform for civil and political dialogue among educated Indians. The first session, held in Bombay with 72 delegates in attendance, elected W.C. Banerjee as its first President. Members were mainly from the Bombay and Madras Presidencies such as Dadabhai Naoroji, Dinshaw Wacha, Pherozshah Mehta, and others. During its early phase, the Congress was led by the Moderates.

The party first split at the Surat session (1907) into two groups i.e., Moderates and Extremists (led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak). The party began to endorse the policy of “Swaraj” (Self-rule) and “Swadeshi” (of our own country), After the death of Lokmanya Tilak, the leadership of the Congress passed into the hands of Mahatma Gandhi. His philosophy was based on the ideals of Satyagraha and Ahimsa. Various movements were organized by Gandhiji such as Non-Cooperation Movement (1920’s), Civil Disobedience (1930’s), and Quit India Movement (1942).

The INC has dominated most of India’s political landscape since Independence. The period 1947-1967 is described as the One-Party Dominant System (OPDS) of the INC. However, Congress dominance has declined. In the UPA government (2004 – 2014) the INC was one of the major parties. At present, it is the main opposition party (2019).

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Textbook Solutions

Constitutional Government Question Answer Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4 Maharashtra Board

May 6, 2025

Std 11 Political Science Chapter 4 Question Answer Constitutional Government Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 4 Constitutional Government Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4 Constitutional Government Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Political Science Class 11 Chapter 4 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
Unwritten Constitution exists in _____________ (United Kingdom, India .South Africa, United States)
Answer:
United Kingdom

Question 2.
In a parliamentary system there is a _____________ of legislative and executive powers. (separation, coordination, merger, centralisation)
Answer:
merger

Question 3.
The ten amendments to the American Constitution are collectively referred to as _____________ (Bills of Rights, Magna Carta, Basic Structure Doctrine, Fundamental Rights)
Answer:
Bill of Rights

1B. Identify the incorrect pair in every set, correct it and rewrite.

Question 1.
(a) Magna Carta – England
(b) Veto – United Kingdom
(c) Kesavananda Bharati Case – Basic structure doctrine
Answer:
(b) Veto – USA

1C. Find the odd word out in the given set.

Question 1.
England, Scotland, Wales, Republic of Ireland.
Answer:
The Republic of Ireland (not part of UK)

Question 2.
India, Australia, Canada, Argentina.
Answer:
Argentina (not a parliamentary system)

2. State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
Indian Federation can be described as a ‘quasi-federation’.
Answer:
This statement is True.

The Indian Constitution provides for dual set of governments i.e Union State governments. There is a distribution of powers on the basis of three lists viz. Union list, State list, and Concurrent list.
However, India has a federal structure with a powerful central government. The constitution framers felt that a strong Union government was needed to ensure the balanced development of the country.

Question 2.
The parliamentary system exists in the United States.
Answer:
This statement is False.

In a Parliamentary system, there is a merger of legislative and executive functioning. There are two executives, i.e., real and normal executives. This is noticed in India, United Kingdom, etc.
the United States follows the Presidential system based on separation of government powers. Here, there is only one executive i.e., President who is directly elected by citizens.

3. Explain the co-relation between the following.

Question 1.
Legislature and Executive in a parliamentary system.
Answer:
In a parliamentary system, there is a fusion of legislative and executive functions. The real executive i.e. the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers is drawn from the Legislature. There are no separate elections for the post of Prime Minister and other Ministers. The Prime Minister and the Ministers play a dual role i.e., they are part of both Legislature and Executive. Thus, they also attend Parliamentary sessions.

The leader of the party or group which commands a majority in the legislature is invited by the nominal executive (President) to form the government and assume the post of Prime Minister. The Ministry stays in power only as long as it enjoys majority support in Parliament. The lower house of the Parliament in England (House of Commons) and in India (Lok Sabha) can pass a vote of no-confidence against the Ministry which means that the Prime Minister and his/her Council of Ministers must resign. This is due to parliamentary sovereignty. Thus, the executive is subordinate to and responsible to the Parliament (legislature).

Question 2.
President and Legislature in a presidential system.
Answer:
In a Presidential system, there is a separation of government powers and a system of checks and balances. The President i.e., head of the executive is directly elected by the citizens for a fixed tenure. He/she enjoys powers granted to the office by the constitution and must conduct his/her administration in accordance with laws passed by the legislature. Members of the executive are prohibited from being members of the legislature.

The legislature is also popularly elected. Its powers are not absolute since the President can exercise ‘Veto Power’ to reject a law passed by the legislature. Similarly, the legislature can also impeach the President if it is proved that the constitution has been violated by him/her. The President continues in office irrespective of whether he/she enjoys majority support in the legislature. However such lack of support may lead to a breakdown or impasse in government functioning.

4. Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Explain constitutionalism and constitutional morality.
Answer:
Constitutionalism refers to the idea that there should be limitations on the powers of the government which may be specified in the constitution or may arise due to historical developments. The Magna Carta (Great Charter) (1215) and Bill of Rights (1689) in England were attempts to restrict the powers of the Monarchs. As the concept of separation of legislative, executive, judicial powers became popular, so also, the idea of restricting powers of the government as a whole emerged. The origins of constitutionalism can be traced to the Social Contract Theory propounded by John Locke. He believed that people should have the right to change the government if it committed any wrongdoings.

The first ten amendments to the American Constitution (collectively called the Bill of Rights) imposed restrictions on the government. The Indian Constitution also restricts government jurisdiction so that it doesn’t violate Fundamental Rights.
Any constitution is subject to amendments. Thus, it is possible that certain governments may use their amendment powers to remove restrictions, on their policies and actions.

In any democracy, Constitutionalism refers to restrictions on the power of the government and adherence to the spirit of the constitution. It refers to the values which form its foundations and the manner in which those who hold power are expected to behave. This can be described by the term ‘Constitutional Monarchy’.

5. Answer the following in detail with reference to the given points.

Question 1.
Explain Constitution and its three distinct interrelated components.
(i) What is a Constitution?
(ii) set of rules
(iii) set of rights
(iv) set of objectives and values
Answer:
(i) The constitution is the highest law of the country. It reflects the objectives of the state and the rights and aspirations of its citizens. It establishes the rule of law and sets limits on government authority. A constitution is a living document that indicates the way in which a country is governed. The primary function of the constitution is to lay out the basic structure of the government according to which the people are to be governed. A constitution has three distinct but interrelated components.

(ii) Set of Rules – A constitution is a set of rules that describes the structure, powers, and functions of the three organs of government to ensure that each organ functions without its jurisdiction. It lays down the limitations on what the government can do or cannot do.

(iii) Set of Rights – A constitution lists the rights of the citizens, means for the protection of these rights, and the duties of citizens. It also lists the means of protecting the rights e.g., in India, the judiciary is entrusted with protecting the rights. The rights guaranteed by the constitution are not unlimited i.e. they are subject to reasonable limitations.

(iv) Set of Objectives and Values – A constitution enumerates the values and objectives that it seeks to fulfill. For e.g., the Indian Constitution seeks to ensure the values of justice, liberty, and equality.

11th Political Science Digest Chapter 4 Constitutional Government Intext Questions and Answers

Find out! (Text Book Page No. 30)

How many times has the Indian Constitution been amended? What was the latest amendment?
Answer:
Amendments refer to changes in certain provisions of the constitution. In India, Article 368 deals with the amendment procedure. Till March 2019, the Indian Constitution has been amended 103 times. The 101st amendment (July 2017) introduced GST, the 102nd amendment gave constitutional status to National Commission for Backward Classes, and the 103rd amendment provided for a maximum of 10% reservation for economically weaker sections (EWS) by amending Articles 15,16. (Right to Equality)

Find out! (Text Book Page No.32)

Make a list of all Prime Ministers of India with their tenure.
Answer:

Jawaharlal Nehru (August 1947 – May 1964)
Gulzarilal Nanda – Acting Prime Minister (27 May 1964 – 9 June 1964, 11 January 1966 – 24 January 1966)
Lai Bahadur Shastri (June 1964 – January 1966)
Indira Gandhi (January 1966 – March 1977, January 1980 – October 1984)
Morarji Desai (March 1977 – July 1979)
Charan Singh (July 1979 – January 1980)
Rajiv Gandhi (October 1984 – December 1989)
V. P. Singh (December 1989 – November 1990)
Chandra Shekar (November 1990 – June 1991)
P. V. Narsimha Rao (June 1991 – May 1996)
A. B. Vajpayee (May 1996 – June 1996, March 1998 – May 2004)
H. D. Deve Gowda (June 1996 – April 1997)
I. K. Gujral (April 1997 – March 1998)
Dr. Manmohan Singh (May 2004 – May 2014)
Narendra Modi (May 2014 – till date)

Find out! (Text Book Page No. 34)

Name any four American Presidents who belonged to the Republican Party and for who belonged to the Democratic Party
Answer:

Republican Party – Abraham Lincoln, Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, George W. Bush.
Democratic Party – F. D. Roosevelt, J. F. Kennedy, Bill Clinton, Barack Obama, Donald Trump.

Do this. (Text Book Page No. 35)

Look at the following subjects (Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution):

Law and Order
Atomic Energy
Banking
Agriculture
Police
Electricity
Education
Railways
Public health
Foreign affairs
Forests.

Find out which of these subjects is in Union, state, or concurrent list.
Answer:

Union List	State List	Concurrent List
Atomic Energy	Police	Education
Foreign Affairs	Agriculture	Electricity
Banking	Law and order	Forest
Railways	Public Health

Activity (Text Book Page No. 36)

What are the rights mentioned in the Bill of Rights of the American Constitution?
Answer:
The Bill of Rights refers to the first ten amendments of the US constitution. Some of the rights include.

First Amendment prohibits the making of any law impeding the free exercise of religion or restricting the freedom of speech or of the press or to assemble peacefully.
The Second Amendment protects the individual right to keep arms.
The Fifth Amendment protects against double jeopardy and self-incrimination.
The sixth amendment establishes a number of rights of the defendant in a criminal trial such as speedy, public trial by an impartial jury, the assistance of counsel, etc.
The Tenth amendment reinforces the principles of separation of powers and of federalism.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Textbook Solutions

Equality and Justice Question Answer Class 11 Political Science Chapter 3 Maharashtra Board

May 6, 2025

Std 11 Political Science Chapter 3 Question Answer Equality and Justice Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 3 Equality and Justice Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 3 Equality and Justice Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Political Science Class 11 Chapter 3 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
The base of political equality is __________ (democracy, dictatorship, military rule, monarchy)
Answer:
democracy

Question 2.
John Rawls was an advocate of __________ justice. (distributive, political, economic, gender-based)
Answer:
distributive

1B. State the appropriate concept for the given statement.

Question 1.
The principle of equality states that each one should get an opportunity for the development of their individual personality.
Answer:
Equality of opportunity

Question 2.
Type of equality which says that every citizen has an equal right to participate in affairs of the State.
Answer:
Political equality

Question 3.
Absence of economic exploitation.
Answer:
Economic equality

1C. Complete the following sentence using appropriate reason.

Question 1.
In India, laws were made regarding the abolition of untouchability. Because
(a) untouchability is a political concept
(b) untouchability is a legal concept
(c) social inequality can be controlled by State legislation
Answer:
(c) social inequality can be controlled by State legislation

2. Complete the concept map/maps.

Question 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 3 Equality and Justice 2 Q1
Answer:

3. State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
Democracy denies equality.
Answer:
This statement is False.

A democratic government is based on the pillars of liberty, equality, justice, and fraternity.
Equality signifies equality of opportunity, political participation, and equal protection of the law which can be ensured only in a democracy.

Question 2.
Equality is a political goal.
Answer:
This statement is True.

Equality signifies that all human beings have an equal worth irrespective of their race, religion, caste, etc. It, however, does not mean uniformity.
In modern times, equality includes aspects like tolerance and empathy i.e., a moral and collective dimension. It is also the basis of liberty and justice and is thus considered a political goal.

Question 3.
Social democracy is the foundation of political democracy.
Answer:
This statement is True.

Social democracy means that there is equality i.e., no distinction among individuals merely on basis of ethnicity, creed, gender, etc. It ensures the dignity of the individual.
Political democracy is expressed in political rights such as the right to vote, to criticize the government, etc. In the absence of social democratic political democracy will be less worthwhile.

4. Explain the co-relation between the following.

Question 1.
Equality and justice.
Answer:
Equality refers to equal rights and opportunities for all persons irrespective of their race, creed, gender, etc. It means no person or group will be discriminated against socially, economically, or politically. Similarly, no person or group will have special privileges that are denied to the vast majority in society.

Justice refers to that state of affairs in which every individual gets exactly those burdens and benefits that are due to him. It refers to the absence of socio-economic, political, and legal injustices.

In the absence of equality, there will be a denial of justice and the progress of society will be hindered. Justice aims at the reconciliation of individual rights and larger social interests.

Question 2.
Legal Justice and Social Justice
Answer:
Legal justice is the application of the abstract concept of justice through the implementation of the law. Justice is a precondition to the law as, without it, the law may become an instrument of tyranny and suppression. Austin considers law as a means to suppress injustice as well as to establish justice. Legal justice signifies an independent and impartial judiciary that observes specific rules for judicial proceedings. Any accused should be charged keeping in mind his/her human rights.

Social justice is both reformative and distributive. It aims at a revision of the social order by doing away with socio-economic evils for e.g. to eradicate untouchability, there is Article 17 of the constitution as well as laws passed by Parliament.

Procedural justice demands equality before the law as well as correct interpretation and application of the law. Social justice is also reformative i.e., equitable distribution of goods and services so that underprivileged sections can get an adequate share in this distribution.

5. Express your opinion of the following.

Question 1.
Casteism is a barrier to social equality.
Answer:
The caste system is one of the basic features of Indian society. It implies divisions in society based merely on one’s birth into a particular section of society. There was a caste hierarchy in which the upper castes enjoyed privileges that were denied to the lower castes. Even, within the four main Chaturvaranas, hierarchies began to develop.

Casteism began to become a social evil, as it resulted in untouchability as well as the exploitation and segregation of lower castes. They were denied equal opportunities to have socio-economic and political rights. Casteism did not permit upward mobility in the caste hierarchy due to marriage or achievement. The intermingling of castes was prohibited. Lower castes were often discriminated against in educational, political, and employment facilities. In some cases, they were denied access to public places like water bodies, hospitals, etc.

Social equality means that there has to be no favouring of or discrimination against any person/group on irrelevant aspects like caste and creed. It means that the dignity and intrinsic worth of every person must be recognized. Thus, the rigid hierarchies and discrimination perpetuated by casteism hinder social equality.

6. Answer the following.

Question 1.
Explain the Indian concept of Justice.
Answer:
There exist different kinds of inequalities in India, such as those created through the caste system, through the patriarchal system, etc. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar argued that justice would be achieved when the structure and values associated with these systems undergo a change. He also related the concept of justice to the concept of the distribution of resources. The Constitution of India ensures justice through both, procedural justice and social justice. This can be achieved through the educational and economic development of the backward classes.

Justice is implemented through the following policies:

The policy of reservation.
Granting of scholarships, grants, loans, health services, etc. for weaker sections of the society.
Eradication of unjust social and economic practices which exploit the backward classes.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Textbook Solutions

Liberty and Rights Question Answer Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2 Maharashtra Board

May 6, 2025

Std 11 Political Science Chapter 2 Question Answer Liberty and Rights Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 2 Liberty and Rights Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2 Liberty and Rights Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Political Science Class 11 Chapter 2 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
The book, ‘On Liberty’ was written by ___________ (Robert Nozick, Thomas Hobbes, J. S. Mill, Isaiah Berlin)
Answer:
J. S. Mill

Question 2.
The concept of Swaraj was spelled out by ___________ (Mahatma Gandhi, Mahatma Phule, Dr. Ambedkar, Dr. Rajendra Prasad)
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi

1B. Complete the following sentence by using appropriate reason.

Question 1.
According to Jeremy Bentham, the State should not bring any obstruction, in liberty because –
(a) State does not give liberty.
(b) the individual knows how to protect his own interests.
(c) liberty is a hurdle-less situation.
Answer:
(b) the individual knows how to protect his own interests.

1C. State the appropriate concept for the given statement.

Question 1.
Fundamental right introduced in Constitution of India by 86th Amendment.
Answer:
Right to education

Question 2.
Rights-based on the conscience of the individual and the community.
Answer:
Moral rights

2. Complete the concept map.

Question 1.
Maharashtra Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 2 Liberty and Rights 2 Q1
Answer:

3. State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
Legal rights are not universal.
Answer:
This statement is True.

Legal rights include political and civil rights which are granted by the State to the people. Legal rights are codified in law.
Different countries grant different rights to their people. Hence, unlike natural rights, legal rights are not universal.

4. Explain the co-relation between the following.

Question 1.
Concept of Liberty by Thomas Hobbes and John Locke (Positive liberty and Negative liberty).
Answer:
Positive liberty and Negative liberty are two aspects of liberty that have their origin in liberalism. Negative liberty emerged from classical and neoclassical liberalism and finds expression in the views of thinkers like Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, Robert Nozick, Friedrich Hayek, and Isaiah Berlin.

Negative liberty opposes all restraints on liberty i.e., the State should not interfere in the social, economic life of the individual. It opposes any coercion, interference, or force on part of the State. The base negative aspect of liberty is the freedom of thought. Bentham argues that every person knows how to protect their own interest and hence no obstruction should be brought by the State.

John Stuart Mill suggests that negative liberty should be rejected only if it adversely impacts society. Hayek described liberty as a hurdle-less situation while Nozick suggested that the individual should be free from social, economic, and State restrictions. Berlin explains that negative liberty is opposition to restraints on the choice of alternatives.

The positive aspect of liberty as advocated by Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Herbert Marcuse emerged from modern liberalism. It states that liberty affects equality and justice. The law guides the individual towards the enrichment of their personality. Rousseau advocated the idea of State control over the individual since the State is a sovereign power that represents the ‘General Will’. Similarly, Marcuse advocates State interference and collective control as essential in community life.
We can conclude in the two statements of Isaiah Berlin.

The negative aspect of liberty – ‘I am a slave to no man’.
The positive aspect of liberty – ‘I am my own master’.

Question 2.
Natural rights and Legal rights.
Answer:
According to Harold Laski, ‘Rights are those conditions of social life without which no man can seek, in general, to be himself at his best.

Rights may be classified as natural rights, moral rights or legal (civil-political) rights.
Natural Rights e.g., the right to life, are parts of human nature and reason. They are not dependent on the laws of any government or the customs of any culture. They are universal and inalienable. They are considered beyond the authority of any government or international body to dismiss. The idea of human rights is closely related to that of natural rights. In the United States Declaration of Independence, natural rights mentioned are ‘Life, Liberty, and pursuit of Happiness. Our natural rights as human beings include being treated justly regardless of race, religion, gender, region, etc.

John Locke and Thomas Hobbes strongly advocated natural rights. Natural rights are important because without them we would have no claim to freedom. Legal rights refer to rights according to law. These rights are granted by the State to the people and exist differently in different countries. They are justiciable and codified in law. Such rights are neither universal nor inalienable. Legal rights include civil rights and political rights.

5. Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Explain Mahatma Gandhi’s idea of liberty
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi accepted the concept of Swaraj as liberty. He spelled this out in his work, ‘Hind Swaraj’. The term Swaraj implies a combination of two ideas: Self (Swa) and Rule (Raj). Thus Swaraj means Self-Rule. Gandhiji’s concept of Swaraj was comprehensive. He did not accept Swaraj only as freedom from British rule but also as freedom from western cultural domination. Swaraj would mean freedom from the trampling of humanitarian values. This concept gives more importance to self-governance, self-discipline, and human values.

Question 2.
Discuss the concept of Human Rights.
Answer:
Human Rights are those rights that we are entitled to simply because we are human beings. Henry Thoreau first described natural rights as human rights. These are basic rights of people anywhere in the world to be free from exploitation, injustice, and want, to lead a dignified existence, and to develop to the fullest extent. The U.N.O adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (U.D.H.R) on 10th December 1948. These rights are dynamic i.e., they develop with changing times. U.D.H.R expresses belief in the liberty and equality of human beings and promotes the culture of peace and cooperation.

Human rights can be classified as

Civil and Political rights – These are liberty-oriented rights like the right to freedom of thought, right to vote, etc
Social, Cultural, and Economic rights – These include the right to social justice, the right to work, etc.
Developmental rights – These are linked to the concept of fraternity e.g., the right to a healthy environment, right to information.

The implementation of human rights requires favorable political, socio-economic conditions in the state. In the absence of such, these rights may be violated or denied as happens in the case of women, children, displaced persons, minorities, etc.

Question 3.
Explain Isaiah Berlin’s concept of Liberty.
Answer:
Isaiah Berlin in his famous essay, ‘Two Concepts of Liberty’, discussed Negative and Positive Liberty. He believed that liberty is unrestrained. According to Isaiah Berlin, freedom of action is negative liberty. As per this principle, the opportunity to act is important while the action itself is secondary.

According to him, the impact of the action is not considered important and hence it is not measured. Therefore, this principle does not give importance to quality. For example, this concept does not make a qualitative difference between choosing one’s education, profession, or suffer deprivation. He would rather give importance to give an opportunity to do these actions than the outcome of the action itself.

Isaiah Berlin has mentioned the following features of negative liberty.

Individuals should have complete freedom of choice. He should not have restraints on the choice of alternatives. Opposition to such restraints is a feature of negative liberty.
Negative Liberty is based on Neoliberalism.

6. Answer the following in detail with reference to the given points.

Question 1.
Elaborate the concept of Rights –
(a) Meaning and Classification of Rights
(b) Legal Rights
(c) Human Rights
Answer:
(i) Meaning and Classification of Rights: Rights are those social conditions that are necessary for the development of our personality. Laski defines rights as ‘those conditions of social life without which no man can seek, in general, to be himself at his best.

Maharashtra Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 2 Liberty and Rights 6 Q1

Natural Rights – These rights are universal in character e.g. the right to life and liberty.
Moral Rights – These rights are based on the conscience of the person and the community e.g. respect for elders.
Legal Rights – These rights are granted by the state and are codified in law. These rights are not universal. Legal rights may be:
- Civil rights: related to the person and property of the individual’s right to liberty, equality, property.
- Political rights: are available only to citizens in a democratic State and aim to encourage active political participation e.g. the right to vote, to contest elections.

(ii) Legal Rights: These rights refer to rights according to law. These rights are granted by the State to the people and exist differently in different countries. They are justiciable and codified in law. Such rights are neither universal nor inalienable. Legal rights include civil rights and political rights.

(iii) Human Rights: These rights are those rights that we are entitled to simply because we are human beings. Henry Thoreau first described natural rights as human rights. These are basic rights of people anywhere in the world to be free from exploitation, injustice, and want, to lead a dignified existence, and to develop to the fullest extent. The UNO adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on 10th December 1948. These rights are dynamic i.e. they develop with changing times. UDHR expresses belief in the liberty and equality of human beings and promotes a culture of peace and cooperation.

Human rights can be classified as

Civil and Political rights – These are liberty-oriented rights like the right to freedom of thought, right to vote, etc.
Social, Cultural, and Economic rights – These include the right to social justice, the right to work, etc.
Developmental rights – These are linked to the concept of fraternity e.g. right to a healthy environment, right to information.

The implementation of human rights requires favorable political, socio-economic conditions. In the absence of such, these rights may be violated or denied as in the case of women, children, displaced persons, minorities, etc.

Activity 1 (Text Book Page No. 17)

Make a list of Civil Rights in India.
Answer:
Civil rights in India include

Right to life
Right to personal freedom
Right to Family life
Right to freedom of religion
Right to freedom of thought and expression including freedom of the press
Right to freedom of movement association and assembly
Right to Education
Right to freedom of occupation and vocation
Right to freedom from arbitrary arrest
Right to justice.

Activity 2 (Text Book Page No. 15)

Discuss and make a note of examples of human rights violations.
Answer:
Human rights violations are noticed in many countries of the world.

Violation of rights of women: In many countries exhibiting a patriarchal mindset, women are considered as having an inferior status. They become victims of social evils like dowry, female foeticide, F.G.M., and of crimes like sexual assaults, domestic violence, etc.
Violation of rights of children: The world over and especially in poorer countries or in areas of conflict, violation of child rights occurs by physical neglect, abandonment, abuse, sexual crimes, child labour, etc.
Violation of rights of underprivileged sections: Such persons face exploitation, deprivation, discrimination, and poverty. This section includes tribals, handicapped persons, ethnic/religious/linguistic minorities.
Violation of rights of displaced persons: Displacement of persons may be due to hostile government, civil war, and conflicts, natural disasters, developmental projects, etc. Such persons are often unwanted everywhere e.g., Syrian refugees.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Textbook Solutions

The State Question Answer Class 11 Political Science Chapter 1 Maharashtra Board

May 6, 2025

Std 11 Political Science Chapter 1 Question Answer The State Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Solutions Chapter 1 The State Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 1 The State Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Political Science Class 11 Chapter 1 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the appropriate alternative and complete the following statements.

Question 1.
The term Nation is derived from the Latin word ___________ (Nasci, Natio, Natalis, Nauto)
Answer:
Nasci

Question 2.
The origin of Liberal Nationalism is in the ___________ Revolution. (American, Russian, French, British)
Answer:
French

1B. Identify the incorrect pair in every set, correct it and rewrite.

Question 1.
(a) Aristotle – German Thinker
(b) Jean Bodin – French Thinker
(c) Woodrow Wilson – American Thinker
(d) Harold Laski – British Thinker
Answer:
(a) Aristotle – Greek Thinker

1C. State the appropriate concept for the given statements.

Question 1.
The force which holds the people to a sense of political loyalty to the country –
Answer:
Nationalism

Question 2.
The area of the State within which it has the authority to govern –
Answer:
Jurisdiction

2. State whether the following statements are true or false with reasons.

Question 1.
Progressive Nationalism can create differences amongst people.
Answer:
This statement is False.

Progressive nationalism is integral nationalism that can help people of a society to unite and to promote development towards the objective of national integration.
Aggressive nationalism is destructive and can create differences amongst people.

Question 2.
Sovereignty means State has the freedom to take its own decision.
Answer:
This statement is True.

Sovereignty refers to the supreme power of the state internally as well as externally.
The State is free from external control and also legally sovereign with its own independent constitution.

Question 3.
Palestine is a State.
Answer:
This statement is False.

The state has four essential elements i.e. population, territory, government, and sovereignty. Palestine does not have a sovereign government. Its territory is under Israeli jurisdiction.
Hence, Palestine is a nation, not a State although more than 100 members of the UNO have given recognition to Palestine as a State.

Question 4.
Expansionist Nationalism is a type of Aggressive Nationalism.
Answer:
This statement is True.

In the expansionist form of nationalism, countries become aggressive, imperialist, and colonialist, and create empires for national glory.
This has been noticed in Nazi Germany Fascist Italy.

3. Express your opinion of the following.

Question 1.
India is a State.
Answer:
I agree with the above statement.
In Political Science, the term ‘State’ is used to describe a sovereign country. Anti-colonial nationalism led to the freedom struggle in India and subsequent independence from British Rule in 1947.

Any state has the following elements:

Sovereignty: India achieved the status of a Sovereign Republic on 26th January 1950 when its constitution came into effect.
Government: As a British colony, there was a government but it was not a sovereign government However, after political independence, a Sovereign, Parliamentary, Federal government was constituted in India.
Territory: India is defined by its geographical boundaries. Its jurisdiction extends all over its compact territory, now comprising of 29 states and 7 union territories.
Population: India has a vast population, exhibiting great diversity in terms of ethnicity/race, region and language, culture, religion, and so on. Thus, we can conclude that India is a nation-state.

4. Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
What are the features of a Nation?
Answer:
The word ‘nation’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Nasci’ meaning ‘to be born’. Thus, the literal meaning of a nation is a people having a common race/ethnicity or cultural linkages. Earnest Barker defines a nation as a body of men, inhabiting a definite territory, who normally are drawn from different races but possess a common stock of thoughts and feelings acquired and transmitted during the course of common history.

A nation refers to a large group of people, united in common bonds of geography, race, history, religion, language, sharing common objectives.

Features of a Nation:

Population: A nation must have a population that has a sense of ethnic, historical, and cultural oneness.
Feeling of community: The emotional dimension of a nation is a perception held by the population of psychological oneness i.e., they are a community.
Desire to be politically separate: A feeling of unity and of being a nation is a product of the urge for ‘self-determination’. This can lead to a demand for self-governance. This signifies that people who feel united should have the right to decide the type of government that they prefer.

Question 2.
What is Nationalism? Explain its types.
Answer:
Nationalism is a force that binds the people to a sense of integrity and loyalty to their country. It is a spirit of oneness or common consciousness that binds a community together. Nationalism is a sense of political identity and emotional attachment to one’s ‘homeland’.

The forms of Nationalism from a political perspective are:

Liberal Nationalism: Its origins are in the ideals of the French Revolution. President Woodrow Wilson linked the concept of a nation to the right to self-determination and sovereignty.
Conservative Nationalism: It views a nation as a closely linked society with great importance to patriotism and the concept of ‘motherland’.
Expansionist Nationalism: It is aggressive nationalism, which leads to imperialism, conquest, and colonialism. It has been seen in European imperialism by countries like England, Italy, Spain, France, etc.
Anticolonial Nationalism: It refers to liberation struggles for independence from colonial rule, e.g., Indonesian freedom struggle from Dutch colonial rule.

5. Answer the following question in detail with reference to the given points.

Question 1.
Explain the following elements of the State.
(a) Sovereignty
(b) Government
(c) Population
(d) Territory
Answer:
(a) Sovereignty: It signifies the supreme power of the State internally as well as externally. It means an independent nation with its own constitution.

(b) Government: This refers to the agency through which the will of the state is expressed. Modern governments have three organs viz. legislature, executive, and judiciary. Government must be independent. Institutions of the State are ‘public’ institutions and have the legitimacy to act on behalf of the State. These institutions are responsible for making and implementing laws to promote the general welfare of the people. There are various kinds of government based on their creation or style of function for e.g., democracy or dictatorship, republic or monarchy, presidential or parliamentary system, etc.

(c) Population: A State is an association of human beings. The progress of a State depends on the quality of the population. Some states viz. China, India, etc., have a large population while some States have a small population viz. Monaco, Belgium, etc. The population may be homogeneous e.g., Israel or diverse e.g. erstwhile USSR comprised of many nationalities like Russians, Ukrainians, Latvians, etc. Thus a ‘State’ may comprise of many ‘nations’.

(d) Territory: A State is recognized by its territory. This includes the land area within its boundaries, the airspace above the area, and surrounding territorial waters (up to 12 nautical miles). The area within which the State has the authority to govern is called its jurisdiction. Some states have a small territory e.g., Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Maldives, etc., while other States e.g., Brazil, Russia, India, and Australia have a large territory. Most States have compact territory e.g., India, while some states which exist as islands have scattered territory e.g., Indonesia.

Activity (Text Book Page No.8)

Identify the States with the smallest territory and largest territory on the world map.
Answer:
States having the largest territory: Russia, Canada, USA, China, Brazil, Australia, India, Argentina, Kazakhstan, Algeria, etc.
States with the smallest territory: Vatican City, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, Maldives, Singapore, Mauritius, Fiji, etc.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Political Science Textbook Solutions

12th Chemistry Chapter 6 Exercise Chemical Kinetics Solutions Maharashtra Board

May 5, 2025

Chemical Kinetics Class 12 Exercise Question Answers Solutions Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board 12th Chemistry Textbook Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 6 Exercise Solutions Maharashtra Board

Chemistry Class 12 Chapter 6 Exercise Solutions

1. Choose the most correct option.

Question i.
The rate law for the reaction aA + bB → P is rate = k[A] [B]. The rate of reaction doubles if
a. concentrations of A and B are both doubled.
b. [A] is doubled and [B] is kept constant
c. [B] is doubled and [A] is halved
d. [A] is kept constant and [B] is halved.
Answer:
b. [A] is doubled and [B] is kept constant

Question ii.
The order of the reaction for which the units of rate constant are mol dm^-3 s^-1 is
a. 1
b. 3
c. 0
d. 2
Answer:
c. 0

Question iii.
The rate constant for the reaction 2N₂O₅(g) → 2N₂O₄(g) + O₂(g) is 4.98 × 10^-4 s^-1. The order of reaction is
a. 2
b. 1
c. 0
d. 3
Answer:
b. 1

Question iv.
Time required for 90 % completion of a certain first order reaction is t. The time required for 99.9 % completion will be
a. t
b. 2t
c. t/2
d. 3t
Answer:
d. 3t

Question v.
Slope of the graph ln[A]_t versus t for first order reaction is
a. -k
b. k
c. k/2. 303
d. -k/2. 303
Answer:
a. -k

Question vi.
What is the half life of a first order reaction if time required to decrease concentration of reactant from 0.8 M to 0.2 M is 12 h?
a. 12 h
b. 3 h
c. 1.5 h
d. 6 h
Answer:
d. 6 h

Question vii.
The reaction, 3ClO^3Θ ClO₃^Θ + 2 Cl^Θ occurs in two steps,
(i) 2 ClO^– → ClO₂^Θ
(ii) ClO₂^Θ + ClO^Θ → ClO₃^Θ + Cl^Θ

The reaction intermediate is
a. Cl^Θ
b. ClO₂^Θ
c. ClO₃^Θ
d. ClO^ΘAnswer:
b. ClO₂^Θ

Question viii.
The elementary reaction O₂(g) + O(g) → 2O₂(g) is
a. unimolecular and second order
b. bimolecular and first order
c. bimolecular and second order
d. unimolecular and first order
Answer:
c. bimolecular and second order

Question ix.
Rate law for the reaction, 2NO + Cl₂ → 2 NOCl is rate = k[NO₂]²[Cl₂]. Thus k would increase with
a. increase of temperature
b. increase of concentration of NO
c. increase of concentration of Cl₂
d. increase of concentrations of both Cl₂ and NO
Answer:
a. increase of temperature

Question x.
For an endothermic reaction, X ⇌ Y. If E f is activation energy of the forward reaction and Er that for reverse reaction, which of the following is correct?
a. E_f = E_r
b. E_f< E_r
c. E_f > E_r
d. ∆H = E_f – E_r is negative
Answer:
(c) Ef → Er

2. Answer the following in one or two sentences.

Question i.
For the reaction,
N₂(g) + 3 H₂(g) → 2NH₃(g), what is the relationship among \(\frac{\mathrm{d}\left[\mathrm{N}_{2}\right]}{\mathrm{dt}}\)\(\frac{\mathrm{d}\left[\mathrm{H}_{2}\right]}{\mathrm{dt}} \text { and } \frac{\mathrm{d}\left[\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right]}{\mathrm{dt}} ?\)
Answer:
N_2(g) + 3H_2(g) → 2NH_3(g)
From the above reaction, when 1 mole of N₂ reacts, 3 moles of H₂ are consumed and 2 moles of NH₃ are formed.

If the instantaneous rate R of the reaction is represented in terms of rate of the consumption of N₂then, \(R=-\frac{d\left[\mathrm{~N}_{2}\right]}{d t}\)
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 10
Hence the rate of reaction in terms of concentration changes in N₂, H₂ and NH₃ may be represented as,

Question ii.
For the reaction,
CH₃Br(aq) + OH-(aq) → CH₃OH^Θ (aq) +Br^Θ (aq), rate law is rate = k[CH₃Br][OH^Θ]
a. How does reaction rate changes if [OH^Θ] is decreased by a factor of 5?
b. What is change in rate if concentrations of both reactants are doubled?
Solution :
Given :
(a) Rate = R = k [CH₃Br] x [OH^–]
If R₁ and R₂ are initial and final rates of reaction then,
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 84
Rate will be increased 4 time.

Question iii.
What is the relationship between coeffients of reactants in a balanced equation for an overall reaction and exponents in rate law. In what case the coeffients are the exponents?
Answer:
Explanation : Consider the following reaction, aA + bB → products

If the rate of the reaction depends on the concentrations of the reactants A and B, then, by rate law,
R α [A]^a [B]^b
∴ R = k [A]^a [B^b
where [A] = concentration of A and
[B] = concentration of B

The proportionality constant k is called the velocity constant, rate constant or specific rate of the reaction.

a and b are the exponents or the powers of the concentrations of the reactants A and B respectively when observed experimentally.

The exponents or powers may not be necessarily a and b but may be different x and y depending on experimental observations. Then the rate R will be,
R = k [A]^x [B]^y
For example, if x = 1 and y = 2, then,
R = k [A] x [B]²

Question iv.
Why all collisions between reactant molecules do not lead to a chemical reaction?
Answer:
(i) Collisions of reactant molecules : The basic re-quirements of a reaction is that the reacting species (atoms, ions or molecules) must come together and collide for a reaction to occur. Therefore the rate of the reaction shall depend on the rate and frequency of collisions which increase with the amount of reacting species and temperature.

However it is observed that the rate of reaction is very low as compared to the rate of collisions between reacting species in gaseous phase or liquid phase. This suggests that all the collisions are not fruitful leading to a reaction. Hence it is necessary to consider another factor like energy of colliding species along with collision frequency.

(ii) Energy requirement (Activation energy) : The colliding molecules must possess a certain mini-mum energy called activation energy required far breaking and making bonds resulting in the reaction. This implies that the colliding molecules must have energy equal to or greater than the activation energy. The colliding molecules with less energy do not react.

(iii) Orientation of reactant molecules : The concept of activation energy is satisfactory in case of simple molecules or ions but not in case of complex or higher polyatomic molecules. It is observed that the rates of reaction are less as compared to the rates of collisions between activated molecules with activation energy.

This suggests that in addition, the colliding molecules must have proper orientations relative to each other during collisions. For example, consider the reaction, A – B-l-C → A + B – C. For the reaction to occur, C must collide with B while collisions with A will not be fruitful. Since B has to bond with C.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 118

Question v.
What is the activation energy of a reaction?
Answer:
Activation energy : The energy required to form activated complex or transition state from the reactant molecules is called activation energy.
OR
The height of energy barrier in the energy profile diagram is called activation energy.

Question vi.
What are the units for rate constants for zero order and second order reactions if time is expressed in seconds and concentration of reactants in mol/L?
Answer:
(a) For a zero order reaction, the rate constant has units, molL^-1s^-1.
(b) For second order reaction,
Rate = k x [Reactant]²

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 176

Question vii.
Write Arrhenius equation and explain the terms involved in it.
Answer:
Arrhenius equation is represented as k = A x e^-E_a/RT
where
k = Rate constant at absolute temperature T
E_a = Energy of activation R = Gas constant
A = Frequency factor or pre-exponential factor.

Question viii.
What is the rate determining step?
Answer:
Many chemical reactions take place in a series of elementary steps. Among many steps of the reaction, one of the steps is the slowest step compared to other steps.

Rate determining step : The slowest step in the reaction mechanism which involves many steps is called the rate-determining step.

Question ix.
Write the relationships between rate constant and half life of fist order and zeroth order reactions.
Answer:
(a) For first order reaction, half-life period t_1/2 is, \(t_{1 / 2}=\frac{0.693}{k}\) where k is the rate constant.
(b) For zeroth-order reaction, half half period (t_1/2) is, \(t_{1 / 2}=\frac{[\mathrm{A}]_{0}}{2 k}\) where k is the rate constant and [A]₀ is initial concentration of the reactant.

Question x.
How do half lives of the fist order and zero order reactions change with initial concentration of reactants?
Answer:
(A) For the first order reaction, half life, t_1/2 is given by, \(t_{1 / 2}=\frac{0.693}{k}\) where k is rate constant. Hence it is independent of initial concentration of the reactant.

(B) Zero order reaction,
\(t_{1 / 2}=\frac{[\mathrm{A}]_{0}}{2 k}\) where [A]₀ is initial concentration of the reactant.

Hence, half life period increases with the increase in concentration of the reactant.

3. Answer the following in brief.

Question i.
How instantaneous rate of reaction is determined?
Answer:
(1) The instantaneous rate is expressed as an infinite¬simal change in concentration (- dc) of the reactant with the infinitesimal change in time (dt).
For a reaction, A → B, let an infinitesimal change in A be – dc in time dt, then Rate \(=\frac{d[\mathrm{~A}]}{d t}\).

Hence, it is represented as,
∴ Instantaneous rate \(=-\frac{d[\mathrm{~A}]}{d t}\)

The negative sign indicates a decrease in the concentration of A.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 8
It is obtained by drawing a tangent to the curve obtained by plotting the concentration against the time. Hence, the slope at a given point represents the instantaneous rate of the reaction.

(2) The instantaneous rate can also be expressed as an infinitesimal change (or increase) in the concentration of the product with the infinitesimal change in time (dt).

Let dB be an infinitesimal change in the concentration of product B in time dt, then Rate \(=\frac{d[\mathrm{~B}]}{d t}=\frac{d x}{d t}\).

Hence,
Instantaneous rate \(=\frac{d x}{d t}\)
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 9
It is obtained from the slope of the curve obtained by plotting the concentration of the product against time.

The instantaneous rate is more useful in obtaining the rate law integrated equations.

Question ii.
Distinguish between order and molecularity of a reaction.
Answer:

Order	Molecularity
1. It is the sum of the exponents to which the concentration terms in rate law expression are raised.	1. ¡t is the number of molecules (or atoms or ions) of the reaCtants taking part in the elementary reaction.
2. It is experimentally determined and indicates the dependence of the reaction rate on the concentration of particular reactants.	2. It is the oretical property and indicátes the number of molecules of reactant in each step of the reaction.
3. It may have values that are integer, fractional, or zero.	3. It is always an integer.
4. Its value depends upon experimental conditions.	4. Its value does not depend upon experimental conditions.
5. It is the property of elementary and complex reactions.	5. It is the property of elementary reactions only.
6. Rate law expression describes the order of the reaction.	6. Rate law does not describe molecularity.

Question iii.
A reaction takes place in two steps,
1. NO(g) + Cl₂(g) NOCl₂(g)
2. NOCl₂(g) + NO(g) → 2NOCl(g)
a. Write the overall reaction.
b. Identify reaction intermediate.
c. What is the molecularity of each step?
Solution :
Given :
(1) NO_(g) + Cl_2(g) → NOCl_2(g)(2) NOCl_2(g) + NO_(g) → 2NOCl_(g)

(a) Overall reaction is obtained by adding both the reactions
2NO_(g) + Cl_2(g) → 2NOCl_2(g)(b) The reaction intermediate is NOCl₂, since it is formed in first step and consumed in the second step.
(c) Since the first step is a slow and rate determining step, the molecularity is two.

Since the second step is a fast step its molecularity is not considered.

Question iv.
Obtain the relationship between the rate constant and half-life of a fist order reaction.
Answer:
Consider the following reaction,
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 175
If [A]₀ and [A]t are the concentrations of A at start and after time t, then [A]₀ = a and [A]_t = a – x.

The velocity constant or the specific rate constant k for the first order reaction can be represented as,
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 57

where, a is the initial concentration of the reactant A, x is the concentration of the product B after time t, so that (a – x) is the concentration of the reactant A after time t.

Half-life of a reaction : The time required to reduce the concentration of the reactant to half of its initial value is called the half-life period or the half-life of the reaction.

If t_1/2 is the half-life of a reaction, then at t = t_1/2, x = a/2, hence a – x = a – a/2 = a/2
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 58
Hence, for a first order reaction, the half-life of the reaction is independent of the initial concentration of the reactant.

Question v.
How will you represent zeroth-order reaction graphically?
Answer:
(1) A graph of concentration against time : In case of a zero-order reaction, the rate of reaction is independent of the concentration of the reactant. The concentration [A]_t of the reactant at a time t is given by
[A]_t = – kt + [A]₀ (y = – mx + c)
where [A]₀ is the initial concentration of the reactant and k is a rate constant.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 76

Hence in case of zero order reaction, when the concentration of the reactant is plotted against time, a straight line with the slope equal to – k is obtained. The concentration of the reactants de-crease with time. The intercept on the concentration axis gives the initial concentration, [A]₀.

(2) A graph of rate of a reaction against the concen-tration of the reactant: Rate of a zero order reaction is independent of the concentration of the reactant.

Rate, R = k [A]⁰ = k

Hence even if the concentration of the reactant decreases, the rate of the reaction remains constant.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 77

Therefore if the rate of a zero order reaction is plotted against concentration, then a straight line with zero slope is obtained indicating, no change in the rate of the reaction with a change in the concentration of the reactants.

(3) A graph of half-life period against concentration : The half-life period of a zero-order reaction is given by, \(t_{1 / 2}=\frac{[\mathrm{A}]_{0}}{2 k}\) where [A]₀ is initial con-centration of the reactant and k is the rate constant. Hence the half-life period is directly proportional to the concentration.

When a graph of t_1/2 is plotted against concentration, a straight line passing through origin is obtained, and the slope gives \(\frac{1}{2 k}\), where k is the rate constant.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 78

Question vi.
What are pseudo-fist order reactions? Give one example and explain why it is pseudo-fist order.
Answer:
Pseudo-first-order reaction : A reaction which has higher-order true rate law but is experimentally found to behave as first order is called pseudo first order reaction.
Explanation : Consider an acid hydrolysis reaction of an ester like methyl acetate.
CH₃COOCH_3(aq) + H₂O₍₁₎ \(\stackrel{\mathrm{H}_{(\mathrm{aq})}^{+}}{\longrightarrow}\) CH₃COOH_(aq) + CH₃OH_(aq)
Since the reaction involves two substances, ester and water, it is a bimolecular reaction and the true rate law should be, Rate = k’ [CH₃COOCH₃] x [H₂O]

Hence the reaction is expected to follow second order kinetics. However experimentally it is found that the reaction follows first order kinetics.

This is because solvent water being in a large excess, its concentration remains constant. Hence, [H₂O] = constant = k”
Rate = k [CH₃COOCH₃] x [H₂O]
= k [CH₃COOCH₃] x k”
= k’ x k” x [CH₃COOCH₃]
If k’ x k” = k, then Rate = k [CH₃COOCH₃],

This indicates that second-order true rate law is forced into first order rate law. Therefore this bimolecular reaction which appears of second order is called pseudo first order reaction.

Question vii.
What are the requirements for the colliding reactant molecules to lead to products?
Answer:
Collisions of reactant molecules : The basic requirements of a reaction is that the reacting species (atoms, ions or molecules) must come together and collide for a reaction to occur. Therefore the rate of the reaction shall depend on the rate and frequency of collisions which increase with the amount of reacting species and temperature.

Energy requirement (Activation energy) : The colliding molecules must possess a certain minimum energy called activation energy required far breaking and making bonds resulting in the reaction. This implies that the colliding molecules must have energy equal to or greater than the activation energy. The colliding molecules with less energy do not react.

Orientation of reactant molecules : The concept of activation energy is satisfactory in case of simple molecules or ions but not in case of complex or higher polyatomic molecules. It is observed that the rates of reaction are less as compared to the rates of collisions between activated molecules with activation energy.

This suggests that in addition, the colliding molecules must have proper orientations relative to each other during collisions. For example, consider the reaction, A – B + C → A + B – C. For the reaction to occur, C must collide with B while collisions with A will not be fruitful. Since B has to bond with C.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 118

Question viii.
How catalyst increases the rate of reaction? Explain with the help of a potential energy diagram for catalyzed and uncatalyzed reactions.
Answer:
(i) A catalyst is a substance, when added to the reactants, increases the rate of the reaction without being consumed. For example, the decomposition of KClO₃ in the presence of small amount of MnO₂ is very fast but very slow in the absence of MnO₂.

2KClO_3(s) \(\frac{\mathrm{MnO}_{2}}{\Delta}\) 2KCl_(s) + 3O_2(g)

(ii) The phenomenon of catalysed reaction is called catalysis and depends on nature of the catalyst. In heterogeneous catalysis, the reactant molecules are adsorbed on the solid catalyst surface while in case of homogeneous catalysis, the catalyst reacts with one of the reactants, forms intermediate and decomposes reforming original catalyst and the products.

(iii) The catalyst provides alternative and lower energy path or mechanism for the reaction.

(iv) In the presence of the catalyst, the activation energy of the reaction is lowered. The height of activation energy barrier is less than that in the uncatalysed reaction.

(v) Due to lowering of energy of activation, (E_a) the number of molecules possessing E_a increases, hence the rate of the reaction increases.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 134

(vi) The rate constant = k = A x e^-E_a/RT where A is a frequency factor and hence the rates of the catalysed reaction are higher than those of un-catalysed reactions.

(vii) The catalyst does not change the extent of the reaction but hastens the reaction.

(viii) The catalyst enters the reaction but does not appear in the balanced equation since it is consumed in one step and regenerated in the another.

Question ix.
Explain with the help of the Arrhenius equation, how does the rate of reaction changes with (a) temperature and (b) activation energy.
Answer:
(a) By Arrhenius equation, k = Ax e^-E_a/RTwhere k is rate constant, A is a frequency factor and Ed is energy of activation at temperature T. As E_a increases, the rate constant and rate of the reaction decreases.

(b) As temperature increases E_a/RT decreases but due to negative sign, k and rate increase with the increase in temperature.

Question x.
Derive the integrated rate law for first order reaction.
Answer:
Consider following gas phase reaction,
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 68

Let initial pressure of A be P₀ at t = 0. If after time t the pressure of a A decreases by jc then the partial pressures of the substances will be, P_A = P_Q – x; P_B= x and P_c = x

Total pressure will be,

P_T + P₀ – x + x + x = Po + x
∴ x = P_T – P_n

The partial pressures at time t will be,
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 69

Question xi.
How will you represent first-order reactions graphically.
Answer:
(1) A graph of rate of a reaction and concentration : The differential rate law for first-order reaction, A → Products is represented as, Rate = [/latex]-\frac{d[\mathrm{~A}]}{d t}=k[\mathrm{~A}]\(

∴ Rate = k x [A]_t (y = mx). When the rate of a first order reaction is plotted against concentration, [A]_t, a straight line graph is obtained.

With the increase in the concentration [A]_t, rate R, increases. The slope of the line gives the value of rate constant k.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 59

(2) A graph of concentration against time : When the concentration of the reactant is plotted against time t, a curve is obtained. The concentration [A], of the reactant decreases exponentially with time. The variation in the concentration can be represented as,
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 60
where [A]₀ and [A]_t are initial and final concentrations the reactant and k is the rate constant. The time required to complete the first order reaction is infinity.

(3) A graph of log₁₀ (a – x) against time t :
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 61

When log₁₀(a – x) is plotted against time t, a straight line with negative slope is obtained, from which the velocity constant k can be calculated.

(4) A graph of half-life period and concentration : The half-life period, t_1/2 of a first order reaction is given by, where k is the rate constant.

For the given reaction at a constant temperature, t_1/2 is constant and independent of the concentration of the reactant.

Hence when a graph of t_1/2 is plotted against concentration, a straight line parallel to the concentration axis (slope = zero) is obtained.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 63

(5) A graph of log₁₀ [latex]\left(\frac{a}{a-x}\right)\) against time : The rate constant, for a first order reaction is represented as, Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 64 where [A₀] and [A]_t are the respective initial and final concentrations of the reactant after time t.

When \(\log _{10}\left(\frac{a}{a-x}\right)\) is plotted against time t, a straight line graph passing through the origin is obtained and the slope gives the value of k/2.303. From this slope, the rate constant can be calculated.

Question xii.
Derive the integrated rate law for the first order reaction, A(g) → B(g) + C(g) in terms of pressure.
Answer:
Consider following gas phase reaction,
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 68

Let initial pressure of A be P₀ at t = 0. If after time t the pressure of a A decreases by jc then the partial pressures of the substances will be, P_A = P_Q – x; P_B= x and P_c = x

Total pressure will be,

P_T + P₀ – x + x + x = Po + x
∴ x = P_T – P_n

The partial pressures at time t will be,
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 69

Question xiii.
What is zeroth-order reaction? Derive its integrated rate law. What are the units of rate constant?
Answer:
Definition : Zero order reaction : A reaction in which the rate of the reaction does not depend on the concentration of any reactant taking part in the reaction is called zero order reaction.

Consider a zero order reaction, A → Products
The rate of the reaction is, Rate \(=\frac{-d[\mathrm{~A}]}{d t}\)

By rate law,
Rate = k x [A]⁰ = k
∴ – d[A] = k x dt

If [A]₀ is the initial concentration of the reactant A at t = 0 and [A]_t is the concentration of A present after time t, then by integrating above equation,
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 73
This is the integrated rate law expression for rate constant for zero order reaction.
∴ k x t = [A]₀ – [A]_t
∴ [A]_t = – kt + A₀

For a zero order reaction :
The rate of reaction is R = k [A]⁰ = k
Hence, the velocity constant k has the unit of the rate of the reaction, i.e., mol dm^-3 s^-1.

Question xiv.
How will you determine activation energy: (a) graphically using Arrhenius equation (b) from rate constants at two different temperatures?
Answer:
(a) By Arrhenius equation,
Rate constant = = A x e^-E_a/RT where A is a fre-quency factor.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 130

When log₁₀k is plotted against 1/T a straight line with negative slope is obtained. From the slope of the graph, energy of activation E_a, is obtained as follows :
Slope = \(\frac{E_{\mathrm{a}}}{2.303 R}\)
∴ Ea = 2303R x sloPe

(b) For the given reaction, rate constants k₁ and k₂ are measured at two different temperatures T₁ and T₂ respectively. Then \(\log _{10} \frac{k_{2}}{k_{1}}=\frac{E_{\mathrm{a}}\left(T_{2}-T_{1}\right)}{2.303 R \times T_{1} \times T_{2}}\) where E_a is the energy of activation.

Hence by substituting appropriate values, energy of activation E_a for the reaction is determined.

Question xv.
Explain graphically the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction.
Answer:
(i) It has been observed that the rates of chemical reactions increase with the increase in temperature.
(ii) The kinetic energy of the molecules increases with the increase in temperature. The fraction of molecules possessing minimum energy barrier,
i. e. activation energy E_a increases with increase in temperature.
(iii) Hence the fraction of colliding molecules that possess kinetic energy (E_a) also increases, hence the rate of the reaction increases with increase in temperature.
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 132
(iv) The above figure shows that the area that represents the fraction of molecules with kinetic energy exceeding E_a is greater at higher temperature T₂ than at lower temperature T₁. This explains that the rate of the reaction increases at higher temperature.
(v) The shaded area to the right of activation energy E_a represents fraction of collisions of activated molecules having energy E_a or greater.

Question xvi.
Explain graphically the effect of catalyst on the rate of reaction.
Answer:
(i) The phenomenon of catalysed reaction is called catalysis and depends on nature of the catalyst. In heterogeneous catalysis, the reactant molecules are adsorbed on the solid catalyst surface while in case of homogeneous catalysis, the catalyst reacts with one of the reactants, forms intermediate and decomposes reforming original catalyst and the products.
(ii) The catalyst provides alternative and lower energy path or mechanism for the reaction.
(iii) In the presence of the catalyst, the activation energy of the reaction is lowered. The height of activation energy barrier is less than that in the uncatalysed reaction.

Question xvii.
For the reaction 2A + B → products, find the rate law from the following data.

[A]/M	[A]/M	rate/M s^-1
0.3	0.05	0.15
0.6	0.05	0.30
0.6	0.2	1.20

Solution :
Given : 2A + B → Products
Rates : R₁ = 0.15 Ms^-1 R₂ = 0.3 Ms^-1[A]₁ = 0.3 M [A]₂ = 0.6 M
[B]₁ = 0.05 M [B]₂ = 0.05 M
(i) If order of the reaction in A is x and in B is y then, by rate law,
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 104
∴ y = 1. Hence the reaction has order one in B.
The order of overall reaction = n = n_A + n_B = 1 + 1 = 2

Answer:
(i) Rate law : Rate = fc [A] x [B]
Rate constant = k = 10M^-1s^-1Order of the reaction = 2

4. Solve

Question i.
In a first order reaction, the concentration of reactant decreases from 20 mmol dm^-3 to 8 mmol dm^-3 in 38 minutes. What is the half life of reaction? (28.7 min)
Solution :
Given: [A]₀ =20 mmol dm^-3;
[A]_t=8 mmol dm^-3; t=38 mm;
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 85
Answer:
Half life period = 28.74 min

Question ii.
The half life of a first order reaction is 1.7 hours. How long will it take for 20% of the reactant to react? (32.9 min)
Solution :
Given : t_1/2 = 1.7 hr; [A]₀ = 100;
[A]_t = 100 – 20 = 80; t =?
\(t_{1 / 2}=\frac{0.693}{k}\)
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 87
Answer:
Time required = t = 32.86 min

Question iii.
The energy of activation for a first order reaction is 104 kJ/mol. The rate constant at 25 0C is 3.7 × 10^-5 s^-1. What is the rate constant at 30⁰C? (R = 8.314 J/K mol) (7.4 × 10^-5)
Solution :
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 137
Answer:
k₂ = 7.382 x 10^-5 s^-1

Question iv.
What is the energy of activation of a reaction whose rate constant doubles when the temperature changes from 303 K to 313 K? (54.66 kJ/mol)
Solution :
Given : k₂ = 2k_t, T₁ = 303 K; T₂ = 313 K; E_a = ?
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 138
Answer:
Energy of activation = E_a = 54.66 kJ

Question v.
The rate constant of a reaction at 5000C is 1.6 × 10³ M^-1s^-1. What is the frequency factor of the reaction if its activation energy is 56 kJ/mol. (9.72 × 106 M^-1s^-1)
Solution :
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 139
Answer:
Frequency factor = A = 9.727 x 10⁶ M^-1s^-1

Question vi.
Show that time required for 99.9% completion of a first order reaction is three times the time required for 90% completion.
Solution :
Given : For 99.9 % completion, if [A]₀ = 100,
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 89
If t₁ and t₂ are the times required for 99.9 % and 90 % completion of reaction respectively, then

Answer:
Time required for 99.9 % completion of a first order reaction is three time the time required for 90 % completion of the reaction.

Question vii.
A first order reaction takes 40 minutes for 30% decomposition. Calculate its half life. (77.66 min)
Solution :
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 88
Answer:
Half life period = 77.70 min.

Question viii.
The rate constant for the first order reaction is given by log₁₀ k = 14.34 – 1.25 × 10⁴ T. Calculate activation energy of the reaction. (239.3 kJ/mol)
Solution :
Given : log₁₀ k = 14.34 – \(\frac{1.25 \times 10^{4}}{T}\) ……………………. (1)
From Arrhenius equation we can write,
\(\log _{10} k=\log _{10} A-\frac{E_{\mathrm{a}}}{2.303 R \times T}\) ……………………. (2)
By comparing equations (1) and (2),
\(\frac{E_{\mathrm{a}}}{2.303 \times R}\) = 1.25 x 10⁴
∴ Ea = 1.25 x 10⁴ x 2.303 x R
= 1.25 x 10⁴ x 2.303 x 8.314
= 23.93 x 10⁴ = 239.3 kJ mol^-1

[Note : Frequency factor A may also be calculated as follows : log₁₀ A = 14.34
∴ A = Antilog 14.34 = 2.188 x 10⁴
Answer:
Energy of activation = E_a = 239.3 kJ mol^-1.

Question ix.
What fraction of molecules in a gas at 300 K collide with an energy equal to activation energy of 50 kJ/mol? (2 × 10^-9)
Solution :
Given : T = 300 K; E_a = 50 kJ mol^-1
= 50 x 10³ mol^-1
The fraction of molecules undergoing fruitful collisions is
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 140
Answer:
Fraction of molecules undergoing collision = 2 x 10^-9

Activity :
1. If you wish to determine the reaction order and rate constant for the reaction, 2AB₂ → A₂ + 2B₂.
a) What data would you collect?
b) How would you use these data to determine whether the reaction is zeroth or first order?

2. The activation energy for two reactions are E_a and E’_a with E_a > E’_a. If the temperature of reacting system increases from T₁ to T₂, predict which of the following is correct?
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 1
k values are rate constants at lower temperatures and k values at higher temperatures.

12th Chemistry Digest Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics Intext Questions and Answers

(Textbook Page No 121)

Question 1.
Write the expressions for rates of reaction for :
2N₂O_5(g) → 4NO_2(g) + O_2(g)?
Answer:
For the given reaction, Rate of reaction =
\(=R=-\frac{1}{2} \frac{d\left[\mathrm{~N}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{5}\right]}{d t}\)
\(\begin{aligned}
&=+\frac{1}{4} \frac{d\left[\mathrm{NO}_{2}\right]}{d t} \\
&=+\frac{d\left[\mathrm{O}_{2}\right]}{d t}
\end{aligned}\)

Problem 6.1: (Textbook Page No 121)

Question 1.
For the reaction,
\(\mathbf{3 I}_{(a q)}^{-}+\mathbf{S}_{2} \mathbf{O}_{8(a q)}^{2-} \longrightarrow \mathbf{I}_{3(\text { (aq) }}^{-}+2 \mathbf{S O}_{4(\mathrm{aq})}^{2-}\)
Calculate (a) the rate of formation of I₃^–,
(b) the rates of consumption of 1 and S₂O and (c) the overall rate of reaction if the rate of formation of \(\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}\) is 0.O22 moles dm^-3 sec^-1.
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 19

∴ (a) Rate of formation of \(\mathrm{I}_{3}^{-}\) = 0.011 mol dm^-3 s^-1
(b) Rate of consumption of I^– = 0.033 mol dm^-3 s^-1
(c) Rate of consumption of \(\mathrm{S}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{8}^{2-}\) = 0.011 mol dm^-3 s^-1
(d) Overall rate of reaction = Rate of consumption of reactant = Rate of formation of product

Try this….. (Textbook Page No 122)

Question 1.
For the reaction :
NO_2(g) + CO_(g) → NO_(g) + CO_2(g), the rate of reaction is experimentally found to be proportional to the square of the concentration of NO2 and independent that of CO. Write the rate law.
Answer:
Since the rate of the reaction is proportional to [NO₂]² and [CO]⁰, the rate law is R = k[NO₂]² x [CO]⁰
∴ R = k[NO₂]².

Try this….. (Textbook Page No 124)

Question 1.
The reaction,
CHCl_3(g) + Cl_2(g) → CCl_4(g) + HCl_(g) is first order in CHCl₃ and 1/2 order in Cl₂. Write the rate law and overall order of reaction.
Answer:
Since the reaction is first order in CHCl₃ and 1/2 order in Cl₂, the rate law for the reaction will be, Rate = k[CHCl₃] X [Cl₂]^1/2
The overall order (n) of the reaction will be, n = l + = \(\frac{1}{2}=\frac{3}{2}\)

Use your brain power! (Textbook Page No 124)

Question 1.
The rate of the reaction 2A + B → 2C + D is 6 x 10^-4 mol dm^-3 s^-1 when [A] =[B] = O.3 mol dm^-3 If the reaction is of first order in A and zeroth order in B, what is the rate constant?
Answer:
For the reaction,
2A + B → 2C + D,
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 51

(Problem 6.7) (Textbook Page No 126)

Question 1.
A reaction occurs in the following steps :
(i) NO_2(g) + F_2(g) → NO₂F_(g) + F_(g) (slow)
(ii) F_(g) + NO_2(g) → NO₂F_(g) (fast)
(a) Write the equation of overall reaction.
(b) Write down rate law.
(c) Identify the reaction intermediate.
Solution :
(a) The addition of two steps gives the overall reaction as
2NO_2(g) + F_2(g)→ 2NO₂F_(g)
(b) Step (i) is slow. The rate law of the reaction is predicted from its stoichiometry. Thus, rate = k [NO₂] [F₂]
(c) F is produced in step (i) and consumed in step (ii) hence F is the reaction intermediate.

Try this….. (Textbook Page No 126)

Question 1.
A complex reaction takes place in two steps :
(i) NO_(g) + O_3(g) → NO_3(g) + O_(g)
(ii) NO_3(g) + O_(g) → NO_2(g) + O_2(g)
The predicted rate law is rate = k [NO] [O₃]. Identify the rate-determining step. Write the overall reaction. Which is the reaction inter-mediate? Why?
Answer:
(i) NO_(g) + O_3(g) → NO_3(g) + O_(g)(ii) NO_3(g) + O_(g) →NO_2(g) + O_2(g)(a) The first step is slow and rate determining step since the rate depends on concentrations of NO_(g) and O_3(g). (Given : Rate = k [NO] x [O])
(b) The overall reaction is the combination of two steps.
NO_(g) ⁺ O_3(g)→ NO_2(g) + O_2(g)(c) NO_3(g) and O_(g) are reaction intermediates. They are formed in first step (i) and removed in the second step (ii).

Try this….. (Textbook Page No 129)

Question 1.
The half-life of a first-order reaction is 0.5 min. Calculate (a) time needed for the reactant to reduce to 20% and (b) the amount decomposed in 55 s.
Answer:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 70

Try this….. (Textbook Page No 123)

Question 1.
For the reaction 2A + 2B → 2C + D, if concentration of A is doubled at constant [B] the rate increases by a factor of 4. If the concentration of B is doubled with [A] being constant the rate is doubled. Write the rate law of the reaction.
Answer:
Rate = R₁ = k[A]^x [B]^y
When concentration of A = [2A] and
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry Solutions Chapter 6 Chemical Kinetics 71
Hence order with respect to A is 2 and with respect to B is 1. By rate law,
Rate = A: [A]² [B]

Question 2.
The rate law for the reaction A + B → C is found to be rate = k [A]² x [B]. The rate constant of the reaction at 25 °C is 6.25 M^-2 S^-1. What is the rate of reaction when [A] = 1.0 mol dm^-3 and [B] = 0.2 mol dm^-3?
Answer:
Rate = k x [A]² x [B]
= 6.25 x 1² x 0.2
Rate = 1.25 x 10² mol dm^-3 s^-1

Maharashtra State Board 12th Std Chemistry Textbook Solutions