Category: Class 12

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion

12th English Digest Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion Textbook Questions and Answers

You must have discussed many things with your friends, classmates in a group. It might be about going on a picnic or selecting a gift for your teacher:

Question (i)
What do you think are the benefits of a group discussion?
Answer:
(a) A Group Discussion allows the participants to share their views and opinions.
(b) It allows each participant to analyse the topic or case.
(c) A Group Discussion allows the participants to reach a general consensus.

Question (ii)
Do you think some people are right and some are wrong in a group discussion? Why?
Answer:
Yes, I do think so. Generally, we hold a view on a topic or a situation. This view is either strengthened or weakened by the ongoing arguments in a Group Discussion. Due to j confirmation bias, we tend to think that the participants who strengthen our views j are right. Similarly, we think of those who go against our views are wrong. (The ideal situation is that we keep an open mind and assess each argument on its own merit but this is easier said than done.)

Question (iii)
People have different views and opinions because:

Answer:

Question (iv)
Complete the web highlighting the uses of ‘Group Discussion’. One is done for you.

Answer:

(A1)

Question 1.
Rama, Asif, Rachana and Aarav are participating in a group discussion. The evaluator has given them a topic. ‘Teenagers are more inclined towards junk food nowadays.’ Write suitable dialogues for each participant giving his/her opinion on the topic.
Evaluator: You’ve all been given a few minutes to think on your topic for today’s group discussion, which is ‘Teenagers are more inclined towards junk food.’ You may now begin the discussion. Who would like to start?
Rama: ………………………………………………. .
Asif: ………………………………………………….. .
Aarav: ……………………………………………….. .
Rachana: ……………………………………………. .
Evaluator: Please conclude.
Aarav: ………………………………………………… .
Answer:
Rama: I think I will. In my opinion it is very true. Junk food leads to obesity and we find more obese teenagers around nowadays.
Asif: I am afraid I can’t agree with that statement. Most of the teenagers in our college look quite fit and active.
Aarav: I think we must see the issue in a wider perspective. The inclination towards junk food among teenagers is a worldwide phenomenon. One can’t jump to a conclusion by just looking around and citing a few examples in our college.
Rachana: It seems to me that Rama made a valid point. Teenagers world over are inclined towards junk food and it poses a great threat. I suggest the teenagers change their food habit and resort more to healthy snacks. Our tradition offers a wide variety of such snacks.
Evaluator: Please conclude.
Aarav: We can conclude by saying that our teenagers are inclined to junk food. They must change their food habit. It is high time they switched to healthy snacks. We need healthy citizens to take our country forward.

(A2)

Question 1.
Read the following statements, if you agree say ‘Yes’ and if you don’t agree, say ‘No’. State the reason for your opinion.
Answer:

Statement	Yes/No	Reason
1. It is not possible to guess the topic for group discussion. Then there is no need to prepare.	No	Topics for Group Discussion are mainly chosen from things happening around us. So, we must keep our minds open and receptive to the happenings around us. The knowledge thus received and the opinions and views we form about each such topic will prove to be our preparation for the group discussion.
2. Always have discussion with your family and friends on different topics.	Yes	We may be wrong in our opinions/views. Constant discussions with family and friends help us form the right sort of views/opinions.
3. You must aim to get noticed by the evaluators.	No	We must get noticed mainly by the force of our arguments and our active involvement in the discussion. Evaluators are experienced to assess our analytical power and assertive approach. Any deliberate effort to outshine other participants will do more harm than good.
4. Forget the evaluator and look at the participants during the discussion.	Yes	The evaluator is a passive observer. Discussion happens only among the participants. Glancing at the evaluator often could be treated as a sign of your distracted mind.
5. You should raise your voice to be heard by everyone and speak for a long time to show your knowledge.	No	Our voice should neither be too high nor be too low. Raising one’s voice much more than necessary will create the impression of a rabble- rouser. Our grasp of the topic must come out naturally through the novelty of our arguments. Brevity and concision must be the watchwords. A long and verbose argument will surely produce a negative impact.
6. You should always take the opportunity to begin the argument.	No	Though initiating a discussion shows our leadership qualities, an overzealous approach may at times go against us.
7. Take a strong position/view and defend it till the end.	No	If another participant contradicts our view with sound reasoning, we must concede to it. Taking a strong position beforehand may restrict us from considering other point of views.
8. Do not keep waiting for your turn to speak. You have to be alert and quick.	Yes	We must be alert and quick. We must sieze the opportunity to speak. Being too passive may even deny us a chance to present our views.
9. Listening to others also plays an important role in a group discussion.	Yes	Listening to others is a crucial element in group discussion. It helps,us to formulate new perspectives and modify our viewpoints in the course of the discussion.
10. You must interrupt a person if you do not agree to his opinion.	No	Everyone has the right to hold individual opinions. Moreover, interruption denies the person the opportunity to complete his views. We can take up the counter-argument as soon as he finishes his views.
11. Show your leadership skills being assertive not aggressive.	Yes	Assertiveness is a positive trait. It is a sign of leadership quality. We can be assertive by the force of our arguments and the conviction we have in our views. Aggression, on the other hand, will only expose our untamed personalities.
12.  Participating in a group discussion also means helping everyone to reach a consensus in spite of difference of opinion.	Yes	Assertiveness is a positive trait. It is a sign of leadership quality. We can be assertive by the force of our arguments and the conviction we have in our views. Aggression, on the other hand, will only expose our untamed personalities.

Reason: Group discussion helps us realize that there are other possible views and opinions. A receptive and accommodative mind is a prerequisite for anyone who participate in a group discussion. Moreover, the candidate must be able to feel the pulse of the discussion. This, in turn, will help to reach a consensus.

(A3)

Question (i)
Group discussion helps to unravel the following personality traits in a person.

Answer:

Question (ii)
Match the following:

Discuss	Give special importance or value to something in speaking or writing.
Argue	Say something again, a number of times.
Deliberate	Express opposite views in a heated or angry way.
Reiterate	Engage in long and careful consideration.
Emphasize	To talk about a subject with someone and tell each other your ideas and opinions.

Answer:

Discuss	To talk about a subject with someone and tell each other your ideas and opinions.
Argue	Express opposite views in a heated or angry way.
Deliberate	Engage in long and careful consideration.
Reiterate	Say something again, a number of times.
Emphasize	Give special importance or value to something in speaking or writing.

(A4)

Question (i)
Write the following sentences in reported/indirect speech:
(a) He said, “If you find my answers satisfactory, will you give me five rupees?”
(b) The astrologer said, “You were left for dead. Am I right?”
(c) “I should have been dead if some passerby had not chanced to peep into the well,” exclaimed Guru Nayak.
(d) He told her, “Do you know a great load is gone from me today.”
Answer:
(a) He asked me whether I would give him five rupees if I found his answers satisfactory.
(b) The astrologer asked whether he was right in saying that I had been left for dead.
(c) Guru Nayak exclaimed that he would have been dead unless some passerby had chanced to peep into the well.
(d) He asked her whether she knew that a great load was gone from him that day.

Question (ii)
Read a part of a conversation between Neha and Nidhi.
Answer:
Neha: Where are you going, Nidhi?
Nidhi: I am going for my music lessons.
The above conversation is written in exact words spoken. If this conversation was to be reported by a third person then it would be written as:

Neha asked Nidhi where she was going. Nidhi replied that she was going for her music lessons. Notice the changes in the reported sentence.
Note the changes in pronouns, tenses, reporting and reported verbs and other changes.
Answer:
1. Table showing tense change:
Simple Present → Simple Past
Present Continuous → Past Continuous
Simple Past → Past Perfect
Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous
Simple Future → Conditional

2. Table showing change in Place and Time

1. here – there
2. now – then
3. today – that day
4. tomorrow – the next day
5. yesterday – the day before
6. next week – the following week
7. last night- the previous night

3. Table showing the changes in Pronoun.

I	he/she	our	their
me	him/her	ours	theirs
my	his/her	you (subject)	I/he/she/we/they
mine	his/hers	you (object)	me/his/her/us/them
we	they	your	my/his/her/our/their
us	them	yours	mine/his/hers/theirs

Question (iii)
Now find sentences from the text in the direct speech and convert them into the reported speech.
(Students may attempt this on their own.)
Read the following sentences given in the indirect speech and convert them into the direct speech.
(a) Shirish said that he would not be able to solve the problem.
(b) Lata told me to give her a glass of water.
(c) Ananya exclaimed with joy that she had received the Ph.D. degree.
(d) Shilpa asked us if there was any other Rian document to be typed.
(e) Swati said that she would not get the money.
Answer:
(a) Shirish said, “I will not be able to solve the problem.”
(b) Lata said, “Give me a glass of water.”
(c) Ananya said, “Hurrah! I have received the Ph.D. degree.”
(d) Shilpa said, “Is there any other document to be typed?”
(e) Swati said, “I will not get the money.”

(A5)

Question (i)
An economically deprived girl student in your class who has received admission in a reputed college abroad needs monetary help to pursue further studies there. Have a group discussion amongst your friends to seek solutions to help her. Write four/five views in the form of dialogues.
Answer:

• Rian: Well, folks! we need to do something urgently in Tejaswini’s case. Money shouldn’t come in her way to pursue a course abroad. My parents offered 50,000/- right away!
• Eugine: I managed to get a loan of rupees one lakh from my parents. I should take up some part-time job and repay it within three years. I hope I will be able to do it. Anyway, I am quite happy to be of some help to our dear friend.
• Kanika: Only way before me was to ask for an advance from my music troupe. We don’t get much programmes of late. Still they agreed to pay me 75,000. Will that be okay?
• Tabu: We thought you would raise a hefty sum, being ‘a great singer’ and all. Okay, jokes apart, I will present my case. My brother offered a donation of rupees two lakh right away. No conditions! No strings attached!!
• Rian: Okay, folks! Now we have pooled 4.25 lakhs.

That will bankroll Tejaswini’s fee, travel, initial expenses, etc, etc. She can very well take up a summer job and the like to meet her further expenses. Let’s now congratulate ourselves for being such thick friends!

Question (ii)
There is an inter-school cricket match and your school is losing. As you are the captain, have a group discussion with your teammates in the tea-break about the strategy to be followed to save your school from losing the match. Give at least four /five suggestions.
Answer:

• Captain: See, we must break this partnership anyhow. Both the batsmen appear very much settled and they are hitting all over the place.
• Spinner: The pitch doesn’t support many turns. I suggest we bring back the fast bowlers.
• Captain: You have a point there. What we need most now is a wicket. Right now. Otherwise, the game is as good as lost.
• Fast bowler (1): I agree that we resume pace bowling. But remember: it’s a gamble. I think I will need a slip-in position. I will attack, outside the off-stump. Hope I get the right line.
• Captain: What do you think, Sonu?
• Sonu (Fast bowler) (2): Okay then. I will take up from the pavilion end. Think the wind is in favour.
• Captain: Attempt yorkers.
• Sonu: Sure. I suggest you keep a deep third man.
• Captain: Done. Now, guys-no sloppy fielding-no dropped catches. And nothing short of a win. (All go into a huddle.)

Question (iii)
Form four groups in your class and have a group discussion on the following topics.
(a) Role of ICT in education
(b) Clean India

Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 3.6 Group Discussion Additional Important Questions and Answers

Other writing skills:

Dos and Don’ts associated with ‘Expansion of Ideas’:

Dos	Don’ts
1. Begin impressively.	1. Do not go off-track.
2. Have unity and clarity of thoughts.	2. Do not forget to give the symbolic meaning of the statement.
3. Use discourse markers.	3. Do not forget to include the topic sentence.
4. Use proverbs with similar meanings.	4. Do not omit a proper conclusion.

Expand the idea inherent in the following:

Question 1.
Charity begins at home Ans. Charity is the noble deed of giving money, food or other help to people who are in need of these things. The given proverb is a warning to those who seek fame in the name of charity. The proverb reminds us that we must first help the needy people around us – our family and friends. Any deed of charity that forgets this principle goes against the spirit of this high ideal.

Our deeds of charity must begin from the centre and then radiate to the periphery. Or else, it would prove to be a selfish pursuit of chasing fame or other favour. We must first open our eyes to the miseries around us. We must first cater to the needs of these people. Then we can spread our work of charity farther afield.

We see that many people treat their family members and servants very shabbily. But when it comes to a photo opportunity to pose as a philanthropist, they jump at it. This is sheer hypocrisy and the saying serves as an eye opener to these hypocrites.

Question 2.
Make hay while the sun shines
Answer:
Hay making, that is the process of cutting and drying grass, must be done while the sun shines. Rain would spoil everything and the farmer knows it well. In other words, we should make the best use of opportunities and favourable conditions while they last.

When life presents opportunities, we must seize them and not let them go. Everyone in their lifetime gets a chance to move ahead in life. If we miss that opportunity, it may never come our way again. We will live all our life to regret the missed chance. In short, we should seize the chance while it exists. We must always be alert to notice the opportune moment. Grab it and move further in life. To put it in another way : “We must strike while the iron is hot”.

Question 3.
Prevention is better than cure.
Answer:
The proverb stresses the need for foresight and precaution in dealing with any possible eventuality in life. We often ignore the signs of trouble and when the trouble finally, occurs, we regret our neglect.

We must make it a practice to guard ourselves against diseases by taking adequate preventive measures. This will save us the trouble of undergoing costly treatments. Strangely, certain epidemics offer no cure or vaccine for a long time, then prevention becomes the only option before us. Wearing of masks, keeping social distance and maintaining hand-hygiene are the only ways to save us from such a threatening situation.

Metaphorically, the idea can be extended to fields other than disease and medicine. Proper maintenance of machines, roads and bridges can prevent their deterioration and thus forestall disaster. At the political and economical level too, many problems that we face today would not have existed had the authorities acted promptly, firmly and boldly at the very start.

Examples for Practice:

1. Unity is Strength,
2. Books – Our best friends,
3. Honesty is the Best Policy
4. Perseverance is the Key to Success
5. Pollution: Earth’s enemy number one.

Formal Letters:

General Format for a Formal Letter:

1. Sender’s Address
2. Pin Code
3. Date
4. Name and address of the addressee
5. Subject (a phrase about the general content of the letter)
6. Reference (referring to a letter previously received/advertisement etc.)
7. Salutation (Dear Sir/Madam or simply Sir/ Madam)
8. Body of the letter (in 3 or 4 paragraphs)
9. Subscription (Complimentary Close like Yours faithfully, Yours truly, etc.)
10. The name given in the Activity Sheet/XYZ

Write the letters as instructed:

Question 1.
Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper drawing attention to the increasing noise pollution in your area.
Answer:
3 A, Ravikiran,
Chikuwadi,
Borivali (West),
Mumbai – 400 092.
1st September, 2020

The Editor,
The Indian Express,
Nariman Point,
Mumbai – 400 021.

Sir,

I wish to draw the attention of the authorities to the terrible noise pollution in our neighbourhood. There is deafening noise created by heavy traffic on the narrow roads of our locality throughout the day and night. The drivers honk continuously, and the vehicles emit poisonous fumes. The hawkers who sell their goods on the roads and footpaths shout at the top of their voices.

All this is literally making the people sick. With the approaching festival season, the beat of drums and the loud music accompanying it are bound to make life all the more unbearable for all of us who reside here.

I hope the authorities concerned wake up in time to the hazards of noise pollution and take prompt action to stop this menace.

Yours truly,
ABC

Question 2.
You want to visit a sugar factory to know more about the sugar production process. Write a letter to the Manager of the sugar factory near your college seeking permission. Give details about the intended visit.
Answer:
Ideal College,
Vidyapeeth Marg,
Beed – 431 122.
5th February 2020

The Manager,
Sakhar Factory Ltd.,
Beed – 431 122.
Sub: Request to visit your factory.

Dear Sir,

As part of our science project, 10 students of Std. XII (Ideal College) would like to visit your factory during the latter half of this month. We will be accompanied by our Chemistry Professor, Dr Ahirwal. It is our desire to have first hand information about the production of sugar. We believe that a visit to the factory will give us more valuable information than we can ever get out of textbooks.

Do let us know what would be the most suitable day and time for our visit. Since we now have study leave, any day and any time will be suitable for us. Also let us know if there are any special rules or conditions we need to follow during the visit. We do hope that you will not say no to our request.

Yours faithfully,
XYZ

Question 3.
Write a letter to a celebrity who supports a meaningful and innovative campaign and thus has become your idol.
Answer:
7, Vicky Apartments,
J.T. Road,
Nashik – 422 001.
17th September, 2020

Ms. Nandita Das,
Actor and Activist.
Dear Ms. Das,

Your support to the campaign ‘Black is Beautiful’ made a real impact on me. Honestly, I now look upon you as my guide, mentor, pathfinder and idol.

I have always found the discrimination based on colour really disgusting. It is nothing short of racial bias. I wish to join this campaign. I want to fight against the revolting obsession with the skin colour.

As you are a person who lived and proved this bias wrong, I take courage from you. You are a pathfinder and idol for today’s youth. I wish all those who are involved in the campaign the very best.

Yours sincerely,
RST

Question 4.
The New Arts, Science and Commerce College, Karad- 415 101, needs a librarian, They have advertised in the Indian Express, dated 17th October 2020. Write a letter of application to the Principal, with the help of the CV given below:

Curriculum Vitae (cv)
Name: Ms Deepali Rane
Address: A-303, Munir Apartments, Valkumbh, Karad – 415 110.
Email: dr3636@gmail.com
Nationality: Indian
Date of Birth: 16-5-1990
Qualifications: B.Com., B. Lib. Sc.
Experience: Working as an Associate Librarian at the Karad Public Library.
Languages known: Marathi, English, Hindi
Interests: Reading, painting, music
Answer:
A-303, Munir Apartments,
Valkumbh,
Karad- 415 110.
17th October 2020

The Principal,
The New Arts, Science and Commerce College,
Karad – 415 101.
Sub: Application for the post of Librarian.
Ref: Your advertisement in the ‘Indian Express’, dated 17 October 2020.

Sir/Madam,

This is with reference to your advertisement in the ‘Indian Express’, dated 17 October 2020 for the post of librarian in your college.

I am a qualified librarian. I passed my B.Com. in 2011. I also passed the degree in library science in 2013, from Pune University, with First Class. Since then, I have been working at the Karad Public Library as an Associate Librarian. I can speak English, Hindi and Marathi fluently.

I am applying for the job in your renowned college as I feel that I now have sufficient experience to take up independently the job of a librarian. I get along well with the younger generation, and I can assure you that I will do my best to give you satisfaction, should you appoint me for the post. I enclose photocopies of the necessary certificates.

Thanking you,
Yours faithfully,
Deepali Rane
Enel. : Photocopies of B.Com, B. Lib. Sc. Certificates

Report Writing:

Write the reports as instructed:

Question 1.
During a global pandemic, a nationwide lockdown was announced. Write a newspaper report on this with the help of the following points :

• Declaration of the lockdown
• All movements stopped
• Essential services allowed
• Guidelines for safety laid down

Answer:
Biggest Lockdown Ever

Staff Reporter

New Delhi, March 25: Nation went into a lockdown at the stroke of midnight amidst the ongoing threat of COVID-19 pandemic. Though the scare of the pandemic has been in the air for some time, the lockdown came as a bolt from the blue to citizens all over.

The Prime Minister declared the step of lockdown in a live telecast on TV at 8:00 o’clock last night. The PM in his speech appealed to the citizens to maintain the lockdown rules fully and effectively. “There is no better option before us than going into this strict but painful measure,” he told the country during the telecast.

Flights, domestic as well as international, are now grounded. Railways suspended all services. Public transport came to a halt. Only essential services are allowed and the police are on the streets to ensure that everyone complies with the lockdown measures. Detailed guidelines for the lockdown have been laid down and citizens are advised to venture out only for emergencies. The message of social distancing and hand-hygiene are put across through various media.

“Stay Home and Stay Safe” is the new mantra. As normal life has been hit unlike anything that happened in the past, the citizens are grappling with the new norms. “We must sacrifice our liberty for a greater common good,” a senior citizen told this reporter.

Question 2.
Write a report of Republic Day Celebrations in your college.
Answer:
Republic Day at Model College Malegaon, January 28: This year, Republic Day was celebrated with great fanfare on the campus. It was a special occasion because Narendra Jain of the NCC was to be felicitated for winning the target-shooting gold medal by the Police Academy. The National Flag was unfurled at 7-30 a.m. by the Chairman of the College Management Trust.

The National Anthem was played by the college band while everyone stood respectfully to attention. Meera Pandit of Std. XII recited a poem composed by her, ‘Majha Desh Mahaan’. This was well appreciated by one and all. The Chief Guest spoke to us about our duties as citizens of the Republic of India. Then Narendra Jain was given the award by Senior Inspector Kale of the Police Academy. This was a solemn ceremony. Sweets were distributed and the gathering then dispersed.

Question 3.
Read the following headline of a news item “Cold Wave Sweeps North India”. Write a suitable dateline, lead paragraph and conclusion. Use a byline as well.
Answer:
Cold Wave Sweeps North India By A Special Correspondent Delhi, December 12 : Winter continued to send shivers across northern India, claiming another life in Uttar Pradesh. Delhi recorded the coldest day in the past fifty years on Monday.

A four-month-old boy died in Kanpur. The winter chill also swept through Punjab, x Haryana, Rajasthan, and Himachal Pradesh and minimum temperatures hovered between minus and plus five. The mercury dipped to a record low in many northern cities. In New Delhi, the air traffic has been severely hit by the fog.

Question 4.
Read the following headline of a news item “Milk for Millions” scheme inaugurated. Write a suitable dateline, lead paragraph and conclusion. Add a byline.
Answer:
‘Milk for Millions’ Scheme Inaugurated
By Sonali Mazumdar

New Delhi, August 29: Inaugurating the ‘Milk for Millions’ scheme of the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) here, the Prime Minister called for a second white revolution to provide milk to the millions of undernourished infants of the country. “We must ensure at all costs that our infants get the basic nourishment, which is their right by birth,” he declared amidst loud applause.

The NDDB chairman said the projected 300 million output for 2020-21 would suffice to support the scheme. “A detailed plan with Panchayat-level participation has been already chalked out for the execution of the scheme,” he added.

Question 5.
Mumbai School Sports Association’s (MSSA) under-14 interschool football championship final was held on 17th November. Write a newspaper report on this with the help of following points :

• Don Bosco School vs Gokuldham School
• Don Bosco won by 3-1
• Goals scored after the half time
• Venue: Brabourne stadium
• Shield awarded

Answer:

Don Bosco Bags Mssa Shield
By Sports Reporter

MUMBAI, November 18: In the Mumbai School Sports Association’s (MSSA) Under-14 interschool football championship final, Don Bosco beat Gokuldham 3-1 at Brabourne here today.

The clash of the old rivals was a sheer delight to the crowd. Till half time, it was anybody’s game. Expectedly, in the second half, Don Bosco went on the offensive hook, line and sinker. Their ace striker Vipul Shetty shot two marvellous goals within the span of six minutes. Later, Mukul Vanik’s header off a corner kick came as the saving grace for Gokuldham. Don Bosco’s captain Melvin D’sa received the shield amidst loud cheering.

Question 6.
An auto driver returns a bag of cash to a passenger who had forgotten the bag in the auto. Write a newspaper report on this with the help of following points :

• Notices the bag after dropping the passenger
• Began the search for the owner
• Ultimately traced the passenger
• Refuses reward
• Honesty is the best policy.

Answer:
Auto Driver Shows The Way – By Aarohi Bokil
PUNE, March 12: Setting yet another example to prove ‘honesty is the best policy’, an auto driver here returned a bag containing two lakhs to its owner.

“I was queuing at the petrol pump after dropping my last passenger when I noticed a leather bag on the back seat. Opening it I found wads of notes; and then my hunt for the owner began,” Abdul Latif – the auto driver – said.

It took Latif two hours and two hundred rupees worth of fuel to trace the owner. “It is nothing short of a miracle that he traced me following such vague leads,” Hiten Vora – the bag’s owner- said with a voice breaking with emotion. Abdul Latif, however, refused to take any reward. When asked about the loss he incurred in the process, the youngster dismissed the issue with a hearty laugh.

Speech Writing

Draft the following speeches as instructed:

Question 1.
Prepare a short speech to be delivered by you in class on the occasion of the send off for students of Std. XII.
Answer:
A Hearty Farewell

Honourable Principal, Respected Professors and dear friends,

Today is an important day for us because it is the day we take leave of you in order to study for the coming HSC examinations. We hope that all of us will pass the examination with resounding success. Some of us may continue with higher education, some of us may seek employment hereafter. But we shall never forget these two years that we spent on this campus. These were years not only of great fun and freedom, but also of successful learning.

We got our first lessons in democracy here. We learnt to live in harmony with all kinds of people. Our professors were patient with us and were always there to clear our doubts. We are grateful to them. We are also grateful to all of you who made these years such a rich experience for us. A heartfelt thanks to you once again, and may God bless our efforts in the coming examinations.

Thank you.

Question 2.
Prepare a short speech to be delivered by you in class on the occasion of the Independence Day.
Answer:
India of My Dreams

Respected Sir/Madam and dear friends,

This is a very special and important day for us. On this day we remember those who fought for our freedom. On this day our National Flag flies atop all important buildings and institutions. I believe that Independence Day is a day when we need to pledge ourselves to the nation anew. It is a day when we need to make fresh commitments to all the ideals of our Constitution; ideals such as freedom, justice, equality and brotherhood. It is a day when we need to put to test whether we truly follow these ideals.

Let us carry forward the torch of freedom. Let us in fact be soldiers who will fight against the evils that this nation now faces; evils such as terrorism, corruption, inequality and superstition. Only when these evils are overcome, will our nation be truly free.

Jai Hind!

Question 3.
Write a speech on ‘Democracy’.
Answer:
Ideal Democracy

Honourable Judges, Respected Teachers and dear friends,

Unfortunately, democracy in India today does not work the way it should. It is limited to the day when the masses go to the polling booths and cast their votes. Then they return to their routine lives.

Most people do not actively participate in serious social issues. They do not react to the injustice happening around. Many among us do not bother to raise our voice against the corrupt practices going on around us. Casting our votes once in five years or so is not the sole idea of being a responsible citizen. A citizen should be always vigilant. Likewise, we also need a responsible media to expose those who are corrupt. Further, the people’s representatives should realize that they are accountable to the voters. If all these things work together then only can we reap the real fruits of democracy.

Thank you!

Dialogue Writing:

Write the dialogues as instructed:

Question 1.
You wish to open a postal savings account in the post office in your locality. Write the conversation between you and the Postmaster in the form of a dialogue.
Answer:

• Myself: Good morning sir. I wish to open a I postal savings account. How do I go about it?
• Postmaster: Just fill this form giving proper details about your name and address and sign on the dotted line there at the bottom.
• Myself: What is the minimum amount that I can put in?
• Postmaster: Oh, you can put in any amount you want. How much do you want to deposit right now?
• Myself: I would like to open the account with 500.
• Postmaster: Then hand over the money to me and I will give you a receipt for it.
• Myself: Here is the form and the money. Postmaster : Here is your receipt. Now you have a postal savings account. You can collect your passbook after half an hour.
• Myself: Thank you sir.
• Postmaster: You’re welcome.

Question 2.
Write a conversation between you and your mother about ‘domestic duties’:
Answer:

• Myself: Mother, do I have to do the dishes every day?
• Mother: Well, dear, you’ve got to learn sometime. You can never tell when the need may arise.
• Myself: But I have so much to study. And I have projects to complete.
• Mother: I understand. But this work has also to be done.
• Myself: Can’t the servant do it?
• Mother: Oh, she will be coming late today and the dishes are all cluttered up. In the future it will be very difficult to get a domestic help. Then you will thank me for training you.
• Myself: Mother, I plan to get a good job and earn a lot of money. I will employ a housemaid permanently in my house to look after everything, including looking after the children.
• Mother: You can never be so sure about the future. So just get down to the dishes, and don’t argue.
• Myself: Ok mother, if you say so.

Question 3.
You are in Std. XII in your college. On the first day of the new academic year you meet a student of Std. XI. Write a conversation you have with the ‘fresher’ :
Answer:

• Myself: Hello. You’re new, aren’t you? What’s your name?
• Fresher: Hello, I’m Nitin.
• Myself: Which school are you from?
• Fresher: I’m from Ideal School.
• Myself: I guess you’ve taken Commerce. Right?
• Fresher: Yes.
• Myself: I’m in Commerce too. Have you found your class? You seem nervous.
• Fresher: Yah. It’s the first day. And they say that the seniors rag the freshers.
• Myself: Oh, nothing. Just a little teasing, that’s all. You don’t have to be scared. It’s only to make you feel at home.
• Fresher: Will you be there?
• Myself: Yes, I’ll be there. Don’t worry. My name is Ketan. I’ll say you’re my friend. No one will do anything to you.
• Fresher: Hey, thanks a lot. You’re a real pal! I have to go and find my class. See you later. Bye.
• Myself: Bye.

View-Counterview

Write the counterviews as instructed:

Question 1.
Write a Counterview for the topic: ‘The Cellphone has given us social networking- not society’. You may consider the following points for the View section of the topic and then write the Counterview. The cellphone has given us social networking – not society View:
– cellphone did not bring in any social change, except instant communication
– instead of being a means of social bonding (e.g. the railways or the loudspeaker earlier), the cellphones make the people live in their own individual islands
– cellphones have just succeeded in making too many people talk for too long a time on matters too silly.
Answer:
Cellphones did usher in a new society (Counterview)

Bringing instant communication to the poor itself is a social revolution. The poor was earlier deprived of both – speedy transport and quick communication. Speedy communication saves time, and time is money for the poor as it is to the rich. More so for the poor who sell their labour by hours and days. In addition, the availability of affordable handsets brought in a sort of socialism. Now even the unlettered can talk directly to his near and dear ones he needn’t pester a ‘babu’ to get his letters written.

When it comes to social bonding, the cellphones have played a major role of late in organizing protest rallies and morchas. It has become so much easier to connect people using cellphones. And about talking too long on things too silly – this is not a new phenomenon. Such people were there in the past, and will be there till the end of the world. For them, if not the cellphone, a pair of apparently listening ears will do. They will chat and chat. We cannot blame it on the cellphones.

Question 2.
Write a Counterview for the topic ‘Junk food should be replaced with organic food’. You may consider the following points for the View section of the topic and then write the Counterview. Junk food should be replaced with organic food (View Section)
– Junk food lacks nutrients
– it leads to obesity
– leads to many diseases
– organic food is a better option always
Answer:
Attacking fast food is the new fad (Counterview)
First of all, I object to the umbrella term ‘junk food’ which we indiscriminately use to brand a variety of food items. The dictionary defines ‘junk food’ as something ‘that is quick and easy to prepare and eat but that is thought to be bad for your health’. Yes, it is thought to be bad. There is no conclusive evidence to prove that the so called junk food is bad beyond doubt. Then again, such one-size-fits- all definition overlooks the fact that many fast food joints sell a variety of salads and greens, One can understand if someone brings out a list of items with their respective nutritional values and says that these are perfectly ‘junk’, But that is not happening. One has also to take into account’ the age and lifestyle of the eater, If you eat organic food and lead a sedentary life, obesity and diseases are assured results.

Moreover, I think, the passion for organic food is just another fad. People attach a sort of sophistication to organic food. To me, organic food is just the ordinary food with a university education socially more acceptable and stylish – nothing much different in essence.

Question 3.
Write a Counterview for the topic: ‘Sports should be optional in colleges’. You may consider the following points for the View section of the topic and then write the Counterview:
Sports should be optional in colleges (view section)
– Difficult syllabus; students need to prepare for entrance tests to competitive examinations
– Very little time for activities other than study -Not enough infrastructure to accommodate
all students
– Students have little sports background in schools
Answer:
Every student in college should take up some kind of sport (Counterview)
The College is the last chance that the student has to learn some game or sport that will stand him or her in good stead for the rest of his or her life. If a student hasn’t already played some sport during his or her school days, he or she should be encouraged to take up some activity during his or her college days. This will have the effect of bringing discipline into the campus, and providing students at that age with the much needed vent for their energies.

College campuses are usually large and can accommodate many games such as badminton, table tennis, squash, boxing and lawn tennis. Football, cricket and hockey are usually encouraged as a rule. Colleges can allot more funds to sports. This will help in the long run and will give to the nation citizens who have developed an all-round personality. It will reduce the time spent by students on undesirable activities such as eve-teasing, smoking and indulging in campus violence. Sports is never a waste, and the more students are encouraged to take part, the better.

Leaflet

Write the following leaflets as instructed:

Question 1.
Prepare a leaflet about a Tree Plantation Ceremony that your class is organizing. Give details about the venue and time. You may ask for help by way of manure, saplings, ideas, etc. Give details about whom the students should contact.
Answer:

Question 2.
Prepare a leaflet on ‘Save the Earth’. Make use of the foUowing points:
– make the slogan attractive
– make a persuasive appeal
– give information about the programmes to be undertaken
– ask for contributions
– explain the need to save the environment
– add other ideas of your own
Answer:

Question 2.
Prepare a short tourist leaflet on any seaside resort you have visited with the help of points given below :
1. How to reach there?
2. Accommodation.
3. Places worth-seeing.
4. Specialities.
5. Add your own points.
Answer:
Devbagh

Devbagh, a seaside resort, is a tiny island off the west coast of Karwar, in Karnataka. It is near the confluence of the Kali river and the sea.

1. Ways to reach: Devbagh is well- connected to Mumbai and Bengaluru by road. It is 2 hours by road from Goa and a 20-minute boat ride from Karwar.
2. Accommodation available : Devbagh forest beach resort offers cozily furnished tents and log cabins.
3. Sight-seeing : Shivganga Falls, Magod Falls, Lalguli Falls, Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary, Temples, Historical spots, Beautiful beaches, etc.
4. Specialities : Spicy crab curry is the region’s speciality. Most food preparations are liberally garnished with coconut.
5. Most suitable time for visits : Throughout the year, though the best season is from October to May.
6. Additional information: Plenty of interesting activities for the adventurous – water sports, cruises to neighbouring uninhabited islands, snorkelling trips, sea kayaking, rafting trips, etc.

Appeal

Write the following appeals as instructed:

Question 1.
A student in your college seeks immediate medical help. His parents are unable to afford the huge amount needed for the operation. Prepare an appeal to be put on the college noticeboard requesting the students to donate generously. Take the help of the following points:
– the name of the illness
– the cost of the operation
– how the contributions can be made
Answer:

Question 2.
Prepare an appeal based on the information given below:
The Khadi and Village Industries Commission proposes to promote Khadi wear. They would like people to buy and wear Khadi for natural feel and elegant texture. The cloth also promotes good health and ensures quality. They propose to give a special discount on cotton, silk (spun), silk (reeled), woollen and polyvastra varieties of Khadi. Every metre of Khadi purchased by each of you will help provide employment to many.
Answer:

Interview

Write interview questions based on the given situation:

Question 1.
Imagine that you have to interview a social campaigner of your choice. Frame a set of 8-10 questions to interview him/ her as per the following points :

• Introducing the guest
• Background of the campaign
• Setbacks/Criticism
• Support/Achievements
• Dreams/Message

Answer:
Good morning, Ms. Nandita Das! Glad to have you on our show. Your ‘Black is Beautiful’ campaign has been a great success and I think our viewers would like to know something more about it.

1. Let me begin by asking you the most relevant question first: What had prompted you to take up such a radical campaign?
2. What were the initial setbacks that you had faced?
3. Were you apprehensive of the reaction from traditional society?
4. How do you explain our deep-rooted obsession with skin colour?
5. Has the Western World changed their attitude of “White supremacy” over the years?
6. Does this “colour bias” affect the boys as much as the girls?
7. Who supported you most during the campaign?
8. Certain print media groups and television channels stopped accepting advertisements for the so called ‘fairness creams’ after your campaign. Do you expect many more such positive initiatives?
9. Many people, especially young girls, look up to you as their idol. How do you hope to live up to their expectations?
10. Is there any special message for our youth?

Question 2.
Imagine that yon have to interview the District Medical Officer during the outbreak of a serious epidemic. Frame a set of 8-10 questions to interview him/her as per the following points:

• introduction
• the gravity of the situation
• briefing on technical terms
• importance of precautions
• preparedness to combat the disease

Answer:
Today we have with us our DMO to reassure us about the safety measures taken by the district authorities. Good morning Madam! Could you spare a few moments to enlighten our viewers about the unprecedented situation we face now.

1. Thank you. Let me first ask you how grave is the situation as of now?
2. There are many new term in currency now as quarantine, self-isolation, tracing contacts, etc. Could you briefly explain these terms for the benefit of our general viewers?
3. How important is social-distancing in the present scenario?
4. Should masks to be preserved for the frontline workers or is it a must for each and everyone?
5. Do we have enough testing kits now?
6. What is the difference between rapid test and RT-PCR test?
7. What are the elementary precaution to be taken other than social-distancing and hand- hygiene?
8. Do you have enough medical staff to tide over such an emergency?
9. Do we have enough ventilators and ICU beds?
10. How is the coordination between the various departments of the district administration?

Question 3.
Imagine that you have to interview a “Save the Trees” campaigner. Frame a set of 8-10 questions to interview him/her as per the following points:

• introduction
• success so far
• forest conservation laws
• attitude of people to climate change
• factors working for and against the campaign

Answer:
Good evening Sir! I think it is the need of the time that our young generation realize the importance of your campaign. I am very glad to have you on our special “Environment Day” programme.

1. How do you evaluate the success of your campaign so far?
2. Do you think that people still show a callous disregard towards the threat of climate change?
3. Why is there a lack of awareness among our countrymen about the importance of trees?
4. Why doesn’t the government enforce the forest conservation laws effectively?
5. What are the substitutes for timber in the construction industry?
6. Have you ever felt that you are defending a lost cause?
7. How far does the Indian tradition of worshipping trees help you in your campaign?
8. Do you get enough funds to carry on your campaign?
9. Is the younger generation more receptive to environmental issues?
10. What piece of advice would you like to give to the school children?

Question 4.
Imagine that you have to interview a teacher who has received the President’s award. Prepare a set of 8-10 questions to interview him/her as per the following points:

• Introducing the guest
• Feeling during the moment
• Reason for taking up teaching
• Contentment/Satisfaction
• Opinion about young teachers
• Setback and reward of the profession

Answer:
Good morning Madam! I take it as a great privilege to be with you and have a chat. Thank you very much for sparing your valuable time.

1. How did you feel during those brief moments with the President?
2. Do you think that you have lived a complete life and it is time to retire?
3. At what point of time in your life did you find that teaching is your calling?
4. Many teachers find teaching a thankless job : What is your opinion about that?
5. Was there any conflict between your personal life and professional life?
6. Do you think teaching attracts real talent in this materialistic world?
7. What, in your view, are the most essential qualities of a teacher?
8. Do you find the young cro0p of teachers as great promise?
9. What were the setbacks that you faced in your long career?
10. How did your students, who are spread far and wide, react to this honour?

E-Mails:

Question 1.
Read the following advertisement and prepare a letter of application to be sent by email. (Do not give your bio-data.)
Situation Vacant
Wanted: A Computer Engineer
Candidate must have passed B.E. in
Computer Engineering.
Experience holder will be preferred.
Write giving details to:
Email: armancon@gmail.com

Sir/Madam,I have recently passed my B.E. in Computer Engineering from J L M Engineering College, Ratnagiri with a pass percentage of 61.1 also have three months of experience developing software for Pragati Electronics in Ratnagiri. The project was for the maintenance of accounts of MHEL Pvt. Ltd.

I do hope that you will consider me for appointment in your esteemed company. I shall be able to arrange my own accommodation in Pune. I anticipate an early call for an interview. My details are in the CV that I have attached.

I assure you of dedicated service, should I be considered for the post.

Yours truly,
XYZ

Blog Writing

A List of Blogging Sites/Apps.
Given below is a list of blogging sites/ apps from where you can begin blogging.

1. https://zapier.com/blog/best-blog-sites/
2. https://www.wpbeginner.com/beginners- guide/how-to-clioose-the-best-blogging- platform/
3. https: / /www. say ansamanta. com/best- android-apps-blogger.html
4. https://www.excellentwebworld.com/latest- blogging-trend/
5. https://www.livejournal.com
6. https:// www.wordpress.com
7. https://www.blogger.com
8. https://www.blogs.myspace.com.

Question 1.
Write blogs on the following topics
Say no to tobacco.
Answer:

Question 2.
Man v/s Nature.
Answer:

Film Review:

Students are advised to read film reviews that appear in periodicals and online. This will familiarize them with the technical terms and expressions used in reviews.

After viewing a film, attempt to write your own review based on the guidelines given above. It is always a good practice to make a first draft and revise it after some time. This will help you eliminate any personal bias that has distorted the review. Revising the text also enables you to write comprehensive but concise reviews.

The Art of Compering

Imagine that you are a compere of the ‘Annual Day Celebrations’ of your college. Write a script for the same. You can take the help of the following points.

• Brief introduction
• Lighting of the Lamp
• Welcome Speech
• Speech of the Chief Guest
• Entertainments
• Vote of thanks

Answer:
1. Introduction and lighting the lamp: Good evening to all present here today on this special occasion. We have been awaiting this day with great anticipation. And finally here we are gathered to usher in that great day! Let’s begin the function with the lighting of the traditional lamp and I request our honourable Chief Guest Shri Ganesh Narvekar to inaugurate the function by lighting the lamp. [The chief guest together with certain other dignitaries on the dais lit the lamp.]
2. Welcome speech: Next we go to the Welcome Speech. Our respected Principal will now address the audience and welcome the Chief Guest. [Principal’s speech – 8-10 minutes.]
3. Speech of the Chief Guest: Now I request the honourable Chief Guest to take the podium.
[Chief Guest comes to the podium and delivers his speech – about 10 minutes.]
4. Entertainments: Now the curtains will be down for a few moments in preparation for the entertainment programme.
[Curtains down. The chief guest and other dignitaries are ushered to their seats in the audience. Stage is cleared. Curtain raises.]

(a) Now the college orchestra will delight you with their musical programme.
/Musical programme for 45 minutes]
(b) Yes, that was a big round of applause and a greatly deserved one! Let’s move on to our next item. Students of Std. XI will now perform a fusion dance. Welcome them with a warm applause!
[Dance lasts about 30 minutes.]
5. Vote of thanks: Now I call upon our Vice-principal to propose a vote of thanks. [About 2-3 minutes]
Now I thank you all once again. Special thanks to our talented artist-friends who made this evening a memorable one.

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 3.5 Drafting a Virtual Message Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.5 Drafting a Virtual Message

12th English Digest Chapter 3.5 Drafting a Virtual Message Textbook Questions and Answers

(i) Given below is a two-way communication cycle or the process of communication.

(a) Can you guess the role of the sender and the receiver in this process? What do we encode? What do we decode?

Question 1.
Can you guess the role of the sender and the receiver in this process?

Answer:
The role of the sender is to transcribe what he/she wants to convey to the receiver in a message. The role of the receiver is to interpret the conveyed message and to grasp its meaning. As messages use commonly accepted components like words, symbols and signs, the receiver generally finds no difficulty in interpreting them. However, the sender must be careful to create a clear message so as to avoid any kind of misinterpretation or misreading.

Question 2.
What do we encode?
Answer:
We encode what we want to convey to the I receiver in the form of an unambiguous (clear in meaning) message.

Question 3.
What do we decode?
Answer:
We decode from the message the idea that it conveys by way of interpreting it. A clear message is easy to interpret.

Question (b)
People send messages to others for different purposes. Mention at least five purposes/reasons for which messages are generally sent.
Answer:
1. To inform the receiver about the facts, events, etc.
2. To express feelings like sympathy, solidarity etc.

Question (ii)
Given below is a tree-diagram explaining two major types of messages. Complete the blank boxes in the diagram. One is done for you.
Answer:

(A1)

Question (i)
In pairs, enact the given conversation between Rakesh and Mrs Sarkar.
Answer:

• Rakesh: Hello, may I speak to Dr Sarkar?
• Mrs. Sarkar: He has gone to the hospital to attend the OPD. May I know who is speaking? ‘
• Rakesh: Yes, I am Rakesh Sood. My wife has been having a severe headache since yesterday. Since this morning she has also developed a high temperature. I would be very grateful if the doctor could come over to our place to examine her.
• Mrs. Sarkar: Of course. Please let me note down your address.
• Rakesh: It is B-49, New Colony.
• Mrs. Sarkar: I will give him your message as soon as he returns.
• Rakesh: Thank you.

Question (ii)
Mrs Sarkar had to leave for the school where she teaches. So she wrote a message for her husband. Draft the message in not more than 50 words.
(Students can enact the conversation in class.)
Answer:
22/06 – 9 am
Sumit

One Rakesh Sood staying at B-49, New Colony rang up this morning to say his wife has not been keeping well. She had headache yesterday and has been running a high temperature since this morning. He wanted you to go over their place and attend her at the earliest.

Sunita

Question (iii)
Using information from the dialogue given below, write the message which Amrita left for her brother, Sourajit. (Do not leave out any vital information or add any new information).
Answer:

• Shekhar: Is this 28473892?
• Amrita: Yes, May I know who is speaking?
• Shekhar: I am Shekhar, I want to speak to Sourajit. I am his friend from IHM, Goa.
• Amrita: I am his sister. Sourajit is not at home at the moment. Can you ring up a little later?
• Shekhar: I shall be a little busy. Actually, I have got a placement at the Hotel Mumbai, and will have to join with immediate effect.

So right now I am trying to get all the formalities completed. This is the news that I wanted to give Sourajit. Will you do that for me? Also tell him that I will let him know my new cell phone number as soon as I get one.
Amrita: I’ll do that. Bye and all the best. Amrita had to leave for office. So she wrote a note for Sourajit. Draft her message in not more than 50 words.

Question (iv)
You are Priyanka, a personal assistant to Ms Sen. She was away attending a meeting when Mr Garg rang up. You spoke to him and jotted down his message in your notepad.
Draft the message for Ms Sen using the information in your notes given below.
Mr Garg – rang up – 5 pm – has received the CDs and the posters – coming tomorrow – to thank Ms Sen and to personally hand over the cheque.
Answer:
5.15 pm [30th Sept.]
Madam,

Mr. Garg rang up at five in the evening while you were away attending the meeting. He said he had received the CDs and posters and would come tomorrow to express his thanks to you. He said he would also hand over the cheque to you personally.

Priyanka
(P.A)

Question (v)
Read the following conversation between Aashna and Mr. Singh.
Answer:
Aashna: Hello, may I speak to Ranajit, please?
I would like to see the notes which our biology teacher gave to the class during my absence.
Mr Singh: I will definitely do that.

Question (vi)
Since Mr Singh had to go for his morning walk he left a message for Ranajit. Draft that message in 50 words.
Answer:
Raj at comes home from school and finds the door locked. Since he has a duplicate key he enters and finds a note from his mother kept on the table. In it she explains that she had to rush to the hospital with Mrs Manohar, their neighbour, who had met with an accident. She has also written that he should have the rice and curry kept on the dining table for lunch. He could heat the food in the microwave oven if he wanted to, but he should be very careful while handling the switch.

Question (vii)
Using the information given below, write biology notebook to school today. I was absent from school due to illness. a message which Manu left for his sister. Renu. (Do not add any new information.

The message should not exceed 50 words). Ruhaan rang up – book – reading session – ‘Children Ask Kalam’ – Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam – compilation of letters received by him from children and his answers – Oxford Book Store – 8 pm, this evening, – pick you up – 6:30 pm attend reading session together.
Answer:
28th Nov. 2 pm
Renu

Ruhaan rang up to say that there is a book reading session at Oxford Book Store this evening at 8 o’clock. The book is “Children Ask Kalam” – a compilation of letters received by Dr. Kalam and his answers. I will pick you up at 6:30 pm sharp. We will attend it together.

Manu

Question (viii)
Given below is a template tor a message. Imagine you are working as a receptionist in a company and you are supposed to maintain the call record.
Complete the details given in the template for a particular message

Answer:

Explore:

(a) Browse the net and prepare a tabular column to explain the ‘Dos and Don’ts’ while drafting messages.
(b) Browse the net to find innovative ‘Message Templates’.
(c) Prepare a collection of short messages that are usually drafted and exchanged within the family members to keep them well informed and updated in case of different situations.
(d) Prepare a project titled, ‘The Importance of Messages in Everyday Life’.
(Students may attempt the above on their own.)

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 3.4 Statement of Purpose Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.4 Statement of Purpose

12th English Digest Chapter 3.4 Statement of Purpose Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Match the professions with the desired qualities: (The answers are given directly.)
Answer:

1. Businessman – c. convincing, selling, risk-taking
2. Artist – d. imaginative, creative, thinking out of
3. Advocate – e. logical reasoning, oratory, critical thinking.
4. Police – b. alert, investigative, love for physical activity
5. Scientist – a. reading, experimenting, researching

Question 2.
What is your career goal?
Answer:
My career goal is to be an astronaut.

Question 3.
Which of your qualities would help you in achieving your career goal?

Answer:

Question 4.
List the obstacles which might hamper in achieving your goals in life. One is done for you.
Answer:

1. Lack of proper guidance.
2. Opposition from family for choosing a strange career.
3. Lack of knowledge about the career prospects.
4. Lack of training centres in our country at present.

(A1)

Question 1.
Discuss and exchange your views with your partner about your career plan
Answer:

• My Partner: I think I should now think of a definite career plan. Have you ever thought of a career plan?
• Myself: Of course! I have a definite plan and I am quite focused on it.
• My Partner: Would you mind sharing your goals with me?
• Myself: Why not? You are my friend and you have every right to know it.
• Myself: I want to be a doctor. It is not that primary school ambition when every one wants to be an engineer or a doctor.
• My Partner: I wanted to be an airline pilot during those days.
• Myself: There could be many like you. Those were just fleeting fancies. You just can’t call them career goals.
• My Partner: Do you think your plan is real and practical?
• Myself: Surely I do! That’s why I call it my career plan. My whole focus is on it. I work hard to achieve my goal.
• My Partner: There are many doctors around and I don’t find any particular charm to be one among those ‘white coats’.
• Myself: Oh, yes! You are free to have your opinions, but whatever I do will have my personal stamp on it. I am unique and I am going to be a unique doctor.
• My Partner: Is that something like going to the villages barefoot?
• Myself: Could be that. Perhaps much more than that. You will see it yourself sometime in the future. I am quite steadfast in my resolve.
• My Partner: Okay, okay. I wish you all the best. I wish I had your will to win.

(A2)

Question 1.
You must have decided your aim in life. Which institute/university would you like to join for your diploma/ graduation. Write a Statement of Purpose as a part of your application to the institute/university.
Answer:
I would like to graduate in history from Birkbeck College under the University of London. Given below is my Statement of Purpose attached as part of my application.

Statement of Purpose:

For me, history was just a list of monarchs, a catalogue of wars and a chronicle of dynasties. All this changed when I reached the VUIth standard. I was, then, fortunate to study history under a dynamic teacher. He changed my perspectives. I realized that there is social history and economic history. There is history of science and ideas. The tipping point came when my teacher introduced me to the Bhakti Movement.

I realized that I belong to the land of Saints – Maharashtra. The lives of saints fascinated me. I delved deep into books to know more about their work and time. I read about Sant Namdeo, Sant Dynaneshwar, Sant Eknath, Sant Tukaram and Ramdas Swami. What I gained, of course, was very precious. My fascination with the subject grew by each passing day.

My aim in seeking admission to your college is that you have a very good department in South Asian History. I know that the late eminent historian Eric Hobsbawm taught in your college throughout his career. Likewise, the famous R. J. Evans and Roy Foster were once members among your faculty. So I am hopeful that I would get a chance to learn under world class teachers once I get into your esteemed institution.

My broad plan is to have a sound grounding in the medieval socio-economic history of India during my graduation years and then move on to the Bhakti Movement during my post-graduate studies. Doctoral and post-doctoral research would be focused on the life and work of a single saint.

I am an avid reader. I hope my exposure to saint literature in Marathi would stand me in good stead. I am a state-level chess player. Chess, as per the game theory, is a full information game. Your opponent see on the board as much as you see. However, the patient search for possibilities pay the dividend. The player processes the various permutations and combinations and finally makes that unique move – the winning move! I am sure that I have it in me.

I worked as an amateur research assistant to Dr. Pendse while he was working on his monumental work on the Bhakti Movement. I also have a diploma in “Indexing Books in Humanities”. I earnestly hope that an exposure to the excellent academic atmosphere prevailing in your prestigious institution would bring forth the best in me and thus allow me to contribute my mite to the rich cultural heritage of my land!

(A3)

Question 1.
Enrich your vocabulary.
Match the job terms with their meanings.

Answer:

1. to be your own boss – (g) to have your own business
2. a dead-end job – (f) a job with no promotional opportunities
3. a good team player – (j) someone who can work well with other people
4. a heavy workload – (h) to have a lot of work to do
5. a high-powered job – (b) an important/ powerful job
6. job satisfaction – (i) enjoying your job
7. manual work – (a) work that requires physical activity
8. to be stuck in a rut – (e) to be in a boring job that is hard to leave
9. to be stuck behind a desk – (c) to be unhappy in an office job
10. a nine-to-five job – (d) a normal job having a duty of 8 hours

(A4)

Question 1.
Read the dialogue given below and fill in the blanks with the appropriate job terms given above.
(The answer parts are underlined.)
Answer:
Varsha: Vivek, what kind of a job are you looking for?
Vivek: Varsha, I want to be my own boss. I don’t like a nine-to-five job. My present job is not challenging. I am stuck behind a desk. I am not afraid of a heavy workload and I am a good team player. Moreover, this is a dead-end job. I am looking for an opportunity to try new winds.

A5. Read the personal details given below and prepare a suitable Statement of Purpose:

Question (i)
University of Bath, UK is one of the leading Universities for Business Studies. You belong to a business family – wish to start your own business, carry forward your family business in future. In your junior college you have opted for commerce, scored well in your Std. X Board examination – You made profit in the stall you had put up in the business fair organized by your school/ college. Your hobbies are playing cricket/ hockey – you get along well with people.
Answer:
I belong to a family which had a long tradition in business. My father is a third generation businessman. I grew up meeting relatives who are in some business or the other. Naturally, I have never thought of any pursuit other than business.

My family business is doing quite well but the world of business is changing rapidly. To keep up with the changing times, I must keep abreast of the new developments in the world of business. Hence I aspire for a degree in business studies from an institution of high standing as yours.

I did exceedingly well in my Standard X Board Examination scoring impressive marks in Maths and English. For the junior college I opted commerce as my main stream. Accountancy is my favourite area of study. I feel quite comfortable with the subject because balance sheet analysis, stocks, trade, tariff, etc. have always been the words in currency during any of the family gatherings.

A cool head on his shoulders is a must for a businessman. With an agitated mind you can’t ever take the right decisions. I am cool by nature. I assess the pros and cons with a dispassionate mind. No wonder that I was always made the captain of our cricket team. Cricket being a mind game as well, one needs to make quick and effective decisions. Moreover, one needs to make one’s team mates believe that the decision is theirs! There lies the magic of a team player and leader and so far I have been a great hit at it.

As they say, the proof of the pudding is in the eating. Just thinking that I am endowed with great business acumen would remain a mere boast until I prove it with an example. Luckily I had a great chance coming my way during the business fair organized by our college.

What I proposed was a stall selling helmets. The principal flatly rejected the idea saying that in a college where most of the students are under-18 and are not eligible for a driving licence, it was preposterous to come out with such a bizarre idea. I persisted and somehow got the permission. It was a three-day fair.

On the first day, just as I had expected, many students told me that their siblings and parents do have helmets at home – but they don’t wear it. This was the tipping point. I asked them to bring those unworn helmets the next day. I would compensate for the old ones – they need to pay only the difference for the new ones. (I had already made a tie-up with a second-hand helmet dealer. I offered an environment-friendly bag as well to each prospective buyer.)

Students, especially girls, warmed towards the idea greatly. Being a gift, their brothers or parents just won’t be able to neglect the helmets. The magic word here was ‘gift’; and the sentimental aura surrounding the gesture. The venture clicked. I made a handsome profit. The satisfaction of being instrumental in saving many lives was a bonus.

I know for sure that the case narrated above is not a path-breaking event. But for me, it was an eye-opener. I realized that business is mainly a game based on human psychology. Reading a bit of behavioural economics taught me that not all economic demands stem from rational thought.

Yes, your prestigious institution can offer me what I seek. I seek something more than a degree in business studies. Your esteemed faculty, I hope, will provide me the right exposure I need. I look forward to novel ventures. I want to tread on an unbeaten path. For me, business is not just about making money. It is the thrill of living every moment in the exhilaration of weighing choices and making decisions. For that I need to learn new things. For that I need to get into an institution like yours.

Question (ii)
You are an avid animal lover. You have a pet dog and some lovebirds at home. You are extremely fond of them. You have been a member of bird watcher’s club. You have loved going on a safari. You have taken care of orphan animals, or animals who are hurt. In school you loved Biology. You wish to make a career in this field. The University of Cambridge offers an excellent course/ programme which would boost your career. Make a Statement of Purpose which will help you to get admission to this University.
Answer:
Statement of Purpose

I was captivated by the world of animals much early in my life. There are of course, many people around who love animals; but I doubt whether they share the same intensity which I have. I love animals of all softs. I care for animals big and small. I equally love the ones who fly and the ones who crawl.

My parents have been quite supportive of my passion. My collection of lovebirds and the pet dog which I have now are their gifts. I observe my pets and all other animals around me with undiminishing curiosity. Their behaviour fascinates me: Though ‘biology’ has been my favourite subject all along, I never knew that there are courses catering to my specific need. So your biology graduation course with focus on animal behaviour is “the one” I sought after.

I very well know that observation and study of animals demand infinite patience. Many senior members of our “Bird watchers’ club’ usually appreciate my great patience. I also have an eye for detail. Each time I go for a safari, I notice something new. Each time there seems to be a revelation of sort.

If I say I care for my pets that would be just stating the obvious. My love for animals goes beyond boundaries. Any animal suffering or struggling anywhere is my concern. There have been umpteen cases where I took care of and tended orphaned animals; but each case was unique and every one of them is etched in my memory in its vivid detail.

Though my interaction with animals has a long record, my theoretical studies about animals are not much to boast of. I have read the works of Nikolaas Tinbergin, Konrad Lorenz. Karl Von Frich and Ivan Pavlov – all pioneers in the field of animal behaviour. Nevertheless, I know that a lot has been happening of late. Moreover, I wish to learn the discipline in an organized way. And your esteemed institution is “the place” for it. I am hopeful that I will be able to contribute something significant to the field I love most.

(A6)

Question 1.
Browse different websites and find out the universities offering best courses in life Sciences, Arts, Sports, Music, Engineering and medicine. Collect and share any other additional information related to the course which seems important.
(Students may attempt this on their own.)

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 3.3 Note-Making Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.3 Note-Making

12th English Digest Chapter 3.3 Note-Making Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Complete the web.

Answer:

Question 2.
Discuss in groups why you take notes.

Answer:

Better notes will help you remember concepts, develop meaningful learning skills and gain better understanding of a topic. Discuss in groups different styles or methods you use in your note-making/taking. For example, to underlining iportant facts.
(We have given here a few of the methods employed in Note-making/Note-taking in blank formats. Students may experiment and find out the most useful method/ methods on their own. The selection of method largely depends upon the personal trait, taste and talent of j each individual student.)

Question 3.
Now let’s complete the following diagram that represents Prana and its elements: (The answers are given directly. For the relevant article, refer to page 149 of the textbook.)

Answer:

Example: Transfer the above information in the form of a table:
(Answers are given directly and underlined)
Bodily process

Doshas	Associated with	Characteristics	Imbalance causes
Vata	air and aether	energetic	nervous
Pitta	fire and water	strong digestion	aggression
Kapha	water and earth	slow	greed

(A1)

Question 1.
Read the following passage carefully and complete the activities.

(A2)

Question 1.
Read the passage given on page 151 of the textbook and complete the following points with the help of the above text. (Give a suitable title.)
The Perils of self-medication
Answer:

Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 3.3 Note-Making Additional Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Cornell Two-column notes
Answer:
(Blank format)

Outlining method:

Question 1.
In Outlining method, you put the main idea/topic closest to the left side of your page as headers. Then use indentations (i.e. to leave space as if you begin a new paragraph and moving to the right each time) to arrange the related points one after the other.

Blank format:
Keyword:
• This is the main division.
• This is a sub-division.
• This is a supporting fact.
Keyword :
• This is the main topic.
• This is a sub-topic.
• This is an argument in support.

Box and Bullet method:

In this, a box is drawn for every main idea. Under each box are supporting points written against bullet points.
Blank format:
Title:
Author:
Central idea -1
______________
______________
______________

Central idea – 2
______________
______________
______________

Question 2.
Table:
Answer:

Term	Meaning	Additional information
Tax avoidance	Arranging one’s financial affairs to reduce tax	It is legal.
Tax evasion	Filing false returns or failing to file returns	It is illegal. It is a punishable offence.
Taxable income	Part of income that is liable to tax.	Can be reduced by allowing deductions.
Tax assessment	Determination of the amount of tax	Tax payers file returns.

Pie Chart:

Question 1.
Pie Chart showing the land use in India.
Answer:

Bar Graph:

Question 1.
Bar Graph showing the Organ Donation Pattern in India (By a Study Group)
Answer:

Line Graph:

Question 1.
Line Graph showing the price of motorbikes and the corresponding sales
Answer:

Conclusion:

Organizing the notes is an essential component of Note-making or Note-taking. Students must remember that the ‘notes’ are for further use. If you fail to make any sense of your ‘notes’ later, the very purpose of Note-taking and Note-making is defeated. So the use of proper headings and sub-headings are very important. You must judiciously use numbers and letters for the sub-topics and derived points. Underlining and using an asterisk (*) will help you to identify the main points at a glance. Above all, the method and style of Note-taking/Note-making should be in tune with your personal propensity of ordering things.

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 3.2 Do Schools Really Kill Creativity? (Mind-Mapping) Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 3.2 Do Schools Really Kill Creativity? (Mind-Mapping)

12th English Digest Chapter 3.2 Do Schools Really Kill Creativity? Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Observe the given figure and complete the activities that follow:

(a) Replace the ‘main idea’ by any other thought or title of your own.
(b) Add three supporting ideas to the main idea as their branches.
(c) Add two ideas to one of the branches that explains the meaning of the branch.
Answer:

Question 2.
Complete the given blank spaces/balloons with your ideas in the figure that describes your basic preparation for the HSC Board Examination. Also complete the activities that follows:

Answer:

Activity:

Complete a similar type of detailed graphical figure in your own style showing the thoughts/ ideas/concepts that keep on generating in your mind and then you choose a particular style/design or a graphical representation to describe the same idea/facts/situations – then this type of presentation can be called ‘Mind – Mapping.’
Use different shapes, arrows, lines, connectors, balloons, boxes, curved arrows, callouts, scribbles, scrolls, explosions, etc. to describe your point of view.

For example:

(A1)

Question 1.
Study the tabular column given on page 141 of the Textbook. In pairs, tell your partner the importance of each one: (The first one is given here as an example. Students may attempt 2 to 8 on their own in a manner akin to the one given below.) Enhance activities with Mind-Mapping.

Answer:

• Student A: How does mind – mapping help us?
• Student B: It helps us see an overall picture.
• Student A: Would you kindly explain it a bit more?
• Student B: See, as one would expect, mind – mapping conveys the whole idea through hierarchy and relationships.
• Student A: By the way, what is ‘hierarchy’?
• Student B: Hierarchy is a system in which classes, status, authority, etc. are ranked one above the other.
• Student A: I think I’ve got it. With the help of mind – mapping we ‘maps out’ the points beginning from the more important ones and going on to the less important ones.
• Student B: Exactly! It is a sort of branching out. What I find exciting is that the ‘mapping out’ originates from our brain quite spontaneously.
• Student A: Being the creators we grasp it fully, don’t we?
• Student B: Yes, we do. Now you got it fully right!

(A2)

Question 1.
Given below is a ‘Mind – Mapping’ template. Use your ideas/thoughts/concepts to illustrate/develop them. (Develop your ideas in the form of main branch, sub-branches and tertiary branches respectively).

Also, write a paragraph on the mind map you have completed.
Answer:

The above given figure is my Mind Map about infectious diseases. The four main ideas are the Spread, Precautions, Treatment and Containment of such infectious diseases. The best way to check the spread of infection is the practice of personal hygiene and social distancing. Maintenance of proper civic sense is called upon from each citizen. Containing the disease becomes a challenge when diseases like COVID-19 breaks out. Lack of vaccine or specific medicine makes the situation very grave. Self-isolation, quarantine, and in extreme situations, Lockdown, etc. are practised to curtail the community spread of the contagion.

A sudden spike in the cases put great strain on the health care system. Authorities try to circumvent the spike by flattening the curve of the spike. Whenever there is a pandemic, it is the duty of the citizens to help the authorities by obeying all the directives.

(A3)

Question 1.
Develop a ‘Mind – Mapping’ frame/design to show the development in your personality seen with yourself in the last 5 years. You can take the help of the following points in order to develop each of them into further branches:
(Development in Physique, Self-learning Process, Communication Skills, Social Awareness, Family Responsibility)
Answer:

Development in physique	Self-learning process	Communication skills	Social awareness	Family responsibility
A sense of parting with childhood	Began to assess the children around me critically	An awareness of what I speak and how I speak	Still confined to my small world of family and friends	Took everything for granted and never bothered about the resources of my family
An earnest desire to join the club of grown-ups	A great quest to know more about the world around me	Censure of incorrect and impolite utterances	Exposure to print and electronic media opened up a ne w world	Slow realisation of the hardships of my parents in educating me
A surge in physical energy	An enhanced sense of body ownership	An earnest desire to impress others with my speech	Exploration of the world around me and my place in it	Sibling rivalry to my younger sister gave way to a sense of protective care
Interest in sports which are aggressive and dangerous	A sense of bonding with society	Started diary writing and found my skills wanting	Realization that I am not an island floating in the ocean of humanity	Resolved to do well in academics
Realization of the passing of adolescence and being an adult	A yearning to invent or discover something new	Level-headed effort to improve my speaking and writing skills	Still trying to figure out the nature of my social commitment	Hope to take great care of my parents in their old age

(A4)

Question 1.
Develop a ‘Mind – Mapping’ frame/design to show the ‘Benefits of games and sports’ to the students. You can take the help of the following points in order to develop each of them into further branches:
(Fitness and stamina, team spirit and sportsmanship, group behaviour, killer’s instinct, will to win)
Answer:

(A5)

Browse the internet to know the following:

Question 1.
Different Frames/Designs on Mind – Mapping :
(One example is given below. Students may browse the internet to find more.)
Answer:
Spidergram.

Question 2.
Benefits of Mind – Mapping:
Answer:
Mind – Mapping is an effective tool that helps us capture the logical thinking process that goes on in our mind. It enables us to put pieces of information in the proper slots. The gathered pieces of information then assume a compact and condensed format which can be committed to memory with vividness and clarity. Mind – Mapping also helps generate a stream of creative ideas. The speed and spontaneity of Mind – Mapping proves to be a great advantage during brainstorming sessions.

Question 3.
Uses of Mind – Mapping in note-taking:
Answer:
Mind – Mapping is a creative way of note-taking. We do not remain just passive listeners noting down points mechanically. On the contrary, Mind – Mapping helps us put our creative selves in the process. Thus, we become the co-producers of the information. Using Mind-Mapping in note-taking also enables us to structure the information to suit our natural inclinations of arrangement.

Question 4.
Difference between Mind – Mapping and Concept Mapping:
Answer:
A Concept map is a diagram that shows the suggested relationships among concepts. Concept maps, unlike Mind maps, allow more divergence due to their multiple hubs and clusters. Mind maps are often restricted to radial hierarchies and tree structures. Another feature that distinguishes a Mind map from a Concept map is that in a Mind map the basic idea is embodied in the centre image and the main themes radiate from the centre as branches. This, then branches off further as twigs.

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 2.1 Song of the Open Road Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 2.1 Song of the Open Road

12th English Digest Chapter 2.1 Song of the Open Road Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Choose the mode of travel that you would like the most, for a journey.
(a) Airways
(b) Waterways
(c) Railways
(d) Roadways.
Give reasons for your preference.
Answer:
(a) Airways:

• Time-saving even if costly
• Affordable nowadays due to economy airlines
• Useful to go all over the world if one can afford
• Qan enjoy birds’- eye view of different places

(b) Waterways:

• Enjoyable way to travel
• Commuting on waterways is not common all over India.
• In Kerala people use boats on canals and creeks for daily commute
• Long-distance travel by cruise-ship would offer new experiences on the oceans
• Can experience peace of mind and relaxation on long journey by waterway

(c) Railways:

• safe, quick and cheap way to travel long distances
• convenient for overnight journeys – no extra cost for night stay and rest
• comfortable for individuals, families, large groups
• view of the passing landscape and communities living along the route
• opportunity to meet people and even make new friends
• work, family trips, pilgrimage, touring – all kinds ofjourneys are possible and affordable.

(d) Roadways:

• can travel through remote areas
• travel by own vehicle gives more freedom.
• can enjoy the natural beauty -greenery, mountains, water-bodies
• see various geographical features, flora, and styles of clothing, food and even language.

Question 2.
Discuss with your partner, the preparations you would like to make for the journey chosen.
Answer:
(a) A journey by road will need a (virtual) map for the route to take. Road trips are unpredictable. Except for highways we do not know where food, water and facilities like restrooms or pharmacy may be available. One has to carry food, drinks and emergency medicines for unexpected situations. Umbrella or other rainwear, flashlight, spare tyre, tool box and jack are a must. Also when travelling by one’s own vehicle we must have the vehicle serviced and in perfect shape for long distance travel.

(b) All documents related to the vehicle – driver’s licence, registration- papers and insurance papers must be updated and ready to be shown. All journeys require the traveller to wear suitable comfortable clothes. So one would have to wear and pack clothes and accessories accordingly. One also has to foresee what weather conditions maybe along the journey and carry suitable items for that.

(c) Since all of us own mobile phones and our family will want to know about our well-being, one must remember to carry the phone charger and even a power- bank if possible. One must carry a list of emergency contact numbers on paper, in case one’s phone is lost or does not work.

(d) If one decides to travel alone one must be in touch with their loved ones daily, at least once at a particular time. If one has company then the travellers should also discuss the budget, schedule, how to tackle emergencies.and also what to do in unexpected situations.

Question 3.
Discuss the ways in which you would overcome the problems/hindrances/ difficulties you face during the journey.
Answer:
(a) In case of a problem or difficulty, I would go to the nearest place where I can try and resolve the problem.
(b) I would inform my family about the problem.
(c) I would take any steps needed to see that the problem does not become worse.
(d) I would ensure that I am safe till the problem is resolved and I can continue the journey/return home.

Question 4.
During every journey we have to observe certain rules. Discuss your ideas of the journey without any restrictions.
Answer:
(a) I would go with my friends since we work well as a team even though we have I varied interests and skills. We are like-minded about most things. We will share the costs and all of us drive well.
(b) My friends and I love to have fun but none of us is ever unruly. We do, always will, respect the law and are particular about others’ safety and our own.
(c) We will be. sure to never speed or drive rashly. None of us smokes nor consumes forbidden substances like alcohol.
(d) We will ensure that each gets some rest. We will also make sure we keep a log book to record our road trip for memories as well as a guide for later trips, so we can avoid the mistakes and fill in loopholes.

(A1)

Question (i)
Pick out the lines showing that the poet is prepared to enjoy every moment of his journey.
Answer:

• ‘Afoot and light-hearted I take to the open road,..’
• ‘Healthy, free, the world before me.’
• ‘The long brown path before me leading wherever I choose.’
• ‘Henceforth I ask not good-fortune, I myself am good-fortune,’
• ‘Strong and content I travel the open road.’
• ‘The earth, that is sufficient,’

Question (ii)
By ‘old delicious burdens’ the poet means
(a) the luggage
(b) the food he carries
(c) sweet memories of the past
Answer:
(c) sweet memories of the past

Question (iii)
The poet is a person who is free from all inhibitions. Discuss how the concept is expressed in the poem.
Answer:
The poet is about to embark on a trip. He j does not consider anything can restrict him, even his own hesitation or doubts. He says he is prepared -‘afoot ’and ‘light-hearted’, He is physically fit and mentally without any dilemma. He is all set to follow the road to his dream/destination. ‘Healthy and free’ He does not (want to) depend on good luck or fortune to be kind to him. He has his life, his destiny, in his own hands and is. confident that is enough. ‘I ask not good-fortune, I myself am good-fortune’.

He is no longer going to delay his journey with complaints, criticising that everything is not perfect. What is there is enough for him. ‘I whimper no more, postpone no more, need nothing,’ ‘The earth, that is sufficient’. His determination is strong and he has decided to progress on his path in life. ‘Strong and content I travel the open road.’

(A2)

Question (i)
Following are the activities of the poet related to his journey on the road. Divide them into two parts as ‘activities the poet will practise’ and ‘activities he will not practise’.
1. Walking along the road though he does not know where it reaches
2. Complaining about the discomforts during the journey
3. Postponing the journey
4. Praying for good fortune
5. Carrying the fond memories of the good people
6. Creating contacts with famous and influential people
7. Striving to achieve high and bright success
8. Reflecting and developing his own ‘self Activities he will practise’.
Answer:
Activities he will practise:
1. Walking along the road though he does not know where it reaches
5. Carrying the fond memories of good people
7. Striving to achieve high and bright success
8. Reflecting and developing his own ‘self Activities he will not practise

Activities he will not practise:
2. Complaining about discomforts during the journey
3. Postponing the journey
4. Praying for good fortune
6. Creating contacts with famous and influential people

(ii) Write down the traits the poet exhibits through the following lines.

Question (a)
Henceforth, I ask for no good fortune –
Answer:
I myself am good fortune – Self-confidence

Question (b)
Henceforth I whimper no more, postpone no more, need nothing –
Answer:
Positive and self-reliant

Question (c)
I do not want the constellations any nearer –
Answer:
self-assured and independent

Question (d)
I swear it is impossible for me to get rid of them –
Answer:
clear-thinking and knowing his mind

Question (e)
I am filled with them – I will fill them in return –
Answer:
aware and honest about himself

Question (iii)
‘Healthy, free, the world before me.’ Express your views regarding the above line.
Answer:
The poet is about to set out on life’s journey. He is of healthy body and mind. He feels strong enough to meet challenges he may have to face on the way. His attitude seems positive, hopeful and determined – he says ‘the world before me’ – showing this.

Hence we can say he is ready to make use of every opportunity the world can provide and he will not delay or complain, postpone or criticize, blaming others. He can make any dream come true.

(A3)

Question 1.
The poet has used many describing words like ‘healthy’ in the poem. Make a list and classify them as
(a) For the world: ……………
(b) For himself: ………………
(c) For the road: ………………
Answer:
(a) For the world: sufficient
(b) For himself: light-hearted, healthy, free, good-fortune, strong, content,
(c) For the road: open, long brown path

(A4)

Question (i)
The road in the poem does not mean only the road to travel. The poet wants to suggest the road of life. Explain the metaphor with the help of the poem.
Answer:
In a journey we may go on, we plan on the mode of travel, and hope to have an enjoyable trip. We want to admire the scenes passing by. We may meet new people. Sometimes we may come across some difficulties, yet we complete the trip and return home to our normal routine.

For a trip, we make travel plans decide the destination and so on. But life itself is a long journey. In our life we have family and friends. We don’t know what will happen in future. We remember pleasant as well as sad situations of the past. We work hard, find success, face failure, and attain glory and defeat. So life goes on.

In both, a trip or in life, the attitude is important in how we make the journey. One must go ahead with a positive and flexible mind-set. Unexpected situations will come up. We may have pleasant as well as unpleasant situations. But if we have self-belief, any difficulty can be faced. One must just be strong.

The poem also tells we have memories. We are held back by attachments. But we can carry the beautiful past as happy memories, We should always go forward in the journey of life.

Question (ii)
There are certain words that are repeated in the poem. For example, ‘no more’ (Line 7) Find out other similar expressions. Explain the I effect they have created in the poem.
Answer:
There are several words that are repeated.
1. ‘open road’ – lines 1 and 7. Indicates the path in life is open wide for the poet/ person to make any choice he wants. The opportunities are unlimited.
2. ‘before me’ – the poet is looking at the road ahead, his future life, his outlook for the upcoming journey (of life).
3. ‘Henceforth I’ – lines 4 and 5. The poet conveys ‘from that point onwards’ he has decided to do or not do certain things.
4. ‘good-fortune’ – he believes good fortune or destiny is not external. It is within one’s power, in one’s own hands.
5. ‘I know’ – lines 11 and 12. This shows his full awareness.
6. I carry’ – lines 12, and twice in 13, I indicate the weight of the burdens though they may be delicious.
7. ‘they are’ – line 10 emphasizes that entity (constellations or people with power) belongs where it is.

Question (iii)
The use of personal pronoun ‘I’ is evident and prominent in this poem. Give reasons.
Answer:
The repetition of the pronoun ‘I’ occurs fifteen times in as many lines of the poem. This shows us how fully in charge the poet is of his life, his destiny, his actions, his decisions and the consequences.
The repeated use of T shows that he is confident of himself and is able to take his life forward independent of other’s support. He is going to stop complaining, criticizing.
He will approach the future on his own strengths. Ready to use the opportunities that he comes across, the poet is quite sure he does not need either luck or influential friends to help his attempts. He seems assured of his own capabilities.

(A5)

Question (i)
With the help of the following points, write a poetic appreciation of the poem ‘Song of the Open Road’.

• the poem
• title
• theme
• style
• poetic devices
• message
• your opinion.

Answer:
‘The Song of the Open Road’ by American poet, Walt Whitman is about optimism, energy j and confidence. The world offers opportunities to anyone who wants to use them.

Walt Whitman’s works were a powerful influence on other writers. The poet himself struggled as a child of twelve. He dropped out of school to take up some job to help the family income. He worked as lawyer’s assistant, printer’s assistant, as a teacher and journalist. He helped look after the wounded in the American Civil War.

Question (ii)
Write four to six lines of Free Verse on the topic ‘The road that leads to my college’. Express that it is the road to knowledge and bright future. You may begin like this: Evlery day I tread with the bag of books
Answer:
‘The Road That Leads to My College’ Every day I tread with the bag of books And a hopeful step, Into the space of light and hope, Lean look for myself. I go to become more ready For tomorrow and the day after. Every day, every way I Grow and grow thankful and wise, strongly hopeful.

Question (iii)
Write a blog on the following topic.
(a) Man is Free by Birth.
Answer:
Man is Free by Birth

The statement is true in every sense of the word ‘free’. If someone does not have physical freedom, it is visible. But the freedom of the mind, thoughts, emotions, the spirit, the soul, is also vital for one to fully find satisfaction in life.

I remember an advertisement to bring up boys to be sensitive. Usually boys are discouraged from showing tears. It is thought tears of fear, anxiety, pain, loss are signs of weakness when a boy cries. There should be no external signs of these emotions and parents compare the boy to a girl. They make fun of their sons to stop him crying. In this way they take away the child’s freedom to express emotions. They take away his sensitivity!

Taking away of freedom is often done by adults to their children. The parents give guidance for the future but parents impose their own expectations on the kids and take away their freedom to choose a life-goal. The child’s natural liking or strength is not considered. The herd mentality makes parents force their children to follow a field which other students are doing. They earn lots of money. But they don’t notice their child does not like or is not good at it. So the child grows up leaving his passion.

Adults teach children that out of respect and good manners they must not question them. Children will grow up seeing injustice being done. They will notice bad things happening. But their desire to question is silent. They keep quiet and accept even bad things as normal.

I could go on. But let us ensure that freedom is alive and well. Let us allow everyone to be themselves, to follow their heart, to speak out when necessary, to fulfil their dreams. But we must ensure that this freedom never injures another or interferes with other people’s freedom.

The poem says ‘open’ road. It is about freedom. The poet wants to go out from restrictions and comforts. The poet wants to be self-reliant. He is confident. The poem is in free verse. There are many poetic devices but no metre or rhyme, We immediately notice repetition. There is also Transferred epithet.

The poem is a dramatic monologue. The poem inspires us to explore the world using our abilities. Comfort, complaints, criticisms and fate are not excuses for one’s inaction.

Question (iv)
Expand the ideas suggested in the following lines:
(a) All roads lead to Rome.
Answer:
The road system in the Roman Empire was built in a way that a person could take a road from anywhere and he would reach Rome. This means that every matter can be approached differently. Everyone has their own way to approach a matter. It could be doing some work or solving a problem. Each person has their way of doing things.

It means that we should agree not to be narrow minded. We should appreciate the other person’s way of doing things also. We should not expect everyone to think exactly the same way as we do. We should allow individuals to follow their method. Sometimes some work is given. That person will complete the work in his way. When giving the task the method of doing it need not be forced. Even if it is completely new then the person may do it himself. If he is not able to do it he can ask for help.

When there is a problem many people may be trying to find a solution. We can discuss ideas. Many ideas may be put forward. There can be so many ideas that are useful for solving the problem. One may be quicker. Another may be cheaper. One may need more people. So all ideas can be pooled to finally solve the problem.

Even the head of the country has a team of ministers. The leader discusses and consults with the team for running the country. All of them play a role for successful running of the government. This is true of teamwork and cooperation. We can all work for the same goal. The work may be so big that many are required to work together. It is not necessary for everyone to do exactly the same thing. But all work together in different methods so that we reach the desired goal.

Question (b)
A man without liberty is a body without a soul.
Answer:
We think ‘liberty’ means only physical freedom. But even if a person is not physically free, his mind is working freely. Actually the freedom to think, speak and act to fulfil our wishes and goals is more important.

A free man really means a free-thinking man. We have heard of men speaking out against powerful people. They were jailed. But even in jail they wrote books. They expressed their views. We know of many such famous personalities like Gandhiji, Jawaharlal Nehru and Nelson Mandela.

Many of our Indian freedom fighters were executed for their ideas. But they did not keep quiet. They spoke out and inspired Indians to rise up against the colonial rulers. Their minds were free though they were physically in prison.

Liberty is freedom to anything for oneself without hurting other people’s liberty. We should not use freedom to do just anything we desire. That is not correct. Hence we must be aware of what is happening and speak against wrongs. When there is life, there is mind. When we have an intelligent mind, we should think.

‘Life, liberty, and thought – three persons in one substance, eternal, never-ending, and unceasing.’ Khalil Gibran.

(A6)

Question (i)
Take help from the sources available on the internet and make a list of proverbs and quotations about ‘road.’ [an example …]
Answer:
The road to success is not a path you find but a trail you blaze.
https : //www.bemytravelmuse.com/best- road-trip-quotes/
https : //www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/ road-trip

Question (ii)
Read the poem ‘The Road Not Taken’ by Robert Frost.

Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 2.1 Song of the Open Road Additional Important Questions and Answers

Read the poem and complete the activities given below:

Global Understanding:

Question 1.
Describe the mood of the speaker in the poem. Choose from the options given. There may be more than one possible option:
1. hopeful
2. thoughtful
3. serious
4. cheerful
5. regretful
6. upbeat
7. contemplative
8. buoyant
Answer:
1. hopeful
4. cheerful
6. upbeat
8. buoyant

Inference/Interpretation/Analysis:

Question 1.
Pick out the lines from the poem which indicate the past behaviour of the poet, which he now chooses to discontinue and discard. What do the thoughts indicate regarding the poet’s intentions for the future?
Answer:
The lines which the poet writes indicating his change in mind-set are:
1. ‘Henceforth I ask not good-fortune, I myself am good-fortune,
2. Henceforth I whimper no more, postpone no more, need nothing,
3. Done with indoor complaints, libraries, querulous criticisms,’
The poet realizes he has been discontented, complaining, blaming and criticizing others, as an excuse for his inaction. He had not taken charge of his own actions or his life.

Now he has a clear view of what he will do in the future, a different attitude to life. He has taken charge of both now. He is ready to leave behind all negativity and move ahead with hope and self-confidence.

Personal Response:

Question 1.
The poet says ‘strong and content’, ‘The earth, that is sufficient’. Describe your thoughts about yourself if you were starting out on life’s journey. Would ‘the earth be sufficient’ for you to being ‘strong and content’?
Answer:
I agree with the poet. The fact that I am reading and understanding the poem indicates I have a high-school education. People with much fewer advantages have accomplished great things. I can use the resources I have to become a good human, a useful citizen and find my way to go forward in life. Success and satisfaction does not mean making lots of money or becoming famous. If I can help fellow humans and give back to the country that has given me so much, I will be content.

Poetic Devices:

Paradox is a poetic device, which is defined as ‘a (logical) statement’ contradicting itself. It can i also be said to be a sentence that is opposed to the 1 common sense but yet can be true.

Question 1.
Pick out a line from the poem that is an example of paradox.
Answer:
‘Still here I carry my old delicious burdens’ is the line that is having a paradox ‘delicious’ and ‘burden’. Something delicious is pleasant, whereas ‘burden ’ reminds us of something difficult and unpleasant. But the poet wants to convey that his sweet memories are difficult to leave behind. They pull us back from going away. But still he will go, but he will carry his precious memories and still carry on his life’s journey.

Question 2.
Pick out the line where transferred epithet is used by the poet.
Answer:
‘Done with indoor complaints, libraries, querulous complaints.’
The phrase ‘indoor complaints’ describes the speaker who earlier had been enclosed indoors and complaining. Now he is ‘done’ -will no longer do that. Another phrase ‘querulous criticisms’ speaks of an irritated person constantly criticizing. The poet has decided he will no longer indulge in that also.

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 1.8 Voyaging Towards Excellence Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1.8 Voyaging Towards Excellence

12th English Digest Chapter 1.8 Voyaging Towards Excellence Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
There are different ways to travel from one place to another for different purposes. Discuss with your partner and match the words given in table A with their meanings in table B:

Answer:
(a) Cruise – a journey on a boat or ship to a number of places
(b) Expedition – a journey, especially by a group of people, for a specific purpose
(c) Camp – a place usually away from urban areas where tents are erected for shelter
(d) Trip – a brief pleasure outdoor visit
(e) Excursion – a short journey to a place with a particular purpose
(f) Picnic – a short visit to an outdoor place where people celebrate, enjoy and eat meals
(g) Voyage – a long journey on a ship

Question 2.
Discuss the following with your partner and complete the web.

Answer:

(A1)

Question (i)
Upbringing plays a very important role in shaping one’s life.
Answer:
The teacher will form two groups in the class. One group will speak in favour of the above topic while the other will speak against it. Debate brings out different perspectives, it does not mean one is right and other is wrong. You can take help of the following points and have a debate on it:

(A2)

Question (i)
Make a list of great Indian and foreign personalities who had a great impact on Achyut Godbole during his childhood.
Answer:

Poets	Vinda Karandikar, Mangesh Padgaonkar, Vasant Bapat, Keshavsut
Writers	Charles Dickens, Thomas Hardy, Mardhekar
Musicians	Mozart, Pt. Kumar Gandharv, Pt. Bhimsen Joshi, Pt. Jasraj
Dramatists	Shakespeare
Painters	Van Gogh, Michaelangelo

Question (ii)
Find the different techniques used by the writer to learn Science and Mathematics.
Answer:
The different techniques used by the writer to learn Science and Mathematics are:
(a) The writer used to appreciate the inherent beauty of these subjects.
(b) He found Newton’s law of motion beautiful and the Pythagorean Theorem elegant.
(c) The writer loved solving problems of Mathematics of the 9th standard when he was in the 7th.
(d) He used to love solving problems and used to enjoy finding out the most elegant method of solving them, even though I they were not a part of the curriculum.

Question (iii)
The writer faced numerous problems while communicating in English because-
Answer:
(a) He had his entire education in Marathi.
(b) His vocabulary was very weak, and pronunciation was terrible.
(c) His construction of sentences was very awkward.

Question (iv)
The writer was completely stumped because his:
Answer:
(a) vocabulary was very weak
(b) spoken English was quite pathetic
(c) pronunciation was terrible
(d) construction of sentences was very awkward

Question (v)
Due to the writer’s pathetic English speaking style, he:
Answer:
(a) felt quite lonely and terrified, in Mumbai in general, and IIT in particular.
(b) developed an inferiority complex
(c) felt depressed and diffident.
(d) wanted to run away from IIT and even Mumbai.

Question (vi)
Complete the following. The writer wanted to achieve mastery in English because-
Answer:
(a) he wanted to speak excellent, elegant and fluent English
(b) he would be able to achieve excellence and excel in anything he tried to do
(c) he need not have to feel afraid of anybody and start feeling at home in his hostel.

Question (vii)
Make a list of different steps that the writer undertook to improve his English speaking skills.
Answer:
To improve his English the writer:
(a) decided to also think in English before speaking in English.
(b) started reading English newspapers and English novels.
(c) studied etymology and phonetics and studied the roots of the words and how to pronounce them.
(d) used to stand in front of the mirror and practice speaking, realising his mistakes and correcting them himself all the time and improvising and improving day by day.

Question (viii)
Describe the writer’s achievements after achieving mastery over the English language.
Answer:
After achieving mastery over the English language:

1. His fear for English disappeared.
2. He started feeling quite confident about speaking in English at length with anybody.
3. He started feeling at home in his hostel.
4. He could give presentations with ease.
5. He negotiated and signed many contracts worldwide and ran large global software companies.
6. He headed software companies having thousands of software engineers worldwide.

Question (a)
Complete the table comparing the two different phases of the life of the writer- as an MD or Chief Executive Officer and an activist of Sarvodaya movement.
Answer:

MD or Chief Executive Officer	Activist of Sarvodaya Movement
Head of the company for 23 years	Participated in a peaceful satyagraha
Travelled all over the globe about 150 times for business	Joined a social movement for tribals

Question (ix)
Complete the web highlighting the various opportunities you gained due to your good English speaking skills.

Answer:

Question (a)
Describe a situation or incident when you felt embarrassed for your lack of knowledge of a particular subject or incompetence in speaking English fluently.
Answer:
This happened after my Std X exams. I live in Latur, and I was visiting my cousins in Mumbai for the first time. In order to entertain me, they took me to a musical nite. Unfortunately, it was music show based on English songs, and I had no knowledge of it or interest in it. I love to listen to Hindi and Marathi songs only. They soon realized my lack of interest, and were sorry for their mistake. I was embarrassed about my complete lack of knowledge about English music.

(A3)

Question (i)
Fill in the blanks selecting the correct phrase from the alternatives given.
(feel out of place, speak at length, feel at home, sea of knowledge)
(a) By the end of the week she was beginning ………………… in her new job.
(b) When he lost his mother he was completely ……………… .
(c) Travelling can help to ………………….. .
(d) After my retirement I started ……………… as a social worker.
(e) Having faith in God ……………………. in difficult situations.
(f) To succeed in any competitive examination, one requires a sea of knowledge.
(g) The simple village girl ……………………. in a formal party.
(h) The work done by Sindhutai Sapkal …………………. of millions
(i) The teacher …………………….. explaining the concept.
(j) The speaker was ……………………… by the intelligent questions asked by the audience.
Answer:
(a) By the end of the week she was beginning to feel at home in her new job.
(b) When he lost his mother he was completely broken.
(c) Travelling can help to broaden one’s horizon.
(d) After my retirement I started my second innings as a social worker.
(e) Having faith in God keeps one going in difficult situations.
(f) To succeed in any competitive examination, one requires a sea of knowledge.
(g) The simple village girl felt out of place in a formal party.
(h) The work done by Sindhutai Sapkal touched the hearts of millions
(i) The teacher spoke at length explaining the concept.
(j) The speaker was completely stumped by the intelligent questions asked by the audience.

Question (ii)
Find out a word related to the game of cricket. List two meanings for it.

Answer:
Second innings:
1. general meaning: the second phase of life of an individual where he/she starts/ pursues a new or different career or the post retirement life.
2. related to cricket: when a team comes to bat for the second time in a test match

Question (iii)
Go through the text to find the antonyms of the words given in the grid and fill in the boxes. One is done for you.

Answer:

(A4)

Question (i)
Write whether the underlined verbs in the following sentences are Main verbs or Primary auxiliary verbs:
(a) I had a very simple upbringing. ………………
(b) I was immensely impressed. ………………..
(c) I had learnt from my childhood that money did not mean everything in life. …………………
(d) He was a convent educated guy. ……………….
(e) They did all the work in time. …………………..
(f) I had to achieve a lot in life. …………………….
Answer:
(a) Main verb
(b) Main verb
(c) Auxiliary verb
(d) Main verb
(e) Main verb
(f) Main verb

Question (a)
Fill in the blanks with appropriate modals according to the situations given in the following sentences:
Answer:

1. Take an umbrella. It might rain later.
2. People must not walk on the grass.
3. Could I ask you a question?
4. The signal has turned red. You ought to wait.
5. I was a sportsperson in my school days. I can play badminton.
6. I am going to the library. I will find my friend there.

Question (b)
Find from the extract, the sentences that show past habit.
Answer:
1. Poets like Vinda Karandikar, Mangesh Padgaonkar and Vasant Bapat used to visit our home.
2. They used to talk about Keshavsut…

(iii) Do as directed and rewrite the sentence:

Question (a)
I did not fully understand their discussions but I was immensely impressed. (Remove ‘but’.)
Answer:
Though I did not fully understand their discussions, I was immensely impressed.

Question (b)
I had decided that I would do nothing of this sort. (Remove ‘that’.)
Answer:
I had decided to do nothing of this sort.

Question (c)
My fear had vanished and I started feeling at home in my hostel. (Use ‘when’.)
Answer:
When my fear had vanished, I started feeling at home in my hostel.

Question (d)
It was only my self-esteem which stopped me. (Remove ‘which’.)
Answer:
Only my self-esteem stopped me.

Question (e)
I plunged into all these branches of knowledge. It was a period of renaissance.
(Join with ‘which’.)
Answer:
I plunged into all these branches of knowledge, which was a period of renaissance.

Question (f)
When I look back, there are a number of lessons that I cherish. (Remove ‘When’.)
Answer:
On looking back, I find that there are a number of lessons that I cherish.

Question (g)
There are hundreds who tell me that they understood the theory of relativity. (Remove ‘who’.)
Answer:
Hundreds tell me that they understood the theory of relativity.

(A5)

Question 1.
Go through the sample of the flyer given on page 91 of the textbook and prepare flyers on the topics given below.
Topics :
1. Yoga Class / Summer Hobby Class
2. Tree Plantation Drive
3. Cleanliness Drive
4. Help us to end Child Labour
5. Let’s get rid of the monsters – tobacco and alcohol

Use the following points:

• Details
• Special Features
• Why to choose us/Need of drive/Purpose of the mission
• Anything special
• Add your own points

Answer:
1. Yoga classes:
Divine Yoga Classes
First Floor, Vijai Towers, Opposite Railway Station, AAahim (West)
We have classes for all : from age 5 to 75 Men and women, girls and boys.

Details	Special Features	Why Us?
1. Classes 7 days a week 2. From 5 a.m. to 11 p.m. 3. Separate classes for males and females 4. Special personal training available 5. Experienced teachers 6. Certificates at the end of course For more details look up: Website-www. divyoga.in	1. Lectures on health every week from experts 2. Breathing techniques to relieve stress 3. Special lectures on healthy cooking 4. Groups made according to particular problems, if any	1. We give a patient ear to all our students 2. We arrange for special outside guidance if necessary 3. We arrange regular camps and excursions 4. Special discounts for couples/family Email: divyoga@ xmail.com/ 986656xxxx

(A6)

Question 1.
Achyut Godbole has written many bestsellers that are famous far and wide. Read at least two books of your choice, make a summary of those books and submit.
(Students may attempt this on their own.)

Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 1.8 Voyaging Towards Excellence Additional Important Questions and Answers

Read the extract and complete the activities given below:

Global Understanding:

Question 1.
Write if the following sentences are True or False. Rewrite the false sentences correctly:
1. The writer did not like Mathematics and Science.
2. The writer studied Mathematics and Science only for scoring maximum marks in exams.
3. The writer’s skill at solving problems helped him in his IIT entrance exam.
4. The writer scored 100% marks in Mathematics in every examination he appeared for.
Answer:
True sentence:
3. The writer’s skill at solving problems helped him in his IIT entrance exam.

False sentences:
1. The writer did not like Mathematics and Science.
2. The writer studied Mathematics and Science only for scoring maximum marks in exams.
4. The writer scored 100% marks in Mathematics in every examination he appeared for.

Corrected sentences:
1. The writer loved Mathematics and Science.
2. The writer studied Mathematics and Science not only for scoring maximum marks in exams, but also because he appreciated their inherent beauty.
4. The writer scored 100% marks in Mathematics in almost all the examinations he appeared for.

Question 2.
The writer’s joy was shortlived. Give reasons.
Answer:
In Solapur, where the writer spent his childhood, he had not seen any building which was more than three – storeyed. Mumbai however was full of skyscrapers, which made the writer uncomfortable. At IIT, most of the students and professors used to converse in English whereas the writer’s English was very poor, with a weak vocabulary, terrible pronunciation and very awkward construction of sentences.

Due to all this, he felt quite lonely and terrified in Mumbai in general and IIT in particular. He developed an inferiority complex and wanted to run away from IIT and even Mumbai. Thus, his joy at getting into IIT was shortlived.

Question 3.
Name the following from the extract:
Answer:

1. Management gurus : Alvin Toffler, Peter Drucker, C. K. Prahlad, Tom Peters
2. The founder of Infosys: Narayan Murthy
3. Two universities: Harvard, MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
4. A great technologist-Vincent Serf

Question 4.
Pick out the false sentences and rewrite them correctly:
1. The writer was more intelligent and well- j read than his friends.
2. The writer’s group was interested in many things.
3. The writer wanted to top the GRE and migrate to the U.S.
4. The writer possessed many books on various topics.
Answer:
False sentences:
1. The writer was more intelligent and well- read than his friends.
3. The writer wanted to top the GRE and migrate to the U.S.

Corrected sentences:
1. The writer’s friends were more intelligent and well-read than the writer.
3. The thought of topping the GRE and migrating to the U.S. never even touched the writer’s mind.

Question 5.
Complete the web: (the first letter of each quality has been given)
Answer:

Question 6.
Complete the web stating the principles of good management:
Answer:

Question 7.
What was the writer’s first love?
Answer:
to read and write on various subjects concerning human life and existence.

Question 8.
How many books has the writer written in Marathi?
Answer:
about 34 books

Question 9.
What was the name of the writer’s autobiography?
Answer:
Musafir.

Question 10.
Name any two values that the writer cherishes.
Answer:
humility, humanity

Complex Factual:

Question 1.
Give the writer’s opinion about:
arts, music and literature.
Answer:
The writer says that the arts are equally, if not more, important in our lives than science and technology. He also feels that arts, music and literature enrich our lives and put meaning into our existence. He loved music.

Question 2.
money.
Answer:
The writer feels that money is necessary, but does not mean everything in life.

Question 3.
List the achievements of the writer in Mathematics.
Answer:
1. The writer loved solving problems of Mathematics of the 9th standard when he was in the 7th.
2. The writer scored 100% marks in Mathematics in almost all the examinations that he appeared for, from the 1st standard until IIT, barring only a few times. He also stood 1st in the University in all subjects put together.

Question 4.
Describe the ‘very important’ thing that happened to the writer.
Answer:
When the writer was in his third year at IIT, he came in contact with about 15-20 extremely brilliant students/researchers/ professors from IIT, TIFR and BARC. They included top-ranking students from IIT, visiting professors in American Universities, very renowned mathematicians of the world and so on. This friendship had a lasting impression on his life. He came to know what real brilliance meant, and where he stood with regard to it.

Question 5.
Describe curiosity and humanity.
Answer:
Curiosity is important. It is only because of the human curiosity that we have been able to make such a great progress in science and technology, and social sciences. Humanity means concern for our fellow human beings; it means caring for and helping others whenever and wherever possible. This is important if we wish to live in a world that is happy and contented.

Question 6.
List the things that the writer said he learnt while running large companies.
Answer:
While running large companies the writer learnt:

1. The importance of teamwork
2. The necessity of leading from the front and setting a good example for the staff.
3. The need to treat subordinates and colleagues as friends.

Question 1.
Match the subjects in Column A with the title of the books in Column B:

A	B
1. Management	(a) Manat
2. Painting	(b) Nadvedh
3. Western music	(c) Zapoorza
4. Psychology	(d) Ganiti
5. Mathematics	(e) Limelight
6. Science	(f) Canvas
7. Indian music	(g) Arthat
8. Western films	(i) Boardroom
9. English Literature	(j) Kimayagar
10. Economics	(k) Symphony

Answer:

1. Management – Boardroom
2. Painting – Canvas
3. Western music – Symphony
4. Psychology – Manat
5. Mathematics – Ganiti
6. Science – Kimayagar
7. Indian music – Nadvedh
8. Western films – Limelight
9. English Literature – Zapoorza
10. Economics – Arthat

Inference/Interpretation/Analysis:

Question 1.
‘Nevertheless, culturally I had a rich childhood’. Explain the statement with reference to the extract.
Answer:
The writer says that he had a very simple upbringing in a lower middle-class family which did not have even basic amenities like a fan, refrigerator, etc. Even so, it was rich culturally because various poets, writers and musicians used to visit their home and there would be hours of discussions about music, literature, paintings, sculptures, etc. Famous writers, painters and musicians were discussed and this made the writer love the arts. He states that arts, music and literature enrich our lives and put meaning into our existence.

Question 2.
Complete the following:
The writer developed a problem-solving attitude because …………….
Answer:
The writer developed a problem-solving attitude because ……………..
1. He did not study subjects only for scoring maximum marks in the examinations.
He used to study these subjects or any subject for that matter for its inherent beauty.
2. He used to love solving problems andused to enjoy finding out the most elegant method of solving them.
3. He used to get involved in solving them.

Question 3.
Complete the following:
The writer was benefitted by the discussions with great people as it…
Answer:

1. made a lasting impact on his life
2. made him realize what real brilliance meant
3. broadened his horizons, and his aims and worldview became global
4. taught him a lesson in humility, hard work and a passion for excellence.

Question 4.
Explain why the author say that passing the ‘examination of life’ is more important than passing the college examination.
Answer:
The writer wished to understand the world and how it works. He also wished to serve India and her people. To do this, he would have to read and understand different branches of knowledge, to develop values like humility, humanity and rationalism. This was the ‘examination of life’ for him. This was far more important to him than just passing the IIT examination.

Question 5.
Mention a few ways in which the author touch the hearts of the people.
Answer:
The author’s books have brought about very good changes in the lives of thousands of readers. Hundreds have come out of depression and more than a dozen have given up thoughts of committing suicide and decided to start all afresh. There are hundreds who say that they understood the theory of relativity or Big Bang after reading his book on Science ‘Kimayagar’.

His book ‘Boardroom’ on Management has created at least 20 successful entrepreneurs. Then there are hundreds who can understand Economic Times or NDTV Profit after reading his book on economics ‘Arthat’.

Many have turned to Mathematics after reading his book ‘GanitV. The same is true about his books on Indian Music (Nadvedh), English Literature (Zapoorza), Painting (Canvas), Western Films (Limelight) and Western Music (Symphony) or books such as ‘Genius’ series, ‘Rakta’ or ‘Vitamins’ or ‘Anartha’. It is these reactions of thousands of readers that made him feel that has touched the hearts of thousands of people.

Question 6.
Describe the second innings of the writer in your own words.
Answer:
After working for software companies for many years, the writer wanted to return to his first love, i.e. reading and writing on various subjects concerning human life and existence. Therefore, he gave up two lucrative offers to become a writer. This is how his second innings as a writer in Marathi began. After this, he wrote about 34 books in Marathi. Most of them became bestsellers with tens of thousands of copies sold for each. These books brought about very good changes in the lives of thousands of readers.

Hundreds came out of depression and more than a dozen gave up thoughts of committing suicide and decided to start all afresh. Thousands more have been helped in the fields of science, economics, music, mathematics, etc. by the writer’s books. It is these reactions of thousands of readers and the feeling that he is touching their hearts that has kept him going.

Personal Response:

Question 1.
Describe what a ‘rich childhood’ mean to you.
Answer:
I think that a rich childhood is one where you get a lot of love and security at home. It could also be culturally rich, where you get to read or know music/books/theatre, etc. Basically, a rich childhood is one which has plenty of love, fun and friends. Money is secondary.

Question 2.
We should study any subject. Do you agree? Give your reasons.
Answer:
Every subject has its own inherent beauty and uses. We should study a subject because of its beauty. While Science and Technology are important to make our daily lives easy, arts, music and literature enrich our lives and put meaning into our existence. Every subject helps in some way in the progress of mankind.

Question 3.
Do you think that speaking English fluently and confidently is important? Discuss.
Answer:
Yes, it is. English is an international language, which the people of most countries understand. If we wish to go abroad, or have international exposure, we should know English in this competitive world. Even in India, knowledge of good English gives us a sense of confidence. It helps us to get jobs. It also helps us to get access to information from all parts of the world.

Question 4.
Name some of the top universities in the world.
Answer:
Some of the top universities in the world are: Harvard University, Stanford University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Oxford University, Cambridge University, Cornell University. Princeton University, etc.

Question 5.
Do you feel that arts, music and literature enrich our lives. Discuss.
Answer:
Art is all around us; it surrounds us. It provides us with a deeper understanding of our own emotions and those of others. It makes us more sensitive, softer and gentler. It enriches the quality of life and improves our physical and mental health. It connects us to others. Literature gives us an insight into the world of others, both in the present and the past.

Question 6.
Do you think that team work is important today? Explain with an example.
Answer:
Yes, today team work is very important in every sphere, whether it is in games or at work. Every individual has different talents and these separate talents come together when one is in a team. For example, in cricket, one person may be a good bowler, another a good batsman, a third a good fielder, etc. When all these people come together and play the game as a team, it leads to success. In an office too, only when we work in a team and contribute our respective talents can we complete projects.

Question 7.
Do you think passion is more important than wealth?
Answer:
Passion is certainly more important than wealth. Wealth can give the luxuries of life, but it cannot give mental peace and satisfaction. This can only be gained by having an interest in what we do, or in simple words, by loving our jobs. Hence, when one chooses a career, it is more important to choose one which we love rather than one which pays more.

Language Study:

Question 1.
Find from the extract, the sentences that show past habit.
Answer:
1. I used to study these subjects or any subject for that matter for its inherent beauty.
2. I used to get involved in solving them.
3. I used to love problem-solving and used to enjoy finding out the most elegant method of solving them.

Question 2.
These problems were not a part of the curriculum, but I enjoyed the whole process. (Rewrite using ‘though’.)
Answer:
Though these problems were not a part of the curriculum, I enjoyed the whole process.

Question 3.
This exam is completely based on your problem-solving ability and the ability to think not only logically but quickly and rapidly. (Pick out the adverbs of manner.)
Answer:
completely, logically, quickly, rapidly

Question 4.
Find from the text, the sentence that show past habit:
Answer:
Most of the students and professors used to converse in English.

Question 5.
Find from the extract, a sentence that shows past habit.
Answer:
I used to stand in front of the mirror and practise speaking.

Question 6.
I wanted to speak excellent, elegant and fluent English. (Rewrite using ‘that’.)
Answer:
I wanted to speak English that was excellent, elegant and fluent.

Question 7.
My fear had vanished and I started feeling at home in my hostel.
(Pick out the verbs and state the tense.)
Answer:
had vanished – past perfect tense; started – simple past tense

Question 8.
Find from the extract,the sentences that show past habit.
Answer:
1. Until that time I used to consider myself somewhat intelligent.
2. I used to visit MIT during lunch time to meet my friends.
3. I used to visit both of these Universities.
4. If you walked for an hour from there, you could reach Harvard Square near Harvard University. (Pick out the clauses and state their type.)
Answer:
you could reach Harvard Square near Harvard University-Main clause
If you walked for an hour from there- Subordinate adverb clause of condition

Question 9.
All the discussions with these greats broadened my horizon.
(Rewrite beginning ‘My horizon…………’)
Answer:
My horizon was broadened by all the discussions with these greats.

Question 10.
Find from the text, a sentence that show past habit.
Answer:
We used to discuss about relativity, Big Bang, aesthetics, literature, philosophy, economics and many other subjects every day until late into the nights.

Question 11.
I learnt these values during my IIT days.
(Rewrite beginning ‘These values’.)
Answer:
These values were learnt by me during my IIT days.

Question 12.
It is very difficult to become a master or an expert in all these subjects. (Rewrite using ‘not’.)
Answer:
It is not at all easy to become a master or an expert in all these subjects.

Question 13.
I made a few mistakes, but learnt a lot about motivation. (Rewrite as a complex sentence.)
Answer:
Though I made a few mistakes, I learnt a lot about motivation.

Question 14.
I learnt a lot of things when I was running these large companies.
(Pick out the subordinate clause and state its type.)
Answer:
when I was running these large companies – Subordinate adverb clause of time.

Question 15.
You need to lead from the front.
(Add a question tag.)
Answer:
You need to lead from the front, don’t you?

Question 16.
I had also written 4 books with 500-700 pages each on Information Technology published by Tata McGraw-Hill. (Pick out the predicate.)
Answer:
predicate-had also written 4 books with 500-700 pages each on Information Technology published by Tata McGraw-Hill.

Vocabulary:

Question 1.
From the extract, prepare a word register of at least 6 words for:
‘Household appliances and objects’:
Answer:
fan, refrigerator, geyser, dining table, gas stove, air conditioner.

Question 2.
Match the columns:

A	B
1. dining	(a) days
2. gas	(b) conditioner
3. school	(c) table
4. air	(d) stove
5. rich	(e) music
6. Indian	(f) childhood

Answer:

A	B
1. dining	(c) table
2. gas	(d) stove
3. school	(a) days
4. air	(b) conditioner
5. rich	(f) childhood
6. Indian	(e) music

Question 3.
Choose the correct noun forms from those given in brackets:

1. elegant (elegance/elegantly)
2. solve (solving/solution)
3. develop (developmental/development)
4. logically (logical/logic)
5. appear (appearance/apparently)
6. including (inclusive/inclusion)

Answer:

1. elegant – elegance
2. solve – solution
3. develop – development
4. logically – logic
5. appear – appearance
6. including – inclusion

Question 4.
Write the verb forms of the following:

1. maximum
2. examination
3. challenging
4. beauty
5. quickly
6. admission

Answer:

1. maximum – maximise
2. examination – examine
3. challenging – challenge
4. beauty – beautify
5. quickly – quicken
6. admission – admit

Question 5.
Find out a word related to the game of cricket. List two meanings for it.
Answer:
Scoring:
1. general meaning: getting something
2. related to cricket: gaining runs

Question 6.
Guess the meaning of:

1. inferiority complex
2. sophisticated
3. arrogant

Answer:

1. inferiority complex – a feeling that you are not as good, as intelligent, as attractive, etc. as other people
2. sophisticated – smart and polished
3. arrogant – unpleasantly proud

Question 7.
Find out a word related to the game of cricket. List two meanings for it.
Answer:
Stumped: (Note: The word is not in the lesson but in the question on page 86)
1. general meaning : to be unable to answer a question or solve a problem because it is too difficult
2. related to cricket: being stumped is a method of dismissing a batsman.

Question 8.
Guess the meaning:
1. negotiate
2. at ease
Answer:
1. negotiate – to have formal discussions with someone in order to reach an agreement with them
2. at ease – comfortable.

Question 9.
Find the full forms of:

1. IIT
2. TFIR
3. BARC
4. TCP
5. IP

Answer:

1. IIT: Indian Institute of Technology
2. TIFR: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
3. BARC: Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
4. TCP: Transmission Control Protocol
5. IP: Internet Protocol

Question 10.
Find the meaning of: anything under the sun
Answer:
anything under the sun-anything at all.

Question 11.
Find the full form of: GRE
Answer:
GRE – Graduate Record Examination

Question 12.
Match the following:

A	B
1. Sociology	(a) the scientific study of material remains of past human life and activities.
2. Economics	(b) the study of the development, structure, and functioning of human society.
3. Psychology	(c) the branch of knowledge concerned with the production, consumption, and transfer of wealth.
4. Archaelogy	(d) the scientific study of the human mind and its functions.

Answer:

1. Sociology – the study of the development, structure, and functioning of human society.
2. Economics – the branch of knowledge concerned with the production, consumption, and transfer of wealth.
3. Psychology – the scientific study of the human mind and its functions.
4. Archaelogy – the scientific study of material remains of past human life and activities.

Question 13.
From the extract find four words that form their antonyms by adding a prefix:
Answer:

1. important × unimportant
2. successful × unsuccessful
3. possible × impossible
4. written × unwritten

Question 14.
Write the past participles of:

1. learn
2. write
3. change
4. make

Answer:

1. learn – learnt
2. write – written
3. change – changed
4. make – made

Question 15.
Find out a word related to the game of cricket. List two meanings for it.
Answer:
target setting:
1. general meaning: deciding something that one hopes or intends to accomplish
2. related to cricket: deciding the number of runs to be achieved.

Question 16.
Give the adjective forms of the following:

1. humanity
2. rationality
3. humility
4. equality
5. curiosity
6. knowledge

Answer:

1. humanity – humane
2. rationality – rational
3. humility – humble
4. equality – equal
5. curiosity – curious
6. knowledge – knowledgeable

Non-Textual Grammar:

Do as directed:

Question 1.
To their astonishment they found a hissing snake stopping their way. (Rewrite using the verb form of the underlined word.)
Answer:
They were astonished to find a hissing snake stopping their way.

Question 2.
The minister spotted his cheerful face in the crowd and called out to him. (Rewrite using the present participle form of the verb ‘to spot’.)
Answer:
The minister, spotting his cheerful face in the crowd, called out to him./Spotting his cheerful face in the crowd, the minister called out to him.

Question 3.
He is a great king.
(Rewrite as an exclamatory sentence.)
Answer:
What a great king he is

Spot the error in the following sentences and rewrite them correctly:

Question 1.
Even though the laptop is expensive, but I wish to buy it for my mother.
Answer:
Even though the laptop is expensive, I wish to buy it for my mother.

Question 2.
The story should not exceed more than 800 words.
Answer:
The story should not exceed 800 words.

Balbharti Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 1.7 Why We Travel Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 English Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 1.7 Why We Travel

12th English Digest Chapter 1.7 Why We Travel Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Share your views on how travelling can be a hobby:
Answer:
Students can discuss their views on travelling, both in India and in foreign countries, and how it can be a leisure time activity.

Question 2.
Discuss in the class the benefits of travelling and complete the web:

Answer:

Make a list of your expectations when you travel to some new place:
Answer:
(a) Food should be delicious and available whenever hungry.
(b) Travelling should be easy and comfortable.
(c) Hotel accommodation should be inexpensive and clean.
(d) Weather should be sunny and pleasant.

Question 3.
Discuss in the class the various types of travels. Add your own to ones given below:

Answer:

(A1)

Question 1.
Read the first two paragraphs and write down the reasons one needs to travel.
Answer:
One needs to travel:

1. initially, to lose ourselves next, to find ourselves
2. to open our hearts and eyes and learn more about the world than our newspapers tell us.
3. to bring our ignorance and knowledge to cultures which are rich in ways different from ours.
4. to become young fools again
5. to slow time down and to get taken in to fall in love once more
6. to escape into open solitudes, into aimlessness, into accepting dangers and risks
7. to sharpen the edge of life, and to taste hardship
8. to leave all one’s beliefs and certainties at home, and see everything in a different light

(A2)

Question (i)
Read the sentence ‘If a diploma can famously ……………. in cultural relativism.’ of this extract on page 67 of the textbook. Pick the sentence which gives the meaning of the above statement from the alternatives given below.
(a) A diploma certificate can be used as a passport and a passport can be used as a diploma certificate.
(b) If one has a diploma, he does not need a passport and if he has a passport, he does not need a diploma.
(c) One can acquire permission to travel to foreign countries for educational purposes based on one’s academic achievements, and travelling to foreign countries enriches one the most regarding the knowledge and wisdom of the world.
Answer:
(c) One can acquire permission to travel to foreign countries for educational purposes based on one’s academic achievements, and travelling to foreign countries enriches one the most regarding the knowledge and wisdom of the world.

Question (ii)
Prepare a list of the litterateurs and their quotations mentioned by the writer in the extract.
Answer:
Names of the litterateurs: Camus, Christopher Isherwood
Quotations: Camus said, “What gives value to travel is fear”- Christopher Isherwood once said, “The ideal travel book should be perhaps a little like a crime story in which you’re in search of something.”

Question (iii)
‘The real voyage of discovery consists not in seeing new places but in seeing with new eyes.’ – Marcel Proust. Justify with the help of the text.
Answer:
This means that we don’t really have to discover new landscapes or new sights to be in the real process of discovery. Often, we simply need to change our perspective, the way we look at things, to understand them and to raise them to a new, exhilarating level.

Question (iv)
Read the third paragraph and find the difference between a tourist and a traveller as revealed through the complaints made by them.
Answer:
1. A tourist is someone who does not leave his assumptions at home and complains, ‘Nothing here is the way it is at home’.
2. A traveller is someone who leaves his assumptions at home but grumbles, ‘Everything here is the same as it is in Cairo – or Cuzco or Kathmandu.’

Question (v)
Write sentences from the extract conveying the fact that travelling brings together the various cultures of the different parts of the world.
Answer:
1. You can teach them what they have to celebrate as much as you celebrate what they have to teach.
2. This, I think, is how tourism, which so obviously destroys cultures, can also resuscitate or revive them, how it has created new “traditional” dances in Bali, and caused craftsmen in India to pay s new attention to their works.

Question (vi)
By quoting Camus, the writer has stated that travelling emancipates us from circumstances and all the habits behind which we hide. Write in detail your views about that.
Answer:
When we are at home, we have set ideas and habits, which we are reluctant to change. We dress in a particular way and we behave in a particular way, because the people around us know us and expect that behaviour. We hide behind all this. However, when we travel, no one knows us and there are no expectations about a particular type of behaviour, dress or habits. Hence, we have a feeling of freedom and emancipation from our circumstances and habits.

(A3)

Question (i)
Read the following groups of words:

1. crooked angle
2. censored limits
3. impoverished places
4. walking video screens
5. living newspapers
6. searching questions

Discuss in pairs and make a list of some more adjectives like this and make sentences using them.
Answer:
1. burnt cottage
2. disturbed night
3. hidden house
4. missing necklace
5. probing questions
6. standing instructions
Sentences:
1. burnt cottage – The mystery of the burnt cottage was finally solved.
2. disturbed night – Rohan had a disturbed night because of the noise from the road construction.
3. hidden house – I could see the hidden house only after climbing a hill.
4. missing necklace – The detective was sure that the missing necklace would be soon found.
5. probing questions – The lawyer asked the witness some probing questions.
6. standing instructions – The queen had given standing instructions that she was never to be disturbed while sleeping.

Question 1.
Read the following sentence and pick out the phrasal verb.
We travel, then, in part just to shake up our complacencies.
Answer:
shake-up

(A4)

Question 1.
Read the following sentences carefully and find out the infinitives :
(a) We travel, initially, to lose ourselves; and we travel, next, to find ourselves.
(b) We travel to bring what little we can, …………
(c) Yet one of the subtler beauties of travel is that it enables you to bring new eyes to the people you encounter.
Answer:
(a) to lose, to find
(b) to bring
(c) to bring

Question (ii)
Combine the two sentences into one using the word given in the brackets:
(a) I go to Iceland. I visit the lunar spaces within me. (to)
(b) We have the opportunity. We come into contact with more essential parts of ourselves, (of)
(c) Romantic poets inaugurated an era of travel. They were great apostles of open eyes.
(d) The travel spins us around. It shows us the sights and values ordinarily ignored, (showing)
Answer:
(a) I go to Iceland to visit the lunar spaces within me.
(b) We have the opportunity of coming into contact with more essential parts of ourselves.
(c) Romantic poets, being great apostles of open eyes, inaugurated an era of travel.
(d) The travel spins us around, showing us the sights and values ordinarily ignored.

Question (iii)
Read the sentences given below and state whether the underlined words are gerunds or present participles.
(a) As it’s a hot day, many people are swimming
(b) This is a swimming pool.
(c) It’s very bad that children are begging.
(d) Begging is a curse on humanity.
Answer:
(a) present participle
(b) present participle
(c) present participle
(d) gerund

(A5)

Question 1.
Write an email to your friends about your proposed trek. You can take help of the points given below. You can keep your parents informed about it by adding them in BCC.

• A trek in the forest of Kodaikanal
• Time and duration
• Type of trek (cycle/ motorbike/ walk)
• Facilities provided
• Last date for registration
• Fees

(A6)

Question 1.
There is a boom in ‘Travel and Tourism’ career. Find information about different options in this field.

(A7)

Question (i)
Find information about:
(a) Fa Hien
(b) Huen Tsang
(c) Ibn Batuta
(d) Marco Polo
(e) Sir Richard Burton

Question (ii)
Further reading:

• ‘Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage’ – Lord Byron
• ‘Gulliver’s Travels’ – Jonathan Swift
• ‘Twenty Thousand Leagues Under The Sea’ – Jules Verne
• ‘Travelling Souls’ – Brian Bouldrey

Yuvakbharati English 12th Digest Chapter 1.7 Why We Travel Additional Important Questions and Answers

Read the extract and complete the activities given below:

Global Understanding:

Question 1.
Write the name of the litterateur and his quotation mentioned by the writer in the extract.
Answer:
Name of the litterateur – George Santayana.
Quotation:
George Santayana writes, “We need sometimes to escape into open solitudes, into aimlessness, into the moral holiday of running some pure hazard, in order to sharpen the edge of life, to taste hardship, and to be compelled to work desperately for a moment at no matter what.”

Question 2.
Based on the extract, complete the web:
(The answers are given directly and underlined.)
Answer:

Question 3.
From the extract, write the names of:
Answer:
1. 2 litterateurs : Proust, Hazlitt
2. 2 places : Bali, Tibet

Question 4.
Pick out the false statements and write them correctly :
1. Holidays help you to appreciate your own home more.
2. Tourism can also revive cultures.
3. The writer spent many days in Bali in temples.
4. The writer finds Iceland full of chatter and routine.
Answer:
False statements:
3. The writer spent many days in Bali in temples.
4. The writer finds Iceland full of chatter and routine.

Corrected statements:
3. The writer spent many days in Tibet in temples.
4. The writer finds Iceland quiet and empty.

Question 5.
Write the name of the litterateur and his quotation mentioned by the writer in the extract.
Answer:
Name of the litterateur – Oliver Cromwell Quotation : “A man never goes so far as when he doesn’t know where he is going.”

Question 6.
Write if the following statements are True or False. Correct the false statements :
1. The posters at McDonald’s outlet in Kyoto have pictures of places in San Francisco.
2. The young people in Kyoto McDonald’s outlet look very American.
3. The writer was born in America.
4. Cities like Sydney and Toronto are a mix of many cultures.
True statements:
1. The posters at McDonald’s outlet in Kyoto have pictures of places in San Francisco.
4. Cities like Sydney and Toronto are a mix of many cultures.

False statements:
2. The young people in Kyoto McDonald’s outlet look very American.
3. The writer was born in America.

Corrected statements:
2. The young people in Kyoto McDonald’s outlet look very Japanese.
3. The writer was born in England.

Question 7.
Write from the extract:
Answer:
1. Names of 4 cities: Kyoto, Toronto, Sydney, Addis Ababa
2. Names of two food items: Teriyaki McBurgers, Bacon Potato Pies.

Question 8.
Write the name of the litterateurs and their quotations mentioned by the writer in the extract.
Answer:
Names of the litterateurs: Sir John Mandeville, Emerson, Thoreau and Sir Thomas Browne.
Quotations: Emerson said, “Travelling is a fool’s paradise.”
Thoreau said, “I have travelled a good deal in Concord.”
Sir Thomas Browne sagely put it, “We carry within us the wonders we seek without us. There is Africa and her prodigies in us.”

Complex Factual:

Question 1.
Write sentences from the extract conveying the fact that travelling brings together the various cultures of the different parts of the world :
Answer:
1. We can become a kind of carrier pigeon in transporting back and forth what every culture needs.
2. I find that I always take Michael Jordan posters to Kyoto, and bring woven ikebana baskets back to California.
3. We become walking video screens and living newspapers, the only channels that can take people out of the censored limits of their homelands.
4. In closed or impoverished places, like Pagan or Lhasa or Havana, we are the eyes and ears of the people we meet, their only contact with the world outside and, very often, the closest, quite literally, they will ever come to Michael Jackson or Bill Clinton.
5. Not the least of the challenges of travel, therefore, is learning how to import – and export – dreams with tenderness.
6. We carry values and beliefs and news to the places we go.

Question 2.
Complete the following:
Travel spins us round in two ways at once:
Answer:
Travel spins us round in two ways at once: It shows us the sights and values and issues that we might ordinarily ignore. It also shows us all the parts of ourselves that might otherwise grow rusty. For in travelling to a truly foreign place, we inevitably travel to moods and states of mind that we’d otherwise ignore.

Question 3.
Write sentences from the extract conveying the fact that travelling brings together the various cultures of the different parts of the world.
Answer:
1. For when we go to France, we often migrate to French, and the more childlike self, simple and polite, that speaking a foreign language educes.
2. Even when I’m not speaking pidgin English in Hanoi, I’m simplified in a positive way, and concerned not with expressing myself, but simply making sense.

Question 4.
Write sentences from the extract conveying the fact that travelling brings together the various cultures of the different parts of the world.
Answer:
1. When we go abroad we are objects of scrutiny as much as the people we scrutinize, and we are being consumed by the cultures we consume, as much on the road as when we are at home.
2. At the very least, we are objects of speculation (and even desire), who can seem as exotic to the people around us as they do to us.

Question 5.
Write the sentences from the extract conveying the fact that travelling brings together the various cultures of the different parts of the world.
Answer:
1. When you go to a McDonald’s outlet in Kyoto, you will find Teriyaki McBurgers and Bacon Potato Pies.
2. The placemats offer maps of the great temples of the city, and the posters all around broadcast the wonders of San Francisco.
3. And-most crucial of all-the young people eating their Big Macs, with baseball caps worn backwards, and tight 501 jeans, are still utterly and inalienably Japanese in the way they move, they nod, they sip their Oolong teas – and never to be mistaken for the patrons of a McDonald’s outlet in Rio, Morocco or Managua.
4. These days a whole new realm of exotica arises out of the way one culture colours and appropriates the products of another,
5. The other factor complicating and exciting all of this is people, who are, more and more, themselves as many-tongued and mongrel as cities like Sydney or Toronto or Hong Kong.
6. Besides, even those who don’t move around the world find the world moving more and more around them. Walk just six blocks, in Queens or Berkeley, and you’re travelling through several cultures in as many minutes; get into a cab outside the White House, and you’re often in a piece of Addis Ababa.

Question 6.
Complete the following:
Answer:
1. Travel is a voyage into the imagination and is the conspiracy of perception and imagination.
2. Sir John Mandeville never visited the Far East but yet gave colourful accounts of it.
3. Emerson and Thoreau insist that reality is our creation and we invent the places we see as much as we do the books we read.

Question 7.
Complete the following, giving examples: (The answer is given directly.) The finest recent travel books are those that:
Answer:
1. undertake a parallel journey, matching the physical steps of a pilgrimage with the metaphysical steps of a questioning e.g. in Peter Matthiessen’s great “The Snow Leopard”.
2. chronicle a trip to the farthest reaches of human strangeness e.g. Oliver Sacks’ “Island of the Color-Blind,” which features a journey not just to a remote atoll in the Pacific, but to a realm where people actually see light differently).

Inference/Interpretation/Analysis:

Question 1.
Guess the difference : travel and travail:
Answer:
Travel guides us towards a better balance of wisdom and compassion, of seeing the world clearly and truly. Travail means agony, or hard toil, which will be the result of laborious travelling and hardships.

Question 2.
Describe the changes that come into us because of travels, especially to foreign countries.
Answer:
When we go abroad, we stay up late, do impulsive things and leave ourselves open to various experiences. We live for the moment, without any past or future; only the present. We may even become mysterious-to others, at first, and sometimes even to ourselves, behaving in new ways. We feel younger, as if we have been reborn.

Question 3.
Explain in your own words how travel can be a kind of ‘monasticism’.
Answer:
‘Monasticism’ means living like monks, living a self-disciplined life that is isolated from other people. When we travel, even if we are living in a luxury hotel, we live more simply than we normally do at home. We have no more possessions than what we can carry, we surrender ourselves to chance, and to whatever may come in our way. Hence, travel can be a kind of ‘monasticism’.

Question 4.
Travelling abroad make us the object of scrutiny. Justify this statement,
Answer:
When we go abroad, the local people there are curious about us and our culture. We seem exotic and different to them and they scrutinize our ways and behaviour to learn and understand more about us.

Question 5.
The writer calls himself ‘many-tongued’ and ‘mongrel’. Give reasons.
Answer:
‘Many-tongued’ means that he knows many languages; ‘mongrel’ here means someone who has a mixed upbringing, someone of mixed cultures. The writer knows many languages. He was born of Indian parents, in England, and he moved to America when he was 7 years old. Hence, he says that he cannot really call himself an Indian, an American or an Englishman.

Question 6.
‘Get into a cab outside the White House, and you’re often in a piece of Addis Ababa.’ Explain the meaning of this sentence.
Answer:
Addis Ababa is the capital of Ethiopia, Africa. The sentence means that the driver of the cab outside the White House was probably an African American, may be originally from Africa.

Question 7.
“We carry within us the wonders we seek without us.” Explain.
Answer:
This means that all the wonders and emotions are within us, and if we wish to, we can tap these forces. Everything is within our own hearts and imagination. Everything is internal. Whatever we find outside has first to be inside us for us to experience it. There is no necessity for any separate outside happenings for us to feel anything.

Personal Response:

Question 1.
Name the places you would like to visit the most. Give reasons to support your answer.
Answer:
I like to travel but I have not had much opportunity yet. I love seeing new places and meeting new people. I would love to travel to the North-Eastern parts of India and to foreign countries. I am also a nature lover and would love seeing high mountains, clear lakes and green pastures.

Question 2.
‘Travel helps you to appreciate your own home more’. Justify this statement.
Answer:
Holidays, especially holidays abroad, can certainly help us to appreciate our own homes more. For example, if we go to the African desert and see the problems they have with potable water supply, we will appreciate our own water resources more. If we see the problems faced by people living in very cold climates, we will appreciate the heat in our country, and even be grateful for it.

Question 3.
Do you think that people travel more, or in a different way, as compared to people fifty years back? Explain your view.
Answer:
Yes, people certainly travel more today. They also travel for different reasons. Fifty years back, in India, people generally travelled only for religious reasons or to meet relatives and family. Travelling for sightseeing was rarer. Today, in addition to these reasons, people also travel for fun, relaxation and sight-seeing. People also go on holidays abroad, which was not done often earlier.

Question 4.
Do you think that we must always seek new experiences and new places? Or do you feel that the best place is home, and we must never move?
Answer:
If we just stick to our own homes, we will be like the frog in the pond, which thought its small pond was the whole world. This is not advisable in the world of today. To be happy and successful, we must be broad-minded and unbiased. We must see what the world and other cultures have to offer. We must try to imbibe the best from other cultures and places.

Language Study:

Question 1.
We carry values and beliefs and news to the places we go.
(Rewrite using ‘not only but also.)
Answer:
We carry not only values and beliefs but also news to the places we go.

Question 2.
Travel is the best way we have of rescuing the humanity of places.
(Use an infinitive in place of the gerund.)
Answer:
Travel is the best way we have to rescue the humanity of places.

Question 3.
The beauty of this process was best described by George Santayana.
(Rewrite beginning George Santayana)
Answer:
George Santayana best described the beauty of this process.

Question 4.
Yet for me the first great joy of travelling is simply the luxury of leaving all my beliefs and certainties at home. (Pick out the finite verb and say whether the sentence is simple, compound or complex.)
Answer:
finite verb-is; simple sentence

Question 5.
Pick out the phrasal verb from this sentence:
Abroad is the place where we stay up late.
Answer:
stay up

Question 6.
Travelling is a way to reverse time. (Identify the part of speech of the underlined word.)
Answer:
travelling – gerund

Question 7.
I tend to believe more abroad than I do at home. (Rewrite using as….as..)
Answer:
I tend not to believe as much at home as I do abroad.

Question 8.
Pick out the phrasal verb from these sentences:
Answer:
1. I remember, in fact, after my first trip to Southeast Asia, more than a decade ago, how I would come back to my apartment in New York.
2. All, in that sense, believed in, “being moved”
Answer:
1. come back
2. believed in

Question 9.
Anyone witnessing this strange scene would have drawn the right conclusion.
(Rewrite using ‘who’)
Answer:
Anyone who witnessed this strange scene would have drawn the right conclusion.

Question 10.
I remember how I would come back to my apartment in New York. (Rewrite using ‘used, to’.)
Answer:
I remember how I used to come back to my apartment in New York.

Question 11.
We have to carry our sense of destination. (Rewrite beginning‘Our sense….’)
Answer:
Our sense of destination has to be carried by us.

Question 12.
The most valuable Pacifies we explore will always be the vast expanses within us.
(Rewrite using more…than..)
Answer:
We will never explore more valuable Pacifies than the vast expanses within us.

Question 13.
It keeps the mind nimble. (Rewrite using the present perfect tense of the verb.)
Answer:
It has kept the mind nimble.

Vocabulary:

Question 1.
Guess the meaning: riches are differently dispersed
Answer:
cultures that are rich in ways different from ours.

Question 2.
Find out a past/present participle from the extract that has been used as an adjective :
Answer:
crooked angle (crooked-past participle)

Question 3.
Find out two pairs of antonyms from the extract:
Answer:
1. lose × find
2. ignorance × knowledge

Question 4.
Guess the difference between provisional and provincial.
Answer:
Provisional means temporary, whereas provincial means limited in outlook narrow.

Question 5.
Find out from the extract a few past / present participles that have been used as adjectives:
1. walking video screens
2. censored limits
3. living newspapers
4. impoverished places
Answer:
censored, impoverished – past participles used as adjectives
walking, living – present participles used as adjectives

Question 6.
Pick out four proper nouns for places from the extract.
Answer:
Kyoto, Pagan, Lhasa, Havana.

Question 7.
Find from the extract one word for the following :
1. A Japanese art of flower arrangement
2. Satisfaction of one with oneself or one’s own achievements.
Answer:
1. ikebana
2. complacencies

Question 8.
Complete the table with the words given in the brackets:
(values celebrate now deeply discovery apprehend wonderfully distant quietude foreign appreciative spins)
Answer:

Noun	Verb	Adjective	Adverb
discovery	celebrate	distant	wonderfully
values	apprehend	foreign	deeply
quietude	spins	appreciative	now

Question 9.
Find out a past/present participle from the extract that has been used as an adjective:
Answer:
searching questions (searching – present participle)

Question 10.
Discuss the pun implied by the writer, ecstasy (ex-stasis):
Answer:
ecstasy – great joy. ex-stasis – previous period of inactivity or boredom. The words sound alike but have different meanings.

Question 11.
Guess the meaning:

1. many-tongued
2. mongrel
3. inheritance
4. notions

Answer:

1. many-tongued – a person who speaks many languages.
2. mongrel – (here) someone who has a mixed upbringing, someone of mixed cultures.
3. inheritance – the acquisition of a possession, condition, or trait from past generations.
4. notions – ideas.

Question 12.
Match the adjectives in Column A with the nouns in Column B, with reference to the extract:

A	B
1. great	(a) specimen
2. new	(b) versions
3. typical	(c) temples
4. essential	(d) world
5. synthetic	(e) realm
6. foreign	(f) notions

Answer:

1. great temples
2. new realm
3. typical specimen
4. essential notions
5. synthetic versions
6. foreign world

Question 13.
Give the adjective forms of:

1. perception
2. imagination
3. friendship
4. reality

Answer:

1. perception – perceptive
2. imagination – imaginative
3. friendship – friendly
4. reality – realistic

Question 14.
Give the verb forms of:

1. perception
2. imagination
3. friendship
4. conspiracy

Answer:

1. perception – perceive
2. imagination – imagine
3. friendship – befriend
4. conspiracy – conspire

Question 15.
Guess the meaning:

1. atoll
2. prejudice
3. fosters

Answer:

1. atoll – a coral island consisting of a reef surrounding a lagoon
2. prejudice – bias
3. fosters – encourages

Question 17.
Find from the extract the antonyms of:

1. worthless
2. public
3. nearest
4. familiar
5. outside
6. slow

Answer:

1. worthless × valuable
2. public × private
3. nearest × farthest
4. familiar × unfamiliar
5. outside × inside
6. slow × quick

Do as directed:

Question 1.
The queen loved her people and looked after the affairs of her kingdom well.
(Rewrite using ‘who’.)
Answer:
The queen, who loved her people, looked after the affairs of her kingdom well.

Question 2.
But I want to test this. (Change the voice.)
Answer:
But I want this to be tested.

Question 3.
The husband had a small smile on his lips while the wife looked sad.
(Rewrite beginning with ‘Though’)
Answer:
Though the husband had a small smile on his lips, the wife looked sad.

Spot the error in the following sentences and rewrite them correctly:

Question 1.
You must neither tell me the whole story or at least the first part of it.
Answer:
You must either tell me the whole story or at least the first part of it.

Question 2.
No sooner did the Minister begin speaking, some rogues started shouting loudly.
Answer:
No sooner did the Minister begin speaking, than some rogues started shouting loudly.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board 12th Biology Textbook Solutions Chapter 12 Biotechnology Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Biology Solutions Chapter 12 Biotechnology

1. Multiple choice questions

Question 1.
MU The bacterium which causes a plant disease called crown gall is ………………..
(a) Helicobacter pylori
(b) Agrobacterium tumifaciens
(c) Thermophilus aquaticus
(d) Bacillus thuringienesis
Answer:
(b) Agrobacterium tumtfaciens

Question 2.
The enzyme nuclease hydrolyses ……………….. of polynucleotide chain of DNA.
(a) hydrogen bonds
(b) phosphodiester bonds
(c) glycosidic bonds
(d) peptide bonds
Answer:
(b) phosphodiester bonds

Question 3.
In vitro amplification of DNA or RNA segment is known as ………………..
(a) chromatography
(b) southern blotting
(c) polymerase chain reaction
(d) gel electrophoresis
Answer:
(c) polymerase chain reaction

Question 4.
Which of the following is the correct recognition sequence of restriction enzyme hind III.
(a) 5′ —A-A-G-C-T-T— 3′
3′ —T-T-C-G-A-A—5′
(b) 5′ — G-A-A-T-T-C—3′
3′ — C-T-T-A-A-G—5′
(c) 5′ — C-G-A-T-T-C—3′
3′ — G-C-T-A-A-G—5′
(d) 5′ — G-G-C-C—3′
3′ — C-C-G-G—5′
Answer:
(a) 5’ —A-A-G-C-T-T—3’
3’ —T-T-C-G-A-A—5’

Question 5.
Recombinant protein ……………….. is used to dissolve blood clots present in the body.
(a) insulin
(b) tissue plasminogen activator
(c) relaxin
(d) erythropoietin
Answer:
(b) tissue plasminogen activator

Question 6.
Recognition sequence of restriction enzymes are generally ……………….. nucleotide long.
(a) 2 to 4
(b) 4 to 8
(c) 8 to 10
(d) 14 to 18
Answer:
(b) 4 to 8

2. Very short answer questions

Question 1.
Name the vector which is used in production of human insulin through recombinant DNA technology.
Answer:
PBR 322

Question 2.
Which cells from Langerhans of pancreas do produce a peptide hormone insulin?
Answer:
cells of islets of Langerhans of a peptide hormone insulin.

Question 3.
Give the role of Ca⁺⁺ ions in the transfer of recombinant vector into bacterial host cell.
Answer:
Ca⁺⁺ ions promotes binding of plasmid DNA to lipo polysaccharides on bacterial cell surface. Then plasmid can enter the cell on heat shock.

Question 4.
Expand the following acronyms which are used in the held of biotechnology:

1. YAC
2. RE
3. dNTP
4. PCR
5. GMO
6. MAC
7. CCMB.

Answer:

1. YAC : Yeast Artificial chromosome
2. RE : Restriction Endonuclease
3. dNTP : Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates
4. PCR : Polymerase Chain Reaction
5. GMO : Genetically Modified Organisms
6. MAC : Mammalian Artificial Chromosome
7. CCMB : Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology

Question 5.
Fill in the blanks and complete the chart.

GMO	Purpose
(i) Bt cotton	———–
(ii) ———-	Delay the softening of tomato during ripening
(iii) Golden rice	———–
(iv) Holstein cow	———–

Answer:

GMO	Purpose
(i) Bt cotton	Insect resistance
(ii) Flavr savr Tomato	Delay the softening of tomato during ripening
(iii) Golden rice	Rich in vitamin A
(iv) Holstein cow	High milk productivity

3. Short answer type questions.

Question 1.
Explain the properties of a good or ideal cloning vector for r-DNA technology.
Answer:
Desired characteristics of ideal cloning vector are as follows:

1. Vector should be able to replicate independenly (through ori gene), so that as vector replicates, multiple copies of the DNA insert are also produced.
2. It should be able to easily transferred into host cells.
3. It should have suitable control elements like promoter, operator, ribosomal binding sites, etc.
4. It should have marker genes for antibiotic resistance and restriction enzyme recognition sites within them.

Question 2.
A PCR machine can rise temperature up to 100 °C but after that it is not able to lower the temperature below 70 °C automatically. Which step of PCR will be hampered first in this faulty machine? Explain why?
Answer:

1. If the faulty machine is not able to lower the temperature below 70 °C, then the primer annealing step will be hampered first.
2. Each primer has a specific annealing temperature, depending upon its A, T, G, C content.
3. For most of the primers annealing temperature is about 40-60 °C.
4. Hence, if temperature is more than primers annealing temperature, it will be able to pair with its complementary sequence in ssDNA.

Question 3.
In the process of r-DNA technology, if two separate restriction enzymes are used to cut vector and donor DNA then which problem will arise in the formation of r-DNA or chimeric DNA? Explain.
Answer:
In the process of r-DNA technology, if two separate restriction enzymes are used to cut vector and donor DNA, then it will result in fragments with different sticky ends which will not be complementary to each other.

Question 4.

Recombinent protein	Its use in or for
(1) Platelet derived growth factor	(a) Anemia
(2) a-antitrypsin	(b) Cystic fibrosis
(3) Relaxin	(c) Haemophilia A
(4) Eryhthropoietin	(d) Diabetes
(5) Factor VIII	(e) Emphysema
(6) DNA ase	(f) Parturition
	(g) Atherosclerosis

Answer:

Recombinent protein	Its use in or for
(1) Platelet derived growth factor	(g) Atherosclerosis
(2) a-antitrypsin	(e) Emphysema
(3) Relaxin	(f) Parturition
(4) Eryhthropoietin	(a) Anemia
(5) Factor VIII	(c) Haemophilia A
(6) DNA ase	(b) Cystic fibrosis

4. Long answer type questions.

Question 1.
(i) Define and explain the terms Bioethics.
Answer:

1. Bioethics is the study of moral vision, decision and policies of human behaviour in relation to biological phenomena or events.
2. Bioethics deals with wide range of reactions on new developments like cloning, transgenic, gene therapy, eugenics, r-DNA technology, in vitro fertilization, sperm bank, gene therapy, euthanasia, death, maintaining those who are in comatose state, prenatal genetic selection, etc.
3. Bioethics also includes the discussion on subjects like what should and should not be done in using recombinant DNA techniques.

Ethical aspects pertaining to the use of biotechnology are:

1. Use of animals cause great sufferings to them.
2. Violation of integration of species caused due to transgenosis.
3. Transfer of human genes into animals and vice versa.
4. Indiscriminate use of biotechnology pose risk to the environment, health and biodiversity.
5. The effects of GMO on non-target organisms, insect resistance crops, gene flow, the loss of diversity.
6. Modification process disrupting the natural process of biological entities.

(ii) Define and explain the term Biopiracy.
Answer:

1. Biopiracy is defined as ‘theft of various natural products and then selling them by getting patent without giving any benefits or compensation back to the host country’.
2. It is unauthorized misappropriation of any biological resource and traditional knowledge.
3. It is bio-patenting of bio-resource or traditional knowledge of another nation without proper permission of the concerned nation or unlawful exploitation and use of bioresources without giving compensation.

Following are the examples of biopiracy:
(a) Patenting of Neem (Azadirachta indica):

1. Pirating India’s traditional knowledge about the properties and uses of neem, the USDA and an American MNC W.R. Grace sought a patent from the European Patent Office (EPO) on the “method for controlling on plants by the aid of hydrophobic extracted neem oil,” in the early 90s.
2. The patenting of the fungicidal properties of Neem, was an example of biopiracy.

(b) Patenting of Basmati:

1. Texmati is a trade name of “Basmati rice line and grains” for which Texas based American company Rice Tec Inc was awarded a patent by the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) in 1997.
2. This is a case of biopiracy as Basmati is a long-grained, aromatic variety of rice indigenous to the Indian subcontinent.
3. Very broad claims about “Inventing” the said rice was the basis of patent application.
4. The UPSTO has rejected all the claims due to people movement against Rice Tec in March 2001.

(c) Haldi (Turmeric) Biopiracy:

1. A patent claim about the healing properties of Haldi was made by two American researchers of Indian origin of the University of Mississippi Medical Center, to the US Patent and Trademark Office.
2. They were granted a patent in March 1995.
3. This is an example of biopiracy because healing properties of Haldi is not a new discovery, but it is a traditional knowledge in ayurvedas for centuries.
4. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) applied to the US Patent Office for a reexamination and they realized the mistake and cancelled the patent.

(iii) Define and explain the term Biopatent.
Answer:

1. Biopatent is a biological patent awarded for strains of microorganisms, cell lines, genetically modified strains, DNA sequences, biotechnological processes, product processes, product and product applications.
2. It allows the patent holder to exclude others from making, using, selling or importing protected invention for a limited period of time.
3. Duration of biopatentis five years from the date of the grant or seven years from the date of filing the patent application, whichever is less.
4. Awarding biopatents provides encouragement to innovations and promote development of scientific culture in society. It also emphasizes the role of biology in shaping human society.
5. First biopatent was awarded for genetically engineered bacterium ‘Pseudomonas’ used for clearing oils spills.
6. Patent jointly issued by Delta and Pineland company and US department of agriculture having title ‘control of plant gene expression’, is based on a gene that produces a protein toxic to plant and thus prevents seed germination.

This patent was not granted by Indian government. Such a patent is considered morally unacceptable and fundamentally unequitable. Such patents would pose a threat to global food security as financially powerful corporations would acquire monopoly over biotechnological process.

Question 2.
Explain the steps in process of r-DNA technology with suitable diagrams.
Answer:

The steps involved in gene cloning are as follows:
(1) Isolation of DNA (gene) from the donor organism:

• To obtain the desired gene to be cloned, the cells of the donor organism are sheared with the blender and treated with suitable detergent. Genetic material is then isolated and purified.
• Isolated purified DNA is then cleaved using restriction Endonucleases.
• Restriction fragment containing desired gene is isolated and selected for cloning. This is now called foreign DNA or passanger DNA.
• A desired gene can also be obtained directly from genomic library or c-DNA library.

(2) Insertion of desired foreign gene into a cloning vector (vehicle DNA):

• The foreign DNA or passanger DNA is inserted into a cloning vector (vehicle DNA) like bacterial plasmids and the bacteriophages like lamda phage and M13. The most commonly used plasmid is pBR 322.
• Plasmids are isolated from the bacteria and are cleaved by using same RE which is used in the isolation of the desired gene from the donor.
• Enzyme DNA ligase is used to join foreign DNA and the plasmid DNA.
• Plasmid DNA containing foreign DNA is called recombinant DNA (r-DNA) or chimeric DNA.

(3) Transfer of r-DNA into suitable competent host or cloning organism:

• The r-DNA is introduced into a competent host cell, which is mostly a bacterium.
• Host cell takes up naked r-DNA by process of ‘transformation’ and incorporates it into its own chromosomal DNA which finally expresses the trait controlled by passenger DNA.
• The transfer of r-DNA into a bacterial cell is assisted by divalent Ca⁺⁺.
• The cloning organisms are E.coli and Agrobacterium tumifaciens.
• The competent host cells which have taken up r-DNA are called transformed cells.
• By using techniques like electroporation, microinjection, lipofection, shot gun, ultrasonification, biolistic method, etc. Foreign DNA can also be transferred directly into the naked cell or protoplast of the competent host cell, without using vector.
• In plant biotechnology the transformation is through Ti plasmids of A. tumifaciens.

(4) Selection of the transformed host cell:

• For isolation of recombinant cell from non-recombinant cell, marker gene of plasmid vector is employed.
• For example, pBR322 plasmid vector contains different marker genes like ampicillin resistant gene and tetracycline resistant gene. When pstl RE is used, it knocks out ampicillin resistant gene from the plasmid, so that the recombinant cells become sensitive to ampicillin.

(5) Multiplication of transformed host cell:

• The transformed host cells are introduced into fresh culture media where they divide.
• The recombinant DNA carried by them also multiplies.

(6) Expression of gene to obtain desired product. Then desired products like enzymes, antibiotiocs etc. separated and purified through down stream processing using bioreactors.

Question 3.
Explain the gene therapy. Give two types of it.
Answer:
Gene therapy is the treatment of genetic disorders by replacing, altering or supplementing a gene that is absent or abnormal and whose absence or abnormality is responsible for the disease.
Types of gene therapy:
(a) Germ line gene therapy:

1. In this germ cells are modified genetically to correct a genetic defect.
2. Normal gene is introduced into germ cells like sperms, eggs, early embryos.
3. It allows transmission of the modified genetic information to the next generation.
4. Although it is highly effective in treatment of the genetic disorders, its use is not preferred in human beings because of various technical and ethical reasons.

(b) Somatic cell gene therapy:

1. In this somatic cells are modified genetically to correct a genetic defect.
2. Healthy genes are introduced in somatic cells like bone marrow cells, hepatic cells, fibroblasts endothelium and pulmonary epithelial cells, central nervous system, endocrine cells and smooth muscle cells of blood vessel walls.
3. Modification of somatic cells only affects the person being treated and the modified chromosomes cannot be passed on the future generations.
4. Somatic cell gene therapy is the only feasible option and the clinical trials have already employed for the treatment of disorders like cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, SCID, Gaucher’s disease, familial hypercholesterolemia, haemophilia, phenylketonuria, cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell anaemia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, emphysema, thalassemia, etc.

Question 4.
How are the transgenic mice used in cancer research?
Answer:

1. Transgenic mice are used in various research areas of cancer research.
2. Transgenic mice containing a particular oncogene (cancer causing gene) develop specific cancer.
3. They are used to study the relationship between oncogenes and cancer development, cancer treatment and prevention of malignancy.
4. The transgenic mouse model for the investigation of the breast cancer was developed in the laboratory of Philip Leder in Harvard (USA).
5. Transgenic mice containing oncogenes myc and ras were analyzed to find out role of these genes in the development of breast cancer.

Question 5.
Give the steps in PCR or polymerase chain reaction with suitable diagrams.
Answer:

(1) The DNA segment and excess of two primer molecules, four types of dNTPs, the thermostable DNA polymerase are mixed together in ‘eppendorf tube’.

(2) One PCR cycle is of 3-4 minutes duration and it involves following steps:

• Denaturation : The reaction mixture is heated at 90-98°C. Due to this hydrogen bonds in the DNA break and two strands of DNA separate. This is called denaturation.
• Annealing of primer : When the reaction mixture is cooled to 40-60°C, the primer pairs with its complementary sequences in ssDNA. This is called annealing.
• Extension of primer : In this step, the temperature is increased to 70-75°C. At this temperature thermostable Taq DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to 3’end of primer using single-stranded DNA as template. This is called primer extension. Duration of this step is about two minutes.

(3) In an automatic thermal cycler, the above three steps are automatically repeated 20-30 times.
(4) Thus, at the end of ‘n’ cycles 2n copies of DNA segments, get synthesized.

Question 6.
What is a vaccine? Give advantages of oral vaccines or edible vaccines.
Answer:

1. A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity against a certain disease.
2. Vaccine is often made from a weakened or killed form of the microorganism, its toxins or one of its surface protein antigens.
3. Edible vaccine is an edible plant part engineered to produce an immunogenic protein, which when consumed gets recognized by immune system.
4. Immunogenic protein of certain pathogens are active when’administered orally.
5. When animals or mainly humans consume these plant parts, they get vaccinated against certain pathogen.
6. Oral or edible vaccines have low cost, they are easy to administer and store.

Question 7.
Enlist different types of restriction enzymes commonly used in r-DNA technology? Write on their role.
Answer:

1. Different restriction enzymes commonly used in r-DNA technology are Alu I, Bam HI, Eco RI, Hind II, Hind III, Pst I, Sal I, Taq I, Mbo II, Hpa I, Bgl I, Not I, Kpn I, etc.
2. They are the molecular scissors which recognize and cut the phosphodiester back bone of DNA on both strands, at highly specific sequences.
3. The sites recognized by them are called recognition sequences or recognition sites.
4. Different restriction enzymes found in different organisms recognize different nucleotide sequences and therefore cut DNA at different sites.
5. Restriction cutting may result in DNA fragments with blunt ends or cohesive or sticky ends or staggered ends (having short, single stranded projections).
6. Restriction endonucleases like Bam HI and EcoRI produce fragments with sticky ends.
7. Restriction endonucleases like Alu I, Hind III produce fragments with blunt ends.
8. Type I restriction endonucleases fuction simultaneously as endonuclease and methylase e.g. EcoK.
9. Type II restriction endonucleases have separate cleaving and methylation activities. They are more stable and are used in r-DNA technology e.g. EcoRI, Bgll. They cut DNA at specific sites within the palindrome.
10. Type III restriction endonucleases cut DNA at specific non-palindromic sequences e.g. Hpal, MboII.
11. In bacterial cells, REs destroy various viral DNAs that might enter the cell, thus restricting the potential growth of the virus.

Question 8.
Enlist and write in brief about the different biological tools required in r-DNA technology.
Answer:
The biological tools used in r-DNA technology are various enzymes, cloning vectors and competent hosts.
(1) Enzymes:

• Enzymes like lysozymes, nucleases (exonucleases and endonucleases), DNA ligase, reverse transcriptase, DNA polymerase, alkaline phosphatases, etc. are used in r-DNA technology.
• The restriction endonucleases are used as biological or molecular scissors. They are able to cut a DNA molecule at a specific recognition site.

(2) Vectors:

• Vectors are DNA molecules which carry foreign DNA segment and replicate inside the host cell.
• Vectors may be plasmids, bacteriophages (M13, lambda virus), cosmid, phagemids, BAC (bacterial artificial chromosome), YAC (yeast artificial chromosome), transposons, baculoviruses and mammalian artificial chromosomes (MACs).
• Most commonly used vectors are plasmid vectors (pBR 322, pUC, Ti plasmid) and bacteriophages (lamda phage, M13 phage).

(3) Competent host cells:

1. They are bacteria like Bacillus haemophilus, Helicobacter pyroliand E. coli.
2. Mostly E. coli is used for the transformation with recombinant DNA.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board 12th Biology Textbook Solutions Chapter 11 Enhancement of Food Production Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Biology Solutions Chapter 11 Enhancement of Food Production

1. Multiple choice questions

Question 1.
Antibiotic Chloromycetin is obtained from ………………….
(a) Streptomyces erythreus
(b) Penicillium chrysogenum
(c) Streptomyces venezuelae
(d) Streptomyces griseus
Answer:
(c) Streptomyces venezuelae

Question 2.
Removal of large pieces of floating debris, oily substances, etc. during sewage treatment is called ………………….
(a) primary treatment
(b) secondary treatment
(c) final treatment
(d) amplification
Answer:
(a) primary treatment

Question 3.
Which one of the following is free living bacterial biofertilizer?
(a) Azotobacter
(b) Rhizobium
(c) Nostoc
(d) Bacillus thuringiensis
Answer:
(a) Azotobacter

Question 4.
Most commonly used substrate for industrial production of beer is ………………….
(a) barley
(b) wheat
(c) corn
(d) sugar cane molasses
Answer:
(a) barley

Question 5.
Ethanol is commercially produced through a particular species of ………………….
(a) Aspergillus
(b) Saccharomyces
(c) Clostridium
(d) Trichoderma
Answer:
(b) Saccharomyces

Question 6.
One of the free-living anaerobic nitrogen- fixers is ………………….
(a) Azotobacter
(b) Beijerinckia
(c) Rhodospirillum
(d) Rhizobium
Answer:
(c) Rhodospirillum

Question 7.
Microorganisms also help in production of food like ………………….
(a) bread
(b) alcoholic beverages
(c) vegetables
(d) pulses
Answer:
(a) bread

Question 8.
MOET technique is used for ………………….
(a) production of hybrids
(b) inbreeding
(c) outbreeding
(d) outcrossing
Answer:
(a) production of hybrids

Question 9.
Mule is the outcome of ………………….
(a) inbreeding
(b) artificial insemination
(c) interspecific hybridization
(d) outbreeding
Answer:
(c) interspecific hybridization

2. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What makes idlis puffy?
Answer:
During preparation of idlis, rice and black gram flour is fermented by air borne Leuconostoc and Streptococcus bacteria. CO₂ produced during fermentation makes them puffy.

Question 2.
Bacterial biofertilizers.
Answer:
Rhizobium, Frankia, Pseudomonas striata, Bacillus polymyxa, Agrobacterium, Microccocus, Azotobacter, Costridium, Beijerinkia, Klebsiella.

Question 3.
What is the microbial source of vitamin B₁₂?
Answer:
The microbial source of vitamin B₁₂ is Pseudomonas denitrificans.

Question 4.
What is the microbial source of enzyme invertase?
Answer:
The microbial source of enzyme invertase is Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Question 5.
Milk starts to coagulate when Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) are added to warm milk as a starter. Mention any two other benefits of LAB.
Answer:
Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) check the growth of disease causing microbes and produce vitamin B.

Question 6.
Name the enzyme produced by Streptococcus bacterium. Explain its importance in medical sciences.
Answer:
The enzyme produced by Streptococcus spp. is streptokinase. It is used as a ‘clot buster’ for clearing blood clots in the blood vessels in heart patients.

Question 7.
What is breed?
Answer:
Breed is a group of animals related by descent and similar in most characters like general appearance, features, size, configuration, etc.

Question 8.
Estuary
Answer:
Estuary is a place where river meets the sea.

Question 9.
What is shellac?
Answer:
Shellac is the pure form of lac obtained by washing and filtering.

3. Short Answer Questions.

Question 1.
Many microbes are used at home during preparation of food items. Comment on such useful ones with examples.
Answer:

1. Many food preparations made at home involves the use of microorganisms.
2. The microbes Lactobacilli are used in the preparation of dhokla from gram flour and buttermilk by the process of fermentation.
3. Dosa and idlis are prepared by using batter of rice and black gram which is fermented by air borne Leuconostoc and Streptococcus bacteria.
4. Large, fleshy fruiting bodies of some mushrooms and truffles are directly used as food. It is sugar free, fat free food rich in proteins, vitamins, minerals and amino acids. It is food with low calories.
5. Curd is prepared by inoculating milk with Lactobacillus acidophilus. Lactic acid produced during fermentation causes coagulation and partial digestion of milk protein casein and milk turns into curd.
6. Buttermilk is the acidulated liquid left after churning of butter from curd, is called buttermilk.

Question 2.
What is biogas? Write in brief about the production process.
Answer:
Biogas is a mixture of methane CH₄ (50-60%), CO₂ (30-40%), H₂S (0-3%) and other gases (CO, N₂, H₂) in traces.

Biogas production process:
a. A typical biogas plant consists of digester (made up of concrete bricks and cement or steel and is partly buried in the soil) and gas holder (a cylindrical gas tank to collect gases).
b. Raw materials like cow dung is mixed with water in equal proportion to make slurry which is fed into the digester’ through a side opening (charge pit).

Anaerobic digestion involves following processes:
i. Hydrolysis or solubilization:
Anaerobic hydrolyzing bacteria like Clostridium and Pseudomonas hydrolyse carbohydrates into simple sugars, proteins into amino acids and lipids into fatty acids.

ii. Acidogenesis:
Facultative and obligate anaerobic, acidogenic bacteria convert simple organic substances into acids like formic acid, acetic acid, H₂ and CO₂

iii. Methanogenesis:
Anaerobic methanogenic bacteria like Methanobacterium, Methanococcus convert acetate, H₂ and CO₂ into Methane, CO₂ and H₂O and other products.
12 mol CH₃COOH → 12CH₄ + 12CO₂ 4mol H.COOH → CH₄ + 3CO₂ + 2H₂O CO₂ + 4H₂ → CH₄ + 2H₂O

Question 3.
Biocontrol agents.
Answer:
(1) Biocontrol agents are the organisms like (bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoans) act which are employed for controlling pathogens, pests and weeds.

(2) They cause the disease to the pest or compete or kill them.

(3) The use of biocontrol measures greatly reduces use of toxic chemicals and pesticides that are harmful to human beings and also pollute our environment.

(4) Biocontrol agents and their hosts.

• Bacteria (Bacillus thuringiensis, B. papilliae and B. lentimorbus Hosts : Caterpillars, cabbage worms, adult beetles
• Fungi (Beauveria bassiana, Entomophothora, pallidaroseum, Zoophthora radicans) Host : Aphid crocci, A. unguicilata, mealy bugs, mites, white flies, etc.
• Protozoans (Nosema locustae) Host: Grasshoppers, caterpillars, crickets
• Viruses (Nucleopolyhedro virus-NPV, Granulovirus-GV) Host : Caterpillars, Gypsy moth, ants and beetles.

(5) Some examples:

• Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a microbiai pesticide used to get rid of butterfly, caterpillars.
• Trichoderma fungus is an effective biocontrol agent against soil borne fungal plant pathogens which infect roots and rhizomes.
• Phytophthora palmiuora is a mycoherbicide that controls milk weed in orchards.
• Pseudomonas spp. is a bacterial herbicide that attacks several weeds.
• Tyrea moth controls the weed Senecio jacobeac.

Question 4.
Name any two enzymes and antibiotics with their microbial source.
Answer:

1. Microbial source of Chloromycetin. – Streptomyces venezuelae
2. Microbial source of Erythromycin. – Streptomyces erythreus
3. Microbial source of Penicillin. – Penicillium chrysogenum
4. Microbial source of Streptomycin. – Streptomyces griseus
5. Microbial source of Griseofulvin. – Penicillium griseojulvum
6. Microbial source of Bacitracin. – Bacillus licheniformis
7. Microbial source of Oxytetracyclin / Terramycin. – Streptomyces aurifaciens
8. The enzyme produced by Streptococcus bacterium. – Streptokinase
9. Microbial source of Invertase. – Saccharomyces cerevisiae
10. Microbial source of Pectinase. – Sclerotinia libertine, Aspergillus niger
11. Microbial source of Lipase. – Candida lipolytica
12. Microbial source of Cellulase. – Trichoderma konigii

Question 5.
Write the principles of farm management.
Answer:
The principles of farm management are as follows:

1. Selection of high-yielding breeds.
2. Understanding the feed requirements of farm animals.
3. Supply of adequate nutritional sources for the animals.
4. Maintaining the cleanliness of environment.
5. Maintenance of health with the help of veterinary supervision.
6. Undertaking vaccination programmes.
7. Development of high-yielding cross-bred varieties.
8. Making various products and their preservation.
9. Distribution and marketing of the farm produce.

Question 6.
Give the economic importance of fisheries.
Answer:
Economic importance of fisheries is as follows:

1. Fish is a nutritious food and thus is a source of many vitamins, minerals and nutrients.
2. Commercial products such as fish oil, fish meal and fertilizers, fish guano, fish glue, isinglass are prepared from fish.
3. These by-products are used in paints, soaps, oils and medicines.
4. Some organisms like prawns and lobsters have high export value and market price.
5. Fish farming and other fishery trades provide job opportunity and self-employment
6. Productivity and national economy is improved through fishery practices.

Question 7.
Enlist the species of honey bee mentioning their specific uses.
Answer:
(1) The four species of honey bees commonly found in India : Apis dorsata (rock bee, or wild bee), Apis jlorea (little bee), Apis mellifera (European bee) and Apis indica (Indian bee).

(2) Uses:

• Rock bee : They produce 36 kg of honey per comb per year. They produce bee wax.
• Little bee : They produce half kg of honey per hive per year.
• European bee : The average production per colony per year is 25 to 40 kg.
• Indian bee : The average production per colony per year is 6 to 8 kg.

Question 8.
What are A, B, C, D in the table given below.

Types of microbe	Name	Commercial Product
Fungus	A	Penicillin
Bacterium	Acetobacter aceti	B
C	Aspergillus niger	Citric acid
Yeast	D	Ethanol

Answer:
A : Penicillium chrysogenum
B : Vinegar (Acetic acid)
C : Fungus
D : Sachharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoidis

4. Long Answer Questions.

Question 1.
Explain the process of sewage water treatment before it can be discharged into natural bodies. Why is this treatment essential?
Answer:
Sewage treatment includes following steps:
(1) Preliminary Treatment:

• Screening: The larger suspended or floating objects are filtered and removed in screening chambers by passing the sewage through screens or net in the chambers.
• Grit Chamber : Filtered sewage is passed into series of grit chambers which contain large stones (pebbles) and brick-ballast. Coarse particles which settle down by gravity are removed.

(2) Primary treatment (physical treatment):

• The sewage water is pumped into the primary sedimentation tank where 50-70% of the suspended solid or organic matter get sedimented and about 30-40% (in number) of coliform organisms are removed.
• The organic matter which is settled down is called primary sludge.
• Primary sludge is removed by mechanically operated devices.
• Dissolved organic matter and micro-organisms in the supernatant (effluent) are then removed by the secondary treatment.

(3) Secondary treatment (biological treatment):

• The primary effluent is passed into large aeration tanks where it is constantly agitated mechanically and air is pumped into it.
• The mesh like masses of aerobic bacteria, slime and fungal hyphae, known as floes are formed.
• Aerobic microbes consume most of the organic matter and this reduces BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) of the effluent.

(4) Tertiary treatment:

• Once the BOD is sufficiently reduced, waste water is passed into a settling tank where the floes are allowed to sediment.
• The sediment is called activated sludge.
• Small part of activated sludge is transferred to aeration tank and the major part is pumped in to large anaerobic sludge digesters.
• In these tanks, anaerobic bacteria grow and digest the bacteria and fungi in the sludge and gases like methane, hydrogen sulphide, CO₂, etc. are released.
• Effluents from these digesters are released in natural water bodies like rivers and streams after chlorination which kills pathogenic bacteria.
• Digested sludge is then disposed.

Question 2.
Lac culture.
Answer:

1. Lac is a pink coloured resin secreted by dermal glands of female lac insect (Trachardia lacca) that hardens on coming in contact with air forming lac.
2. Lac is a complex substance having resin, sugar, water, minerals and alkaline substances.
3. Lac insect is colonial in habit and it feeds on succulent twigs like ber, peepal, palas, kusum, babool,
4. These plants are artificially inoculated in order to get better and regular supply of good quality and quantity of lac.
5. Natural lac is always contaminated and pure form of lac obtained by washing and filtering is called as shellac.
6. Lac is used to make bangles, toys, woodwork, inks, mirrors, etc.
7. India’s share is 85% of total lac produced in the world.

Question 3.
Describe various methods of fish preservation.
Answer:

1. Fish is a highly perishable commodity.
2. After catching the fish it immediately starts spoilage process.
3. In order to prevent this process, the fish preservation is done.

The different methods of fish preservation are as follows:

1. Chilling : This involves covering the fish with layers of ice. Ice is effective for short term preservation. It inhibits the activity of autolytic enzymes.
2. Freezing : It is a long duration preservation method. Fish are freezed at 0°C to -20°C. This also inhibit autolytic enzyme activities and slows down bacterial growth.
3. Freeze drying : The deep frozen -fish at -20°C are dried by direct sublimation of ice to water vapour with any melting into liquid water. This is achieved by exposing the frozen fish to 140°C in a vacuum chamber. The fish is then packed or canned in dried condition.
4. Sun drying : This inhibits the growth of microorganisms that spoil the fish.
5. Smoke drying : Smoke is prepared by burning woods with less resinous matter. Bacteria are destroyed by the acid content of the smoke. Smoking also give the characteristic colour, taste and odour to fish.
6. Salting : Salt removes the moisture from the fish tissues by osmosis. High salt concentration destroys autolytic enzymes and halts bacterial activity.
7. Canning : Canning involves sealing the food in a container, heat ‘sterilising’ the sealed unit and cooling it to ambient temperature for subsequent storage.

Question 4.
Give an account of poultry diseases.
Answer:
Various poultry diseases are as follows:

1. Viral diseases : Ranikhet, Bronchitis, Avian influenza (bird flu), etc. Bird flu had serious impact on poultry farming and also caused human infection.
2. Bacterial diseases : Pullorum, Cholera, Typhoid, TB, CRD (chronic respiratory disease), Enteritis, etc.
3. Fungal diseases : Aspergillosis, Favus and Thrush.
4. Parasitic diseases : Lice infection, round worm, caecal worm infections, etc.
5. Protozoan diseases : Coccidiosis.

Question 5.
Give an account of mutation breeding with examples.
Answer:

1. Mutations are sudden heritable changes in the genotype.
2. Natural mutations occur at a very slow rate.
3. Natural physical mutagens include exposure to high temperature, high concentration of C02, X-rays, UV rays.
4. Mutations can be induced by using various mutagens.
5. Mutagens cause gene mutations and chromosomal aberrations.
6. Chemical mutagens include nitrous acid, EMS (Ethyl – Methyl – Sulphonate), mustard gas, colchicine, etc.
7. Seedlings or seeds are irradiated by using CO60 or UV bulbs or X-ray machines.
8. The mutated seedlings are then screened for resistance to diseases/pests, high yield, etc.
9. Examples of mutant varieties in different crops are Jagannath (rice), NP 836 (rust resistant wheat variety), Indore-2 (cotton variety resistant to bollworm), Regina-II (cabbage variety resistant to bacterial rot).

Question 6.
Describe briefly various steps of plant breeding methods.
Answer:
The main steps of the plant breeding program (Hybridization) are as follows:

(1) Collection of variability:

• Germplasm collection is the entire collection of all the diverse alleles for all genes in a given crop.
• Wild species and relatives of the cultivated species having desired traits are collected and preserved.
• Forests and natural reserves are the means of in situ conservation of germplasm.
• Botanical gardens, seed banks, etc. are means of ex situ conservation of germplasm.

(2) Evaluation and selection of parents:

• The collected germplasm is evaluated to identify healthy and vigorous plants with desirable and complementary characters.
• Selected parents are selfed for three to four generations to increase homozygosity.
• Only pure lines are selected, multiplied and used in the hybridization.

(3) Hybridization:

• The variety showing maximum desirable features is selected as female (recurrent) parent and the other variety which lacks good characters found in recurrent parent is selected as male parent (donor).
• The pollen grains from anthers of male parent are artificially dusted over stigmas of emasculated flowers of female parent.
• Hybrid seeds are collected and sown to grow F₁ geneartion.

(4) Selection and Testing of Superior Recombinants:

• The F₁ hybrid plants which are superior to both the parents and having high hybrid vigour, are selected and selfed for few generations to make them homozygous for the said desirable characters.
• This ensures that there is no further segregation of the characters.

(5) Testing, release and commercialization of new cultivars:

• The newly selected lines are evaluated for the productivity and desirable features like disease resistance, pest resistance, quality, etc.
• They are initially grown under controlled conditions of water, fertilizers, etc. and their performance is recorded.
• The selected lines are then grown for at least three generations in natural field, in different agroclimatic zones.
• Finally variety is released as new variety for use by the farmers.