Category: Class 11

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Economics Solutions Chapter 6 Population in India Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Economics Solutions Chapter 6 Population in India

1. Choose the correct option:

Question 1.
Stages of the theory of demographic transition.
(a) High birth rate and high death rate
(b) High birth rate and low death rate
(c) Low birth rate and low death rate
(d) Economic development
Options:
(1) a and b
(2) a and c
(3) a, b and c
(4) a, b, c, and d
Answer:
(3) a, b and c

Question 2.
Incorrect reasons for the population explosion in India
(a) Illiteracy
(b) Universalization of Marriage
(c) Joint family system
(d) Upliftment in lifestyle
Options:
(1) a and b
(2) c and d
(3) a, b and c
(4) d
Answer:
(4) d

Question 3.
Remedies undertook to check population explosion
(a) To provide employment
(b) To improve women’s quality of life
(c) National Population Policy
(d) Disaster management
Options:
(1) d
(2) a and c
(3) c and d
(4) a, b and c
Answer:
(4) a, b and c

Question 4.
Choose the correct pair:

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
1. Year of Great Divide	(a) Stable population till 2045
2. A. J. Coale and E. M. Hoover	(b) 1921
3. Social Reforms	(c) Demographic Transition
4. National Population Policy, 2000	(d) Spread of education

Options:
(1) 1-d, 2-c, 3-a, 4-b
(2) 1-b, 2-c, 3-d, 4-a
(3) 1-b, 2-a, 3-c, 4-d
(4) 1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b
Answer:
(2) 1-b, 2-c, 3-d, 4-a

2. Give economic terms:

Question 1.
An increase in population is faster than economic growth and development.
Answer:
Population explosion

Question 2.
Difference between birth rate and death rate.
Answer:
Survival rate

Question 3.
The balance between natural resources and population growth.
Answer:
Optimum population

Question 4.
Programme introduced to reduce the birth rate in 1952.
Answer:
Family Planning Programme

3. Identify and explain the concepts from the given illustrations:

Question 1.
There were 40 births per 1000 in-country ‘A’ during a year.
Answer:
Birth Rate.
Birth rate means the number of births occurring per thousand of the living population during a year. It is also called the fertility rate.

Question 2.
In Mumbai city, public transport service is largely affected due to the growing population.
Answer:
High Density of Population.
The number of people living per square kilometer is known as the density of population.
In India, it is 382 people per square kilometer as per the 2011 Census which is very high.

Question 3.
In-country ‘B’ there are 15 deaths taking place per 1000 during a year.
Answer:
Death Rate.
Death rate means the number of deaths occurring per thousand of the living population during a year.
It is also called the mortality rate.

Question 4.
For a certain period of time, China had adopted the policy of ‘One child per family.
Answer:
Population policy.
China’s ‘One Child Policy’ was part of a birth planning program designed to control the size of its population.

4. Answer the following:

Question 1.
Explain the causes of the high birth rate.
Answer:
The causes of the high birth rate are as follows:
(i) Illiteracy:
A large proportion of the population in India is illiterate which means they are bound to be traditional, superstitious, ignorant, and irrational. So they have more children.

(ii) Universalization of Marriage:
In India, Marriage is considered a religious and social obligation. In spite of the spread of education, the attitude of people towards marriage remains unchanged.

(iii) Age of Marriage:
In India the average age for marriage is low. Hence, the childbearing period is long which is responsible for the high birth rate.

(iv) Preference for the male child:
Many parents don’t accept family planning till they have a son or desired number of sons. This is known as son meta-preference.

Question 2.
Explain the causes of a low death rate.
Answer:
The causes of the low death rate are as follows:
(i) Improvement in medical and health facilities:
Due to advanced medical and health facilities epidemics like the plague, cholera, malaria, smallpox, measles, TB, etc. have been controlled or eradicated. The invention of sulpha drugs, penicillin, antibiotics has helped to reduce the death rate among people. The number of hospitals, doctors, and nurses also have increased. This has reduced the death rate.

(ii) Decline in Maternal Mortality Rate:
There is a fall in the death rate among women after delivery because of the easy availability of doctors, nurses, medicines, and transport facilities.

(iii) Fall in infant mortality rate:
Due to an improvement in medical facilities and public health measures infant mortality has declined.

(iv) Increase in literacy:
The spread of education especially among women has helped them to take better care of their children. This has reduced the death rate.

Question 3.
Explain the role of human resources in economic development.
Answer:
Role of human resource in economic development:

• Economic growth is only a means and human development is the end i.e. the objective of economic growth and development is to improve human conditions and enlarge people’s choices.
• Human development increases political stability by reducing civil disturbances in society.
• Human development leads to an increase in human productivity i.e., investment in nutrition, health, and education results in higher productivity.
• Human development helps to control population growth, through increasing literacy specially in women.
• Human resource development contributes to improvement in life expectancy and literacy rate. This further improves the quality of life.
• Human resource development helps to bring about research and development. It motivates research in various educational institutions.

5. State with reasons whether you agree or disagree with the following statements:

Question 1.
India is experiencing Population Explosion.
Answer:
Yes, I do agree with the statement.

• India is going through a population explosion because in the post-independence period, the death rate has been falling rapidly and the birth rate is falling slowly and still remains very high. So, the survival rate is high.
• India is the second-largest country in the world.
• Between 1951 to 1971 population increased from 36.1 crores to 54.8 i.e. the population has increased more than 3 times in 2011 to 121.02 crores during these three decades. The annual population growth rate was more than 2%.
• That is why India is experiencing a population explosion.

Question 2.
The death rate is falling rapidly in India.
Answer:
Yes, I do agree with the statement.

• There has been improvement in medical and health facilities, the decline in maternal mortality rate, fall in infant mortality rate, increase in literacy rate, etc.
• Through public health measures, a better quality of food is available.
• The government has taken several steps to control natural calamities.
• This helps to mitigate all types of disasters thereby reducing the loss of lives.
• Hence, the death rate in India is falling rapidly.

Question 3.
Optimum population contributes to the economic development of a country.
Answer:
Yes, I do agree with the statement.

• Optimum population means there is a balance between population growth and the availability of natural resources.
• If the population grows faster then there will be a shortage of food supply, low employment opportunities, etc., and pressure will be there on the economic growth of the country.
• It will create social and economic imbalances in the economy.
• Whereas optimum population will lead to balance in social and economic growth resulting in faster growth of the country.
• Thus, an optimum population contributes to the economic development of a country.

Question 4.
Human resources play an important role in economic development.
Answer:
Yes, I do agree with the statement.

• The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has introduced the concept of ‘Human Development’ in 1990.
• Human resource development occurs through the provision of educational facilities, increase in literacy rate, especially among women tends to reduce birth rate and infant mortality rate. This contributes to population control.
• HRD contributes to improvement in life expectancy and literacy rate. This further improves the quality of life.
• Human development leads to an increase in human productivity, i.e. investment in nutrition, health, and education which results in higher productivity.
• Hence, human resources play an important role in economic development.

Question 5.
The birth rate is declining due to changes in the standard of living.
Answer:
Yes, I do agree with the statement.

• According to the 2011 Census, the birth rate in India is 20.9 which is low as compared to the 2001 Census.
• There are certain factors responsible for the declining birth rate.
  • Awareness about health facilities.
  • Joint Family System is now shaped into a nuclear family system.
  • The cost of education is increased per child.
  • Under the family planning programme, contraceptive pills are available.
• Due to all these reasons, the birth rate is declining in India.

6. Solve the following:

Question 1.
Find out Q3 from the given data.

Answer:
Arranging the data in ascending order:
36.1, 43.9, 54.8, 68.3, 84.6, 102.7, 121.02
Here, n = 7
Q3 = \(\frac{3(n+1)^{\text {th }}}{4}\) observation
Q3 = \(\frac{3(7+1)^{\mathrm{th}}}{4}\) observation
Q3 = 6th observation
Q3 = 102.7

Question 2.
Draw a population growth curve from the given data.

Answer:

11th Economics Digest Chapter 6 Population in India Intext Questions and Answers

Try this: (Textbook Page No. 38)

Based on the given table 6.2, explain how demographic transition theory is applicable to India.

Answer:
Both birth rate and death rate falling from 1901 to till 2011 due to that India is facing high growth of population explosion. Hence we can say India is experiencing the second stage of demographic transition.

Can you tell: (Textbook Page No. 38)

Observe Fig. 6.3 and draw inferences from it.

Answer:
Inferences drawn from the figure are as follows:

• In 1961 Birth rate and the Death rate was high as compared to the year 2011. Hence, there was less population in the year 1961.
• As the year passes by, the death rate is declining and the birth rate is inclining due to proper medication facilities, improvement in education facilities, etc.
• This all led to a population explosion in India. The year 2011 is a case of overpopulation.

Find out: (Textbook Page No. 39)

Legal age of marriage for males and females in different countries?
Answer:

Countries	Male	Female
1. India	21	18
2. U.S.A	18	16-17
3. Afghanistan	18	16
4. Argentina	18	18
5. Australia	18	18
6. Bangladesh	21	18
7. Bhutan	18	18
8. China	22	20
9. Cuba	18	16
10. Egypt	21	21
11. Germany	18	18
12. Indonesia	19	16
13. Japan	20	20
14. Kuwait	17	15
15. Singapore	21	21
16. Thailand	17	17

Note: Students may further refer to the internet for more information on the legal age of marriage.

Do you know: (Textbook Page No. 41)

Question 1.
What do you mean by Population Education?
Answer:
According to UNESCO – “Population Education is an educational programme which provides for a study of population situation of the family, the community, nation, and world with the purpose of developing in the students rational and responsible attitude and behaviour towards the situation”.

Question 2.
When does demographic dividend occur?
Answer:
Demographic dividend occurs when the proportion of working people to the total population is high.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Economics Solutions Chapter 5 Rural Development in India Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Economics Solutions Chapter 5 Rural Development in India

1. Complete the following Statements:

Question 1.
Rural credit system assumes importance because _____________
(a) it leads to an increase in rural income.
(b) savings are inadequate to finance farming and other economic activities.
(c) it leads to the overall development of the rural areas.
(d) it leads to a reduction in rural inequality.
Answer:
(b) savings are inadequate to finance farming and other economic activities.

Question 2.
Productive loans are economically justified because _____________
(a) they are related to agricultural production
(b) they are used for personal consumption
(c) they help in the eradication of poverty
(d) they improve the quality of life of the people
Answer:
(a) they are related to agricultural production

Question 3.
Small farmers are unable to access rural credit provided by banks due to _____________
(a) presence of money lenders
(b) no branches in rural areas
(c) high transaction costs
(d) preference is given to large farmers
Answer:
(c) high transaction costs

Question 4.
The rights of socially disadvantaged groups can be safeguarded through _____________
(a) empowerment of women
(b) proper enforcement of law and order
(c) infrastructural development
(d) improvement in quality of life
Answer:
(b) proper enforcement of law and order

Question 5.
The quality of life of the rural people can be improved by _____________
(a) providing safe drinking water, health, and hygiene facilities
(b) effective implementation of land reforms
(c) providing subsidized credit facilities
(d) reducing rural inequality
Answer:
(a) providing safe drinking water, health, and hygiene facilities

2. Choose the wrong pair:

Question (i).

A. Agricultural Credit	B. Requirement
1. Short-term	(a) Purchase of fertilizers
2. Medium-term	(b) To meet expenditure on marriages
3. Long-term	(c) To buy a tractor

Answer:
Wrong Pair: Medium-term – To meet expenditure on marriages

Question (ii).

A. Rural Occupational Structure	B. Activity
1. Agricultural sector	(a) Banking and Insurance
2. Industrial sector	(b) Processing of raw materials
3. Service sector	(c) Computer-related service

Answer:
Wrong Pair: Agricultural sector – Banking and Insurance

3. Assertion and Reasoning questions:

Question 1.
Assertion (A): Indian economy is predominantly rural economy
Reasoning (R): As per the 2011 census, the country’s rural population is almost 83.25 crore (68.8% of the total population)
Options:
(i) (A) is true but (R) is False
(ii) (A) is false but (R) is True
(iii) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(iv) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
Answer:
(iii) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of A.

Question 2.
Assertion (A): Literacy is a powerful instrument of socio-economic change.
Reasoning (R): Empowerment of women helps to reduce gender disparity.
Options:
(i) (A) is true, but (R) is False
(ii) (A) is false, but (R) is True
(iii) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(iv) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
Answer:
(iv) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

Question 3.
Assertion (A): Agricultural credit is mostly for unproductive purposes.
Reasoning (R): Agricultural credit is an important prerequisite for agricultural growth.
Options:
(i) (A) is true, but (R) is False
(ii) (A) is false, but (R) is True
(iii) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(iv) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
Answer:
(ii) (A) is false, but (R) is True

Question 4.
Assertion (A): Non-institutional finance forms an important part of rural credit.
Reasoning (R): Small farmers are unable to access bank credit because of borrowers’ unfriendly products. Options:
(i) (A) is true, but (R) is False
(ii) (A) is false, but (R) is True
(iii) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of A
(iv) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of A
Answer:
(iv) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

4. Identify and explain the concepts from the given illustrations:

Question 1.
Kusumatai knowingly set up her business enterprise in the rural area so that people living there could be gainfully employed.
Answer:
Rural Development.
Rural development is a strategy designed to improve the economic and social life of a specific group of people i.e rural poor. It involves extending the benefits of development to the poor staying in rural areas.

Question 2.
Raoji purchased a new tractor for his farm by taking a loan.
Answer:
Long Term Loan.
A long-term loan is taken for a period of more than 5 years. It is generally taken for buying tractors, making permanent improvements on the land, etc.

Question 3.
Subsidized credit is provided by banks to small farmers for the purchase of High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds.
Answer:
Short Term Loan.
A short-term loan is taken for a period not exceeding two years. It is taken to meet short-term requirements like buying fertilizers, buying HYV seeds, etc.

Question 4.
Damaji borrows a loan from a credit society established in the village this season rather than taking it from a moneylender.
Answer:
Institutional Source of Credit.
It includes commercial banks, Regional Rural Banks (RRB’s), Rural Co-operative Credit Institutions, etc.
They provide loans to farmers for agricultural productive activities at a lower rate of interest.

Question 5.
Ramraoji takes a loan from the bank for a period of ten years subject to terms and conditions for the purpose of irrigated farming.
Answer:
Long Term Loan.
A long-term loan is taken for a period of more than 5 years and is generally taken to buy a tractor or making permanent improvements on the land.

5. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below:

Rural development is one of the thrust areas of administration. As Mahatma Gandhi rightly said, “India lives in villages and the development of the nation cannot be achieved without the development of the villages”. The need of the hour is the convergence of all development interventions, at the grass-root level which can be possible through effective governance at the village level. The movement towards decentralization of the National and State governments through the Panchayati Raj system needs to be strengthened through lessons learned from the ‘successful stories of Model villages’ around India. Though India is progressing in the right direction in reducing education inequalities and increasing literacy levels, there is still a lot that needs to be done. An understanding of social issues is important for effective planning and policy development. Self-governance ensures that Indian citizens, even the previously marginalized, can participate in decision-making.

Questions 1.
Explain in short Mahatma Gandhi’s views on rural development.
Answer:
According to Mahatma Gandhi, “India lives in villages and the development of the nation cannot be achieved without the development of the villages.”
It means rural development is necessary for the development of the nation.

Question 2.
Highlight the role of the government in achieving rural development.
Answer:
The role of the government in achieving rural development is very important. It needs the convergence of all development interventions at the grass-root level which can be possible through effective governance at the village level.

Question 3.
What measures have been suggested to achieve rural development?
Answer:
Following measures are suggested to achieve rural development:

• The movement towards decentralization of the national & state governments through the Panchayat Raj system needs to be strengthened.
• An understanding of social issues is important for effective planning and policy development.
• Self-governance, which ensures that Indian citizens even previously marginalized, can participate in decision-making.

Question 4.
Express your idea of a ‘Model Village’.
Answer:
India is a country of villages.
My idea of a model village is as follows:

• There should be a good system of sanitation and the provision of safe drinking water.
• There must be good educational facilities so as to improve the literacy rate.
• There must be gender equality and women must be empowered & encouraged to participate in Community Development Programme.
• There should be proper enforcement of law & order
• There should be the development of infrastructure.
• A village should have financial institutions to provide credit at a reasonable rate of interest.
• A model village must have all possible provisions for all-around rural development.

11th Economics Digest Chapter 5 Rural Development in India Intext Questions and Answers

Find out: (Textbook Page No. 34)

Information about the latest achievements of NABARD.
Answer:
NABARD plays a pivotal role in reducing regional inequality and help small farmers, marginal farmers, and weaker sections of society.

Achievements:
(i) Refinance – short term loans:
In the year 2017-18, NABARD sanctioned short-term credit limits of ₹ 55,000 crores for seasonal agricultural operations to financial institutions.

(ii) Refinance – long term loans:
In the year 2017-18, refinance of ₹ 65,240 crores has been provided to financial institutions to carry forward a wide gamut of activities comprising of farm and non-farm activities.

(iii) Rural Infrastructure development fund:
NABARD disbursed ₹ 24,993 crores in RIDF which has now contributed substantially to the rural infrastructure funding.

(iv) Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana – Grameen (PMAY-G):
NABARD released ₹ 7,329.43 crores in 2017-18 to the National Rural Infrastructure Development Agency (NRIDA). Financial assistance was further provided by PMAY-G which planned to provide houses with basic amenities to houseless households by 2022.

(iv) Food Processing Fund:
To promote the food processing industry the Government of India instituted a special fund in NABARD in the year 2014-15. However, as of 31st March 2018, 11 Mega Food Park Projects, one integrated Food Park Project and three Food Processing Units have been sanctioned.

(v) Watershed Development:
Watershed Development programmes in 27 states have been sanctioned as of 31st March 2018.

(vi) Tribal Development:
712 projects have been sanctioned covering ₹ 5.21 lakh tribal families. ₹ 2,121 crores have been provided for their development.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Economics Solutions Chapter 4 The Economy of Maharashtra Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Economics Solutions Chapter 4 The Economy of Maharashtra

1. Give economic terms:

Question 1.
Investments did by foreign companies in our country.
Answer:
Liberalisation

Question 2.
Programme for development of the small, medium, and micro industries.
Answer:
MSICDP

Question 3.
The basic requirement for facilitating the production and distribution of goods and services for economic development.
Answer:
Social infrastructure

Question 4.
A movement that promotes values of self-help democracy and equality.
Answer:
Co-operative movement

2. Find the odd word out:

Question 1.
Agricultural Indebtedness, dry farming, lack of capital, engineering
Answer:
Engineering

Question 2.
Tourism, Banking, Automobile Production, Insurance
Answer:
Automobile Production

Question 3.
Pune, Hyderabad, Nasik, Nagpur
Answer:
Hyderabad

Question 4.
MTDC, MAITRI, SEZ, MIDC
Answer:
MTDC

Question 5.
Primary education, Hospitality, Higher education, Skill-based education.
Answer:
Hospitality

3. Identify and explain the concepts from the given illustrations:

Question 1.
To facilitate research in robotic technology, Japan has invested ₹ 1000 crores in India.
Answer:
Liberalisation – Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).
Due to the Liberalisation Act of 1991, foreign direct investment became easy in the Indian Industrial Sector. This led Japan to invest ₹ 1000 crores in India.
The FDI inflow in Maharashtra till September 2017 was ₹ 6,11,760 crores.

Question 2.
Prajakta and her family visited the beaches during her eight-day Diwali vacation.
Answer:
Tourism.
It is a business of providing and arranging holidays and the tourism department focuses to attract more and more tourists to Maharashtra to earn revenue for the state. To promote tourism, the government formulated Maharashtra Tourism Policy, 2016.

Question 3.
Pravin from Latur works as a technician in the films division at Mumbai city.
Answer:
Entertainment Industry.
The Entertainment Sector of Maharashtra generates employment opportunities for a large number of people. Thus, Pravin came to Mumbai and worked as a technician in the film division.

Question 4.
Rani Gond from Chandrapur works as a hostess with the Mumbai-Goa cruise ship.
Answer:
Hospitality.
It means friendly and generous receptions and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers. Hospitality is a broader industry than other industries and has grown rapidly in Maharashtra due to the development of the tourism business in Maharashtra.

4. Distinguish between:

Question 1.
Economic Infrastructure and Social Infrastructure.
Answer:

Economic Infrastructure	Social Infrastructure
(i) Economic Infrastructure is the basic facilities of production and distribution of goods and services for economic development.	(i) Social infrastructure is the basic facilities to improve the quality of human life.
(ii) It includes telecommunication, electricity, transportation, energy, etc.	(ii) It includes health, education, and housing.

Question 2.
The agriculture sector and Service sector.
Answer:

Agricultural Sector	Service Sector
(i) Agricultural sector is known as the primary sector. It includes the production of raw materials and basic foods.	(i) The service sector is known as the tertiary sector. They mainly provide services to the general population and to the business.
(ii) E.g. farming, fishing, hunting, mining, etc.	(ii) E.g. restaurants, tourism, banking, insurance, etc.

Question 3.
Tourism and Hospitality.
Answer:

Tourism	Hospitality
(i) Tourism refers to the business of providing and arranging holidays and services to the people who are visiting a place.	(i) Hospitality refers to the relationship between a guest and host, wherein the host receives the guest with goodwill.
(ii) It includes activities such as sightseeing and camping.	(ii) It includes reception, entertainment of guests, visitors, etc.

Question 4.
Education and Health Services.
Answer:

Education	Health Services
(i) Education is about teaching, learning skills, and knowledge. It also means helping people to learn and think about what they learn.	(i) Health services refer to medical professionals, organizations, and ancillary health care workers who provide medical care to those in need.
(ii) Education refers to a profession where people are educated for their personal development.	(ii) Health refers to mental health, physical health, etc.

5. Answer the following:

Question 1.
Explain the role of Co-operative movement in Maharashtra.
Answer:
Following is the role of the Co-operative movement in Maharashtra:

• Co-operative movements have been vastly successful in the overall improvement of the quality of life in rural areas.
• The co-operative movement has improved the lives of the people and has made a significant contribution to the economy of Maharashtra.
• Due to cooperative movement, Maharashtra is considered as the land of opportunities, as it is one of the most developed states, not only economical but also in terms of infrastructure.
• There are some other roles of co-operative movements such as agro-processing industry, agro-marketing, sugar co-operatives, fisheries Co-operative societies, Co-operative dairy societies, textiles, housing societies, etc.

Question 2.
Explain in detail the measures taken by the government for the agricultural development of Maharashtra.
Answer:
Following are the measures are taken by the government for the agriculture development of Maharashtra:

• Availability and distribution of quality seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, water sources by dams, well, turbines, etc.
• Establishment of Centre of Excellence to transfer technologies, creating awareness about agricultural information.
• Use of renewable energy in agriculture and allied activities.
• Creation of water resources for round the year cultivation.
• The Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana(PMKSY) is another scheme to expand the cultivated areas with assured irrigation and reduce wastage of water.
• National Agriculture Market (NAM) has been introduced to promote reform of the agricultural marketing sector.

Question 3.
Explain the major problems in the industrial sector of Maharashtra.
Answer:
Major problems in the industrial sector are as follows:

• On the government level, the decision-making system is so poor that it results in huge cost escalation, increasing interest burden, and higher burden on consumers.
• India’s population is very high but there is a shortage of trained, well-educated, energetic, and experienced people.
• The technology used in industries is outdated and it affects production.
• Lack of infrastructures like transportation, communication, sewage, water, and electric system available at a high cost, results in an increase in production cost.
• Due to a lack of motivation for new entrepreneurs, self-motivation will help to achieve the entrepreneurial goals.
• Regional imbalances exist in all sectors of the economy. Especially, it is found more in the industrial sector.

Question 4.
Explain the measures taken to develop social infrastructure in Maharashtra.
Answer:
Measures taken to develop social infrastructure in Maharashtra are as follows:

(i) Education:

• Right to Education (RTE) to children in the age group of 6-14 years.
• Free and compulsory education under the program Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA).
• Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) was launched in 2009 to improve access and quality secondary education.
• Efforts are taken to expand opportunities in higher education.
• Other measures like inclusive education, girl’s education, adult literacy, and tribal education were also taken by the government.

(ii) Health Services:
Various programmes like National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) and National Urban Health Mission – (NUHM) were undertaken to strengthen the health system in rural and urban areas created 3 tier health infrastructure to provide comprehensive health services.

(iii) Tourism:

• Formulated Maharashtra Tourism Policy, 2016.
• Organises different events like the Ellora festival, Elephanta festival, etc.
• Launched the scheme of ‘Mahabhraman’.

(iv) Hospitality:
Provides services through, Airlines, Mumbai-Goa cruise ships, fancier trains (Deccan Odyssey), restaurants, etc.

(v) Entertainment:
Generated employment opportunities by producing a large number of films.

6. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:

The government of India has launched an ambitious programme of ‘Bharatnet’ for rural India by keeping in mind today’s modern era. More than one lakh rural (Grampanchayat) areas have been connected under Bharatnet’s high-speed broadband scheme. Maharashtra has become the best-performing state. East Uttar Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Rajasthan, and Jharkhand have also been placed among the best performing states in the first phase of the Bharatnet broadband connection scheme.

Question 1.
Why did the Government of India launch the Bharatnet project?
Answer:
The Government of India launched the ambitious programme of Bharatnet especially for rural India to get connected under Bharatnet’s high-speed broadband scheme.

Question 2.
How many Gram panchayats have received Internet services?
Answer:
More than one lakh Gram panchayats have received internet services.

Question 3.
Which states have been placed as the best performing states in the first phase of Bharatnet?
Answer:
Maharashtra, East Uttar Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Rajasthan, and Jharkhand have been placed as the best-performing state in the first phase of Bharatnet.

Question 4.
‘Internet has brought the world closer’ – Express your views on it.
Answer:
Yes, Communication has become very simple through e-mails. People can get connected online through the internet which can see each other living in another corner of the world. Through the internet, we can get each and every piece of information required for studies, research, business, etc. Messaging apps are the fastest way of communication that can be connected through the internet which also saves cost.

11th Economics Digest Chapter 4 The Economy of Maharashtra Intext Questions and Answers

Find out: (Textbook Page No. 26)

Names of any five enterprises from each category producing the following goods in Maharashtra: chemicals, food processing, textiles, automobiles, I.T., and pharmaceuticals.
Answer:
Companies or Enterprises producing the following goods in Maharashtra:

Chemical	Food Processing	Textiles	Automobiles	I.T.	Pharmaceutical
1. Core Chemical Mumbai Pvt. Ltd. (Mumbai)	1. Malpani Food Industries (Pune)	1. Tuni Textile Mills Ltd. Mumbai)	1. Force Motors (Pune)	1. Computer World (Pune)	1. Aarey Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd. (Boisar)
2. Dai Ichi Karkaria Ltd. (Mumbai)	2. Protein Food Industries (Hadapsar, Pune)	2. Bafna Textile Mumbai)	2. Maruti Udyog Ltd. Mumbai)	2. Wizertech Informatics Pvt. Ltd. Mumbai)	2. Aditya Air Products Pvt. Ltd. (Nagpur)
3. Molychem (Mumbai)	3. Vista Processed Foods Pvt. Ltd. (Navi Mumbai)	3. Baba Weaving Mills (Solapur)	3. Volvo India Pvt. Ltd Mumbai)	3. Marvell India Pvt. Ltd. (Pune)	3. Allwin Medical Pvt. Ltd. (Raigad)
4. Hindustan Organic Chemical (Rasayani)	4. Forstal Frozen Foods Pvt Ltd. (Navi Mumbai)	4. Aruna Fabrics (Kolhapur)	4. DSK Toyota DSK Motors Ltd. (Pune)	4. Ideal Computer and Softwares (Mumbai)	4. Ambica Diagnostics (Aurangabad)
5. Sanika Chemicals Pvt Ltd (Mahad)	5. Tastel Fine Food Pvt Ltd. (Mumbai)	5. Navjeevan Mills Pvt Ltd. Mumbai)	5. Arihant Auto Industries (Nashik)	5. Lotus Info System (Mumbai)	5. Cellulose Pharma Chem (Nashik)

[Source: Internet]

Try this: (Textbook Page No. 27)

Classify the services into services for business and services for final consumers.
[Fintech, IT/ITES, Startups, Cloud Computing, Electric Vehicles, Defence, Tourism and Private Universities]
Answer:

Services for Business	Services for Final Consumers
1. Fintech	(a) Electric Vehicles
2. IT/ITES	(b) Defence
3. Startups	(c) Tourism
4. Cloud Computing	(d) Private Universities
5. Defence

Think about it: (Textbook Page No. 25)

What will happen if the farmers sell their farm produce without the middlemen?
Answer:

• Middleman charge commission and make a profit by taking goods from farmers and selling them to the general public.
• If the middleman is removed then farmers will get more price for their produce as well as consumers will also get products at a lesser price.
• Sometimes middlemen create an artificial shortage of products which increases the price, thus this artificial shortage can be cut down by abolishing middlemen.
• Farmer can get right to fix price for their own product after adding sufficient profit margin which will help them to grow in future.

Find out: (Textbook Page No. 28)

Symbols of the following:
(i) Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)
(ii) Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA)
(iii) Adult Literacy Mission (ALM)
Answer:

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 9 Post Mauryan India Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 9 Post Mauryan India

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write complete sentences.

Question 1.
The last emperor of the Mauryan dynasty was ______________
(a) Ajatshatru
(b) Chandragupta Maurya
(c) Brihadratha
(d) Emperor Ashoka
Answer:
(c) Brihadratha

Question 2.
The Nashik inscription, mentions king ______________ as ‘Trisamudratoyapitavahana’.
(a) Gautamiputra Satakarni
(b) Hala
(c) Yadnashre Satakarni
(d) Simuka
Answer:
(a) Gautamiputra Satakarni

Question 3.
Satavahana King, Hala, compiled ______________
(a) Brihatkatha
(b) Gatha Saptashati
(c) Katantra
(d) Meghadoota
Answer:
(b) Gadha saptashati

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Kalidasa	Malavikagnimitram
(b) Gunadhya	Gatha Saptashati
(c) Sarvavarma	Katantra
(d) Patanjali	Mahabhashya

Answer:
(b) Gunadhya – Brihatkatha

2. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
During the Satavahana period, there was the rise of many trade centers.
Answer:

• During the Satavahana period, many industries and trade flourished.
• Various shrenis (guilds) emerged during this period.
• The trade and industries were controlled with the help of these shrenis. The shrenis also provided loans. Indo-Roman trade also flourished during this period.
• Trade centres like Pratishthan (Paithan), Tagar (Ter), Nasik (Nashik), Karhatak (Karhad) during the Satavahana period.

Question 2.
The caste system became rigid during the Satavahana period.
Answer:

• The society of Satavahanas was organized into four varnas.
• The caste system during this period became deep-rooted.
• The intermixture of varnas and castes, the closed nature of different guilds, need of including foreigners in the social structure were some of the reasons why the caste system became rigid.

3 Give your opinion.

Question 1.
Prakrit language was encouraged during the Satavahanas period.
Answer:

• Learning and art received royal patronage during the Satavahana period.
• Prakrit language and literature flourished during this period.
• Hala, the seventeenth king of the Satavahanas compiled ‘Gathasaptashati’.
  Gunadhya, a minister in his court wrote a text ‘Brihatkatha’ in Prakrit language named Paishachi.
• Thus, the Prakrit language was encouraged during the Satavahanas period.

4. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Nashik inscription of Gautami Balasri
Answer:

• The reign and achievements of Satavahana Emperor Gautamiputra Satakarni can be found in the Nashik inscription of his mother Gautami Balashri.
• Gautamiputra Satakarni is mentioned as ‘Shakapahlavyavannisudan’ i.e., destroyer of Shakas, Pallavas, and Greeks,
• Satavahanakulayashahpratishthapankar’ i.e., one who reinstalled the success of the Satavahana family and ‘Trisamudratoyapitavahana’ i.e., one whose horses drank the water of the three seas.

Question 2.
Naneghat-ancient trade route in Maharashtra
Answer:

• Naneghat is a mountain pass on the ancient trade route in Maharashtra.
• This route connects the ancient town of ‘Jirnanagar’ (Junnar) and the Kokan province.
• Sopara and Kalyan were the most important trade centers in ancient Maharashtra.
• Internal as well as foreign trade was carried on from these towns.
• Goods imported from Rome were unloaded at Sopara and from there it was carried over to Paithan and Kolhapur.

Question 3.
Gatha Saptashati
Answer:

• Hala compiled several poems in Prakrit. He selected 700 verses and compiled them and named them ‘Gaha Sattasai’ (Gatha Saptashati).
• This was the first text compared in the Maharashtri Prakrit language.
• The subject of these poems portrays human nature and transaction.
• Various religious observance, ethical norms, and contemporary festivals are described in it. Gathasaptasati reflects the social life in Maharashtra of the Satavahana period.

5. Write information about the Satavahana dynasty with the help of given points.

Question 1.
(a) Rise and expansion
(b) Administrative system
(c) Trade and industries
(d) Literature and art
Answer:
(a) Rise and expansion: After the disintegration of the Mauryan Empire, many new powers arose. Among them, the Satavahanas are mentioned as the earliest ruling dynasty in Maharashtra. The Satavahanas ruled over a vast region of Maharashtra, Andhra, and Karnataka. Parithan. Maharashtra was the capital of the Satavahanas. The mention of Puranas the Andhras or Andhrabhrutyas’ Probably these terms refer to the Satavahanas. Simuka was the first Satavahana king to be mentioned in the Naneghat inscription.

The most important king of this dynasty was Shri Satakarni, Hala, Gautamiputra Satakarni and Yajna Satakarni. Gautamiputra Satakarni conquered the Shakas and also Central India and the entire regions of Dakshinapatha. He also established his dominance over the Republic states in Central India and Rajasthan. Gautamiputra proved his strength by gaining victory over Nahapana. The Satavahana rule became weak due to the constant struggle between Shakas and Satavahanas.

(b) Administrative system: The state was divided into small provinces. Every province was under civil and military officials. Civil officials such as ‘Amatya’ ‘Mahabhoj’ and military officials such as ‘Mahasenapati’ and ‘Maharathi’ were appointed. Grama (village) was the smallest unit of administration. Grama was a source of revenue and also for the recruitment of soldiers during war-like situations. Grama was an integral part of the central machinery.

(c) Trade and industries: Agriculture was the main source of income. Along with it many industries and trade flourished. Various Shrenis (Guilds) also emerged during this period. The trade and industries were controlled with the help of these shrenis. Indo-Roman trade also flourished during the Satavahana period. Trade centers like Pratishthan (Paithan), Tagar (Ter), Nasik (Nashik), Karhatak (Karhad) developed during this period. Cotton cloth, muslin, and sackcloth, and other merchandise were the terms of trade. Kalyan, Sopara, Bhadoch were important trade centers.

(d) Literature and art: Learning and art received royal patronage. Prakrit language and literature flourished. Hala compiled ‘Gathasaptashati’. Gunadhya, a minister wrote Brihatkatha in a Prakrit language called Paishachi. Sarvavarma wrote a treatise on Sanskrit grammar named ‘ Katantra’. A new native Indian style emerged in this period. The four gateways (Toranas) of the Sanchi Stupa No.1 built during this period are excellent examples of this style. Many incidents from the life of Gautama Buddha are carved on these gateways. A number of rock-cut caves at Bhaje, Nashik, Karle, etc., belong to this period. Especially the Chaitya at Karle, its magnificent facade entrance and sculptural are the finest examples of the sculptural art of this period.

Activity

Collect information about historical remains in your surrounding area and prepare an information booklet based on the gathered information.
Answer:
Prepare a booklet based on the information gathered on the historical remains.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 8 India During Mauryan Period Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 8 India During Mauryan Period

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
The first well-known king of the Haryank dynasty is _____________
(a) Chandragupta Maurya
(b) Bimbisara
(c) Ajatashatru
(d) Mahapadma
Answer:
(b) Bimbisara

Question 2.
The Nanda dynasty was established by _____________
(a) Dhanananda
(b) Shishunaga
(c) Mahapadma Nanda
(d) Emperor Ashoka
Answer:
(c) Mahapadma Nanda

Question 3.
The great drama in Sankrit literature, Swapnavasavadatta, was written by _____________
(a) Kautilya
(b) Bharat
(c) Kalidasa
(d) Bhasa
Answer:
(d) Bhasa

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Built the foundation of the Magadha Empire	Bimbisara
(b) Brought an end to Nanda rule	Chandragupta Maurya
(c) Chinese traveller who visited India during the period of Chandragupta Maurya	Megasthenes
(d) Changed his mind due to the destruction in Kalinga was	Emperor Ashoka

Answer:
(b) Greek ambassador who visited India during the period of Chandragupta Maurya – Megasthenes

2. Choose the correct reason and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
Emperor Ashoka erected many pillars.
Reason _____________
(a) Spread of art
(b) Spread of ‘Dhamma’
(c) Growth of trade
(d) For recognition of his work
Answer:
(a) Spread of art

3. Explain the following Statements with reasons.

Question 1.
Ashoka’s victory at Kalinga proved to be a turning point in history as well as the life of Ashoka.
Answer:

• There was a great loss of human life in this (Kalinga)war. Ashoka became victorious.
• The destruction caused due to the Kalinga war brought about a great change in the mind of Ashoka.
• His mind got diverted towards the non-violent, peaceful Buddhist religion.
• The desire of Digvijaya was replaced by Dharma Vijaya (Dhamma Vijaya).
• His career proved to be important because of the religious ideals propagated by him and the creation of a mechanism to until it in people’s life.

Question 2.
The war between Chandragupta and the Greek King Seleucus was very important.
Answer:

• Chandragupta Maurya defeated the Nandas and established the Mauryan dynasty.
• In the text of Mahavamsa, Chandragupta is referred to as ‘the emperor of Jambudvipa i.e. emperor of Bharatvarsh’.
• The Mauryas created a huge empire by conquering the big and small states in the northwest, north, and southern regions.
• As a consequence, the boundaries of the Mauryan Empire extended to the Hindukush in the northwest.
• The Mauryan Empire extended from Hindukush to the Bay of Bengal in the east and Gujarat in the west, as well as the Himalayas in the north to the Krishna river in the south.
• Thus, the war between Chandragupta and the Greek King Seleucus was very important.

Question 3.
The Mauryan administration acquired a definite form.
Answer:

• Chandragupta Maurya was a valiant king and an efficient administrator.
• He set up a defined mechanism of state administration which suited the economic conditions and the needs of the Maurya empire.
• The Mauryan emperors created a unified empire.
• At the same time, they devised a decentralized administrative system for the efficient functioning of the empire.

4. State your opinion.

Question 1.
Chandragupta Maurya is the first Chakravarti emperor in the history of India.
Answer:

• The concept of ‘Chakravarti’ occurs in the literature on ancient Indian polity.
• The sovereign ruler whose chariot could roll in all four directions without any obstruction was known as Chakravarti.
• It was expected that his rule should be ethical and for the welfare of the state.
• During his tenure, the wheel of ‘Ruta’ remains intact. His rule is on an extended territory.
• Thus, Chandragupta Maurya was the first Chakravarti Emperor.

Question 2.
The rock edicts of Ashoka are an important source of history.
Answer:

• The rock edicts and pillar inscriptions are found in many places in the regions of Afghanistan, Nepal, and India.
• These rock edicts and pillar inscriptions give information about the boundaries of the Mauryan empire.
• Ashoka’s effects to spreads Buddhist ideals and the written evidence of the spread of Buddhism and Indian culture in distant countries through the Buddhist monks sent by Ashoka occurs in these inscriptions.
• Thus, the rock edicts of Ashoka are an important source of history.

Question 3.
Various trade guilds developed during the Mauryan period.
Answer:

• During the Mauryan period, there was an increase in revenue due to a well-organized taxation system.
• Several industries and professions flourished during this period.
• As a result of this these professions were organised into trade guilds, for e.g., there were guilds of carpenters, weavers, farmers, etc.
• Thus, Various trade guilds developed during the Mauryan period.

5. Observe the map/picture on page 58 of your textbook and answer the questions based on it.

Question 1.
Regions included in Ashoka’s Empire.
Answer:
Regions of Afghanistan, Nepal, and India are included in Ashoka’s Empire.

Question 2.
Locations of Ashoka’s rock and pillar edicts.
Answer:
Ashoka’s rock edicts are found in locations such as Mansehra, Taxila, Kalsi, Toshali, Maski, Kupaga, Brahmagiri, Siddhapur, Sopara, Girnar, Kasi, Rupnath, Bairat.
Ashoka’s pillar edicts are found in locations such as Topra, Meerut, Nigliva, Rummindei, Lauruja Nandangarh, Saurya, Araraj, Ramparva, Sanchi, Sannati.

Activity

Collect information about the stupas during the period of Ashoka.
Answer:
In the Mauryan Period, mainly in the period of Ashoka numerous stupas were built and scattered all over the country. The stupas of solid domes were constructed of brick or stone of different sizes. The Ashoka stupas were constructed to celebrate the achievements of the Gautam Buddha. It is said that 84,000 stupas were built all over the country. One example of a stupa constructed by Ashoka is that of Sanchi Stupa.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 7 India and Iran (Persia) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Solutions Chapter 7 India and Iran (Persia)

1A. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete sentences.

Question 1.
The Greek historian ___________ is said to be the father of modern historiography.
(a) Herodotus
(b) Alexander
(c) Scylax
(d) Daryush
Answer:
(a) Herodotus

Question 2.
Taxila was ruled by King ___________ at the time of Alexander’s advent.
(a) Chandragupta
(b) Ambhi
(c) Porus
(d) Shashigupta
Answer:
(b) Ambhi

1B. Find the incorrect pair from set B and write the correct ones.

Question 1.

Set ‘A’	Set ‘B’
(a) Persopolis	City built by Daryush-I
(b) Halicarnassus	Herodotus was born here
(c) Taxila	Centre of knowledge and education
(d) Nysa	Persian settlement

Answer:
(d) Nysa – Greek settlement

1C. Write the names.

Question 1.
Last emperor of Achaemenid Empire-
Answer:
Daryush – III

Question 2.
Name of coins issued by Daryush-I
Answer:
Darik and Siglos

2. Explain the statements with reasons.

Question 1.
Alexander invaded Persia.
Answer:

• The Persians invaded Greece but were defeated. Thereafter the conflict between the Achaemenids and Greeks continued over a prolonged time.
• An impact of this conflict was to manifest in the way of the invasion of Persia by Alexander III, the King of Macedonia.
• Thus, Alexander invaded Persia.

Question 2.
Alexanders’ invasion of India did not have a far-reaching impact on the political scenario of India.
Answer:

• Alexander invaded India and conquered some kingdoms from Afghanistan to Sindh-Punjab. He could not however establish his rule for a long time.
• After his confrontation with Porus, Alexander proceeded in the direction of Chenab and Ravi.
• He conquered the kingdoms on the way and reached the bank of Beas. Alexander’s soldiers had lost spirit and they refused to march forward.
• Before setting on the return journey. Alexander handed over the regions in Punjab to Porus and those in Sindh to Ambhi.
• He appointed Greek satraps and in 325 B.C.E.
• Alexander died in Babylon. After his death, Chandragupta Maurya established his vast empire from Bihar to Afghanistan.

3. State your opinion.

Question 1.
Herodotus is said to be the father of modern history writing.
Answer:

• Herodotus was the first historian who collected information-seeking answers to a particular question and then put it in chronological order. While doing this he did not bring in notions like a god, human destiny, etc.
• Putting historical events in a chronological sequence became an essential theme of history writing.
• This theme proved to be fundamental in the development of history writing as an independent discipline.
• Therefore, Herodotus is said to be the father of historiography.

Question 2.
Ancient Taxila was the center of knowledge and education.
Answer:

• Buddhist literature and writings of the Greek historians give information about Taxila.
• There were several learned individuals (Acharyas) staying in Taxila.
• Many students from various regions of the Indian subcontinent were attracted to Taxila because of the fame of the acharyas.
• Thus, Taxila had become a great center of education.
• Thereby it had assumed the magnitude of a natural university.

4. Answers the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Describe the political and cultural effects of the Achaemenid rule on India.
Answer:

• The Persian supremacy prevailed in the Indian subcontinent for at least two centuries.
• The Persian rulers set up an administrative system.
• Every conquered region was annexed to their territory as a satrapy and a satrap (governor) was appointed as its chief administrator.
• A newly opened waterway for the transport between Persia and the Indian subcontinent facilitated trade between Achaemenid provinces in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent and the regions of Sindh-Punjab.
• The ivory and teak exported from India had great demand in the Persian markets. The architects, sculptors, and other artisans lost the royal patronage so they had to move out in search of work. They migrated to India.
• They received royal patronage in the court of emperor Ashoka. Their style is reflected in the stone pillars erected by Emperor Ashoka.
• Thus, the sculptural art in ancient India has its roots in the Persian; and accordingly, in the Greek sculptural style.

Question 2.
Describe Alexander’s invasion of India.
Answer:

• Alexander invaded the Indian subcontinent and conquered some kingdoms from Afghanistan to Sindh-Punjab.
• He, however, could not establish his rule there for a long time.
• Alexander became the king of Macedonia in 334 B.C.E. He defeated emperor Daryush III in 331 B.C.E.
• After conquering the region of Kabul, he reached the foothills of the Hindukush mountains.
• Then he camped at a place called Nicaea situated on Uttarapatha. Ambhi welcomed Alexander and sought friendship with him.
• Alexander conquered almost all kingdoms in Kabul, Sindh, and Punjab.
• On the bank of Jhelum, Alexander and King Porus confronted each other and there was a fierce battle between them.
• Porus was defeated but Alexander and his army were greatly influenced by his valour.
• Alexander’s soldiers had lost spirit due to the frequent battles and refused to march forward. Alexander was forced to return.
• Before returning, Alexander handed over the regions in Punjab.

Activity

Collect additional information about the palace at Persepolis and Apadana at Susa with the help of the internet.
Answer:

• Persepolis was the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire.
• Earliest evidence shows that the earliest remains of Persepolis date back to 515 BC.
• Apadana at Susa.
• Apadana is a large hypostyle hall. The palace complex in Susa, Iran, the capital of the Achaemenid Empire.
• The construction was parallel to that of Persepolis. This palace was built during the reign of Darius I, the Great.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Geography Solutions Chapter 3 Agents of Erosion Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Geography Solutions Chapter 3 Agents of Erosion

1. Compete the Chain.

Question 1.

Agent	Erosional/Depositional features	Places / Regions
(1) River	(1) Caves	(1) China
(2) Wind	(2) Beach	(2) Jog
(3) Sea waves	(3) Waterfalls	(3) Meghalaya
(4) Glaciers	(4) Loess	(4) Diveagar
(5) Ground water	(5) Matterhorn	(5) Swiss Alps

Answer:

Agent	Erosional/Depositional features	Places / Regions
(1) River	(1) Waterfalls	(1) Jog
(2) Wind	(2) Loess	(2) China
(3) Sea waves	(3) Beach	(3) Diveagar
(4) Glaciers	(4) Matterhorn	(4) Swiss Alps
(5) Ground water	(5) Caves	(5) Meghalaya

2. Choose the correct option by identifying the correct correlation in the sentences.

Question 1.
Water or snow enters the cracks in the rocks and makes it weak. When the glacier passes on these rocks, it pulls the rocks at the bottom along with it. This process is called
(a) Plucking
(b) Abrasion
(c) Attrition
(d) Transportation
Answer:
(d) Transportation

Question 2.
Sometimes, the river starts erosion upstream. This happens when the head stream gets a lot of water in the early stages of river’s flow.
(a) Downcutting
(b) Headward erosion
(c) Lateral erosion
(d) Vertical erosion
Answer:
(b) Headward erosion

Question 3.
Soft rock erodes beneath the hard rock due to sea waves. This results into landforms which further develop as sea arches. The landform is
(a) Sea cave
(b) Sea stack
(c) Sea cliff
(d) Wave cut platform
Answer:
(a) Sea cave

Question 4.
This landform develops due to depositional work of wind. The windward slope of this landform is gentle.
(a) Loess plains
(b) Barchans
(c) Seif
(d) Sand hills
Answer:
(b) Barchans

Question 5.
River, glacier, wind, sea waves and groundwater are the agents of erosion. Following work in the correct order is responsible to form various landforms.
(a) Disintegration, picking up, transportation, weathering
(b) Picking up, disintegration, deposition, weathering
(c) Deposition, transportation, picking up, disintegration
(d) Disintegration, picking up, transportation, deposition
Answer:
(d) Disintegration, picking up, transportation, deposition

3. Give geographical reasons.

Question 1.
The Eastern coast of India have deltas formed by the rivers but the Western coast has estuaries.
Answer:
The Eastern coast of India have deltas formed by the rivers but the Western coast has estuaries because-

1. Deltas can form at the mouth of those rivers where the sediment supply is high. On the other hand, where the rivers do not have load of sediments, estuaries are formed. Deltas can also be formed where the sea is not very deep.
2. The eastern coast borders the Bay of Bengal.
3. Because of the gentle slope on the eastern coast, rivers flow with low velocities and deposit the sediments brought with them at the coast. As a result, deltas are formed at the mouth.
4. The western coast borders with the Arabian Sea, which is by and large a rocky coast.
5. Its width is also less.
6. Moreover, rivers are short and swift. Hence, they flow with high velocities and thus, does not deposit the sediments brought by them at the mouth. They form estuaries.

Question 2.
There is direct relationship between the velocity of the agents and process of deposition.
Answer:
There is direct relationship between the velocity of the agents and the process of deposition because-

1. The velocity at which the agent is moving has a great impact on deposition.
2. If the stream or wind slows down, the carrying capacity and the particle sizes carried and deposited will decrease.
3. If a stream flows faster, say during flo’ods or when the river is in the mountains, then the carrying power of the stream and the sizes of particles deposited will increase.
4. On the other hand, if there is a change in the slope of land or in the direction of flow, deposition may occur there.
5. If the slope of a region is almost absent like in plain region, the rivers are unable to carry the sediments further and start depositing.

Question 3.
Compared to all the agents, sea waves work ceaselessly.
Answer:
Compared to all the agents, sea waves work ceaselessly because-

1. The movement of sea water carried out by waves is mainly responsible for marine erosion and deposition.
2. The sea waves are dashing on the coastline ceaselessly. The erosion in some parts and deposition in the adjoining parts takes place simultaneously.
3. The beaches and sand bars are formed due to deposition but they are also eroded.
4. The erosive power of waves depends partly on velocity of winds, as waves derive their energy from them and partly on the distance of open ocean over which they are blown.
5. Coastal erosion may be caused by hydraulic action, abrasion, impact and corrosion, which work continuously.
6. Abrasion is the most effective form erosion by waves. The softer rock along the coastline gets eroded first.

Question 4.
One finds many sheep rocks, horns, Aretes and hanging valleys in the Himalayas.
Answer:
One finds many sheep rocks, horns, Aretes and hanging valleys in the Himalayas because-
1. In Himalayas work of glacier is more predominant due to snow covered peaks and slopes. Sheep rock, horns, Aretes and hanging valleys are formed by glacier. Like other agents of erosion, glaciers too carry out erosion, transportation and deposition.

2. In the Himalayas, glaciers remove rock particles from the surface on which they flow by abrasion which leads to formation of sheep rocks.

3. Ice movement, accompanied by weathering and mass wasting has steepened the walls at the head of the glacier. This has deepened into armchair-shaped depression called cirque.

4. In Himalayas, two of more cirques have developed and the area between them is narrowed and formed arete and further the headward erosion of the glaciers has eroded the summit leading to the formation of typical peak called horn.

5. The Himalayan glaciers too have tributaries like rivers. The rate of erosion is different. The main valley gets eroded faster and becomes deeper than the tributary glacial valley. These appear to be hanging when seen from the main valley. Thus, hanging valleys are formed.

Question 5.
Karst landforms are seen concealed under the surface of the earth.
Answer:
Karst landforms are seen concealed under the surface of the earth because-

1. Warmer humid climate has greater amount of vegetation, which supplies CO₂ to sub-surface water.
2. CO₂ is necessary for the acidity of water which makes dissolving easier.
3. Water saturated with dissolved CO₂ should have easy movement.
4. The greater the permeability of the rock, the faster ground water will flow.
5. The fractures and joints in the rocks allow passage of water.
6. In the areas of water-soluble rocks, such as limestone and gypsum the acidic water dissolves the rock and various landform develop underground.
7. Thus, landforms developed by underground water anywhere in the world are called karst landforms.

Question 6.
Snowline decides the limit of glacier work as an agent of erosion.
Answer:
Snowline decides the limit of glacier work as an agent of erosion because-

1. Snowline is the lower limit of permanent snow cover; below which snow does not accumulate.
2. The glacier moves through pre-existing valley and forms erosive action.
3. The glacier performs plucking and abrasion processes on the rocks on its way.
4. Below the snowline is the snow frees surface, where the erosional features are not formed.

4. Write short notes on.

Question 1.
Attrition
Answer:

1. Attrition is when rocks and pebbles bump into each other and break up into smaller fragments.
2. During transit, materials reduce in size.
3. Rock particles become more rounded.
4. It relates to the material that moves.
5. This process of erosion is observed in river, wind and sea waves.

Question 2.
The work of rivers in hilly areas and human activities :
Answer:
Gorges: River from its source, when it starts flowing the process of erosion starts. In mountainous areas, rivers flow at a higher speed due to steep slope. As a result, bed gets eroded more than banks and gorges are formed with steep banks and narrow beds. Such gorges have also become famous tourist places. For example, Gorge of Narmada river at Jabalpur.

In ‘V’ shaped valleys of river, terraced farming is practiced on valley slopes.

In hilly areas, the river has speed, slope and hence downcutting is on a lower scale. Thus, agriculture, agroforestry, animal husbandry and forestry are the major human occupations in these regions.

Waterfalls: Water flowing over a hilly region comes down a cliff, forming alternate bands of eroded soft and hard rocks, such features are called waterfalls. These waterfalls become a site for tourist attraction. For example, Jog falls on Sharavati river, Chuliya falls on Chambal river and Venna falls in Mahabaleshwar. Hotel industries also developed along these features.

Question 3.
Conditions necessary for work of wind
Answer:
Wind is a significant agent of erosion in the deserts. Following conditions are necessary for wind to become effective:

1. Arid areas are essential. In such areas, the rate of evaporation is greater than rate of precipitation. Due to dryness the soil becomes loose and is carried by the wind.
2. Sparse vegetation cover or absence of trees, so that there is no obstacle for wind.
3. Presence of dry loose materials at the surface which carries out erosion.
4. A wind velocity high enough to pick up and move sediments.

5. Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Attrition and Abrasion.
Answer:

Attrition	Abrasion
(i) Attrition is the process of erosion in which rocks and pebbles bump into each other.	(i) Abrasion is the process of erosion which involves scratching and polishing of the surface of bedrock.
(ii) In attrition, the rocks and pebbles break up into smaller fragments.	(ii) In abrasion, the rock particles rub against and wear away the surface.
(iii) The eroded bedrock on surface have a smooth side.	(iii) The pebbles or rocks become smooth and rounded.
(iv) Attrition relates to the material that moves.	(iv) Abrasion affects the surface along which the material moves.

Question 2.
U shaped valley and V shaped valley.
Answer:

U shaped valley	V shaped valley
(i) It is an erosional feature formed by glaciers as an agent of erosion.	(i) It is an erosional feature formed by river as an agent of erosion.
(ii) The glacier moves through pre-existing valley to form U-shaped valleys.	(ii) The river carves out its own valleys.
(iii) Due to lateral erosion the valley becomes broad at the bottom.	(iii) Due to vertical downcutting, the valley deepens.

Question 3.
Stalactite and Stalagmite.
Answer:

Stalactite	Stalagmite
(i) Water saturated with calcium carbonate drips onto the floor from the ceiling. This dripping water dries and builds massive structures. These structures growing from the ceiling are called stalactites.	(i) Water saturated with calcium carbonate drips onto the floor from the ceiling. This dripping water deposited on the floor dries forming structures are called stalagmite.

Question 4.
Tributaries and Distributaries.
Answer:

Tributaries	Distributaries
(i) When a number of small rivers join the main river, those are called tributaries.	(i) When the main river breaks up into smaller streams, those the called distributaries.
(ii) It may originate from glaciers, lakes or springs.	(ii) It is formed from the main river.
(iii) Generally, it does not change its course.	(iii) It diverts from the main river in the delta region.
(iv) Tributaries add water to the main river.	(iv) Distributaries (take away) divert water from the main river.
(v) River Yamuna is a tributary of river Ganga.	(v) River Hooghly is the distributary of River Ganga.

6. Answer in detail.

Question 1.
Explain the landforms formed by different agents through the process of abrasion.
Answer:
Abrasion involves the scratching and polishing of the surface or bedrock by the particles which are moving onto it. Let us study different landforms formed by different agents of erosion through the process of abrasion.
Work of Seas Waves:

1. Sea cliffs : Sea cliffs are carved where waves strike directly against rocks. The softer rock along the coastline gets eroded first.
2. Caves : Sometimes, waves can erode the softer part and make it hollow enough to be called a cave.
3. A sea arch : A sea arch forms when waves erode a layer of soft rock underneath a layer of hard rock.
4. Sea stack : If a sea arch collapses, it creates a sea stack, which looks like a large rock in the middle of water.
5. Headland : The part of land projecting into the sea is called headland.
6. Wave-cut platforms : Surfaces at the base of the cliffs are called wave-cut platforms. Extensive platforms are developed where the rocks are least resistant to wave erosion. They are visible at lower water levels, such as at low tide.

Work of Wind:
(i) Ventifacts:
Abrasion carves the windward side of rock into smooth sloping surface. These rocks are called ventifacts.

(ii) Mushroom rocks

1. The high rising rocks in the path of the wind are attacked by the sand that moves with the wind.
2. Winds and the particles they carry attack the base of an individual rock.
3. The larger top part is not eroded as much as the basal part because the particles are not lifted at a height.
4. The particles at medium height are smaller but their velocities are high. Hence, their impact is more.
5. As a result, the portion of rock at medium height is eroded more and the rock as a whole gets the shape of a mushroom.

(iii) Yardang:

1. In areas where hard and soft rocks are found, the softer rocks get more eroded faster.
2. The eroded portion of softer rocks appear like elongated ridges and harder rocks appear as elevated portions.
3. A yardang is the remaining part of a ridge where rocks have been eroded.

Work of Glaciers
(i) Roche moutonnee:
They are bedrock hills that are smoothly rounded on the upper side by abrasion and plucking on the lower side.

(ii) Cirque

1. An armchair like feature is formed when ice movement accompanied by weathering and mass wasting steepens the wall at the head of the glacier.
2. It deepens into armchair-shaped depression called cirque.

(iii) Arete

1. Often two or more cirques develop side by side.
2. This leaves the area between any two of them into a narrow wall. This is called arete.

(iv) Horn

1. When three or more cirques are formed, the headward erosion of the glacier erodes the summit.
2. This leads to formation of a characteristic peak which is called a horn. The Matterhorn in the Swiss Alps is an example.

(v) U-Shaped Valleys
When glaciers move ahead, they erode the sides as well as the bottom of the valleys they flow through. This makes the valley broad at the bottom, forming a ‘U’. This is called a U-shaped valley.

Question 2.
Explain how the depositional work done by River Ganga has been beneficial to human activities.
Answer:
The River Ganga and its tributaries have deposited load of sediments in the northern Ganga region. Features formed are:
Alluvial Plain Region : The River Ganga and its tributaries bring loads of sediments – organic sediments like dead remains of plants and animals, skin, hide, bones etc., and inorganic sediments like sand, silt, clay, gravel, etc., and deposits at the foothills of the Himalayan family, Northern Ganga Plain region. It is a fertile land and agriculture is the major human occupation. Along with agriculture river transportation and fishing is also done on a large scale. Fertile plains are in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana.

Delta: Ganga-Brahmaputra delta, world’s largest delta has been formed at the mouth of the River Ganga. This delta is known as Sundarbans and is located in West Bengal. It is one of the most fertile regions in the world. Most delta is composed of alluvial soil. Thus, agriculture is the occupation followed in this region too.

Question 3.
Which agents of erosion can you see on the cover page of the textbook? Which landforms can you see there? Write the process of formation of any one.
Answer:

1. On the cover page of the textbook. We observe the agents of erosion such as rivers, glaciers and sea waves.
2. We see different landforms like – alluvial fans, meander, oxbow lakes, delta, sea and beach.
3. The river in the middle stage, picks up more material by bank erosion and gets overloaded. The speed of erosion is reduced. The water moves sluggishly in a bed and turns at every minor change of slope and serpentine bends are formed.

Every bend is made more and more pronounced by dashing of water on outer bank which gets eroded while inner banks have deposition. In due course of time they develop into circular loops, they are called meanders.

7. Draw neat and labelled diagrams for

Question 1.
Deflation
Answer:

Question 2.
Wave-cut platform
Answer:

Question 3.
Mushroom rocks
Answer:

11th Geography Digest Chapter 3 Agents of Erosion Intext Questions and Answers

Can you tell? (Textbook Page No. 27)

1. The names of many places may have some relation with the landforms located there. The names of few of them are given below as example. You are expected to find out the particular landforms to which they are associated. Find about them and try to locate them on a map using an atlas. Make a list of similar examples from India.

Name of the place	Landform associated with the name	Location
Revdanda	Sand bar	Raigad, Maharashtra
Ganpati Pule	Beach	Ratnagiri, Maharashtra
Pravara Sangam	Confluence of rivers	Ahmednagar Maharashtra

Answer:

Name of the place	Landform associated with the name	Location
Sundarbans	Delta	West Bengal
Triveni Sangam	Confluence of Ganga, Yamuna and Saraswati	Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
Chilika lake	Lagoon	Orrisa
Calangute	Beach	Goa

2. Look at the figure below and answer the questions. (Textbook Page No. 32)

Question 1.
What features are formed in the upper course of the river? What processes will play an important role?
Answer:
Features formed in the upper course of the river are V-shaped valleys, gorges and canyons, potholes, waterfalls and rapids.
Processes responsible for the formation of these landforms are – downcutting, drilling.

Question 2.
Can you mark the location where waterfall may form?
Answer:
Waterfall may form at location ‘A’

Question 3.
Why is there a change in slope from A to B? How will it influence the flow of the river?
Answer:
There will be a change in slope from A to B when river enters the plains at the foothills of a mountain. The flow of the river decreases, the velocity reduces abruptly.

Question 4.
Which human activities can be conducted in the region around A and B?
Answer:
Around region A terraced farming can be practised. Around region B there is rich with alluvium brough down by the rivers, the plain is extensive and useful for agriculture. As the river widens around the source B, fishing and transportation is also found.

Question 5.
In which area will the process of deposition overtake erosion?
Answer:
Deposition will be found at B and C.

Question 6.
Alluvial fans and deltas are both features formed due to deposition but at different locations. Identify their regions of formation and reason behind their different locations.
Answer:
Alluvial fans will be formed at source ‘B’ at the foothills of the mountains, as there is change in slope and the velocity of the river reduces abruptly. Now the river is unable to carry heavy load. A delta will be formed at the mouth of the river. In this region, which is an extensively flat region, and where the sediments supply is high but velocity is low. So, the river deposits the sediments and branches out to meet ocean or sea.

3. Look at the figure and identify landforms at A, B, C, D, E, F, G. (Textbook Page No. 34)

Answer:
A – Headland
B – Lagoon
C – Beach
D – Sea Cave
E – Sea Cliff
F – Sea Arch
G – Sea Stack

Let’s recall. (Textbook Page No. 30)

You have already learnt about various landforms formed by the agents of erosion in Class IX. Identify the landforms given in class IX textbook from page no. 30 to 38. Identify the agent which is responsible for their formation. Also, state whether they are erosional or depositional landforms. Complete the table accordingly.

Answer:

Think about it. (Textbook Page No. 30)

Have you ever been to a river and seen its bed? Discuss in the class about your observation about the river, its banks, its bed and its velocity.
Answer:
[Students will discuss their experiences with teachers.]

Find out! (Textbook Page No. 31)

Find out famous examples of gorges and canyons.
Answer:
Following are the famous examples of gorges and canyons of the world.

1. Fish River Canyon, Namibia
2. Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA
3. Tiger Leaping Gorge, China
4. Kali Gandaki Gorge, Nepal
5. Blyden River Canyon, South Africa
6. Gorges du Verdon, France
7. Indus Gorge, Pakistan
8. Antelope Canyon, USA

1. Study figure given below and answer the following questions. (Textbook Page No. 38)

Question 1.
Which rocks are mainly found here?
Answer:
Soluble rock like limestone, a sedimentary rock composed of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO₃) are found.

Question 2.
Identify the spot where stream disappears.
Answer:
Steam will disappear below the sink hole.

Question 3.
Which major erosional process works in this area?
Answer:
Solution is the major erosional process in this area.

Question 4.
Identify the landforms formed by deposition.
Answer:
Stalactite, Stalagmite, columns or pillars are the landforms formed by deposition.

Question 5.
Why do depositional landforms not form on the surface in areas of Karst terrain?
Answer:
In Karst terrain groundwater dissolves minerals like calcium carbonate present in the rocks. The dripping water leaves behind a deposit of calcium carbonate. The water saturated with calcium carbonate dripping on the floor of a cave deposits calcium carbonate on the floor. Thus, depositional landforms do not form on the surface in the areas of Karst terrain.

2. See the figure give below A, B, C. Answer the following questions. (Textbook Page No. 40)

Img 8
Question 1.
What difference do you find in the three figures?
Answer:
Fig A shows the regions before glacier formed.
Fig B showed the regions covered by snow during glaciation.
Fig C shows different erosional and depositional features formed by glaciers after glaciation period.

Question 2.
Identify the landforms formed due to erosion by glaciers.
Answer:
Cirques, horn, U-shaped valleys, hanging valleys are formed due to erosion by glaciers.

Question 3.
Where can U-Shaped valleys be formed?
Answer:
U- Shaped valley is formed in the pre-existing valley.

Question 4.
In which region will deposition occur?
Answer:
Deposition starts generally along the side and front of ice.

Question 5.
Identify the landforms formed by deposition by glaciers.
Answer:
Drumlins, eskers, moraines are the depositional features formed by glaciers.

Use your brain power! (Textbook Page No. 41)

In which diagram of the three will you find end moraines? See fig. 3.5 A, B, C.

Answer:
We will find end moraines in Fig. C

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Geography Solutions Chapter 2 Weathering and Mass Wasting Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Geography Solutions Chapter 2 Weathering and Mass Wasting

1. Complete the Chain.

Question 1.

Rock type	Name of the rock	Dominant type of weathering
(1) Igneous	(1) Dolomite	(1) Physical Weathering
(2) Sedimentary	(2) Slate	(2) Chemical Weathering
(3) Metamorphic	(3) Basalt
	(4) Limestone
	(5) Granite

Answer:

Rock type	Name of the rock	Dominant type of weathering
(1) Igneous	(1) Basalt Granite	(1) Physical Weathering Physical Weathering
(2) Sedimentary	(2) Dolomite Limestone	(2) Chemical Weathering Chemical Weathering
(3) Metamorphic	(3) Slate	(3) Physical Weathering

2. Identify the correct correlation.

A : Assertion
R : Reasoning
Question 1.
A – In areas of high rainfall, slides are very common.
R – Types of mass wasting movements are dependent on a region’s climate.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer:
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Question 2.
A – Gravity is a major factor in mass wasting.
R – Gravity pulls all things down to the earth’s surface.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer:
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

Question 3.
A – Freeze and thaw weathering is common in desert areas.
R – Water gets into cracks and breaks the rocks.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer:
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Question 4.
A – Surface water helps solifluction.
R – Water table is responsible for the same.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer:
(a) Only A is correct.

3. Identify the correct group.

Question 1.

A	B	C	D
(1) Oxidation	(1) Solution	(1) Fall	(1) Pressure
(2) Carbonation	(2) Salt weathering	(2) Creep	(2) Temperature
(3) Freeze thaw weathering	(3) Oxidation	(3) Slide	(3) Slope
(4) Shattering	(4) Carbonation	(4) Flow	(4) Rainfall

Answer:
C

4. Give geographical reasons.

Question 1.
Temperature is the main factor behind granular weathering.
Answer:
Temperature is the main factor behind granular weathering because-

1. In hot desert areas, diurnal range of temperature is high.
2. As the temperature increases with the rising sun, the rock gets heated and cools down with the decrease in temperature.
3. The minerals in the rock react differently to the temperature increase due to continuous heating and cooling.
4. Consequently, it leads to development of stress within the rock and molecular or granular disintegration takes place.

Question 2.
Human is an agent of weathering.
Answer:
Human is an agent of weathering because-

1. Man is a biological agent of weathering. Due to economic and technological development, man has become the most powerful agent of weathering and erosion.
2. Mining, blasting of hills and ridges for road and dam construction, quarrying for industrial and building materials, etc., results in a fast rate of disintegration of rocks.
3. Man accelerates the rate of weathering on hill slopes through activities like deforestation.

Question 3.
Slope is a major factor in mass wasting.
Answer:
Slope is a major factor in mass wasting because-

1. Mass wasting is the down-slope movement of loose mixture of soil, land and rock particles by the force of gravity.
2. In mass wasting the materials come down the slope without the aid of transporting medium like running water, ice or wind.
3. Mass wasting occurs continuously on all slopes.
4. Some act very slowly, others very suddenly, often with disastrous results.

Question 4.
Oxidation changes the size and colour of the rocks.
Answer:
Oxidation changes the size and colour of the rocks because-

1. Oxygen in the air and water reacts with certain elements in the minerals inside the rock
2. In this process, the minerals in the rock react with the oxygen present in the air or water.
3. Metals, particularly iron and aluminium, commonly oxidize forming iron or aluminium oxides. It is also called rusting.
4. These oxides are larger in volume than in the original rocks.
5. The iron oxides are red in colour and aluminium oxides are yellow.
6. Thus, oxidation changes size and colour of the rock.

Question 5.
Effect of mass movement will be greater along the western slope of the Sahyadri’s than the eastern slope.
Answer:
Effect of the mass movement will be greater along the western slope of the Sahyadri’s than the eastern slope because-

1. The western slope of the Sahyadri’s are steeper than the eastern slopes.
2. The western slopes receive more rainfall than the eastern slopes as a result mass movement is greater in western slopes than eastern slopes.
3. Also, the rivers as an agent of erosion are short and swift on the western slope and thus rapid mass movement is found as compared to eastern coast.

5. Write short notes on.

Question 1.
Gravity and Solifluction
Answer:
Gravity:

1. It is the main force responsible for mass movements.
2. It is a force that acts everywhere on the earth’s surface, pulling everything down.
3. If the friction on the rock is stronger than gravity for a particular slope, the rock material is likely to stay.
4. But if the gravity is stronger, movement will occur in the direction of the slope.

Solifluction:

1. Solifluction is the name for the slow downhill creep of soil, which occurs in a variety of climatic conditions.
2. It occurs in periglacial or alpine regions.
3. As permafrost is impermeable to water, soil overlying may become oversaturated and slide slopes down under the pull of gravity.

Question 2.
Role of water in mass wasting
Answer:

1. Although water is not always directly involved as a transporting medium but it plays an important role in mass wasting.
2. Addition of water from rainfall or snowfall or melting of snow makes the material on the slope heavier.
3. Water can reduce the friction along a sliding surface.

Question 3.
Exfoliation
Answer:

1. Because of the overlying rocks, the rocks beneath the surface experience a lot of pressure.
2. The exposed part of the rock heats more while the inner part is comparatively cooler.
3. As a result, the outer layer of the rocks fall apart from the main rock just as we peel off onion.

Question 4.
Weathering and homogeneity in rocks
Answer:

1. Weathering is the physical or chemical breakdown of rocks into small pieces due to various reasons like weather conditions, temperature, and water, living organisms like humans, algae, fungi, etc.
2. Weathering depend upon the texture of the rock. Those rocks which have joints on layers break easily than rocks which are homogeneous. Generally, sedimentary rocks break easily than igneous rocks as sedimentary rocks are formed by layering.
3. Sediments brought down by the river are deposited in layers, thus sedimentary rocks are soft and porous, and can be broken easily.
4. Igneous rocks are formed by cooling and solidification of molten magma. Hence, they are hard and non-porous and cannot be broken so easily.
5. Thus, sedimentary rocks are more subjected to weathering than the igneous rocks.

Question 5.
Carbonation
Answer:

1. The decomposition of dead matter in the soil produces CO₂
2. This CO₂ and the CO₂ in the air reacts with minerals in the rocks.
3. Minerals such as feldspar and carbonates decompose when this happens.
4. In humid climate, water adds to the weathering process.
5. In arid climates, the absence of water in the region leads to carbonate rocks to form cliffs that are resistant.
6. Often, carbonation and solution occur simultaneously.
7. During carbonation, the calcium and carbonate in limestone detach from each other, thereby decomposing the limestone.

6. Draw a neat and labelled diagram for

Question 1.
Freeze and thaw weathering
Answer:

Question 2.
Block disintegration
Answer:

Question 3.
Biological Weathering
Answer:

7. Answer in detail.

Question 1.
Explain with examples the process of weathering happening in Konkan.
Answer:

1. Konkan, also known as the Konkan Coast is a rugged, section of the western coastline of India.
2. The region is divided into North Konkan including Mumbai, Thane and Raigad districts whereas South Konkan include Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg districts.
3. Laterite rocks-occur in the form of plateaus at Konkan strip. High altitude laterite plateaus
   are found is Sitara, Kolhapur, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg district.
4. In the laterite rocks soft silica matter is present.
5. Because of high rainfall exposed rocks become empty to wash out of soft silica matter.
6. Laterite soil is formed by laterite rock in high elevation. The soil contains has high concentration of ferrous and aluminium. This soil is very stony because of the presence of weathering fragments of iron concentrations.
7. Oxygen in the air and water reacts with certain elements in the minerals in the rock. The metals in the rock particularly iron and aluminium oxidise and form iron and aluminium oxides. Thus, chemical weathering takes place.
8. Laterite soil is found in Mahabaleshwar, Southern parts of Mahabaleshwar, around Bhima Shankar and Matheran. Thus, chemical and mechanical weathering is found.

Question 2.
Explain the correlation between Himalayas and mass movements. Give examples wherever necessary.
Answer:

1. Mass movements occur in hilly, mountainous or plateau areas. The steeper the slope more the occurrences of mass movement.
2. The Himalayas have greatest relief, high potential energy, high seismic activity, steep slopes, strong weathering, great snow fall etc.
3. Due to slope, gradient, massive rockslides, debris flow takes place.
4. Steep gradient of precipitation and temperature produce mass movement that loads glacier surface and chokes, rivers with sediments.
5. For example, in Kosi river basin of Himalayas of central Nepal, because of deep weathering, high seismic activity, river undercutting, deforestation and heavy precipitation, especially during the summer months, mass movements are most frequent in highly jointed, sheared, intensely folded and fault rocks.
6. Thus, in short, in the Himalayan region, due to steep slope, melting of glaciers, precipitation, seismic activity, mass movement takes place on a larger scale.

11th Geography Digest Chapter 2 Weathering and Mass Wasting Intext Questions and Answers

Let’s recall (Textbook Page No. 15)

1. Study the diagram in fig 2.1 and answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Identify the types of rocks shown in the diagram.
Answer:
Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks are shown in the diagram.

Question 2.
Arrange the rocks according to their chronology of origin.
Answer:
Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.

Question 3.
Explain how sedimentary rocks are formed.
Answer:
Sedimentary rocks are formed from layering upon layering of all the organic (dead remains of plants and animals) and in organic (sand, silt, clay, gravel, etc.) material in a depression or on low lying area. If there are cementing material like limestone, hardening and compaction takes place, then sedimentary rocks are formed.

Question 4.
Think of all the factors which may break the rocks into smaller pieces.
Answer:
Heat, pressure, water, wind, animals, plants etc., can break rocks into smaller pieces.

Question 5.
Which type of rock will break easily as compared to others? Why?
Answer:

1. Sedimentary rocks will break easily as they are formed by layering of sediments and thus, they are soft and porous and are broken easily.
2. Igneous rocks are formed from cooling and solidification of molten magma; hence they are hard and non- porous.
3. The metamorphic rocks too cannot be broken easily as they are formed from heat and pressure.

Think about it.

Question 1.
In which regions will freeze-thaw weathering not be effective? (Textbook Page No. 17)
Answer:
Freeze-thaw weathering will not be effective on the cold polar regions as the soil cover and rocks are very little on the polar areas and moreover, there is snow everywhere.

Question 2.
Besides climatic factors, rock type and structure, can you think of some more factors that affect weathering? (Textbook Page No. 19)
Answer:
Plants, animals, micro-organisms, humans are some more factors that affect weathering.

Question 3.
Can tectonic forces be responsible for mass movement? (Textbook Page No. 25)
Answer:

1. Plate tectonics are responsible for uplift and mountain building that creates and maintains slopes.
2. Mass wasting is common in tectonically active regions.
3. Plate tectonics causes earthquakes that can trigger landslides and cause sediment to lose its strength through liquefaction.

Question 4.
There is a shift of materials in mass movement as well as in transportation from one place to the other. So, why can’t both not be treated as one and the same? (Textbook Page No. 25)
Answer:
Mass movement is caused by abrupt movement and freefall of loosened rock particles because of gravity and friction falling towards the surface, whereas transportation is carrying of rock materials with the help of agents of erosion such as water, wind, air, ice, etc. Thus, they are not same.

Use your brain power!

Question 1.
Can animals and plants also influence weathering? Will that be physical or chemical weathering? Which type of weathering does stone quarrying cause? (Textbook Page No. 19)
Answer:
Yes, burrowing animals widen the fissures in the rocks. Rocks become weak and disintegrate.

The roots of the trees and other plants penetrate in the soil, they grow in size, exert pressure on rocks, widen cracks in the rocks and rocks break. Many microscopic organisms such as algae, lichens, bacteria, moss etc produce chemicals and they break down the outer layer of the rock. These chemicals are responsible for physical and chemical weathering of rocks. The stone quarrying causes the anthropogenic weathering.

2. A region is having an annual mean temperature of 5° C and an annual rainfall of 1000 mm. Can you comment upon the weathering and the type with the help of following questions? (Textbook Page No. 20)

Question 1.
Which type of weathering will be dominant here?
Answer:
Physical weathering will be dominant here.

Question 2.
Where will such a region be found?
Answer:
Such a region will be found in permafrost conditions, alpine and periglacial region.

Question 1.
Complete the table by using the words: intense, moderate, slight and very slight or no weathering. (Textbook Page No. 20)
Answer:
Rate of Physical Weathering:

	High rainfall	Moderate rainfall	Low rainfall
High temperature	Intense	Moderate	Intense
Moderate temperature	Intense	Moderate	Slight
Low temperature	Moderate	Slight	No weathering

Rate of Chemical Weathering:

	High rainfall	Moderate rainfall	Low rainfall
High temperature	Intense	Moderate	Moderate
Moderate temperature	Intense	Moderate	Slight
Low temperature	Moderate	Slight	Slight

Can you tell? (Textbook Page No. 21)

1. See the diagram given in fig 2.10 and answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Which rock layer has experienced the most weathering?
Answer:
Rock layer C has experienced the most weathering.

Question 2.
Which rock layer has experienced the least weathering?
Answer:
Rock layer B has experienced the least weathering.

Question 3.
What could be the reason behind difference in weathering?
Answer:
Rock C has lot of fractures and joints so it got weathered easily.
Rock B might have been a hard rock, more resistant, so weathering process is slow.

2. The satellite images given in fig. 2.11 A and B belong to the same location but different timeline. Study the images and answer the following questions. (Textbook Page No. 21)

Question 1.
Compare the images and tell what differences do you find in these images?
Answer:
Image 2.11 (A) shows maximum area under vegetation. Image 2.11 (B) shows development in form of settlements and transportation routes.

Question 2.
In 2019, what does the patch of land going from north-west to south-east signify? Why was it not there in 2011 image?
Answer:
The sweeping portion from north-west to south-east is visible in satellite image of 2019. This is because the village is located at the foothills. The rain and slope were responsible for the mudslide. Heavy rainfall and absence of vegetation aggravated the situation. In 2011, vegetation was thick but in 2019 deforestation has been done extensively for farming practices.

Question 3.
To what extent is the climate of a place responsible for this disaster?
Answer:
Climate plays an important role for the disaster. Heavy rainfall makes soil to move from the surface of the mountain towards the foothills.

Question 4.
Which other factors are responsible for the disaster?
Answer:
Deforestation and absence of vegetation are responsible for this.

Give it a try.

1. Study the following schematic diagram. It shows the relationship between speed of material and moisture content. Read the index, and answer the following questions. (Textbook Page No. 23)

(A) Fast (B) Slow (C) Dry (D) Wet
(1) Creep (2) Slide (3) Fall (4) Flow

Question i.
What will happen when the weather conditions are dry?
Answer:
There will not be moisture content hence speed of material will be low.

Question ii.
When will a flow occur?
Answer:
Flow will occur when the moisture content as well as speed of material will be high.

Question iii.
When will a creep occur?
Answer:
Creep will occur when speed of material will be slow.

Question iv.
Now can you enumerate the factors which affect mass wasting?
Answer:
Factors such as gravity, slope of land, climate of region, amount of water, material and structure of the rock affect mass wasting.

Question 2.
On the basis of given points, differentiate between weathering and erosion. (Textbook Page No. 25)
Answer:
Table

Think a little. (Textbook Page No. 24)

Think of the reason why landslides should be more frequent in foothill zone of the Himalayas and Western Ghats region. Why do landslides not occur in Marathwada in Maharashtra or Maidan area in Karnataka?
Answer:
Himalayas are one of the youngest fold mountains of the world. They are formed due to convergent movement of the Indian plate and erosion plate. They are still rising in height. These tectonic movements cause frequent earthquakes in the region resulting into landslides whereas western Ghats lie in the stable Deccan shield less prone to landslides.

Himalayas are greater in height than the western Ghats. The slopes are comparatively steep and hence landslides are common in Himalayas whereas, the western Ghats are much lesser in height than the Himalayas hence less prone to landslides as compared to Himalayas.

The perennial rivers in Himalayas carry lots of sediments during rainfall and due to melting of glaciers in the summer thus leading to landslides, whereas, in Western Ghats many rivers are non-perennial and hence less amount of silt and debris in carried as compared to Himalayan rivers. Thus, there is reduction in the chances of landslides, only during the rainy season, landslides occur in Western Ghats region.

Try this. (Textbook Page No. 24)

Question 1.
Different types of materials flow down the slope. Types of mass wasting depend on their speed. Observe the pictures given in figure 2.12. Match the explanation given below with the diagrams. Identify them as slow or rapid movements.

Answer:
A – Earth flow – Rapid or slow movement
B – Creep – Slowest movement
C – Land slide – Rapid movement
D – Solifluction – Slow movement
E – Rock fall – Rapid movement

Question 2.
Complete the following flow chart. (Textbook Page No. 25)

Answer:

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Geography Solutions Chapter 1 Earth Movements Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Geography Solutions Chapter 1 Earth Movements

1. Complete the chain.

Question 1.

A	B	C
(1) Widespread volcanic eruption	(1) Zone V	(1) I to XII
(2) Andaman and Nicobar Islands	(2) Fissure eruption	(2) Block Mountain
(3) Mercalli scale	(3) Intensity	(3) Very high seismic vulnerability
(4) Slow movements	(4) Faulting	(4) Solid
(5) Philippines	(5) Volcanic bombs	(5) Deccan Trap
(6) Volcanic material	(6) Circum Pacific belt	(6) Mayon

Answer:

A	B	C
(1) Widespread volcanic eruption	(1) Fissure eruption	(1) Deccan Trap
(2) Andaman and Nicobar Islands	(2) Zone V	(2) Very high seismic vulnerability
(3) Mercalli scale	(3) Intensity	(3) I to XII
(4) Slow movements	(4) Faulting	(4) Block Mountain
(5) Philippines	(5) Circum Pacific belt	(5) Mayon
(6) Volcanic material	(6) Volcanic bombs	(6) Solid

2. Identify the correct correlation.

A : Assertion R : Reasoning
Question 1.
A – Faulting leads to development of fold mountains.
R – Faulting occurs when tensional forces move away from each other.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer:
(b) Only R is correct.

Question 2.
A – Intensity of an earthquake is a measurement of the energy released during an earthquake.
R – Mercallis scale is used to measure intensity of an earthquake.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer:
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

Question 3.
A – South-East Asia, Japan and islands in the Pacific Ocean are most vulnerable to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
R – They are located in ‘Ring of Fire’.
(a) Only A is correct.
(b) Only R is correct.
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Answer:
(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

3. Identify the correct group.

Question 1.

A	B	C	D
(1) Symmetrical Fold	(1) Black Forest	(1) Narmada Valley	(1) Caldera
(2) Isoclinal Fold	(2) Vosges	(2) African Valley	(2) Crater Lake
(3) Overturned Fold	(3) Himalayas	(3) Tapi Valley	(3) Cinder Cone
(4) Recumbent Fault	(4) Satpuras	(4) Rhine Valley	(4) Lava Plateau

Answer:
C

4. Give geographical reasons.

Question 1.
Extinct conical volcanoes often form crater lakes.
Answer:
Extinct conical volcanoes often form crater lakes because-

1. An extinct volcano had no volcanic eruption for at least 10,000 years and is not expected to erupt again in future.
2. After the eruption a large and deep depression remains in that area. Smaller depressions are called craters.
3. This crater eventually gets filled with water and crater lakes are formed.
4. The water may come from precipitation, ground water circulation or melted ice.

Question 2.
People living in the Himalayas are more vulnerable to earthquakes.
Answer:
People living in the Himalayas are more vulnerable to earthquakes because-

1. Himalayan mountain ranges are formed as a result of collision of Indo-Australian plate and Eurasian plate.
2. According to plate tectonic theory, Indo-Australian plate (on which India lies) is moving towards north and is subducting under Eurasian plate.
3. This movement obviously cause friction between two plates.
4. Thus, these regions are more prone to earthquakes.

Question 3.
L-waves do not have a shadow zone.
Answer:
L-waves do not have a shadow zone because-

1. The shadow zone is the area of the earth from angular distance of 105° to 140° from a given earthquake for both P-waves as well as S-waves.
2. Generally, seismographs located at any distance withinl05° from epicentre record the arrival of S-waves and beyond 140° from epicentre record the arrival of P-waves.
3. L-waves are typically generated when the source of the earthquake is close to the earth’s surface.

Question 4.
Soft rocks form folds while hard rocks form faults.
Answer:
Soft rocks form folds while hard rocks form faults because –

1. Soft and elastic rocks are affected by compressional forces.
2. Rocks that lie deep within the crust and are therefore under high pressure are generally ductile and particularly susceptible to folding without breaking.
3. Whereas rock layers that are near the earth’s surface are too rigid to bend into folds.
4. If the tectonic force is large enough, these rocks will break rather than bend and faulting on rupture occur.

Question 5.
Folds depend on the strength of rocks and intensity of forces.
Answer:
Folds depend on the strength of rocks and intensity of forces because-

1. The elasticity of rocks largely affects the nature and magnitude of folding process.
2. The softer and more elastic rocks are subjected to intense folding while rigid and less elastic rocks are only moderately folded.
3. The compressional forces push two portions of the crustal rocks together and tend to shorten and thicken the crust.
4. Rocks that lie deep within the crust and are therefore under high pressure are generally ductile and particularly, susceptible to folding without breaking

5. Answer in detail.

Question 1.
Explain different types of faults.
Answer:
A fault is a fracture in the crustal rock, formed when the crustal rocks are displaced due to tensional movement caused by endogenic forces. The displacement of rock can occur in upward, downward or horizontal direction.
The different types of faults determined by the direction of motion are:
Normal fault: It results when a portion of land slide down along the fault plane and when the exposed portion of the plane faces the sky

Reverse fault: It results when a portion of the land is thrown upward relative to other side of the land. In such situation, the fault plane faces the ground.

Tear fault: At times, the rock strata on either side of the fault plane do not have vertical displacement. Instead, movement occurs along the plane in horizontal direction.

Thrust fault: When the portion of the land on one side of the fault plane gets detached and moves over the land on the other side. The angle of fault plane is generally less than 45°.

Question 2.
Explain with examples, different types of landforms produced by volcanic eruption.
Answer:
A number of landforms are formed due to cooling and solidification of magma. Some important landforms are:
Lava domes:

1. Domes are developed when magma comes out and solidifies around its mouth.
2. The shape of the dome depends upon the fluidity of lava.
3. High dome with steep slopes is developed by acidic lava.
4. Due to basic lava, broad – based low domes are developed.

Lava plateaus:

1. Due to spread of lava in huge quantity from fissure volcano, it covers large areas and plateaus are formed.
2. The Deccan Trap in India has developed from volcanic eruptions millions of years ago.

Caldera:

1. At times, the eruption of volcano brings about large quantity of material and relieves lot of pressure.
2. After the eruption, a large and deep depression remains in that area. This large depression is called caldera.
3. These can be around 10 km wide and hundreds of metres deep.
4. They may later turn into lakes. Smaller calderas are known as craters.

Crater lake:
When the funnel shaped crater of an extinct volcano gets filled with rain water, it forms a crater lake.

Volcanic plug:

1. It is formed when the lava solidifies in the volcanic neck.
2. The surrounding rock material is removed by different agents of erosion; the vent stands predominantly. It is called as volcanic plug.
3. The diameter of a plug varies between 300 and 600 metres.
4. The Devil’s Tower in Wyoming, United States of America is the best example.

Cinder cone:

1. Solid material is ejected in large quantity.
2. This material consists of ash, cinder and breccias.
3. Cinders are half burnt pieces of solid material.
4. The solid material is deposited around the mouth until a conical hill with steep slopes is formed.
5. For example, cone of Mt. Nuovo in Italy.

Composite cone:

1. Composite cones are built up of alternate layers of lave and cinder.
2. This cone is composed of two materials and therefore it is called a composite cone.
3. It is symmetrical in shape.
4. For example, Mt. St. Helens, USA.

Question 3.
Explain the concept of shadow zone.
Answer:

1. The waves which are caused by earthquake are called seismic waves. There are three types of waves: P-waves, S-waves and longitudinal waves.
2. P-waves can pass through all the mediums while S-wave can pass only through solid medium.
3. Even though P-waves pass through all mediums, they experience refraction as they pass from one medium to the other.
4. However, there exist some specific areas where the waves of that earthquake are not reported. Such zone is called ‘shadow zone’.
5. Generally, seismographs located at any distance within 105° from the epicentre, record both P-waves and S-wave. However, beyond 140° P-wave are recorded but not S-waves.
6. Thus, the zone between 105° and 140° is identified as the shadow zone for both types of waves.
7. The entire zone beyond 105° does not receive S-waves. The shadow zone of S-waves is much larger than that of P-waves.
8. The shadow zone of P-waves appears as a band round the earth between 105° and 140° away from the epicentre.

Question 4.
Write a note on volcanic materials.
Answer:
There are three main types of material which come out in volcanic eruptions namely liquid, solid and gaseous form.
Liquid material:

1. It is the molten rock material. When the molten rock material is below the earth’s surface, it is called ‘Magma’.
2. When it appears on the surface it is called ‘lava’. On the basic of percentage of silica, it is classified as:
3. Acidic lava : (a) It contains higher percentage of silica, (b) It has high melting point, (c) It is thick, fluid and moves slowly.
4. Basic lava : (a) It contains less percentage of silica, (b) It has low melting point, (c) It’s thicker, fluid and can flow over longer distance.

Solid material:

1. It consists of dust particles and rock fragments.
2. When the material is very fine, it is called volcanic dust.
3. The small sized solid particles are called ash.
4. The solid angular fragments are known breccias.
5. Sometimes, the lava material thrown into the air solidifies into small fragments before falling on the earth’s surface; it is called volcanic bombs.

Gaseous material:

1. At the time of volcanic eruption, a dark cloud of smoke can be seen over the crater.
2. On the basis of shape, cloud is called cauliflower cloud.
3. Various inflammable gases are found in these clouds.
4. These gases produce flames.

6. Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Folding and Faulting.
Answer:

Folding	Faulting
(i) Folds are bends in the rocks that are due to compressional forces.	(i) Faults are formed due to tensional forces along which displacement of rock takes place.
(ii) Folding occurs when compressional forces are applied to rocks that are ductile or flexible.	(ii) Faults occurs when force operating in opposite direction lead to tension and as a result rocks develops cracks on fissure.
(iii) Rocks that lie deep within the crust and are therefore under high pressure are generally ductile and particularly susceptible to folding without breaking.	(iii) Rock layers that are near the earth’s surface and not under high confining pressures are too rigid to bend into folds, but if tectonic forces are large, rocks break.
(iv) Folding leads to development of fold mountain. For e.g., the Himalayas, the Alps, etc.	(iv) Faulting results in the formation of block mountains like black forest mountain etc., and right valleys like the Narmada, Tapi, etc.

Question 2.
Normal fault and Reverse fault.
Answer:

Normal fault	Reverse fault
(i) It results when a portion of landslides down along the fault plane.	(i) It results when a portion of land is thrown upward relative to other side of the land.
(ii) The exposed portion of plane faces the sky.	(ii) The fault plane faces the ground.

Question 3.
Syncline and Anticline.
Answer:

Syncline	Anticline
(i) As and when limbs slopes towards each other and the central part located at lower elevation forms synclines.	(i) As and when limbs slopes downward with central position getting raised up, it is called anticline.
(ii) They form valleys.	(ii) They form the top / peak of the mountain.
(iii) They have a greater depth.	(iii) They are of a greater height.

Question 4.
Asymmetrical fold and Symmetrical fold.
Answer:

Asymmetrical fold	Symmetrical fold
(i) The axial plane is inclined.	(i) The axial plane is vertical.
(ii) Limbs are inclined at different angles.	(ii) Limbs are inclined at same angles.
(iii) The height and shape of limbs is not same.	(iii) The height and shape of limbs is same.

Question 5.
Mercalli scale and Richter scale.
Answer:

Mercalli scale	Richter scale
(i) It measures the intensity of earthquake.	(i) It measures the energy released during an earthquake.
(ii) The measurement is based on observed effects.	(ii) The measurement is done with the help of seismograph.
(iii) Quantified from observation of the effects on earth’s surface, human beings, objects and man- made structures.	(iii) Quantified from logarithmic scale obtained by calculating logarithm of the amplitude of waves.
(iv) Unit of measurement I (not felt) to XII (total destruction)	(iv) Unit of measurement from <2.0 to 10.0 + (never recorded) 3.0 earthquake releases 32 times more energy than a 2.0 earthquake.

Question 6.
Slow movements and Sudden movements.
Answer:

Slow movements	Sudden movements
(i) Slow movement include both vertical and horizontal movement which are caused due to forces deep within the earth.	(i) Sudden movements are caused by sudden endogenic forces coming from deep within the earth.
(ii) These movements are occurring continuously.	(ii) These movement occurs in the form of events.
(iii) Slow movements include formation of mountains and continents.	(iii) Sudden movements include event such as earthquakes and volcanoes.

7. Draw a neat and labelled diagram.

Question 1.
Types of folds
Answer:

Question 2.
Types of Faults
Answer:

Question 3.
Shadow zone
Answer:

Question 4.
Volcanic landforms
Answer:

11th Geography Digest Chapter 1 Earth Movements Intext Questions and Answers

Let’s recall (Textbook Page No. 1)

1. Observe the following pictures in fig 1.1 and discuss the questions.

Question 1.
What might be the reasons behind buildings collapsing in photo 1?
Answer:
The major reason behind the buildings collapsing in photo 1 is the occurrence of earthquakes.

Question 2.
Which event in depicted in photo 2? What impact does it bring about in the surroundings?
Answer:
The volcanic eruption and flowing of lava is depicted in photo 2. Heavy loss of life and property is experienced when the lava flows to the surrounding area.

Question 3.
In photo 3, what could be the reason behind the bend in the rock strata?
Answer:
Due to compression of sediments within the earth’s interior and pressure from overlying layers the rock strata seems to be bended.

Question 4.
What could be the reason behind the difference in altitudes of the land and the steepness of the slope in photo 4?
Answer:
The reason could be displacement of rock due to vertical movement. It may form plateau on block mountains.

Question 5.
Classify the events in the photos into sudden and slow movements.
Answer:
Sudden movements are earthquake and volcanoes in photo 1 and 2. Slow movements are formation of folds and formation of plateaus or block mountains in photo 3 and 4.

Question 6.
Example of which of these movements is not likely to be found in the mainland of Indian sub- continent?
Answer:
The volcanic eruptions are not found in mainland of India sub-continent.

2. On 19th August, 2018, around 300 people died in Indonesia. Many buildings collapsed. Many roads broke apart. A tsunami was generated. (Textbook Page No. 6)

Question 1.
What was the cause behind these events?
Answer:
Collision of tectonic plates was the causes behind the events.

Question 2.
What actually happened during this natural event?
Answer:
A very high intensity earthquake struck north eastern parts of Indonesian coastline, where subsequent landslides into sea triggered tsunamis.

Question 3.
Name the energy waves involved in this natural event.
Answer:
Tsunamis were involved in this natural event where the tectonic plates moved horizontally.

Question 4.
Observe the diagram in fig. 1.9 and label the boxes.

Answer:

Think about it.

Question 1.
How will compressional forces affect brittle rocks? (Textbook Page No. 3)
Answer:
The compressional forces will break the brittle rocks into pieces.

Question 2.
A mountain never remains a mountain’. Can you relate this idiom with the mountain building process? (Textbook Page No. 4)
Answer:
This happens because of continuous erosional activities taking place on the mountain sides. Running water glaciers, wind, volcanic activities keep on changing the surface of a mountain.

Question 3.
When can faults form is fold mountains? (Textbook Page No. 6)
Answer:
If compression takes place along the faults, folds can be formed.

Question 4.
Can folds form into block mountains? Find the reason and discuss. (Textbook Page No. 6)
Answer:
No, folds cannot form into block mountains because folding takes place due to compression of elastic rocks and block mountains are formed due to displacement of rocks owing to tension.

Question 5.
Look at fig.1.10 and answer following questions. During an earthquake, do you think the seismic waves reach entire portion of the earth. Is there any region on the earth’s surface where a given earthquake will not be reported? (Textbook Page No. 6)
Answer:
It’s the shadow zone of P-waves and S-waves where the seismic waves do not reach. No there is no region on the earth’s surface where a given earthquake is not reported.

Question 6.
Why has the shadow zone for L-waves not been shown in fig 1.10? (Textbook Page No. 7)
Answer:
L-waves travel through the circumference of the earth. Thus, they do not been form shadow zone.

Try this.

Question 1.
Observe the diagrams in fig. 1.5. Try to understand the different types of fold shown in the diagram. Write the name of the fold. (Textbook Page No. 4)

Answer:

1. Symmetrical fold.
2. Isoclinal fold
3. Asymmetrical fold
4. Recumbent fold
5. Overturned fold

Question 2.
Observe the diagram in fig. 1.6 and read the explanation regarding the characteristics of various faults given. Identify the faults and match each of them with their characteristics. (Textbook Page No. 5)

Answer:
A – Normal fault B – Reverse fault C – Thrust fault D – Tear fault

Can you tell? (Textbook Page No. 7)

In fig 1.10 textbook page 6 A, B, C are three points on the earth’s surface. Analyse their location with respect to epicentre and shadow zones
Answer:
A, B, C are the points on the surface of the earth.
(i) ‘A’ point is located with 105° from the epicentre, therefore P waves and S waves reach at ‘A’ point. The seismograph at !A’ point records both waves, therefore ‘A’ point is not in shadow zone.

(ii) ‘B’ point is in shadow zone because both the waves do not reach there. P waves pass through all mediums, they experience refraction as they pass on one medium to another. The seismograph records P waves, which is located away from ‘B’ point. But P waves are not recorded in an area between 105 and 140° from epicentre. The S waves also do not reach here. Therefore, it is called ‘Shadow zone’ of Earthquake waves.

(iii) ‘C’ point is in the area of the shadow zone of ‘S’ waves, that in within 140°. P waves reach beyond 140°. Since ‘S’ waves do not reach here, it is called ‘Shadow zone of S waves’.

Question 1.
On the basis of the intensity of damage risk, India is classified into five risk zone. Use the given weblink http://www.bmtpc.org/DataFiles/CMS/file/map%20of%20india/eq-india. pdf and complete the table given. (Textbook Page No. 9)
Answer:

Zone	Degree of Risk	States / UTs
I	Least	–
II	Low	–
III	Moderate	–
IV	High	Jammu & Kashmir. Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Parts of Indo Gangetic plains (North Punjab, Chandigarh, Western Uttar Pradesh) Delhi, Maharashtra, Bihar.
V	Very High	Region of Kashmir, Andaman and Nicobar island.

Read the following passage about Krakatoa volcanic eruption and answer the following questions. (Textbook Page No. 10)

There is an island known as Krakatoa between the islands of Java and Su matra in Indonesia. There were frequent volcanic eruptions here. From May 1883, massive explosions began. The eruption that took place at about 10 in the morning on 28 August 1883 was the largest ever recorded explosion. As a result of this explosion, the entire island disappeared. During this eruption, rock particles and dust thrown up in the atmosphere was about 25 km³. The column of this dust-ash rose as high as 80 km.

The discharge of Krakatoa threw into the air nearly 21 km3 of rock fragments, and large quantities of ash fell over an area of some 800,000 km². Near the volcano, masses of floating pumice, were so thick that ships had to halt. The surrounding region was plunged into darkness for two and a half days because of ash in the air. For some years after this, cloud kept moving round the earth. About 36,000 people died in these eruptions and the tsunami waves created by it.

In 1927, volcanic eruptions began at the same place and a new island rose in place of the Krakatoa island that had vanished. It was named Anak Krakatoa’ or ‘Child Krakatoa’. The volcano here constantly emits ash and steam. This new island has now become a laboratory for geologists and biologists.

Question 1.
Make a list of materials that came out during eruptions.
Answer:
Rock, particles, dust, ash, floating pumice, steam were the materials that came out during eruption.

Question 2.
Classify them into liquid, solid and gaseous forms.
Answer:

Liquid	Solid	Gaseous
Pumice	Rock particles	Steam
	Dust
	Ash

Find out! (Textbook Page No. 9)

Find out examples of active, dormant and extinct volcanoes.
Answer:
Examples of active volcanoes are – Mt. Etna (Italy), Stromboli (Italy), Mt. Merapi (Indonesia), Erta Ale (Ethiopia), Mt. Erebus (Antarctica)
Examples of dormant volcanoes – Mt. Kilimanjaro (Africa), Mt. Katmai (Alaska)
Examples of extinct volcanoes – Mt. Egmont (New Zealand), Chimborazo (Ecuador), Mt. Kulal (Kenya)

Give it a try (Textbook Page No. 8)

Take the given hypothetical data in the table. The data shows the time of arrival of P-waves and S-waves at 3 seismograph stations. Assume the scale of the map as 1 cm : 18 km. See fig. 1.11.

Recording Station	P-wave arrival time (IST)	S-wave arrival time
Jalana	11 : 06 : 06	11 : 06 : 19
Washim	11 : 06 : 46	11 : 07 : 03
Aurangabad	11 : 07 : 06	11 : 07 : 24

Answer:
Speed of waves = 08 kms per second
Scale of the map = 1 cm
= 18 kms
First step : Find out the difference in time for waves at Jalana recording centre.
Difference in time of waves = Time of S-wave – Time of P-wave
11 : 06 : 19 (Time of S-wave)
11 : 06 : 06 (Time of P-wave)
= (Time of S-wave) – (Time of P-wave)
= 11 : 06 : 19 – 11 : 06 : 06
= 00 : 00 : 13
Therefore difference in time for waves at Jalana recording centre is 13 seconds.

Second Step : Find out distance on land between Jalana and Epicentre
Distance on land = Difference in time of waves × speed of waves per second
= 13 × 8
= 104
Therefore distance on land between Jalana and Epicentre is 104 km.

Third Step : Find out radius for Jalana Station.
Jalana – Radius of circle = \(\frac {Distance on land}{Scale of the map}\)
= \(\frac {104}{18}\)
= 5.7 cm.
Therefore radius of circle around Jalana station is 5.7 cm.
Now find out radium for remaing stations.
Jalana – 5.7 cm, Washim – 7.5 cm, Aurangabad – 8 cm.

Fouth step : Now draw circles around Jalana, Washim and Aurangad with the help of radius calculated.
All arcs of circle will intersect one another at a particular point. That point is the location of Epicentre.
In the map given below Epicentre is to the south of Mudgal.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Economics Solutions Chapter 1 Basic Concept in Economics Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Economics Solutions Chapter 1 Basic Concept in Economics

1. Choose the correct option:

Question 1.
Statements related to Economics:
(a) Economics is a social science.
(b) Concept of economics is derived from the Greek word ‘Oikonomia’.
(c) Economics is related to the study of human economic behaviour.
(d) Economics is related to the management of the household.
Options:
(1) a, b and c
(2) a and b
(3) b and c
(4) a, b, c, and d
Answer:
(1) a, b and c

Question 2.
Statements incorrect with reference to Adam Smith’s definition:
(a) Adam Smith is a classical economist.
(b) Wealth of Nations is authored by Adam Smith.
(c) Economics is the science of wealth.
(d) Economics studies common man.
Options:
(1) d
(2) a, b and c
(3) a and d
(4) c and d
Answer:
(1) d

Question 3.
Key points in Lionel Robbins’ definition:
(a) Wants are unlimited
(b) Means are limited
(c) Wants are not gradable
(d) Means have alternative uses.
Options:
(1) a and b
(2) b and c
(3) a, b and d
(4) a, b, c, and d
Answer:
(4) a, b, c, and d

Question 4.
Statements related to wealth:
(a) Wealth means anything which has market value and can be exchanged for money.
(b) It is external to a human beings.
(c) Wealth has no utility.
(d) Wealth is scarce and exchangeable.
Options:
(1) a, b and d
(2) a, c and d
(3) b, c, and d
(4) None of the above
Answer:
(1) a, b and d

Question 5.
Aspects considered in National Income:
(a) Final goods and services are included in national income.
(b) Produced goods in a financial year are included in national income.
(c) Double counting is avoided.
(d) Value is considered as per market price.
Options:
(1) a and c
(2) b and c
(3) a, c and d
(4) a, b, c, and d
Answer:
(3) a, c and d

2. Complete the correlation:

Question 1.
Natural sciences : Exact sciences : : Social sciences : ___________
Answer:
Abstract/Inexact Sciences

Question 2.
Physics : ___________ : : Psychology : Social Science
Answer:
Natural Science

Question 3.
Arthashastra : Kautilya : : Wealth of Nations : ___________
Answer:
Adam Smith

Question 4.
Necessity : ___________ : : Comforts : Washing machine
Answer:
Food

Question 5.
Free goods : Value-in-use : : Economic goods : ___________
Answer:
Value-in-exchange

3. Identify and explain the concepts from the given illustrations:

Question 1.
My father purchased a two-wheeler vehicle. This helps to fulfill my travel needs.
Answer:
Comfort Want.
Comforts are those wants that make our life comfortable. In the above illustration, the purchase of a two-wheeler vehicle will make my travel easier. It is not a necessity, it is for my comfort.

Question 2.
A study of the annual income of the family of Ramesh.
Answer:
Micro Economic – Personal Income
Microeconomics is the study of particular firms, particular households’ individual prices, wages, incomes, individual industries, particulars commodities. In the above illustration, since it is a study of individual families, it will rightly be said as microeconomic and form the part of Personal Income.

Question 3.
As per the data for the financial year 2018-19, the country’s production of goods and services increased by 20%.
Answer;
Economic Growth.
Economic growth means an increase in the real national income of the country. In the above illustration, since the country’s production of goods and services has increased, it is rightly said to be economic growth.

Question 4.
Karuna’s mother saves ₹ 1000/- every month out of her given salary.
Answer:
Savings.
Saving is a part of income, which is kept aside to meet future needs. In the above illustration, since Karuna’s mother is foregoing her current consumption, it forms part of her savings.

Question 5.
Ram’s father utilized his provident fund amount to set up the grocery store.
Answer:
Investment.
Investment refers to the creation of capital assets through mobilisation of savings. In the above case, Mr. Ram’s father mobilises his savings of provident fund into a business of grocery store, which is called as Investment.

4. Answer the following:

Question 1.
Explain the features of wealth.
Answer:
In economics, wealth is anything that has market value and which commands a price.
Wealth is a commodity that can be exchanged for money.
A commodity must possess the following features to be considered wealth.

• Utility
• Scarcity
• Transferability
• Externality

(i) Utility: Utility means the capacity of a commodity to satisfy a human want. A commodity must have to want satisfying power. E.g. books, calculators, etc. have utility. So they are regarded as wealthy.

(ii) Scarcity: A commodity is called wealth, if it is scarce in supply then its demand. All economic goods are considered as wealth because the price is paid for them due to scarcity.

(iii) Transferability: A commodity is called wealth if it can be transferred from one person to another. It includes material or tangible goods. E.g. furniture, car, etc.

(iv) Externality: A commodity is regarded as wealth only if it has externality i.e. it must be external to the human body. E.g. computer.
(In the case of transferability, Physical transferability means the actual transfer of goods from one person to another. Whereas, notional transferability refers to the transfer of ownership rights. E.g. land, building, etc.) Internal qualities of human beings like voice, beauty, etc. are neither external nor transferable. So they are not wealthy in an economic sense.

Question 2.
Explain the characteristics of human wants.
Answer:
In the ordinary sense, the word, ‘want,’ and ‘need’ are considered as same. But, in economics, a need is something that is necessary for survival whereas, want is the expression of lack of satisfaction. It enables the person to satisfy his want.

Characteristics of wants are as follows:

• Wants are unlimited: Wants are multiple. They are never-ending. They arise again and again. When one want is satisfied another arises. Wants go on increasing.
• Wants are recurring in nature: Some of the humans want to occur again and again. They arise even if it is satisfied once. E.g. We take food after a certain time interval to satisfy hunger.
• Wants are complementary: Some wants are complementary to each other. Sometimes, two or more goods are required to satisfy single want. E.g. the want for mobile can be satisfied only when we fulfill the want of a sim card.
• Wants to differ with gender: Wants of men and women are different, as per their needs. E.g. a lady may take Saree while a gentleman wants a Shirt and Tie.
• Wants to differ with age: Human wants to go on changing as age differs. E.g. a baby wants a doll whereas a student wants a book, etc.
• Wants are competitive: We cannot satisfy all our wants at a time because means are limited. So there is competition among wants. That want is preferred first which is most urgent.
• Wants are alternative: Some wants are alternative. E.g. having tea or coffee, using an umbrella or raincoat, etc.
• Wants to differ with culture: Human wants to vary with culture. E.g. an American wants a coat and hat while an Indian wants a kurta.
• Wants to differ with climate: Wants to go on changing with the season. E.g. a person who wants woolen clothes in winter and Ice-cream in summer.
• Wants to differ with preferences: Human wants to differ according to tastes and preferences. Wants are also influenced by the habits of the people. E.g. Person ‘A’ has a preference for books, while Person ‘B’ has a preference for clothes.

5. State with reasons whether you agree or disagree with the following statements:

Question 1.
All wants can be satisfied at a time.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with the statement.

• Human wants are unlimited.
• They are unending. If one want is satisfied, another want arises and this goes on to increase.
• Some wants occur again and again even if satisfied once.

Question 2.
Human wants change as per the seasons and preferences.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with the statement.

• In the economic sense want means a feeling of ‘lack of satisfaction,
• This feeling enables the person to satisfy his want.
• Human wants to differ with seasons.
• E.g. a person requires woolen clothes in winter and an umbrella in the rainy season.
• Wants also differ from preferences, i.e. they are influenced by individual habits and tastes.

Question 3.
Value-in-use and Value-in-exchange are the same.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with the statement.

• Value-in-use refers to the usefulness of a commodity. Air, Water, Sunshine, etc. have high value in use.
• They are basically free goods.
• Value in exchange means the value of a commodity expressed in terms of money that is the price of a commodity.
• E.g. Car, T.V., computers, etc., have value-in-exchange as they command a price. They are called economic goods. Thus, value in use and value in exchange is not the same.

6. Answer in detail:

Question 1.
Explain the basic concepts of macroeconomics.
Answer:
Macroeconomics is the study of aggregates covering the entire economy like total employment, national income, national output, total investment, total savings, total consumption, aggregate supply, aggregate demand, general price level, etc.

Concepts of Macro Economics.

• National Income: It is the aggregate monetary value of all final goods and services produced in a country during a year.
• Saving: It is that part of income that is not spent currently as consumption in order to satisfy future needs.
• Investment: It means the creation of capital assets through mobilisation of savings, e.g. investment in machinery, equipment, etc.
• Trade Cycles: Fluctuations in business due to inflation and deflation in the economy are called trade cycles.
• Economic Growth: It means an increase in the real income of the country, over a larger period of time It
  is a quantitative concept.
• Economic Development: It means economic growth along with progressive changes in the well-being of the people of the country. It is a qualitative concept.

11th Economics Digest Chapter 1 Basic Concept in Economics Intext Questions and Answers

Do you know? [Textbook Page. No. 1]

Who was Kautilya?
Answer:
Kautilya was a great statesman, philosopher, economist, and royal advisor during the Mourya period. He is also known as ‘Chanakya’ or ‘Vishnugupta’. He wrote a book called ‘Arthashastra’.

Do you know? [Textbook Page. No. 2]

(a) Who contributed to the field of Environmental Economics?
Answer:
Mr. Nordhaus contributed to the field of Environmental Economics.

(b) Who won Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics for 2018?
Answer:
Paul Romer and William Nordhaus won Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics for 2018.

Find out: [Textbook Page No. 2]

Other Nobel Prize winners in Economics.
Answer:
Nobel Prize Winners (2010 – 2017)

Year	Noble Prize Winners
2010	Dale T. Mortensen, Christopher A. Pissarides, Peter Diamond
2011	Thomas J. Sargent, Christopher A. Sims
2012	Alvin E. Roth, Lloyd Shapley
2013	Robert J. Shiller, Eugene Fama, Lars Peter Hansen
2014	Jean Tirole
2015	Angus Deaton
2016	Bengt Holmstrom, Olive Hart
2017	Richard Thaler
2018	William Nordhaus, Paul Romer
2019	Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo, Michael Kremer
2020	Paul Milgrom, Robert B. Wilson

Do you know? [Textbook Pg. No. 2]

Name the economist belonging to:

Classical School of Thought of 18th century	Neo-classical School of Thought of 19th and 1st half of 20th century	Modern School of Thought from 20th century till date.

Answer:

Classical School of Thought of 18th century	Neo-classical School of Thought of 19th and 1st half of 20th century	Modern School of Thought from 20th century till date.
Adam Smith, David Ricardo, J. S. Mill, T. R. Malthus, etc.	Alfred Marshall, A. C. Pigou, Irving Fisher, etc.	J. M. Keynes, Lionel Robbins, Paul Samuelson, etc.

Find out. [Textbook Page No. 4]

Which of the following is ‘free good’ or ‘economic good’?

• Water in river
• Oxygen in cylinder
• Sunshine
• Water processed for drinking
• Air

Answer:

Free Good	Economic Good
Water in river Sunshine Air	Oxygen in cylinder Water processed for drinking

Do you know? [Textbook Page No. 5]

What do you mean by Physical transferability and Notional transferability?
Answer:
Physical transferability: When goods can be actually transferred from one person to another and from one place to another place it has physical transferability. E.g. Motor Car, Furniture, Machinery, etc. Notional transferability: When goods cannot be actually transferred physically it has notional transferability. E.g. Land, Building, etc.

Try this: [Textbook Page No. 5]

Prepare a list of commodities that satisfy the condition of physical transferability and notional transferability.
Answer:

Commodities having Physical Transferability	Commodities having Notional Transferability
Motor Car Furniture Machinery Consumer goods	Land Building Premises

Do you know? [Textbook Page No. 5]

Why are inborn qualities not considered wealth?
Answer:
Inborn qualities like beauty, melodious voice, etc. are not considered as wealth because they do not possess all the features of wealth like – externality and transferability.

You Should Know? [Textbook Page No. 5]

Explain various types of income?
Answer:

• Fixed income: Income that remains stable over a period of time is called fixed income. It is always positive. E.g. rent, wages, etc.
• Fluctuating income: Income that is not fixed but keeps on changing is called Fluctuating income. E.g. profit. It can be positive, negative, or zero.
• Money income: Income received in the actual currency of the country is called Money income. It is the income in cash, E.g. ₹ 70,000.
• Real income: The purchasing power of money income is called Real income. E.g. Commodities purchased out of money income.
• Contractual income: Income paid as per the terms and conditions of the contract is called Contractual income. E.g. rent, wages, etc.
• Residual income: Income that is left over after making payments to all factors of production is called residual income, E.g. profit.
• Earned income: Income obtained after participating in the productive activity is called Earned income. E.g. rent, wages, interest, profit.
• Unearned income: Income received from all sources without indulging in any productive activity is called Unearned income. E.g. windfall gains, lottery prizes.

Always remember [Textbook Page No. 6]

What activities are considered ‘unproductive’?
Answer:
Activities that are carried out just for sake of charity or hobby or where no monetary exchange takes place are considered as ‘unproductive’ activities.

Do you know? [Textbook Page No. 7]

What is ‘Cyclical Unemployment’?
Answer:
Unemployment created due to the impact of cyclical fluctuations is called ‘Cyclical Unemployment. It occurs due to inflation and depression in the economy.

Find out: [Textbook Page No. 7]

Which of the following terms is a part of microeconomics or macroeconomics?

• Global poverty
• Price of a commodity
• Balance of payments
• Profits of a firm
• National income

Answer:

Micro Economics	Macro Economics
Price of a commodity Profits of a firm	Global Poverty Balance of payments National Income