Category: Class 12

Mathematical Logic Class 12 Commerce Maths 1 Chapter 1 Exercise 1.5 Answers Maharashtra Board

Balbharati Maharashtra State Board 12th Commerce Maths Solution Book Pdf Chapter 1 Mathematical Logic Ex 1.5 Questions and Answers.

Std 12 Maths 1 Exercise 1.5 Solutions Commerce Maths

Question 1.
Use qualifiers to convert each of the following open sentences defined on N, into a true statement:
(i) x² + 3x – 10 = 0
Solution:
∃ x ∈ N, such that x² + 3x – 10 = 0 is a true statement
(x = 2 ∈ N satisfy x² + 3x – 10 = 0)

(ii) 3x – 4 < 9
Solution:
∃ x ∈ N, such that 3x – 4 < 9 is a true statement.
(x = 1, 2, 3, 4 ∈ N satisfy 3x – 4 < 9)

(iii) n² ≥ 1
Solution:
∀ n ∈ N, n² ≥ 1 is a true statement.
(All n ∈ N satisfy n² ≥ 1)

(iv) 2n – 1 = 5
Solution:
∃ x ∈ N, such that 2n – 1 = 5 is a true statement.
(n = 3 ∈ N satisfy 2n – 1 = 5)

(v) y + 4 > 6
Solution:
∃ y ∈ N, such that y + 4 > 6 is a true statement.
(y = 3, 4, 5, … ∈ N satisfy y + 4 > 6

(vi) 3y – 2 ≤ 9
Solution:
∃ y ∈ N, such that 2y ≤ 9 is a true statement.
(y = 1, 2, 3 ∈ N satisfy 3y – 2 ≤ 9).

Question 2.
If B = {2, 3, 5, 6, 7}, determine the truth value of each of the following:
(i) ∀ x ∈ B, x is a prime number.
Solution:
(i) x = 6 ∈ B does not satisfy x is a prime number.
So, the given statement is false, hence its truth value is F.

(ii) ∃ n ∈ B, such that n + 6 > 12.
Solution:
Clearly n = 7 ∈ B satisfies n + 6 > 12.
So, the given statement is true, hence its truth value is T.

(iii) ∃ n ∈ B, such that 2n + 2 < 4.
Solution:
No element n ∈ B satisfy 2n + 2 < 4.
So, the given statement is false, hence its truth value is F.

(iv) ∀ y ∈ B, y² is negative.
Solution:
No element y ∈ B satisfy y² is negative.
So, the given statement is false, hence its truth value is F.

(v) ∀ y ∈ B, (y – 5) ∈ N.
Solution:
y = 2 ∈ B, y = 3 ∈ B and y = 5 ∈ B do not satisfy (y – 5) ∈ N.
So, the given statement is false, hence its truth value is F.

Maharashtra State Board Std 12th Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions 

• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.1 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.2 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.3 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.4 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.5 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.6 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.7 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.8 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.9 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.10 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Miscellaneous Exercise 1 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions

Std 12 History Chapter 1 Question Answer Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 12 India Transformed Part 2 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 12 History Chapter 1 Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 12 Chapter 1 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
In 1995, the health department of the Indian government launched the campaign, dubbed as __________
(a) Measles-Rubella
(b) Pulse Polio
(c) B.C.G.
(d) Triple vaccine
Answer:
(b) Pulse Polio

Question 2.
The first district in __________ to become completely literate was Ernakulum.
(a) Gujrat
(b) Kerala
(c) Karnataka
(d) Tamil Nadu
Answer:
(b) Kerala

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Answer:
SEESCAP – Institute for conservation of long-billed vultures

2. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
Commission established vide Human Right Protection Act –
Answer:
National Human Rights Commission

Question 2.
The player who was awarded the highest title, ‘Bharat Ratna’ –
Answer:
Mr. Sachin Tendulkar

3. Complete the following concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

4. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Speed Post
Answer:

• The Indian postal department started the service of speed post in 1986 which changed the nature of post service.
• This service was used by the majority of Indians, more than three crore letters and parcels were delivered from this service.
• The customer will get the message of successful delivery of their items.
• The postal department now offers courier services like passport delivery, business parcels, cash-on-delivery, logistics posts, and air freights.
• The post office even offers a packaging service. Over one lakh and fifty thousand post offices are offering the services like paying bills, sending festive cards and other objects.
• Since 2016, the postal department has started service of delivering Ganges water from Rishikesh and Gangotri at personal addresses.
• Buying personalised postage stamps with personal photographs and special schemes for philatelists are also available at ‘Post Shops’ opened at 80 post offices.

Question 2.
Air Pollution
Answer:

• The entire world, nowadays, is facing the problem of air pollution which is mainly done by vehicles.
• All most every state in India is facing the problem of air pollution.
• The ‘Centre for Science and Environment’, studied and proved that the increasing number of automobiles and vehicles of poor maintenance are the causes of air pollution in Delhi.
• The institution recommended the following suggestions to curb air pollution:
  • Use of CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) as fuel.
  • It was decided that vehicles without a ‘PUC’ certificate will not qualify for insurance and renewal of insurance.
• In this way, we can curb air pollution and make our environment clean and pure.

Question 3.
Eradication of Polio.
Answer:

• The government of India launched a campaign for the eradication of polio from India.
• The health department of the Indian government launched the campaign known as ‘Pulse Polio’ which was started with the joint sponsorship of‘World Health Organisation – WHO, Rotary International, UNICEF, and Indian Government.’
• The objective of the campaign was not to leave a single child under the age of five years without administering the polio vaccine.
• Awareness camps, home visits, and extensive advertising made this campaign successful.

5. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Explain the sports policy of the Government of India.
Answer:
India is home to a diverse population playing and showing their talent in a variety of different sports. Every nation needs a well-knit sports policy.

• In 2001, the Government of India announced its sports policy. The main objective of this policy is:
  • To take sports to all parts of India.
  • To help the players to develop special skills.
  • To build supportive and fundamental sports facilities.
  • To help the National Sports Federation of India and associated institutions to search for sports talent.
  • To initiate co-operation from industries, corporate and private institutions for the cause of sports.
  • To create awareness of the importance of sports and interest in sports among people.
• In 2011, the Indian government announced a novel scheme for sports named ‘Come and Play’.
• Sports Authority of India gave permission to use five sports complexes in Delhi to local youths.
• They were also provided an opportunity to train under Sports Authority of India (SAI) coaches.
• The National Sports University was founded in Manipur in 2018.
• This university offers different courses from Bachelor and Masters to M.Phil. and Ph.D. Apart from this, sports universities also offer courses in sports, education, sports management, sports psychology, coaching, etc. Research in sports is also encouraged in the sports university.
• Khelo India.

Question 2.
Which programmes and facilities are created by the Ministry of Tourism of the Indian government to attract tourists?
Answer:
India has a rich cultural heritage. Several tourists visit India each year to see its cultural heritage, monuments, etc. The tourism industry is a continuously growing industry which also gives foreign exchange to the country. The Indian Government has adopted different policies to attract tourists. They are as follows:

• The government provides different facilities to the tourists who visit India. The three ministries of home affairs, tourism, and foreign affairs together created the facility of e-visa which included e-business visas, e-medical visas, and e-visa.
• A facility of giving information to tourists on mobile in Hindi and 10 other foreign languages, for 24 hours throughout the week was started.
• To avail of this facility, tourists have to dial 1363. The information regarding cruise tours, health, and sports tourism, eco-friendly tourism, adventurous sports tourism, film festivals are given through this service.
• Hotels with amenities and premium quality accommodation including luxurious services are available to the tourists.
• The Institutes which offer training courses in ‘Hospitality and Hotel Management’ have been established in major cities of India.
• An advertisement campaign called ‘Atulya Bharat’ was designed to attract tourists.
• A travel show entitled ‘GONORTHEAST’ was released on the Discovery channel to boost the tourism of beautiful places in the northeastern states of India.
• The government took the help of electronic and digital media channels like Discovery, BBC, History is showcasing various programs introducing India’s historical and cultural heritage.
• Swadesh’ and ‘Prasad’ schemes were launched by the Ministry of Tourism of Government of India to encourage visits to 95 pilgrimage and spiritual centers in India.
• The Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, and Federation of Associations in Indian Tourism and Hospitality (FAITH) organized Indian Tourism Mart – 2018. This was the first event based on the model of International Tourism Marts in other countries.

6. State your opinion.

Question 1.
Joint military practice sessions are beneficial for both participant countries.
Answer:

• Such sessions are extremely helpful for both countries because of the technological exchange that happens on these occasions.
• It also helps the armies of both the countries to know, learn and practice new methods of resolving problems.
• The process of modernization of arms gives impetus to further research.
• Due to the development of science and technology, there is increasing scope for the exchange of the latest technology to fight terrorism, to augment our own competencies, and optimum use of modern technology for the end of terrorism.
• The Indian army carried out exercises with different countries e.g., exercise with Oman army at Bakloh, there were combined exercises of Mangolian army and Jammu and Kashmir Rifles.

Question 2.
All of us have the responsibility of taking care of our heritage places.
Answer:

• India has an extraordinary and vast cultural heritage. It is in the form of ancient monuments, buildings, and other archaeological sites and remains.
• These monuments are the living witnesses of our golden historic era.
• It is our duty to preserve the monuments for the next generations. A little initiate from our side can save our heritage.
• The tourism industry generated foreign exchange on a large scale. Tourists come to India every year to see its cultural heritage. Therefore, it is our duty to preserve and protect our heritage.
• As a citizen of India, we should spread awareness among the people about the importance of the preservation of monuments. A little effort on our side can create desirable changes which will make past, present, and future generations of the country and the entire world proud of us.

Class 12 History Chapter 12 India Transformed Part 2 Intext Questions and Answers

Try to do this: (Textbook Page No. 100)

NRHM – Make a list of the benefits of the National Rural Health Mission to people.
Answer:

• The Indian government launched National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) in April 2005 with an aim to strengthen the health systems in rural and urban areas. The list of the benefits of the NRHM are as follows:
• It aims to provide equitable, affordable, and quality healthcare services.
• It has strengthened the healthcare infrastructure.
• It has brought down the maternal mortality rate among poor pregnant women.
• The prevalence of tobacco use and the number of tobacco users have been reduced.
• The Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram entitles pregnant women to give birth in public health institutions at no expense.
• The government launched different schemes for community participation under NRHM. Rogi Kalyan Samiti is responsible for maintaining the facilities and ensuring the provision of better facilities for the patients in the hospital.
• Established the Global Knowledge Hub for smokeless tobacco. It also issued an advisory to ban Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems.
• After the implementation of various initiates under NHRM many states have shown improved progress in healthcare facilities.

Try to do this: (Textbook Page No. 100)

Make a list of solutions to reduce the levels of air pollution.
Answer:
Air pollution is the biggest threat to the environment and to all living species. Following are some of the solutions to reduce the level of air pollution:

• Public Transport: Encourage greater use of public transport i.e. the use of railways, bus services or metros, etc. Instead of using private vehicles, people should encourage to use public transport.
• Use of CNG Vehicles: Citizens should also be encouraged to use CNG vehicles as it is a much cleaner fuel than petrol or diesel. New registration should be discouraged by increasing registration charges of vehicles.
• Use bicycles: Using bicycles is the best way to reduce air pollution. The government should mark out bicycle lanes in residential colonies as well as on roads.
• Plant and care for trees: Trees filter pollutants and absorb carbon dioxide. Trees release oxygen into the atmosphere. The practice of planting trees provides more benefits to the environment.
• Use less energy: Use energy-efficient appliances. Turn off electrical appliances when not in use. Get an energy audit done and follow the advice.
• Avoid the use of crackers: Avoid the use of crackers during festivals and weddings as it creates a lot of air pollution and is harmful to birds and animals including human beings.
• Reuse, Reduce and Recycle: The three ‘Rs’ are the best way to reduce air pollution.
• Avoid using chemical products: Avoid using chemical products like paint, perfumes, sprays, etc as they contain harmful products. Try to use products with less chemical content.
• Prevention of forest fires and burning of garbage: Don’t burn garbage or leaves because it releases harmful smoke in the air which decreases the quality of air.

Try to do this: (Textbook Page No. 102)

1990 was the ‘International Year of Literacy’. Make a list of similarly declared international years for special causes and campaigns launched on the occasion.
Answer:
The following are the international years currently observed by the United Nations.
2024:

• International Year of Camelids

2022:

• International Year of Artisanal Fisheries and Aquaculture

2021:

• International Year of Peace and Trust
• International Year of Creative Economy for Sustainable Development
• International Year of Fruits and Vegetables
• International Year of Eliminations of Child Labour

2020:

• International Year of Planet Health
• International Year of the Nurse and Midwife

2019:

• International Year of Indigenous Languages
• International Year of Moderation
• International Year of Periodic Table of Chemical Elements

2017:

• International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development.

2016:

• International Year of Pulses

2015:

• International Year of Light and Light-based Technologies
• International Year of Soils

2014:

• International Year of Solidarity with the Palestinian People
• International Year of Small Island Developing States
• International Year of Crystallography
• International Year of Family Farming

2013:

• International Year of Water cooperation
• International Year of Quinoa

2012:

• International Year of Cooperatives
• International Year of Sustainable Energy for All

2011:

• International Year of Forest
• International Year of Chemistry
• The International Year of African Descent

2010:

• The International Year of Biodiversity
• The International Year for the Rapprochement of cultures
• The International Year of Youth

2009:

• The International Year of Astronomy
• The International Year of Human Rights Learning
• The International Year of Natural Fibres
• The International Year of Reconciliation

2008:

• The International Year of Languages
• The International Year of Planet Earth
• The International Year of the Potato
• The International Year of Sanitation

2007-08:

• International Polar Year

2006:

• International Year of Deserts and Desertification

2005:

• International Year of Physics
• International Year of Sport and Physical Education
• International Year of Microcredit

2004:

• International Year of Rice
• International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition

2003:

• International Year of Freshwater
• Year of Kyrgyz Statehood

2002:

• International Year of Mountains
• International Year of Eco-tourism
• United Nations Year for Cultural Heritage

2001:

• International Year of Volunteers
• International Year of Mobilisation against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia, and Related Intolerance
• United Nations Year of Dialogue among Civilisation

2000:

• International Year of Thanksgiving
• International Year for the Culture of Peace

Find out and tell us (Textbook Page No. 106)

Make a list of employment opportunities generated by the tourism industry.
Answer:
The travel and tourism industry in India is growing rapidly so many opportunities are available in the coming years in this field. Some of the opportunities that are available in the tourism industry are as follows:
(i) Hotels: Many job perspectives are available in the hotel industry. Some fields of hotel industries are

• Manager
• Operations
• Housekeeping
• Food and Beverage
• Front office
• Gardener
• Security officer/personnel etc.

(ii) Airlines: One can take up the following job in airlines

• Pilot
• Ground staff (Traffic Assistant, Counter staff, Booking, and Reservation)
• Flight Attendant

(iii) Tourism Department:

• Tour guides
• Tour planner
• Information assistants
• Reservation and counter staffs
• Sales and Marketing
• Interpreters
• Translators

(iv) Transportation Industry:
This is an ever-growing industry where one can have many job opportunities. Job opportunities are available in all types of transportation i.e.

• Railway service
• Bus service
• Cruise service or ferry service
• Private transportation – Cars, Rickshaws, Horse riding, etc.

(v) The employment opportunities are also available in the management of adventure sports, theme parks, amusement parks, water sports, mountaineering, children’s fantasy land, etc.

(vi) The other job opportunities in this field include Destination Manager, Itinerary Planner, Travel Agent, Foreign Exchange, Counselor, etc.

Find out and tell us (Textbook Page No. 106)

Suggest ways and means to enhance the heritage and historical tourism in India.
Answer:
Heritage and historical tourism tend to attract many tourists. Different ways and means to enhance, this type of tourism are as follows:

• Build better roads and access points to the heritage sites, packaged train travel, proper bus connections should be provided to the tourists.
• Aggressive tourism and marketing strategies are also necessary whether it is broadcasting the ‘Incredible India’ campaign abroad, holding different seminars, or offering Indian locations with facilities to promote foreign film productions in the country are some of the strategies.
• The Government of India has already started making a lot of improvements in this area. We need to capitalize on India as a destination. The government should make a documentary based on the heritage of India. One can even design a promotional campaign to enhance historical tourism.
• The historical places always have a story to tell. They offer amazing aesthetics and attract people from all over the world. If tourism is accompanied by mind-blowing hotels, resorts, good public transportation facilities, and delectable cuisine then it becomes an added advantage to the tourist.

Project (Textbook Page No. 108)

Make a list of various business opportunities available at tourist destinations.
Answer:
Introduction: Tourism is a continuously growing industry. By the early 21st century, international tourism had become one of the world’s most important activities. Various business opportunities are available at the tourist destinations and they are as follows:
(i) Travel Agency: Everyone needs a platform where customers can come to and take advice about tour packages of different places which travel agency provides. The travel agency helps tourists in planning their travel for which they charge their commission.

(ii) Hotel: Hotel business is the best opportunity from which you can gain a high rate of return as well as expand your chain of hotels in the future.

(iii) Online Travel Business: In the modern era, the way of doing business is changing. Now everything is available online. With the change in technology, the way of doing business has also changed. One can start an online business portal where customers have easy access to everything online.

(iv) Photography: Tourists always want to save the memories of the places they visit and a photographer helps them to restore their memories through their art of photography. There is a huge demand for photographers.

(v) Vehicle Renting: Some tourists like to plan their tours according to their own wishes. They don’t want any unknown person to be a part of their travel for safety reasons. Such tourists search for a vehicle that they can get on rent and go in the direction that they want. To invest in this business is profitable.

(vi) Tour Guide: A Tourist guide is a person who guides visitors in the language of their choice and interprets the cultural and natural history of the particular place. This is a challenging field with an increase in tours and travels.

(vii) Executive Chef: The executive chef is in charge of a restaurant’s kitchen and is responsible for managing the kitchen staff, planning the menu, and making sure that food hygiene is maintained. This is a well suitable job for people who are passionate about cooking.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Std History Textbook Solutions

• Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• European Colonialism Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• India and European Colonialism Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• Colonialism and the Marathas Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• India: Social and Religious Reforms Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• Indian Struggle against Colonialism Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• Decolonisation to Political Integration of India Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• World Wars and India Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• World: Decolonisation Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• Cold War Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• India Transformed Part 1 Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• India Transformed Part 2 Class 12 History Textbook Solutions

Mathematical Logic Class 12 Commerce Maths 1 Chapter 1 Exercise 1.4 Answers Maharashtra Board

Balbharati Maharashtra State Board 12th Commerce Maths Solution Book Pdf Chapter 1 Mathematical Logic Ex 1.4 Questions and Answers.

Std 12 Maths 1 Exercise 1.4 Solutions Commerce Maths

Question 1.
Write the following statements in symbolic form:
(i) If the triangle is equilateral, then it is equiangular.
Solution:
Let p : Triangle is equilateral.
q : It is equiangular.
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p → q.

(ii) It is not true that ‘i’ is a real number.
Solution:
Let p : ‘i’ is a real number.
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is ~p.

(iii) Even though it is not cloudy, it is still raining.
Solution:
Let p : It is cloudy.
q : It is still raining.
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is ~p ∧ q.

(iv) Milk is white if and only if the sky is not blue.
Solution:
Let p : Milk is white.
q : Sky is blue.
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p ↔ (~q).

(v) Stock prices are high if and only if stocks are rising.
Solution:
Let p : Stock prices are high.
q : stocks are rising.
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p ↔ q

(vi) If Kutub-Minar is in Delhi, then Taj Mahal is in Agra.
Solution:
Let p : Kutub-Minar is in Delhi.
q : Taj Mahal is in Agra.
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p → q

Question 2.
Find the truth value of each of the following statements:
(i) It is not true that 3 – 7i is a real number.
Solution:
Let p : 3 – 7i be a real number.
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is ~p.
The truth value of p is F.
∴ the truth value of ~p is T. ….[~F ≡ T]

(ii) If a joint venture is a temporary partnership, then a discount on purchase is credited to the supplier.
Solution:
Let p : Joint venture is a temporary partnership.
q : Discount on purchases is credited to the supplier.
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p → q.
The truth values of p and q are T and F respectively.
∴ the truth value of p → q is F. …..[T → F ≡ F]

(iii) Every accountant is free to apply his own accounting rules if and only if machinery is an asset.
Solution:
Let p : Every accountant is free to apply his own accounting rules.
q : Machinery is an asset.
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p ↔ q.
The truth values of p and q are F and T respectively.
∴ the truth value of p ↔ q is F. ….[F ↔ T ≡ F]

(iv) Neither 27 is a prime number nor divisible by 4.
Solution:
Let p : 27 is a prime number.
q : 27 is divisible by 4.
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is ~p ∧ ~q.
The truth values of both p and q are F.
∴ the truth value of ~p ∧ ~q is T. …..[~F ∧ ~F ≡ T ∧ T ≡ T]

(v) 3 is a prime number and an odd number.
Solution:
Let p : 3 be a prime number.
q : 3 is an odd number.
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p ∧ q
The truth values of both p and q are T.
∴ the truth value of p ∧ q is T. …..[T ∧ T ≡ T]

Question 3.
If p and q are true and r and s are false, find the true value of each of the following statements:
(i) p ∧ (q ∧ r)
Solution:
Truth values of p and q are T and truth values of r and s are F.
p ∧ (q ∧ r) ≡ T ∧ (T ∧ F)
≡ T ∧ F
≡ F
Hence, the truth value of the given statement is false.

(ii) (p → q) ∨ (r ∧ s)
Solution:
(p → q) ∨ (r ∧ s) ≡ (T → T) ∨ (F ∧ F)
≡ T ∨ F
≡ T
Hence, the truth value of the given statement is true.

(iii) ~[(~p ∨ s) ∧ (~q ∧ r)]
Solution:
~[(~p ∨ s) ∧ (~q ∧ r)] ≡ ~[(~ T ∨ F) ∧ (~T ∧ F)]
≡ ~[(F ∨ F) ∧ (F ∧ F)]
≡ ~(F ∧ F)
≡ ~F
≡ T
Hence, the truth value of the given statement is true.

(iv) (p → q) ↔ ~(p ∨ q)
Solution:
(p → q) ↔ ~(p ∨ q) = (T → T) ↔ ~(T ∨ T)
≡ T ↔ ~ (T)
≡ T ↔ F
≡ F
Hence, the truth value of the given statement is false.

(v) [(p ∨ s) → r] ∨ [~(p → q) ∨ s]
Solution:
[(p ∨ s) → r] ∨ ~[~(p → q) ∨ s]
≡ [(T ∨ F) → F] ∨ ~[ ~(T → T) ∨ F]
≡ (T → F) ∨ ~(~T ∨ F)
≡ F ∨ ~ (F ∨ F)
≡ F ∨ ~F
≡ F ∨ T
≡ T
Hence, the truth value of the given statement is true.

(vi) ~[p ∨ (r ∧ s)] ∧ ~[(r ∧ ~s) ∧ q]
Solution:
~[p ∨ (r ∧ s)] ∧ ~[(r ∧ ~s) ∧ q]
≡ ~[T ∨ (F ∧ F)] ∧ ~[(F ∧ ~F) ∧ T]
≡ ~[T ∨ F] ∧ ~[(F ∧ T) ∧ T]
≡ ~T ∧ ~(F ∧ T)
≡ F ∧ ~F
≡ F ∧ T
≡ F
Hence, the truth value of the given statement is false.

Question 4.
Assuming that the following statements are true:
p : Sunday is a holiday.
q : Ram does not study on holiday.
Find the truth values of the following statements:
(i) Sunday is not holiday or Ram studies on holiday.
Solution:
The symbolic form of the statement is ~p ∨ ~q.

∴ the truth value of the given statement is F.

(ii) If Sunday is not a holiday, then Ram studies on holiday.
Solution:
The symbolic form of the given statement is ~p → ~q.

∴ the truth value of the given statement is T.

(iii) Sunday is a holiday and Ram studies on holiday.
Solution:
The symbolic form of the given statement is p ∧ q.

∴ the truth value of the given statement is F.

Question 5.
If p : He swims.
q : Water is warm.
Give the verbal statements for the following symbolic statements:
(i) p ↔ ~q
Solution:
p ↔ ~ q
He swims if and only if the water is not warm.

(ii) ~(p ∨ q)
Solution:
~(p ∨ q)
It is not true that he swims or water is warm.

(iii) q → p
Solution:
q → p
If water is warm, then he swims.

(iv) q ∧ ~p
Solution:
q ∧ ~p
The water is warm and he does not swim.

Maharashtra State Board Std 12th Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions 

• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.1 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.2 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.3 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.4 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.5 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.6 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.7 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.8 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.9 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.10 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Miscellaneous Exercise 1 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions

Mathematical Logic Class 12 Commerce Maths 1 Chapter 1 Exercise 1.3 Answers Maharashtra Board

Balbharati Maharashtra State Board 12th Commerce Maths Solution Book Pdf Chapter 1 Mathematical Logic Ex 1.3 Questions and Answers.

Std 12 Maths 1 Exercise 1.3 Solutions Commerce Maths

Question 1.
Write the negation of each of the following statements:
(i) All men are animals.
Solution:
Some men are not animals.

(ii) 3 is a natural number.
Solution:
-3 is not a natural number.

(iii) It is false that Nagpur is the capital of Maharashtra.
Solution:
Nagpur is the capital of Maharashtra.

(iv) 2 + 3 ≠ 5.
Solution:
2 + 3 = 5.

Question 2.
Write the truth value of the negation of each of the following statements:
(i) √5 is an irrational number.
Solution:
Let p : √5 is an irrational number.
The truth value of p is T.
Therefore, the truth value of ~p is F.

(ii) London is in England.
Solution:
Let p : London is in England.
The truth value of p is T.
Therefore, the truth value of ~p is F.

(iii) For every x ∈ N, x + 3 < 8.
Solution:
Let p : For every x ∈ N, x + 3 < 8.
The truth value of p is F.
Therefore, the truth value of ~p is T.

Maharashtra State Board Std 12th Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions 

• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.1 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.2 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.3 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.4 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.5 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.6 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.7 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.8 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.9 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.10 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Miscellaneous Exercise 1 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions

Std 12 History Chapter 1 Question Answer India Transformed Part 11 Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 11 India Transformed Part 1 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 12 History Chapter 11 India Transformed Part 1 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 12 Chapter 11 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
A legal agreement was signed in Geneva which is known as ____________
(a) SEATO
(b) NATO
(c) GATT
(d) SAARC
Answer:
(c) GATT

Question 2.
An act similar to ‘Right to Information’ was first applied in ____________ in 1776.
(a) Sweden
(b) France
(c) England
(d) India
Answer:
(a) Sweden

Question 3.
The birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda is observed as ____________
(a) National Education Day
(b) National Youth Day
(c) National Integration Day
(d) National Science Day
Answer:
(b) National Youth Day

2A. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
In 2004, this became the biggest firm in Asia providing software services –
Answer:
Tata Consultancy Services

Question 2.
In 2002, the Metro railway was flagged off –
Answer:
The Delhi Metro Railway

2B. Choose the correct reason from those given below and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
India became member of World Trade Organisation, because ____________
(a) India want to compete with other nations
(b) India cannot stay aloof from the global economy
(c) India adopted the policy of liberalisation
(d) India wanted to be in the leading position at the global level
Answer:
(c) India adopted the policy of liberalisation

3. Complete the following concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

4. Write short notes.

Question 1.
The Youth Policy of Government of India.
Answer:

• India is a country with a maximum proportion of young people. Individuals in the age group of 15-29 are considered as ‘youth’.
• Youth, if provided with opportunities, for education and skill training, can contribute significantly to the development of India.
• A number of centers of‘Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan’ were established in 1972 for the training of young people in various skills.
• The programmes run by these centers were eventually merged in the ‘National Youth Empowerment Programme’. This programme put a thrust on topics like literacy, education, health and hygiene, family welfare, preservation and conservation of the environment, awareness of social issues, rural development, and self-employment.
• 12th January the birth anniversary of Swami Vivekanand is celebrated as ‘National Youth Day. National Youth Festival is also celebrated in the month of January. This festival is designed to provide a platform for the artistic talents of young individuals.
• ‘Youth Hostels Association of India’ has established youth hostels in various parts of the country which works for encouraging adventure skills among young people.
• Training programmes are arranged by this association through ‘Bharat Scout and Guides, National Service Scheme and National Cadet Corps’.

Question 2.
‘Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana’.
Answer:

• The Government of India knows the importance of having roads in good condition in the interior areas started ‘Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana’ in 2000.
• Initially, the work of building roads began by linking the villages of population strength up to 1000. In 2001 this programme was merged in ‘Pradhan Mantri Gramoday Yojana’.
• The roads measuring about 75000 km. were completed till 2005. The purpose of this work was to extend the benefits of the country’s economic growth to people living in rural areas and to bring transformation in their lives.
• It aimed at providing amenities for good health, education, drinking water, dwellings, roads, and electricity.

5. State your opinion.

Question 1.
India is a leading country in the field of space research.
Answer:

• In 2007, India entered a new field of space research. It commercially launched the Italian satellite.
• Other countries had submitted tenders quoting very high rates, to get this contract. However, India got this contract by quoting reasonable rates.
• Before entering this field on a commercial basis, India had already successfully launched the satellite of Argentina, Belgium, South Korea, Indonesia, and Germany.
• In 2008, India launched ‘Chandrayaan-1’, the first lunar probe. India could collect evidence for the presence of water on the moon through this satellite.
• After that India also launched ‘Chandrayaan-2’ and ‘Mangalyaan’.
• All these achievements proved that India is a leading country in the field of space research.

6. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Which programmes were launched in India for making the opportunities of wage-earning?
Answer:
Creating employment opportunities for an ever-increasing population is a major challenge for the government. There are several programmes launched by the government of India for wage earners.
These programs are as follows:

• Pradhan Mantri Rojgar Yojana and ‘Rojgar Hami Yojana’: To create job opportunities for educated youth the ‘Ministry of Commerce and Industry of the Government of India started this plan on 2nd October 1993 on the birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi.
• Rojgar Hami Yojana was to assure daily wages to the unemployed agricultural labourers. The objective of this plan was to provide wage-earning opportunity, who was in search. This programme was launched in 257 districts in India. A goal was to provide work to two young laborers in each family below the poverty line. In 2001, this plan was merged in ‘Gramin Rojgar Yojana’.
• In 1998, to provide support to farmers in difficult times “Kisan Credit Card” plan was started. It helps the farmer to avail funds for essential equipments and seeds for cultivation. Later, an insurance facility was also offered to farmers, who were Kisan Credit Card holders.
• Suvarnajayanti Gramin Svayam Rojgar Yojana: This plan was launched in 1999 by merging various plans together namely ‘Ekatmik Gramin Vikas Yojana’, Self-employment training programmes, ‘Ganga Kalyan Yojana’ etc.
• Jawahar Gram Samruddhi Yojana: In 1999, a new plan was implemented with the intention to provide adequate employment for unemployed men and women. It was merged in ‘Sampoorna Gramin Rojgar Yojana’ in 2001.
• Sampoorna Gramin Rojgar Yojana: This plan made provision for creating opportunities in rural areas of earning wages, to provide food grains in exchange for work, etc. This scheme was started in 150 economically backward districts in the country. In 2006, this scheme was merged in ‘Rashtriya Gramin Rojgar Hami Yojana’.
• Rashtriya Gramin Rojgar Hami Yojana: Under this scheme, each family in rural areas were given assurance of at least 100 days of work.

7. Answer the following question with the help of the given points.

Question 1.
Give information about the ‘Right to Information Act.
(a) Background of the act and the beginning of this movement in India.
(b) Definition of ‘Information’.
(c) The rights of citizens under this act.
Answer:
(a) Background of the act and the beginning of this movement in India:

• This kind of Act was first implemented in Sweden in 1776. In 1946, ‘United Nations’ declared the ‘Right to Information to be the fundamental human right.
• In 1982, L.K. Kulwant, a resident of Jaipur in Rajasthan, a social activist initiated the process by applying to know the Jaipur Municipal Corporation’s work for cleaning the city.
• The High Court gave a clear verdict stating that ‘Right to Information is a fundamental right of all citizens.
• In 1990, Aruna Roy started the movement called ‘Majdoor Kisan Shakti Sanghatan’. A need for ‘Right to Information was started through this movement.
• Harsh Mander, the Divisional Commissioner of Bilaspur showed courage to disclose official information while serving as a bureaucrat.
• The struggle of Anna Hazare in 2001, had a decisive role in Maharashtra in this matter. The Act was implemented in Maharashtra on 12th October 2005.

(b) Definition of ‘Information’:
The definition of term ‘Information’ includes official records, documents, memoranda, emails, comments, consultations, press notes, circulars, orders, logbooks, tenders, reports, correspondence, formats, models, electronic data, the information of a private institution or an individual that is available in the records of any public establishment.

(c) The rights of citizens under this act:

• Right to information grants access to official documents, records, permission to obtain their copies, to take notes, to extract passages, to get samples of authorised material and prints of data stored in CDs, Floppy discs, tapes, video cassettes, or in any other form, or stored on computers.
• Citizens can get the desired information after submitting an application to the ‘Information officer’ of a ‘Public Authority.

Class 12 History Chapter 11 India Transformed Part 1 Intext Questions and Answers

Collect information of following schemes: (Textbook Page No. 92)

National Pension Scheme, Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Vima Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Vima Yojana, Atal Pension Yojana, Indian Post Payments Bank.
Answer:
(A) National Pension Scheme:

• The National Pension Scheme is a voluntary contribution of the pension system in India which is sponsored by the government of India.
• This scheme was started by the Government of India in 2004 for all government employees.
• The scheme was made open to all citizens in 2009. It is a voluntary and long-term retirement scheme. It is regulated by Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) and the central government.
• Any employee from the public, private, and even the unorganized sectors can opt for this.
• Personnel from the armed forces are not allowed. The scheme is open to all across industries and locations.

(B) Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Vima Yojana:

• The scheme is available to people in the age group 18 to 70 years with a bank account who give their consent to join/enable auto-debit on or before 31st May for the coverage period 1st June to 31st May on an annual renewal basis.
• Aadhar would be the primary KYC for the bank account. The risk coverage under the scheme is ₹ 2 lakh for accidental death and full disability and ₹ 1 lakh for partial disability.
• The premium of 112 per annum is to be deducted from the account holder’s bank account through ‘auto-debit facility in one installment.

(C) Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Vima Yojana:

• Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Vima Yojana is available to people between 18 and 50 years of age with a bank account.
• This scheme was launched on 9th May 2015 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in Kolkata.
• It has an annual premium of ₹ 330. In case of death due to any cause, the payment to the nominee will be ₹ 2 lakh.
• As of 31st March 2019, 5.92 crore people have already enrolled for this scheme.

(D) Atal Pension Yojana:

• Atal Pension Yojana is a pension scheme under the Government of India.
• This scheme replaces the Swavalamban Yojana and was established to provide old age income security to the workers belonging to the unorganized sector.
• The Atal Pension Yojana was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 9th May 2015 in Kolkata.
• The scheme focuses on encouraging workers of the unorganized sectors to save for their future (Age limit 18-40 years).

(E) Indian Postal Payments Bank :

• The Indian Postal Payment Bank was launched on September 1, 2018, by Prime Minister Narendra Modi that aims at making banking services available at people’s doorstep.
• This is a 100% Government-owned public sector bank, operating with the Department of Posts under the Ministry of Communications.
• IPPB would be like any other bank but it will operate at a smaller scale without involving any credit risks and can’t issue advance loans or issue credit cards.

Let us know: (Textbook Page No. 92)

Collect information with the help of the internet about the ‘Rafi Ahmad Kidwai National Postal Academy (Gaziabad).

Answer:

• Rafi Ahmad Kidwai National Postal Academy, recently called Postal Staff College India (PSCI) is the apex training institution of Indian postal services.
• It was set up in the year 1977. Initially, the college functioned from Sanchar Bhavan and later from Dak Bhavan in Delhi.
• It was shifted to its present location in Gaziabad in the year 1990. It is a central training institute and has the primary role of training and grooming the young officers who get recruited to the Indian Postal Service.
• It also conducts various in-service training programmes on postal management for Postal Service officers in India and other foreign postal administrations.
• Its goal is to make the officers of the department of posts professionally competent to handle the ever-changing communication market.
• Training Program:
  • Advanced Development Program
  • Executive Development Program
  • Technology Management Program
  • Postal Life Insurance
  • Leadership Development for postmasters and mangers
  • Quality Management

Let us collect information (Textbook Page No. 92)

Collect information about various services like ‘Sarvabhaum Suvarn Rokhe’ (Gold Bonds issued by the Government), ‘Electronic Indian Postal Order’, ‘E-Dakghar’, ‘E-Payment Portal’, ‘Mobile App’ etc. by interviewing the Postmaster of any branch.
Answer:
(A) Sarvabhaum Suvarn Rokhe:

• This scheme was launched by Government in November 2015, under Gold Monetisation Scheme. The issues are made open for subscription in tranches by RBI in consultation with GOI.
• As per RBI instructions, every application must be accompanied by the PAN number issued by the income tax department to the investors as the PAN number of the first/ sole applicant is mandatory.
• SGBs are government securities denominated in grams of gold. They are substitutes for holding physical gold. Investors have to pay the issue price in cash and the bonds will be redeemed in cash on maturity. The bond is issued by Reserve Bank on behalf of the government of India.
• The SGB offers a superior alternative to holding gold in physical form. The quantity of gold for which the investor pays is protected since he receives the ongoing market price at the time of redemption /premature redemption.

(B) Electronic Indian Postal Order:

• The Department of Personnel and Training and Department of Posts have launched a service called e-IPO (Electronic Indian Postal Order) to enable the Indian citizens abroad to purchase an Indian Postal Order electronically by paying fee on-line through the e-post Office portal i.e., http://www.epostoffice.gov.in.
• It also facilitates them to file the Right to Information (RTI) application. Registration is mandatory to avail of this facility. Options for new account creation, user verification, search e-IPO, etc are available.

(C) e-Payment portal:

• e-Payment is a smart option for businesses and organizations to collect their bills or other payments through post office networks.
• When businesses require the collection of bills and other payments from customers across the country, Post offers them a simple and convenient solution in the form of e-payment.
• e-Payment is a many-to-one solution that allows the collection of money (telephone bills, electricity bills, examination fees, taxes, university fees, school fees, etc) on behalf of any organization. The collection is consolidated electronically using web-based software and payment is made centrally through cheque from a specified Post Office of billers choice.
• The information and MIS regarding the payment can be seen by the biller online. The MIS will contain the five fields of billers choice like name, telephone number, application number, etc. The services are currently available through more than 14,000 Post offices across the country.
• There is an agency in the market today with a large reach and establishing trust as the Post Office where the public can comfortably deposit all their bills in their neighbourhood.

(D) e-Dak Ghar:
The e-Post Office of India post offers a variety of online Postal services to the users. One can avail services-philately (purchase of stamps), PLI/RPLI (payment of the premium), and IPO (purchase order for RTI).

(E) Mobile app:

• The IPPB app is available on both Android and iOS platforms. This app, however, can only be used by those individuals who have an account in a core banking-enabled post office. KYC of the account should also be completed in advance.
• Internet banking and mobile banking services should also be completed in advance.
• Using the mobile app, account holders can also view account balances and statements, transfer funds, request a checkbook, stop payment on a cheque, use sweep-in-sweep-out facilities, and pay utility bills.

Project (Textbook Page No. 98)

Collect information about the States of India and Union Territories, as well as the names of their capital cities, with the help of the internet.
Answer:
The states of India and its capitals are as follows:

Union Territories and its Capitals:

Maharashtra State Board 12th Std History Textbook Solutions

• Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• European Colonialism Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• India and European Colonialism Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• Colonialism and the Marathas Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• India: Social and Religious Reforms Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• Indian Struggle against Colonialism Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• Decolonisation to Political Integration of India Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• World Wars and India Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• World: Decolonisation Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• Cold War Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• India Transformed Part 1 Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• India Transformed Part 2 Class 12 History Textbook Solutions

Mathematical Logic Class 12 Commerce Maths 1 Chapter 1 Exercise 1.2 Answers Maharashtra Board

Balbharati Maharashtra State Board 12th Commerce Maths Solution Book Pdf Chapter 1 Mathematical Logic Ex 1.2 Questions and Answers.

Std 12 Maths 1 Exercise 1.2 Solutions Commerce Maths

Question 1.
Express the following statements in symbolic form:
(i) e is a vowel or 2 + 3 = 5.
Solution:
Let p : e is a vowel.
q: 2 + 3 = 5.
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p ∨ q.

(ii) Mango is a fruit but potato is a vegetable.
Solution:
Let p : Mango is a fruit.
q : Potato is a vegetable.
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p ∧ q.

(iii) Milk is white or grass is green.
Solution:
Let p : Milk is white.
q : Grass is green.
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p ∨ q.

(iv) I like playing but not singing.
Solution:
Let p : I like playing.
q : I am not singing.
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p ∧ q.

(v) Even though it is cloudy, it is still raining.
Solution:
The given statement is equivalent to:
It is cloudy and it is still raining.
Let p : It is cloudy.
q : It is still raining.
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p ∧ q.

Question 2.
Write the truth values of the following statements:
(I) Earth is a planet and Moon is a star.
Solution:
Let p : Earth is a planet.
q : Moon is a star.
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p ∧ q.
The truth values of p and q are T and F respectively.
∴ the truth value of p ∧ q is F. …[T ∧ F ≡ F]

(ii) 16 is an even number and 8 is a perfect square.
Solution:
Let p : 16 is an even number.
q : 8 is a perfect square.
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p ∧ q.
The truth values of p and q are T and F respectively.
∴ the truth value of p ∧ q is F. ….[T ∧ F ≡ F]

(iii) A quadratic equation has two distinct roots or 6 has three prime factors.
Solution:
Let p : A quadratic equation has two distinct roots.
q : 6 has three prime factors.
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p ∨ q.
The truth values of both p and q are F.
∴ the truth value of p ∨ q is F. …..[F ∨ F ≡ F]

(iv) The Himalayas are the highest mountains but they are part of India in the northeast.
Solution:
Let p : the Himalayas are the highest mountains.
q : They are part of India in the northeast.
Then the symbolic form of the given statement is p ∧ q.
The truth values of both p and q are T.
∴ the truth value of p ∧ q is T. …..[T ∧ T ≡ T]

Maharashtra State Board Std 12th Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions 

• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.1 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.2 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.3 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.4 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.5 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.6 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.7 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.8 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.9 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.10 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Miscellaneous Exercise 1 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions

Mathematical Logic Class 12 Commerce Maths 1 Chapter 1 Exercise 1.1 Answers Maharashtra Board

Balbharati Maharashtra State Board 12th Commerce Maths Solution Book Pdf Chapter 1 Mathematical Logic Ex 1.1 Questions and Answers.

Std 12 Maths 1 Exercise 1.1 Solutions Commerce Maths

State which of the following sentences are statements. Justify your answer. In case of statements, write down the truth value:

Question (i).
A triangle has ‘ n’ sides.
Solution:
It is a statement that is false, hence its truth value is ‘F’.

Question (ii).
The sum of interior angles of a triangle is 180°.
Solution:
It is a statement that is true, hence its truth value is ‘T’.

Question (iii).
You are amazing!
Solution:
It is an exclamatory sentence, hence it is not a statement.

Question (iv).
Please grant me a loan.
Solution:
It is an imperative sentence, hence it is not a statement.

Question (v).
√-4 is an irrational number.
Solution:
It is a statement that is false, hence its truth value is ‘F’.

Question (vi).
x² – 6x + 8 = 0 implies x = -4 or x = -2.
Solution:
It is a statement that is false, hence its truth value is ‘F’.

Question (vii).
He is an actor.
Solution:
It is an open sentence, hence it is not a statement.

Question (viii).
Did you eat lunch yet?
Solution:
It is an interrogative sentence, hence it is not a statement.

Question (ix).
Have a cup of cappuccino.
Solution:
It is an imperative sentence, hence it is not a statement.

Question (x).
(x + y)² = x² + 2xy + y² for all x, y ∈ R.
Solution:
It is a mathematical identity that is true, hence its truth value is ‘T’.

Question (xi).
Every real number is a complex number.
Solution:
It is a statement that is true, hence its truth value is ‘T.

Question (xii).
1 is a prime number.
Solution:
It is a statement that is false, hence its truth value is ‘F’.

Question (xiii).
With the sunset, the day ends.
Solution:
It is a statement that is true, hence its truth value is ‘T’.

Question (xiv).
1! = 0.
Solution:
It is a statement that is false, hence its truth value is

Question (xv).
3 + 5 > 11.
Solution:
It is a statement that is false, hence its truth value is ‘F’.

Question (xvi).
The number π is an irrational number.
Solution:
It is a statement that is true, hence its truth value is ‘T’.

Question (xvii).
x² – y² = (x + y)(x – y) for all x, y ∈ R.
Solution:
It is a mathematical identity that is true, hence its truth value is ‘T’.

Question (xviii).
The number 2 is only even a prime number.
Solution:
It is a statement that is true, hence its truth value is ‘T’.

Question (xix).
Two coplanar lines are either parallel or intersecting.
Solution:
It is a statement that is true, hence its truth value is ‘T’.

Question (xx).
The number of arrangements of 7 girls in a row for a photograph is 7!
Solution:
It is a statement that is true, hence its truth value is ‘T’.

Question (xxi).
Give me a compass box.
Solution:
It is an imperative sentence, hence it is not a statement.

Question (xxii).
Bring the motor car here.
Solution:
It is an imperative sentence, hence it is not a statement.

Question (xxiii).
It may rain today.
Solution:
It is an open sentence, hence it is not a statement.

Question (xxiv).
If a + b < 7, where a ≥ 0 and b ≥ 0, then a < 7 and b < 7.
Solution:
It is a statement that is true, hence its truth value is ‘T’.

Question (xxv).
Can you speak English?
Solution:
It is an interrogative sentence, hence it is not a statement.

Maharashtra State Board Std 12th Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions 

• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.1 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.2 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.3 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.4 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.5 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.6 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.7 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.8 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.9 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Ex 1.10 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions
• Mathematical Logic Miscellaneous Exercise 1 Class 12 Commerce Maths Textbook Solutions

Std 12 History Chapter 10 Question Answer Cold War Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 10 Cold War Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 12 History Chapter 10 Cold War Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 12 Chapter 10 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
The headquarters of SEATO were located at ___________
(a) Thailand
(b) the Philippines
(c) Pakistan
(d) the United Kingdom
Answer:
(a) Thailand

Question 2.
A fund named ‘Africa Fund’ was raised at ___________ for providing necessary aid to neighbouring nations of South Africa.
(a) Jakarta
(b) Harare
(c) Namibia
(d) Indonesia
Answer:
(b) Harare

2A. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
On 30th June 1977, this organisation ceased to exist –
Answer:
SEATO

Question 2.
The idea of Commonwealth games was introduced by –
Answer:
Reverend Astley Cooper

2B. Choose the correct reason from those given below and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
No country was included in the ANZUS treaty except Australia, New Zealand, and the United States of America ___________
(a) they did not want to let the United Kingdom and France have an upper hand
(b) it was a military pact
(c) it was a secret pact
(d) it was a pact only among countries with friendly relations
Answer:
(a) they did not want to lot the United Kingdom and France to have an upper hand

3. Complete the concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

4. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Cold War.
Answer:

• Definition: The tussle between Capitalist nations and Communist nations for power and ideological influence, which began after the Second World War is referred to as the ‘Cold War.
• Walter Lippmann, an American political columnist was the first to use the term ‘Cold War’.
• ‘Cold War’ is characterized by the following factors –
  • No Direct War.
  • The intense race for armament.
  • Aggressive Political Policies.
  • Mutual lack of Faith among Nations.
  • Political and Economic Pressurisation.
  • Ideological Conflict.
• The aftermath of the Second World War created conditions leading to the Cold War.
• England and France lost their primary positions in world politics.
• During the world war, Russia gained prominence in Eastern Europe while America, England, and France gained prominence in Western Europe.
• The Eastern European nations under the influence of Soviet Russia adopted communist ideology while the Western European nations under the influence of America adopted capitalist ideology and democratic system. This situation caused the emergence of the ‘Cold War.

Question 2.
Non- Alignment Movement.
Answer:

• After the Second World War, India decided not to join either Russia or America. India adopted the policy of development by its own efforts and shape its own strategies leading towards peace. This policy is known as the ‘NAM-Non Alignment Policy’.
• Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Dr. Sukarno (Indonesia), Nkrumah (Ghana), Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt), and Marshal Tito (Yugoslavia) were the architects of the concept ‘NAM’.
• The nations, which adopt an independent foreign policy based on the concept of peaceful co-existence, support other nations in their independence struggle, and do not involve themselves in the military agreements or bilateral treaties with the superpowers is known as ‘Non-Aligned Nations’.
• Non-Alignment is a concept concerned more with progress and peace than war and poverty, so it is positive.

5. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
CENTO became non-operational.
Answer:

• CENTO stands for Central Treaty Organisation.
• CENTO earlier known as the ‘Baghdad Pact’ or Middle East Treaty Organisation (METO) is a treaty among four nations namely, Turkey, Pakistan, Iran, and England.
• This treaty was signed on 24th February 1955. Iraq joined later.
• America started providing the member nations of CENTO economic and military aid.
• America feared that if Soviet Russia attacked any of the member nations, then all member nations should fight it collectively.
• But in reality, none of the member nations had the military capacity to fight.
• Except for the United Kingdom, the rest of the three were in need of military and technological aid but America was too involved to pay attention to their need.
• Hence, the other members of CENTO were not satisfied. They wanted to withdraw from the treaty and act independently.
• Iran and Pakistan withdrew from the treaty and hence CENTO became non-operational.

Question 2.
SAARC has achieved success in some fields.
Answer:

• SAARC has achieved success in some fields for e.g. a centre for the dissemination of agro-related information was started in Bangladesh and it has also been used as a platform for research related to seeds, animal husbandry, and fisheries.
• A SAARC center for meteorological research was established in Dhaka.
• In Kathmandu, an orthopedic center was established.
• Efforts are being made to promote tourism in SAARC countries.
• SAARC is also working to eliminate poverty in South Asia with the help of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific (ESCAP).
• An inter-Governmental group was established to formulate an agreement (SAFTA- South Asia Free Trade Area) for promoting free trade and economic cooperation among SAARC nations.
• The SAARC Documentation Centre was established in Delhi for the dissemination of information.
• SAARC Human Resources Development Centre was established in Islamabad (Pakistan).
• Agreements were signed to counter the smuggling of narcotic drugs. Committees were appointed for development in the fields of postal services and transportation.

6. State your opinion.

Question 1.
The Cold War began between America and Soviet Russia.
Answer:

• The tussle between the Capitalist nations and Communist nations for power and ideological influence which began after the second world war is referred to as the ‘Cold War.
• During the world war, Russia gained prominence in Eastern Europe while America, France, and England gained prominence in Western Europe.
• The Eastern European nations under the influence of Soviet Russia adopted Communist ideology.
• The Western European nations under the influence of America adopted a Capitalist ideology and democratic system.
• This situation caused the emergence of the ‘Cold War’ between Soviet Russia and America.

Question 2.
India has always opposed colonialism.
Answer:

• India is acknowledged as a great democracy in the world.
• After independence, India adopted the policy of active non-alignment in international politics.
• India would always strive to establish global peace.
• India would not tolerate foreign intervention in her internal matters. India shall respect the regional unity and sovereignty of other countries.
• India emphasizes the principle of ‘live and let live’ supported by peaceful co-existence.
• For e.g. in the post-independence period in 1949, a conference was held in Delhi in which support was declared to the issue of Indonesia’s independence. It was demanded that the Dutch should leave Indonesia before 1950 and grant its independence.
• The position India took in the case of Africa, is also very important. India took a strong initiative in demanding independence of African countries especially the protectorates of European nations.
• India insisted that the foreign rulers (colonialist European countries) should leave the colonies.
• India cared about Africa because of its long-standing relations with African countries.
• Mahatma Gandhi showed Africa the path to satyagraha for independence.
• Thus, India had been at the forefront of the struggle against colonialism.

Class 12 History Chapter 10 Cold War Intext Questions and Answers

Try to do this (Textbook Page No. 77)

Collect information about the ‘United Nations’ with the help of the internet. Create groups of students in the class and let them compile the information of various specialized agencies of the United Nations.
Answer:
The United Nations was established after World War II with the aim of preventing any war in the future and establishing peace in the world. UN is the largest and most powerful intergovernmental organisation in the world. It was established on 24th October 1945. Currently, 193 countries in the world are members of the UN. The headquarter of the UN is located in New York, USA. Since its establishment UN has been working for maintaining world peace and avoiding conflict among nations, it also works for remoting sustainable development, protection and preservation of the environment, and protecting human rights.

The important agencies of the UN are as follows:
(i) International Labour Organisation (ILO):
Established in – 1919 to improve the conditions and living standards of workers.
Headquarters – Geneva.

(ii) International Monetary Fund (IMF):
Established in – 1945 to promote international monetary cooperation.

(iii) Food and Agricultural Organisation:
Established in – 1945

(iv) United National Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO):
Established in – 1945.

(v) World Health Organisation:
Established in – 1948

(vi) International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA):
Established in – 1957

(vii) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP):
Established in – 1965

(viii) World Trade Organisation (WTO):
Established in – 1995

(ix) UN Women:
Established in – 2010

(x) United Nation Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC):
Established in – 1997

(xi) United Nation Environmental Programme (UNEP):
Established in – 1972

(xii) International Development Association (IDA):
Established in – 1960

(xiii) United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF):
Established in – 1946

(xiv) International Telecommunication Union (ITU):
Established in – 1865

Try to do this (Textbook Page No. 83)

Review the proceedings of NAM conferences held during the period from 1992 to the Venezuela conference of 2016.
Answer:
NAM was established in 1961 in Belgrade, SR Serbia, Yugoslavia through an initiative of the Indian Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is an organization of Redeveloping nations that are not formally aligned, with any major power flex. Here is the list of NAM summits:

• 10th NAM Summit: 1-6 September 1992 – Jakarta, Indonesia.
• 11th NAM Summit: 18-20 October 1995 – Cartagena, Colombia.
• 12th NAM Summit: 2-3 September 1998, Durban, South Africa.
• 13th NAM Summit: 20-25 Feb 2003, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
• 14th NAM Summit: 15-16 September 2006, Havana, Cuba.
• 15th NAM Summit: 11-16 July 2009, Sharm-El-Sheikh, Egypt.
• 16th NAM Summit: 26-31 August 2012, Tehran, Iran.
• 17th NAM Summit: 13-18 September 2016, Porlamar, Venezuela.

Try to do this (Textbook Page No. 85)

Collect information about SAARC conferences till 2014, with the help of the internet.
Answer:
SAARC also known as The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation is the regional intergovernmental organisation in South Asia. Total 8 countries are members of SAARC.

1. Nepal
2. Bhutan
3. India
4. the Maldives
5. Sri Lanka
6. Pakistan
7. Bangladesh
8. Afghanistan.

• The First Summit was held in Dhaka, Bangladesh on 7-8 December 1985, signed the SAARC charter on 8 December 1985 thereby establishing the regional association and study groups on the problems of terrorism, drug trafficking, etc.
• Second Summit India: Date – 17-18 November 1986 in Bangalore.
  Appointment of Ambassador Abdul Ahsan of Bangladesh as the first Secretary-General of South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation.
• 3rd Summit: 2-4 November 1987 in Kathmandu, Nepal.
• 4th Summit: 29-31 December 1988 in Islamabad, Pakistan.
• 5th Summit: 21-23 November 1990 in Male, Maldives.
• 6th Summit: 21 December 1991 in Colombo, Sri Lanka
• 7th Summit: 10-11 April 1992, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
• 8th Summit: 2-4 May 1995, New Delhi, India
• 9th Summit: 12-14 May 1997, Male, Maldives.
• 10th Summit: 29-31 July 1998, Colombo, Sri Lanka
• 11th Summit: 4-6 January 2002, Kathmandu, Nepal.
• 12th Summit: 4-6 January 2004, Islamabad, Pakistan.
• 13th Summit: 12-13 November 2005, Dhaka, Bangladesh
• 14th Summit: 3-4 April 2007, New Delhi, India
• 15th Summit: 1-3 August 2008, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
• 16th Summit: 28-29 April 2010, Thimphu, Bhutan
• 17th Summit: 10-11 November 2011, Addu City, Maldives.
• 18th Summit: 26-27 November 2014, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Project (Textbook Page No. 87)

Collect information about the ‘Commonwealth Games’ with the help of the internet.
Answer:
The Commonwealth Games is an international multi-sport event involving athletes from the Commonwealth of Nations. The event was first held in 1930, and, with the exception of 1942 and 1946, has taken place every four years since then. The Commonwealth Games were known as the British Empire Games from 1930 to 1950, the British Empire and Commonwealth Games from 1954 to 1966, and British Commonwealth Games from 1970 to 1974. Athletes with a disability are also included as full members of their national teams, making the Commonwealth Games the first fully inclusive international multi-sport event. It is also the world’s first multi-sport event that inducts an equal number of women’s and men’s medal events and was implemented recently in the 2018 Commonwealth Games. With such unique features, the World Economic Forum called the event inspiring and significant.

Their creation was inspired by the Inter-Empire Championships, as a part of the Festival of Empire, which was held in London, England in 1911. Melville Marks Robinson founded the games as the British Empire Games which were first hosted in Hamilton, Canada in 1930. During the 20th and 21st centuries, the evolution of the movement of the game has resulted in several changes to the Commonwealth Games. Some of these adjustments include the creation of the Commonwealth Winter Games for snow and ice sports for the commonwealth athletes, the Commonwealth Paraplegic Games for commonwealth athletes with a disability, and the Commonwealth Youth Games for commonwealth athletes aged 14 to 18. The first edition of the winter games and paraplegic games were held in 1958 and 1962 respectively, with their last edition held in 1966 and 1974 respectively and the first youth games were held in 2000. The 1942 and 1946 Commonwealth Games were canceled because of the Second World War.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Std History Textbook Solutions

• Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• European Colonialism Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• India and European Colonialism Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• Colonialism and the Marathas Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• India: Social and Religious Reforms Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• Indian Struggle against Colonialism Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• Decolonisation to Political Integration of India Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• World Wars and India Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• World: Decolonisation Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• Cold War Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• India Transformed Part 1 Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• India Transformed Part 2 Class 12 History Textbook Solutions

Std 12 History Chapter 9 Question Answer World: Decolonisation Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 9 World: Decolonisation Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 12 History Chapter 9 World: Decolonisation Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 12 Chapter 9 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
In the First World War ____________ and Turkey were defeated.
(a) America
(b) France
(c) England
(d) Germany
Answer:
(d) Germany

Question 2.
In 1935 ____________ was separated from India.
(a) Myanmar
(b) Sri Lanka
(c) the Maldives
(d) Iran
Answer:
(a) Myanmar

Question 3.
In 1947, first conference of ____________ countries was held.
(a) Unity
(b) Asian
(c) Atlantic
(d) Manchester
Answer:
(b) Asian

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Answer:
Manchester – The 5th Pan-African Congress in 1945

2. Choose the correct reason from those given below and complete the sentence.

Question 1.
During the Second World War, the independence movements in Africa were more intensified ____________
(a) The colonies in Africa threw away the dominance of alien European powers
(b) African leaders were trained in the western education system
(c) During the Second World War the British and the French began to give some rights to the people in their colonies
(d) European countries were involved in the Second World war
Answer:
(c) During the Second World War the British and the; French began to give some rights to the people in their colonies

3. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Bandung Conference.
Answer:

• India called the first conference of Asian countries in 1947 which was attended by the representatives of 25 Asian countries.
• In this conference, the concept of Asian regionalism was shaped. The issues like common problems faced by Asian people, the social, economic, and cultural problems of the Asian countries, and the need for mutual co-operation among Asian countries were discussed in this conference.
• This conference was followed by the first conference of Asian and African countries held in 1955 at Bandung in Indonesia. This is known as the ‘Bandung Conference’.
• In this conference, the problems of Afro-Asian countries were discussed and it was decided to focus on world peace and mutual co-operation.

Question 2.
Concept of African Unity.
Answer:

• The concept of African unity was first put forward by H.S. Williams. He formed an organization while in London, called as ‘African Association’ (later called as Pan-African Association).
• He organised its first conference in 1900. W.E.B. Du Bois, an American sociologist of African origin was present at this conference.
• In 1919, the second conference of African leaders and thinkers was held in Paris, known as the ‘Pan-African Congress’.
• Thereafter, W.E.B. Du Bois and his associates called a series of Pan-African Congress at various places. This resulted in the idea of Pan-African unity taking deep roots in Africa.
• The 5th Pan-African Congress was held at Manchester in 1945 by people of African origin living in Manchester.

4. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
There were three wars fought between the British and Myanmar.
Answer:

• Myanmar is a Southeast Asian country. In 1599 the Portuguese defeated the king of one of the kingdoms in Myanmar.
• However, in 1611 various dynasties ruling in Myanmar got together, defeated the Portuguese, and amalgamated their kingdoms.
• United Myanmar adopted an expansionist policy and conquered Manipur and Assam.
• It means that the British Indian territory was under threat of being invaded, a situation that caused three wars between the British and Myanmar is known as the Anglo-Burmese war.
• The first war in 1826 was won by the British and they took over Assam and Manipur and Arakan.
• British also defeated Myanmar in the second war. At about the same time the French had taken over the regions of ‘Upper Burma’.
• In the third war, the British won this region too, thereby ruling over the entire Myanmar.
• In this way during three Anglo-Burmese wars British annexed the entire Myanmar.

Question 2.
The end of the Second World War created an environment in which the process of decolonisation gained speed.
Answer:

• The Second World War dealt a serious blow to the colonial powers, depriving them of their former prestige.
• The process of decolonisation accelerated in a short time because of the conflicts among European coloniser countries and the anti-colonial movements in the colonies.
• The European countries could not have reasoned out colonisation and the exploitation of colonies from an intellectual platform.
• The Asian and African continents were filled with a heightened spirit of independence movements.
• The awareness about these movements spread rapidly. Many countries in both continents obtained their freedom.
• In ten years following the end of the Second World War, with successive waves of decolonisation in Asia and Africa, the Third World took its place as a new player in the international arena.

Class 12 History Chapter 9 World: Decolonisation Intext Questions and Answers

Get to know: (Textbook Page No. 72)

Collect more information regarding the ‘Atlantic Charter’ and organise a class discussion on the topic.
Answer:
Introduction: The Atlantic Charter was a pivotal policy statement issued on August 14, 1941, that defined goals for the post-war world. The Atlantic Charter was drafted by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and U.S. President F.D. Roosevelt at the Atlantic Conference in Newfoundland. All the allies of World War II later confirmed it. The terms of the Atlantic Charter were as follows:

• No territorial expansion and territorial changes were against the wishes of the people.
• All people had a right to self-determination.
• No territorial gains were sought by the U.S. and the U.K.
• Trade and barriers were to be lowered.
• There was to be global economic co-operation and advancement of social welfare.
• The participants would work for a world free of want and fear.
• The participants would work for freedom of the seas.
• There was to be disarmament of aggressor nations and post-war common disarmament. This agreement proved to be one of the first steps towards the formation of the United Nation.

Discuss in the Class (Textbook Page No. 75)

Make a list of the colonies of the British colonies in Asia and Africa with their geographical locations and discuss in the class their independence struggle and the dates of their independence.
Answer:
Introduction: The decolonisation of Asia was the gradual growth of independence movements in Asia, leading ultimately to the retreat of foreign powers and the creation of a number of nation-states in the region. A number of events were catalysts for this shift, most importantly the Second World War.

The freedom struggle of some of the countries like Sri Lanka, Maldives is mentioned in the textbook. The countries of Asia and Africa which got independence from British rule are as follows:
1. British colonies in Asia
Hong Kong:

• Hong Kong is a coastal city and major port in southern China.
• It was returned to the United Kingdom following its war. It was controlled directly by a British governor until the expiry of the 99-year lease of the New Territories which occurred in 1997. From that date, the territories were called as a Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China.

2. Singapore:

• Singapore officially known as the Republic of Singapore is a sovereign island city-state in maritime Southeast Asia.
• In 1819, Sir Thomas Raffles negotiated a treaty whereby King Johor allowed the British to locate a trading port on the island, leading to the establishment of the British crown colony of Singapore.
• After the end of World War II British granted self-government culminating in Singapore’s merger with Malaysia.
• On 9th August 1965, Singapore separated from Malaysia to become an independent and sovereign state.

3. India:

• India is situated in South East Asia surrounded by the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Indian Ocean on the south.
• India got independence from British rule on 15th August 1947. Indian National Movement under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi played an important role in the freedom of the country.

4. Pakistan:

• Pakistan is in Asia, the neighbouring country of India.
• As the United Kingdom agreed to the partitioning of India in 1947, the modern state of Pakistan was established on 14th August 1947.

5. Cyprus:

• Cyprus is an island in the Eastern Basin of the Mediterranean Sea in Western Asia.
• In 1914 it was annexed by U.K Between 1945 and 1959 EOKA was created that fought a campaign for the end of British rule in Cyprus.
• An independent ‘The Republic of Cyprus’ was created in 1960.

6. British colonies in Africa:

• On 31st May 1910, Britain gave South Africa nominal independence.
• This union was a dominion that included the former colonies of the Cape and Natal.
• This union only became fully sovereign in 1931 when all powers Britain had over the country were abolished.

7. Egypt:

• Egypt has coastlines on the Mediterranean Sea, the River Nile, and the Red Sea.
• The Egyptian Revolution of 1919 was a countrywide revolution against the British occupation of Egypt.
• The revolution led to Great Britain’s later recognition of Egyptian independence in 1922.

8. Nigeria:

• Lagos was invaded by British forces in 1851 and annexed in 1865.
• It became a British protectorate in 1901 while her colonization lasted until 1960 when an independence movement succeeded in gaining independence and Nigeria became an independent republic in 1979.

9. Ghana:
Got independence on 6 March 1957.

10. Kenya:
Became independent on 12 December 1963.

Project (Textbook Page No. 76)

Collect information with the help of the internet regarding French colonies in Asia and Africa.
Answer:
In the 19th century starting with the conquest of Algiers in 1830 France began to establish a new empire in Africa and Southeast Asia. The following is a list of all countries that were part of the French colonial empires in the last 500 years.

1. French Indochinese Union (1887 – 1954)
2. Laos (protectorate) (1893 – 1953)
3. Cambodia (protectorate) (1863 – 1953)
4. Vietnam
5. India and Sri Lanka: French establishment of India composed of Puducherry (1765 – 1954), Karikal (1725 – 1954), Chandranagar (1673 – 1952), Yanam (1673 – 1952)
6. Taiwan (1884 – 1885)
7. Basilan (1845)
8. Lebanon (1920 – 1946)
9. Syria (1920 – 1946)
10. China: The territory of Kouang-Tcheou-Wan (1898 – 1945), The province of Yunan, Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi and Shamian island (1859 – 1949)

Maharashtra State Board 12th Std History Textbook Solutions

• Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• European Colonialism Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• India and European Colonialism Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• Colonialism and the Marathas Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• India: Social and Religious Reforms Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• Indian Struggle against Colonialism Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• Decolonisation to Political Integration of India Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• World Wars and India Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• World: Decolonisation Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• Cold War Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• India Transformed Part 1 Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• India Transformed Part 2 Class 12 History Textbook Solutions

Std 12 History Chapter 8 Question Answer World Wars and India Maharashtra Board

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 8 World Wars and India Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 12 History Chapter 8 World Wars and India Question Answer Maharashtra Board

History Class 12 Chapter 8 Question Answer Maharashtra Board

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
When Austria declared war against Serbia, it was _________, who helped Serbia.
(a) Germany
(b) America
(c) Hungary
(d) Russia
Answer:
(d) Russia

Question 2.
The first atom bomb was dropped on the city of _________ during the aerial attack of America on Japan.
(a) Nagasaki
(b) Hiroshima
(c) Pearl Harbour
(d) Stalingrad
Answer:
(b) Hiroshima

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Answer:
Italy – Benito Mussolini

2. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
The name of the group of nations including England, France, Russia, Italy, and America in the First World War –
Answer:
Allied Nations

Question 2.
The name of the group of nations including Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria in the First World War –
Answer:
Central Powers

3. Write short notes.

Question 1.
‘League of Nations.
Answer:

1. A peace-loving American president Woodrow Wilson took a lead in the formation of the League of Nations.
2. All the nations involved in the war felt the need to create some solution to avoid any situation that could lead to war.
3. The main objectives of the League of Nations were –
   • finding peaceful solutions for conflicts between nations.
   • establishing peace in the world.
4. Austria, Germany, and other defeated nations were not allowed to become members of the league.
5. America was not a member of the league so England and France retained their dominance in the league.

Question 2.
Dr. Kotnis.
Answer:

• Dr. Dwarkanath Kotnis was born on 10th October 1910 at Solapur.
• When Japan had attacked China in 1937, the Chinese Government requested Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru to send a team of doctors to attend to the injured Chinese soldiers.
• Dr. Kotnis was the chief of the team of Indian doctors sent to China.
• He attended the Chinese soldiers for years but unfortunately died in China on 9th December 1942 in the plague epidemic.
• Dr. Kotnis by the virtue of his selfless work formed the bridge of friendship between India and China.
• The eminent Indian filmmaker, V. Shantaram made a film on his life, entitled ‘Dr. Kotnis Ki Amar Kahani’ which immortalized Dr. Kotnis’ memory.

4. Explain the following statements with reasons.

Question 1.
‘The Treaty of Versailles’ had the seeds of the Second World War. The Text does not have any comment to this effect.
Answer:

• The Treaty of Versailles was signed between the Allied nations and Germany at Versailles palace in 1919. It was drafted by American President Woodrow Wilson.
• The Treaty of Versailles was very harsh on Germany because Germany had lost the war.
• Germany was forced to accept the responsibility for the war damages suffered by the Allies.
• The victorious powers had deprived Germany of huge tracts of its territory. Germany was burdened with an immense war indemnity.
• The peace settlement at Paris was made in a spirit of revenge. The Germans felt that too much injustice had been done to them.
• The German economy was ruined completely. People were starving and the government was in chaos.
• It was impossible for a proud German race to forget the consequences of the war, which they had lost so humiliatingly.
• This fuelled the rise of Nazism in Germany which adopted the policy of aggression.
• In this way, the Treaty of Versailles sowed the seeds of the Second World War.

Question 2.
The British Government in India decided to return home.
Answer:

• The Second World War ended in the month of August 1945 with the surrender of Japan.
• In this war, England emerged victoriously but it lost heavily in terms of human life and economic conditions.
• As a result of this England grew weaker. The British Government in India is now aware that Indian soldiers and people are not as meek and submissive as before, ruling them was no easier.
• India was not going to be the perennial source of profit for them as it used to be. There was a lot of pressure on England to give freedom to its colonies. Freedom struggles began in India which demanded ‘Poorna Swarajya’ which means total independence. Hence, the British Government in India decided to return home.

5. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Give the causes of the Second World War.
(i) Dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Versailles
(ii) Rise of Hitler
(iii) Rise of Communism
(iv) Hitler’s attack on Poland
(v) Hitler’s violation of the Non-aggression Pact
Answer:
The Second World War was fought between 1939 to 1945. Following were the causes of the Second World War:
(i) Dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Versailles: The Treaty of Versailles was very harsh on Germany. It was made in a spirit of revenge. Germany was burdened with huge war indemnity. The German economy was ruined completely. This fuelled the rise of Nazism in Germany.

(ii) Rise of Hitler: The Nazis under the leadership of Hitler grabbed power in Germany. Hitler began to escalate Germany’s military power so as to avenge the demeaning conditions imposed on Germany by the treaty of Versailles. He focussed on increasing the strength of the military as well as the navy.

(iii) Rise of Communism: Meanwhile, Soviet Russia, a communist nation was becoming more powerful. It made nations like England, France, America uneasy. Soviet Russia and imperialistic Germany viewed each other as arch enemies. England and France ignored the advances of Germany thinking that it will keep a check on the rising power of Soviet Russia.

(iv) Hitler’s attack on Poland: In 1938, Hitler won the Sudeten province in Czechoslovakia, which was populated in majority by people of German origin. In 1939, he attacked Poland which was looked upon as a neutral country by all European nations. In spite of this, Hitler attacked Poland. Therefore, England declared war against Germany.

(v) Hitler’s violation of the Non-aggression pact: Denmark, Norway surrendered to Germany. Germany conquered Holland, Belgium, and France. In 1939, Hitler violated the ‘Non-aggression Pact’ made with Stalin and attacked Soviet Russia so Stalin declared war against Germany.

Question 2.
Why did Indian people participate in the national movement in great numbers?
Answer:

• India was a colony of the British during wartime. England started exploiting their colonies to meet the needs of war.
• During wartime, England felt an increasing need for manpower and money. Therefore, the British Government began recruiting army personnel from India.
• At times the recruitment was enforced on Indians.
• Extra taxes were levied on Indians for raising funds. Taxes on trade and industries were raised.
• During the war period prices of essential commodities went up. Indians suffered from the problems of inflation, hike in prices, increasing unemployment caused by the industrial recession.
• Indians could see that the exploitative rule of the British was responsible for this miserable state of affairs.
• Hence, Indians from all strata of society, workers, farmers, and the middle class joined in large numbers in the national movements against British rule.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Std History Textbook Solutions

• Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• European Colonialism Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• India and European Colonialism Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• Colonialism and the Marathas Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• India: Social and Religious Reforms Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• Indian Struggle against Colonialism Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• Decolonisation to Political Integration of India Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• World Wars and India Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• World: Decolonisation Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• Cold War Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• India Transformed Part 1 Class 12 History Textbook Solutions
• India Transformed Part 2 Class 12 History Textbook Solutions