Maharashtra Board Class 11 History Notes Chapter 1 First Farmers

By going through these Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Notes Chapter 1 First Farmers students can recall all the concepts quickly.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Notes Chapter 1 First Farmers

River Valley Civilisations:
Homo habilis made the first stone tools. These tools were useful only for simple jobs like scraping meat from the hides of dead animals, breaking nuts, etc. The later species of mankind after Homo habilis were more advanced. It resulted into the rise of the ‘Neolithic Age’. After that, settled villages came into being. The archaeological evidence shows that systematic agriculture began some 12000-11000 years ago.

The progress in the techniques of systematic cultivation resulted in the rise of the most ancient river valley civilisations of the Neolithic age. The river valley civilisations grew in four regions of the world. Those regions were Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indian Subcontinent and China.

The Valley of Euphrates and Tigris – Mesopotamia: Mesopotamia is the Greek name of the region between the two rivers, Tigris and Euphrates. Mesos means the ‘middle one’. Potamos means ‘river’. The region between two rivers is ‘Mesopotamia’. The Mesolithic people began to stay in this region for longer times because of the availability of ample water.

Ancient Mesopotamia included modern Iraq, Syria as well as the western regions of Iran and south-eastern regions of Turkey. The camps of Mesolithic people developed into the first settled neolithic villages. These first villages are dated to 10000 years B.C.E.

Maharashtra Board Class 11 History Notes Chapter 1 First Farmers

The Valley of Nile – Egypt: Napoleon Bonaparte had taken along many scholars from various fields during his invasion of Egypt in 1798. They studied the ancient remains in Egypt and published it. These studies received a momentum because of the decipherment of the Rosetta inscriptions. The first neolithic villages in Egypt came into being at about 6000 B.C.E. The beginning of agriculture in Egypt coincides with the same time.

The Valley of the Huang He – China: The Valley of Huang He River is considered to be the region of origin of the Chinese culture. The Chinese culture evolved here. Agriculture in the neolithic villages of China began at about 7000 B.C.E. Wheat, foxtail millet and rice were grown by the farmers in these villages.

The Valleys of Sindhu (Indus) and Saraswati – Indian Subcontinent: The region of the valleys of Sindhu and Saraswati is now divided between India and Pakistan. The archaeological excavations at Harappa on the banks of Ravi in Punjab and Mohenjo Daro on the banks of Sindhu in Sindh indicate the existence of a fully developed civilisation in the Indian subcontinent which was dated to circa 3000 B.C.E.

It proves that there were well-settled villages in the Indian subcontinent as early as 8000 B.C.E. There is a general consensus among the scholars that the Harappan cities evolved from these early villages.

Beginning of Cultivation: Agricultural Production:
Beginning of cultivation is also the beginning of the neolithic age. It spans through 10000 – 8700 B.C.E. It may vary to some extent from place to place. This period marked the beginning of domestication of animals along with the beginning of cultivation.

Barley was the main crop in this period. Other crops were wheat and flaxseed. Thus, the technology evolved; the techniques of hunting and obtaining food improved; food became available in plenty.
This resulted in making the Mesolithic people stay at one place for a longer time of the year. This is how the villages were settled on a permanent basis.

Maharashtra Board Class 11 History Notes Chapter 1 First Farmers

First Farmers of India:
Neo means ‘new’ and lithic means ‘of stone neolithic’ age got its name because of the stone tools of completely new types. The site is of great importance among the neolithic villages in the Indian subcontinent established by the first farmers. The Mehrgarh farmers cultivated barley and wheat. There is another site of a neolithic village that is contemporary to Mehrgarh.

The site was found at ‘Lahuradeva’ in Sant Kabir Nagar district of Uttar Pradesh. In Maharashtra, the mesolithic man existed during 10000-4000 B.C.E. The Chalcolithic people were the first farmers of Maharashtra. Inamgaon, in the Shirur taluka of Pune district, is an important site of the village of Chalcolithic farmers in Maharashtra.

Agricultural Settlements:
A village with at least a population of 100 could meet the needs of individual members who would be completely dependent on agriculture and animal husbandry. Neolithic villages were small in size. Permanently occupied dwellings (mostly round huts) were characteristic of these villages.

Other than these dwellings, some places in the central part of the village were perhaps used as common storage places of food-grains and other things. This internal settlement pattern of the village indicates that the transactions related to food production were centrally controlled.

Trade and Transport:
The nomadic-semi nomadic groups of Mesolithic people had a system of barter among themselves. The wheel was not yet invented. It means that the means of mechanical transport were not available to them. The neolithic people invented the wheel and the technology they had developed so far, underwent a revolution. The neolithic people began to produce wheel-made pottery.

The wheel technology made it possible to produce pottery on a mass scale. The invention of the wheel also made it possible to obtain the raw material from distant places in much lesser time. It helped to develop trade and transport on a greater scale.

Maharashtra Board Class 11 History Notes Chapter 1 First Farmers

Beginning of Urbanisation:
After settling down at one place for a long time, a feeling of ownership arose among the Neolithic people. This feeling was focused on their individual dwellings and the piece of land cultivated by them. Eventually, the villages expanded. Along with it, awareness of collective landholdings and the village boundaries became prominent.

It gave rise to administrative centers. Such administrative centers attract a large population that includes officials, people from various occupations. As a result, the periphery of the original settlement kept expanding and cities came into being. Thus, began the process of urbanization in the Neolithic age.

Glossary:

→ Civilization – The process by which a society or place reaches an advanced stage of social and cultural development and organization.

→ Homo habilis – Extinct species, ancestor of modern human.

→Nomadic – Moving from one place to another rather than living in one place all of the time.

→ Pastoralism – Animal Husbandry.

→ Decipherment – To discover the meaning of.

→ Hieroglyphs – Pictorial script.

→ Archaeology – Study of ancient evidence of the past.

→ Excavation – To remove the earth from a place in order to find old objects buried there.

→ Monochrome – Single colour.

→ Burnished – Polished by rubbing with a wooden or stone tool.

→ Applique work – Pasting wet clay ribbons and making patterns on them.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 History Notes Chapter 4 Colonialism and the Marathas

By going through these Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Notes Chapter 4 Colonialism and the Marathas students can recall all the concepts quickly.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Notes Chapter 4 Colonialism and the Marathas

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was the only Indian ruler who had foreseen the ulterior motives of the Europeans and their ways of infiltration and put up a strong resistance against them. Portuguese, French, Dutch and the British all of them came to India as traders. However, they also grabbed political power. It is often said that they came to India with weighing scales but used swords and ultimately seized the Indian throne.

Portuguese and the Maratha Empire:

→ The Portuguese were the first to arrive in India.

→ Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj first came in contact with the Portuguese when he established control over Kalyan and Bhiwandi.

→ Both the Portuguese and the Marathas adopted policies to suit the situation in diplomatic matters.

→ Some important events:

  • In 1665, the Portuguese waylaid 13 ships of the Marathas.
  • In 1666, the fort of Fonda ruled by Adilshah was under siege by the Marathas.
  • In 1667, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj decided to attack the region of Bardesh.
  • On 10th February 1670 a treaty was signed between the Marathas and the Portuguese,
  • In 1680, the Fonda Fort was captured by the Marathas.
  • In March 1773, the Maratha army conquered the Sashti island.

Dutch and the Maratha Empire:
The Dutch established a factory at Vengurla in 1649. Their trade flourished there. However, their trade was severely affected when Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj attacked Kudal. In 1665, the Mughal subedar of Surat asked for help for destroying the Maratha naval force. However, the Dutch offered ho help. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj had allowed them to build a factory at Dabhol.

The political relations between the Dutch and the Marathas kept changing to suit the need of the time. The Marathas did not harm the Dutch factory at Surat. Also, during the Karnataka campaign, the Marathas ensured the safety of the Dutch factory and also issued them trading permits. For these favours the Dutch paid tributes to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. The Dutch factories at Porto Novo/Parangipettai and Tegnapattam/Devanapattinam were unharmed by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.

French and the Maratha Empire:

→ In 1667, the French established a factory at Rajapur.

→ In 1667, Francois Martin, the Governor-General of Pondicherry obtained permission for opening a factory.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 History Notes Chapter 4 Colonialism and the Marathas

British and the Maratha Empire:

→ Political relations between Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj and the British began due to the Afzal Khan episode.

→ Defeat of the British by the Marathas in the Rajapur campaign.

→ Henry Oxenden, a British agent obtained permission to open a British factory at Rajapur

→ An agreement was signed by the British and the Marathas on 12th June 1674.

→ The following were the terms and conditions of the agreement:

  • Issuing permissions for the British to trade in Swarajya.
  • To open factories in Rajapur, Dabhol, Chaul and Kalyan.
  • Right of the Marathas to levy 2.5% octroi on British goods etc.

→  Raghoba’s appeal for help resulted in appointing a British envoy in the Peshwa court in Pune.

→  In 1765, the British took over the fort of Malvan.

→  Treaty of Wadgaon was signed between the British and the Marathas after the British army was defeated by the Marathas.

→ Treaty of Vasai was signed by the British and the Marathas which was not acceptable to Shinde and Holkar.

→  This resulted in the Anglo-Maratha War in 1803. The Marathas were defeated in this war.

→  The Third Anglo-Maratha War was fought in 1817. The Marathas were once again defeated and the Maratha rule ended in 1818.

→  Bajirao Peshwa was granted an annual pension by the British and he spent the rest of his life at Bithoor near Kanpur.

Siddis and the Maratha Empire:

→ Siddis arrived in the latter half of the 15th century from Abyssinia (Ethiopia).

→ Established themselves at Janjira.

→ Siddis were increasingly getting difficult and therefore, Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj decided to curb their movements.

→ Due to repeated Mughal attacks, the Marathas could not pay much attention to other enemies.

→ During the times of Peshwa I (1733C.E.) the Marathas became active against Siddis. Chimajiappa declared war against the Siddis and won it.

→ A treaty was signed by the Marathas and Siddi.

→  The Siddis accepted a feudatory status under the Marathas.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 History Notes Chapter 4 Colonialism and the Marathas

Afghans and the Maratha Empire.

→ The year 1784 witnessed the first invasion of India by AhmadshahAbdali, the king of Afghans. He was defeated by Shahjad Ahmadshah, the elder son of the emperor at Sirhind.

→ In 1751, Abdali invaded India again.

→ In 1757, Abdali invaded India for the third time. Returned to Afghanistan after ransacking the region around Delhi and Mathura.

→ In 1759, Abdali marched back for the fourth time which resulted in the ‘Third Battle of Panipat’ on 14th January 1761 between the Marathas and Abdali.

→ The Maratha army was commanded by Sadashivraobhau and Vishwasrao Peshwa.

→ They confronted each other at Panipat on the banks of the river Yamuna.

→ Both Peshwas were killed.

→ Abdali and his successors returned home never to come back because of the fierce opposition from the Marathas.

→ The British established their supremacy in India once the Maratha rule declined in the 19th century.

Glossary

→ Chauthai – A type of revenue collected from the external territories protected by the Maratha rulers. It used to be one-fourth of the total income of the taxpayer.

→ Ammunition – A supply of bullets and shells.

→ Atrocities – An extremely wicked or cruel act.

→ Alliance – A union or association formed for mutual benefit, especially between countries or organisations.

→ Asylum – The protection granted by a state to someone who has left their home courftry as a political refugee.

→ Mercenary – A professional soldier hired to serve in a foreign army.

→ Emissary – A person sent by one government or political leader to another to take messages or to take part in discussions.

→ Surreptitiously – Secretively.

→ Sovereignty – The authority of a state to govern itself or another state.

→ Waylaid – To wait for and then stop someone, especially to attack that person.

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 1 Chapter 19 Constituents of Food

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 5 Environmental Studies Solutions Chapter 19 Constituents of Food Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 1 Chapter 19 Constituents of Food

5th Std EVS 1 Digest Chapter 19 Constituents of Food Textbook Questions and Answers

1. What’s the solution?

Question 1.
The body requires adequate quantity of protein.
Answer:
To meet the requirement of protein necessary for our body, we should consume protein rich food. We should include foods like, eggs, meat, fish, pulses, beans and dairy products like cheese, milk, yoghurt etc. in our diet. Vegetarian people should include at least one cup (katon) of dal daily in their diet as that is the only source of protein in their diet.

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 1 Chapter 19 Constituents of Food

2. Use your brain power!

Question 1.
Why are children told to drink milk everyday?
Answer:
Children are growing tall and hence their bones are also growing. Calcium is needed for strong bones. Hence children need to get large amounts of calcium, for proper growth of bones. Milk is a source of calcium which can supply the required amount of calcium necessary for growth of bones. Therefore children are told to drink milk everyday.

3. Give two sources of each of the following constituents:

Question 1.
Give two sources of each of the following constituents:
Answer:

ConstituentsExamples of Sources of food
(a) Minerals(1) Milk (2) Green leafy vegetables
(b) Proteins(1) Egg (2) Pulses
(c) Starch(1) Potato (2) Jowar

4. Fill in the blanks:

Question (a)
………………….. in our food give us the ability to resist diseases.
(a) proteins
(b) vitamins
(c) fats
Answer:
(b) vitamins

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 1 Chapter 19 Constituents of Food

Question (b)
Calcium makes our bones …………………… .
(a) strong
(b) weak
(c) smooth
Answer:
(a) strong

Question (c)
Food stuff that taste sweet contain various kinds of ……………….. .
(a) sugars
(b) jaggery
(c) honey
Answer:
(a) sugars

Question (d)
A diet that provides all the constituents of food in the right proportions is called a …………….. diet.
(a) irregular
(b) regular
(c) balanced
Answer:
(c) balanced

5. Answer the following questions.

Question (a)
Of what use are the sugars that we get from the digestion of starch?
Answer:
The sugars obtained from digestion of starch bum slowly in our body and release energy which is necessary for doing various works.

Question (b)
Name the sources of fibre in our diet.
Answer:
Sources of fibres in our diet are cereals, like wheat, jowar, bajra etc. from which we make chapati or bhakari and all the fruits and vegetables that we eat.

Question (c)
What are carbohydrates?
Answer:
Constituents of food like starch, fibres and sugars that provide energy to our body are called carbohydrates.

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 1 Chapter 19 Constituents of Food

Question (d)
What is meant by malnutrition?
Answer:
Our diet should supply various constituents like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, viatmins and minerals in the right proportion for proper nourishment and growth. If the diet taken lacks in some constituents over a long period of time, the person does not get proper nourishment. This leads to a condition called malnutrition . Malnutrition has serious consequence on health. Lack of sufficient quantities of proteins and carbohydrates lead to stunted growth.

6. Match the following:

Question 1.
Match the following:

Column ‘A’Column ‘B’
1. Fats(a) Jowar
2. Proteins(b) Oil
3. Vitamins(c) Bran of cereals
4. Minerals(d) Pulses
5. Starchy foods(e) Iron

Answer:

Column ‘A’Column ‘B’
1. Fats(b) Oil
2. Proteins(d) Pulses
3. Vitamins(c) Bran of cereals
4. Minerals(e) Iron
5. Starchy foods(a) Jowar

Environmental Studies Part 1 Standard 5th Solutions Chapter 19 Constituents of Food Additional Important Questions and Answers

Fill in the blanks with the correct answers from the options given below:

Question 1.
Starch turns blackish blue when it comes in contact with ………………… solution.
(a) sodium
(b) calcium
(c) iodine
Answer:
(c) iodine

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 1 Chapter 19 Constituents of Food

Question 2.
Cereals like jowar, bajra, wheat, rice contain a lot of ………………. .
(a) starch
(b) protein
(c) vitamin
Answer:
(a) starch

Question 3.
When the starchy foods we eat are digested …………………. are formed.
(a) chocolate
(b) sugars
(c) fuel
Answer:
(b) sugars

Question 4.
Sugars formed by the digestion of starch act as ………………… of our body.
(a) strength
(b) fuel
(c) muscles
Answer:
(b) fuel

Question 5.
Fibre is also called …………………. .
(a) muscles
(b) fruits
(c) roughage
Answer:
(c) roughage

Question 6.
If our diet does not contain enough fibre, it can lead to ……………….. .
(a) constipation
(b) vomiting
(c) fever
Answer:
(a) constipation

Question 7.
……………… deposited under the skin prevents loss of heat from the body.
(a) Fats
(b) Oil
(c) Muscles
Answer:
(a) Fats

Question 8.
…………………. are known as the building blocks of our body.
(a) Vitamins
(b) Proteins
(c) Carbohydrates
Answer:
(b) Proteins

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 1 Chapter 19 Constituents of Food

Question 9.
Night blindness is caused due to lack of …………………… .
(a) vitamin D
(b) vitamin A
(c) vitamin B
Answer:
(b) vitamin A

Question 10.
Deficiency of ……………….. leads to anaemia.
(a) calcium
(b) protein
(c) iron
Answer:
(c) iron

Question 11.
When a person does not get enough proteins and carbohydrates through their diet their growth is ………….. .
(a) increased
(b) decreased
(c) stunted
Answer:
(c) stunted

Question 12.
Sago and sweet potato contain …………………… .
(a) starch
(b) protein
(c) carbohydrates
Answer:
(a) starch

Question 13.
Cereals like jowar, bajra, wheat, rice contain a lot of ………………… .
(a) protein
(b) starch
(c) fuel
Answer:
(b) starch

Question 14.
We get …………………. from starchy foods.
(a) fuel
(b) energy
(c) sugar
Answer:
(b) energy

Question 15.
Our body uses energy for different kinds of …………………. .
(a) food
(b) fuel
(c) work
Answer:
(c) work

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 1 Chapter 19 Constituents of Food

Question 16.
Wheat is ground into a ………………… .
(a) fuel
(b) paste
(c) flour
Answer:
(c) flour

Question 17.
Bran is a …………………. substance.
(a) fibrous
(b) starchy
(c) sticky
Answer:
(a) fibrous

Question 18.
In the process of digestion, fibre has a function.
(a) festive
(b) special
(c) delicious
Answer:
(b) special

Question 19.
……………………. helps to form stool from undigested food.
(a) Protein
(b) Sugar
(c) Fibre
Answer:
(c) Fibre

Question 20.
Oil is a ………………. substance.
(a) fatty
(b) sugary
(c) fibrous
Answer:
(a) fatty

Question 21.
Paper becomes ………………… when a fatty substance is applied to it.
(a) pulpy
(b) translucent
(c) sticky
Answer:
(b) translucent

Question 22.
Fats in our food provide ……………… to our body.
(a) energy
(b) starch
(c) sugar
Answer:
(a) energy

Question 23.
Fats give …………………. as much energy as carbohydrates.
(a) once
(b) twice
(c) thrice
Answer:
(b) twice

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 1 Chapter 19 Constituents of Food

Question 24.
The fats we eat get …………………. in our body.
(a) used
(b) digested
(c) stored
Answer:
(c) stored

Question 25.
The ………………….. undergoes wear and tear continuously.
(a) body
(b) mind
(c) soul
Answer:
(a) body

Question 26.
Malnutrition has serious …………………. for the person’s health.
(a) essentials
(b) viruses
(c) consequences
Answer:
(c) consequences

2.

Question (A)
Match the following:

Column ‘A’Column ‘B’
1. Iron deficiency(a) Weak and brittle bones
2. Calcium deficiency(b) Malnutrition
3. Vitamin A deficiency(c) Weak bones and teeth
4. Vitamin D deficiency(d) Anaemia
5. Proteins and Carbohydrate deficiency(e) Night blindness

Answer:

Column ‘A’Column ‘B’
1. Iron deficiency(d) Anaemia
2. Calcium deficiency(c) Weak bones and teeth
3. Vitamin A deficiency(e) Night blindness
4. Vitamin D deficiency(a) Weak and brittle bones
5. Proteins and Carbohydrate deficiency(b) Malnutrition

Question (B)
Match the following:

Column ‘A’Column ‘B’
1. Constituent of food giving energy(a) Iron
2. Costituent of food needed for repair(b) Vitamins
3. Constituent of food proetcting internal organs(c) Proteins
4. Constituents of food helping in resisting diseases(d) Carbohydrates
5. Constituent of food necessary to supply enough oxygen(e) Fats

Answer:

Column ‘A’Column ‘B’
1. Constituent of food giving energy(d) Carbohydrates
2. Costituent of food needed for repair(c) Proteins
3. Constituent of food proetcting internal organs(e) Fats
4. Constituents of food helping in resisting diseases(b) Vitamins
5. Constituent of food necessary to supply enough oxygen(a) Iron

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 1 Chapter 19 Constituents of Food

Question 1.
Give two sources of each of the following constituents:
Answer:

ConstituentsExamples of Sources of food
(a) Vitamin A(1) Carrots (2) Papaya
(b) Calcium(1) Milk, cheese (Dairy products) (2) brocoli (3) Leafy vegetables
(c) Fats(1) Oils (2) Butter (3) Peanut
(d) Iron(1) Meat (2) Spinach (palak)
(e) Vitamin C(1) Lemon (2) Tomatoes (3) Sprouted pulses
(f) Sugars(1) Fruits (2) Sugarcane
(g) Vitamin D(1) Fish oil like (Cod liver oil) (2) egg yolk
(h) Vitamin B(1) Nuts (2) Green leafy vegetables like spinach, broccoli etc. (3) cereals (wheat, millet)

Answer the following in one or two sentences:

Question 1.
How will you detect the presence of starch in food?
Answer:
The presence of starch in food is detected by adding iodine solution. If the food turns bluish black then starch is present.

Question 2.
What is a balanced diet?
Answer:
A diet which provides all the constituents like, protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals in right quantities is called a balanced diet.

Question 3.
Which food constituents are necessary for normal functioning of various processes in our body and help in maintaining resistance to diseases.
Answer:
Vitamins and minerals are the food constituents which are necessary for normal functioning of various processes in our body and help in maintaining resistance to diseases.

Question 4.
Why are proteins called building blocks of our body?
Answer:
Proteins help in healing and repairing of our body which undergoes wear and tear continuously and it also helps in building muscles. Therefore they are called building blocks of our body.

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 1 Chapter 19 Constituents of Food

Question 5.
Which mineral in necessary for carrying oxygen to different parts of our body?
Answer:
Iron is necessary for carrying oxygen to different parts of our body.

Question 6.
Which minerals and vitamin help to make our bones strong?
Answer:
Vitamin D and the mineral calcium makes our bones strong.

Question 7.
What do we obtain from cereals?
Answer:
We obtain flour from cereals like jowar, bajra, wheat and rice.

Question 8.
What is the sugar obtined from jaggery and table sugar called?
Answer:
Sugar obtained from jaggery and table sugar is called sucrose.

Question 9.
How does fibrous substance help in our digestion?
Answer:
Fibrous substances help the food to move forward in the alimentary canal at the right speed.

Question 10.
How is carbohydrates useful to the body?
Answer:
The most important use of carbohydrates is to provide the body with energy.

Question 11.
What happens if our food does not contain enough fibre?
Answer:
If our food does not contain enough fibre it can lead to constipation.

Question 12.
What does paper becoming translucent signify?
Answer:
Paper becoming translucent is a sign of the presence of fats in the food stuff kept on it.

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 1 Chapter 19 Constituents of Food

Question 13.
Which food item contain fats?
Answer:
Cream, butter, ghee, oil, nuts, meat, egg, yolk contain fats.

Question 14.
Why does our body store the fats we eat?
Answer:
Our body store the fats we eat because if sometimes food is not available then it can get energy from the stored fats.

Question 15.
Where does the body store fats?
Answer:
The body stores fats in a layer under the skin.

Question 16.
How does fats under the skin help us?
Answer:
The fats under the skin gives shape to the body and like a blanket prevents loss of heat from the body.

Question 17.
How are our internal organs protected?
Answer:
The layer of fat in the body protects our internal organs, that is why, an injury from outside does not at once cause damage to our bones or other internal organs.

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 1 Chapter 19 Constituents of Food

Question 18.
Why is protein required in our body?
Answer:
The healing and repair of the tissues in our body goes on all the time without us being aware of it. Proteins are necessary for this process.

Question 19.
Which food stuff contains protein?
Answer:
All the different daals, pulses, groundnuts, milk and milk products like yoghurt, khoya, paneer, eggs, meat and fish are rich sources of proteins.

Question 20.
What are macronutrients?
Answer:
Our body requires carbohydrates, fats and proteins in large proportions. These food constituents are called macronutrients.

Question 21.
What are micronutrients?
Answer:
We need certain food constituents in very small quantities. These are called micronutrients, e.g. vitamins and minerals.

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 1 Chapter 19 Constituents of Food

Question 22.
Which vitamins are most important vitamins?
Answer:
Vitamin A, B, C, D, E and K are the most important vitamins.

Question 23.
Why do we need vitamins in our body?
Answer:
We need very small quantities of vitamins in . our body as lack of or deficiency of any vitamin
results in serious disorders.

Question 24.
What does deficiency of vitamin ‘A’ lead to?
Answer:
Deficiency of vitamin A leads to night blindness.

Question 25.
What does deficiency of vitamin D lead to?
Answer:
Deficiency of vitamin D results in weak and brittle2 bones.

Question 26.
Which minerals are essential for the body?
Answer:
Minerals like iron, calcium, sodium, potassium are essential for the body.

Question 27.
What is ‘anaemia’?
Answer:
If there is a deficiency of iron in the blood, the body does not get enough supply of oxygen and one feels constantly weak and tired. This condition is called ‘anaemia’.

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 1 Chapter 19 Constituents of Food

Question 28.
What are the sources of vitamins and minerals?
Answer:
All kinds of fruits, vegetables, green leafy vegetables, sprouted, pulses, their skin and the bran of cereals and pulses are all sources of vitamins and minerals.

Question 29.
What is the requirement for our good health?
Answer:
For good health, our body should get all the different constituents of food, namely, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals in the right quantities.

Question 30.
What happens when a person does not get enough carbohydrates and proteins?
Answer:
If a person does not get enough carbohydrates and proteins, their growth gets stunted, he feels constantly tired and cannot cope with his studies, games or other tasks.

Give reasons:

Question 1.
We should eat fruits with their skins as far as possible.
Answer:

  1. The skin of fruits contains, fibres, viatmins and minerals.
  2. Vitamins and minerals help our body to resistance.
  3. Vitamins and minerals also help in smooth working of all the process taking place in our body.
  4. The roughage present in skin allow the smooth movement of food in the alimentary canal and hence prevents constipation.

Therefore we should eat fruits with their skins as far as possible.

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 1 Chapter 19 Constituents of Food

Question 2.
Growing children and body builders need to have more proteins in their diet.
Answer:
Proteins are the building blocks of our body. They are needed for healing and repairing the wear and tear taking place in our body. They are also needed for building muscles. Since building up processes take place more in growing children and body builders, their diet should contain more proteins.

Question 3.
If a person is suffering from anaemia, he constantly feels weak and tired.
Answer:
A person suffers from anaemia when he has iron deficiency. Iron is present in the blood cells. Iron helps transporting oxygen to various parts of our body. The oxygen is used to bum the sugars slowly and release energy. This energy releases is used for doing various work.

When there is deficiency of iron, sufficient oxygen is not transported and supplied to various parts of the body. Due to less supply oxygen less energy is released from sugars. Due to lack of energy the person suffering from anaemia constantly feels weak and tired.

Question 4.
It is necessary to include some amount of fats in our food.
Answer:
Fats are stored in our body and when food is not available the body uses this fat to release energy. The fats stored give shape to our body and also prevent loss of heat from our body. This helps in keeping the body warm. The fats also protect our internal organs from damage. Therefore it is necessary to include some amount of fat in our food.

Question 5.
We doesnot wash vegetables after cutting them.
Answer:
Vegetables conatin vitamins and minerals which get washed away if vegetables are washed after cutting them. Hence we do not wash vegetables after cutting them.

Question 6.
State whether the following statements are right or wrong:

  1. By eating vada pav daily we can fulfill the nutritional requirement of our body.
  2. Deficiency diseases can be prevented by eating a balanced diet.
  3. Our diet will be balanced diet if it contains, variety of food, like dal, rice, roti, vegetable, cereals and salads.
  4. Daily eating meat alone would provide all the nutrients to the body.
  5. Eating vegetables and fruits makes a person disease resistant.

Answer:

  1. Wrong
  2. Right
  3. Right
  4. Wrong
  5. Right

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 1 Chapter 19 Constituents of Food

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Read the items of food listed below:
Classify them into carbohydrates rich, protein rich and fat rich food and write it in the tabular form.
Chick pea (chana) dal, fish, mustard oil, sweet potato, rice, peas, maize, white bread, sweet corn, paneer, egg, palm oil, ghee, butter.
Answer:

Carbohydrate richProtein richFat rich
RiceChickpea dal (chana dal)Mustard oil
Sweet potatoFishPalm oil
MaizePeasGhee
White breadPaneerButter
Sweet cornEgg

Question 4.
Why do we use a padding of cloth under a mortar, when we place it on the floor and pound something on it?
Answer:
The cloth serves as shock absorberIt prevents the floor from getting damaged from the vibrations of the mortar and pestle by absorbing these vibrations. Thus we use the cloth to protect the floor and prevent from cracking due to the providng of the mortar and pestle.

Question 5.
How can you test presence of starch in food?
Answer:
We should take the food item and mash it and put it in a test tube and add some drops of iodine solution. If the colour changes to blackish blue, starch is present. If it remains pale yellow . starch is absent.

Question 6.
What are vitamins?
Answer:
Vitamins are components of foods which help us to fight diseases and they build up our resistance. They are required in small quantities. There are different kinds of vitamins like vitamin A, B, C, D, K and E. The main sources of vitamins are green leafy vegetables and fruits.

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 1 Chapter 19 Constituents of Food

Question 7.
Why are carbohydrates called energy giving food?
Answer:
When carbohydrates are digested they are converted to sugars. The sugars combine with oxygen and bum slowly in our body releasing energy. This energy is utilised for doing various work. Hence carbohydrates are called energy giving food.

Question 8.
State the functions of fats in our body.
Answer:
Fats provide energy like carbohydrates. They are stored in our body and are utilised to provide energy when carbohydrates are not available. They give shape to our body and prevent heat loss. Hence they keep our body warm. They also proetct our internal organs from damage as they act like shock absorber.

What’s the solution?

Question 1.
Sameer is having difficulty in seeing things in dim light. Specially he has difficulty in seeing at night. Doctor suggested he is suffering from Night blindness.
Answer:
Sameer is suffering from Vitamin A deficiency. So he should include foods rich in vitamin A. He should include foods like carrots, pumpkins, green leafy vegetables, raddish, mango, papaya in his diet. He can also take vitamin A drops which are given by the doctors in Municipal hospital.

Can you tell?

Question 1.
What substances do we use to give our food a sweet taste?
Answer:
We use sugar and jaggery to give our food a sweet taste. Sometimes dates, also are used to give sweet taste.

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 1 Chapter 19 Constituents of Food

Question 2.
What are the preparations that are served as mid day meal?
Answer:
Mostly Khichdi made by cooking mixture of rice, pulses like moongdal, groundnuts, vegetables etc. is served as mid day meal. This is a whole some food as it serves all the nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, fats and vitamins. Sometimes snacks like upma and poha are also served as mid day meal.

Question 3.
Why are boxes of fragile articles like TV, refrigerator, light, bulbs, glasses, mirrors packed with corrugated cardboard, thermocol or bubble wrap?
Answer:
The corrugated cardboard, thermocol or bubble wrap absorb the shocks, when there is a jerky movement and protect the fragile articles from getting damaged. Therefore they are used for packing these fragile articles.

Question 4.
Suppose a wall is to be built. The cement, sand, water is all there but the mason says the most important material is missing. What can that be?
Answer:
The bricks which are building blocks are missing. Without these the walls cannot be built.

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 1 Chapter 19 Constituents of Food

Use your brain power:

Question 1.
Threads get stick between the teeth when we eat certain types of magoes. Which kind of carbohydrates are they?
Answer:
The threads found in mangoes are made up of fibres and they are a type of carbohydrate.

Question 2.
Do we get all the different constituents of food from a meal that consists of a green veg thalipeeth eaten with yoghurt?
Answer:
Thalipeeth is made from a flour made by grinding a mixture of cereals and pulses. Cereals and pulses will provide us with carbohydrate and proteins. Green vegetable added to it will provide us with vitamins and some minerals. Yoghurt will also provide us with minerals and proteins. Therefore we will get all the constituents needed if we eat this green veg thalipeeth with yoghurt.

Question 3.
Which food constituents do we get from the ingredients used to make bhel?
Answer:
From the murmura or puffed rice used we get carbohydrates. The sev and farsan used provide, proteins and fats. The vegetables like onion, tomato, coriander etc. provide us with vitamins and minerals. The (sweet and hot) chutneys used also provide us with sugars, vitamins and minerals.

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 1 Chapter 19 Constituents of Food

Question 4.
Why do we feel hungrier in winter than we do in summer?
Answer:
The sugars obtained by digestion of carbohydrates are slowly burnt to release energy. Some of the energy released is utilised by the body to generate heat and keep the body warm. During winter when the temperature outside is cold. Therefore the body needs to bum more sugar to generate more heat to keep the body warm. Whereas in summer less heat is required so less sugar is burnt to produce heat.

Since more sugar is required in winter to keep the body warm than in summer, we feel hungrier in winter than we do in summer.

Glossary:

  1. resisting – trying to prevent.
  2. brittle – hard but can break easily
  3. stunted – reduced, spoiled.
  4. anaemia – weakness.
  5. malnutrition – lack of proper nutrition
  6. absorber – reduce the effect of
  7. pestle – a device used since ancient times to prepare ingredients or substances by crushing and grinding them into a fine paste or powder.
  8. corrugated – a series of parallel ridges and furrows
  9. fragile – not strong.

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 2 Chapter 10 Historic Period

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 5 Environmental Studies Solutions Chapter 10 Historic Period Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 2 Chapter 10 Historic Period

5th Std EVS 2 Digest Chapter 10 Historic Period Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Answer the following question in one sentence.

Question a.
Where did the people in the New Stone Age establish their village settlements?
Answer:
The people in the New Stone Age established their village-settlements on the banks of rivers.

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 2 Chapter 10 Historic Period

Question b.
What articles were the Harappan craftsmen skilled at making?
Answer:
The Harappan craftsmen were highly skilled in making bronze objects and beads from semi-precious stones of different colours.

2. Answer the following question in brief.

Question a.
What are some of the well-known characteristics of Harappan cities?
Answer:
The well-known characteristics of Harappan cities are :

  1. Systematic town planning.
  2. The houses were built in blocks created by parallel roads that crossed each other at right angles.
  3. Huge granaries and spacious houses.
  4. Concern for public hygiene indicated by bathrooms and latrines in every house and a covered drainage system.
  5. Carefully constructed private and public wells.
  6. City divided into two to four parts, each having a separate fortification.

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 2 Chapter 10 Historic Period

Question b.
What made the soil on the banks of the Nile fertile?
Answer:

  1. The river Nile gets flooded every year.
  2. The land along her banks has become very fertile due to flood deposits.
  3. Small embankments were built on the river to store the floodwater.
  4. After the soil in the flood water settled to the bottom, the water was used for irrigation.

3. Complete the following chart.

Question 1.
Complete the following chart.
Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 2 Chapter 10 Historic Period 1

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 2 Chapter 10 Historic Period

Activities :

Question a.
Show the sites of Harappan Culture in an outline map of india.

Question b.
Visit various artistes in your locality who play musical instruments. Collect information a bout their instruments.

Question c.
Visit some senior citizens in your locality and collect information about the traditional sports and games of their times.

Environmental Studies Part 2 Standard 5th Solutions Chapter 10 Historic Period Additional Important Questions and Answers

Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.

  1. ………………….. records are available in the form of inscriptions, manuscripts, books, etc.
  2. We humans change the natural character of our …………….. to some extent.
  3. Humans do not eat their ……………….. in its natural form as other animals do.
  4. Humans make pots, bricks and many other things from ……………
  5. Cultures which flourished in the New Stone Age were based on an ………………… way of life.
  6. Fertile soil and constant water supply are essential to grow good ………
  7. People in the New Stone Age established their village-settlements on the banks of various
  8. New Stone Age cultures gave rise to early …………
  9. The civilizations of the four regions are known as ……… Civilizations.
  10. Mesopotamia is the name of a ………………….
  11. Mesopotamia means the ………………… between two rivers.
  12. Ancient Mesopotamia was the land between two rivers ………………….. and …………
  13. Ancient ……………. has great cities like Ur, Uruk, Nippur etc.
  14. The river ………………. flows through the eastern part of the Sahara Desert
  15. One of the ancient civilizations that flourished along the banks of river Nile is known as ……………… civilization
  16. The ancient civilization of China developed and flourished in the valley of the ……………… river.
  17. According to the Chinese tradition, a king named ………………….. introduced agriculture, animal husbandry, carts, chariots, boats and clothing in China.
  18. Luoyang, Beijing and Chang are among the important cities of ancient ………… .
  19. The earliest civilization on the Indian subcontinent is known as ………… civilization.
  20. ……………. in Punjab and ……..in Sind are the two sites of the ………………… civilization.
  21. The Harappan worshipped……………. and a mother goddess.
  22. ……………….. and ………………. were important means of entertainment in Harappan civilization.
  23. Games played with the help of game boards and ………….. were also popular.
  24. Music and ……………. were also very important in the early civilization.
  25. Ancient people used many types of ……… instruments.
  26. In Mesopotamia, a stringed instrument ………… known as ……………… was very popular.
  27. Egyptian kings were known as ………..
  28. A bronze image of a …………….. was found in excavation at Mohen-jo-daro.

Answer:

  1. written
  2. surroundings
  3. food
  4. clay
  5. agricultural
  6. crop
  7. rivers
  8. civilizations
  9. Riverine
  10. region
  11. and
  12. Tigris, Euphrates
  13. Mesopotamia
  14. Nile
  15. Egyptian
  16. Huang He
  17. Huangdi
  18. China
  19. Harappan
  20. Harappa, Mohen-jo-daro
  21. Pashupati
  22. hunting, wrestling
  23. gamesmen
  24. dance
  25. musical
  26. Balag
  27. Pharaoh
  28. dancer.

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 2 Chapter 10 Historic Period

Answer each of the following questions in one sentence :

Question 1.
How are written records available?
Answer:
Written records are available in the form of inscriptions, manuscripts, books etc.

Question 2.
What brought an end to the New Stone Age?
Answer:
With the rise of ancient civilization, the New Stone Age came to an end and the Historic Period began.

Question 3.
What is a significant difference between humans and animals?
Answer:
Animals do not bring about change in their environment, whereas humans change the character of their surroundings, they process substances from nature to suit their needs. This is the significant difference between humans and animals.

Question 4.
Where did the people in the New Stone Age establish their village-settlements?
Answer:
The people in the New Stone Age established their village settlements on the banks of various rivers.

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 2 Chapter 10 Historic Period

Question 5.
Why did the people in the New Stone Age establish their village-settlements on the banks of various rivers?
Answer:
Fertile soil and constant water supply are essential to grow good crops. Since the people in the New Stone Age followed the agricultural way of life, they established their village settlements on the banks of various rivers.

Question 6.
What gave rise to the early civilizations?
Answer:
Increased production because of industrial skills, the use of the wheel, flourishing of trade, use of well-developed scripts etc. gave rise to the early civilization.

Question 7.
In which four regions of the world did the ancient civilization come into existence?
Answer:
Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indian subcontinent and China are the four regions of the world where ancient civilization came into existence.

Question 8.
What are these four civilizations called? Why?
Answer:
The ancient civilizations in these four regions developed in river valleys and hence they are called ‘Riverine Civilizations!

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 2 Chapter 10 Historic Period

Question 9.
What does Mesopotamia mean?
Answer:
Mesopotamia means ‘Land between two rivers’

Question 10.
Between which two rivers did Mesopotamia bloom?
Answer:
Mesopotamia bloomed between the two rivers Tigris and Euphrates.

Question 11.
Which were the ancient cities in Mesopotamia?
Answer:
Cities like Ur, Uruk, Nippur blossomed in ancient Mesopotamia.

Question 12.
Where did the Egyptian Civilization flourish?
Answer:
The Egyptian Civilization flourished along the banks of river Nile in the north of Africa.

Question 13.
Where did the ancient civilization at China flourish?
Answer:
The ancient civilization of China flourished in the valley of the Huang He River.

Question 14.
What did the Chinese King introduce to the civilization?
Answer:
A Chinese king Huangdi introduced agriculture, animal husbandry, wheeled carts and chariots, boats and clothing in China.

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 2 Chapter 10 Historic Period

Question 15.
What was the ancient Chinese belief?
Answer:
The ancient Chinese believed that their queen invented the technique of silk production and silk dyeing

Question 16.
Which were the important cities of ancient China?
Answer:
Luoyang, Beijing and Chang were the important cities of ancient China.

Question 17.
Which was the earliest civilization on the Indian subcontinent?
Answer:
The Harappan Civilization was the earliest civilization on the Indian subcontinent.

Question 18.
Where did the Harappan Civilization develop?
Answer:
The Harappan Civilization developed in the Indus Valley.

Question 19.
‘Indus’ is the English word for which name?
Answer:
‘Indus is the English word for the name ‘Sindhu’.

Question 20.
Which two sites of Harappan Civilization was unearthed first?
Answer:
Harappa in Punjab and Mohenjo-daro in Sind were the two sites of Harappan Civilization.

Question 21.
Which are the famous sites of the Harappan Civilization in India?
Answer:
Lothal and Dhola Vira in Gujarat and Kalibangan in Rajasthan are among the famous sites of the Harappan Civilization in India.

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 2 Chapter 10 Historic Period

Question 22.
What articles were the Harappan craftsmen skilled at making?
Answer:
The Harappan craftsmen were highly skilled in making bronze objects and beads from precious stones of various colours.

Question 23.
Which things had great demand in Mesopotamia?
Answer:
The bronze objects and beads made of colourful precious stones made by the Harappan craftsman were in great demand in Mesopotamia.

Question 24.
Which were the main deities of the Harappan civilization?
Answer:
Pashuapati and a mother goddess were the main deities of the Harappan civilization.

Question 25.
Which were the important sports of the Harappans?
Answer:
Hunting and wrestling were the important sports of the Harappans.

Question 26.
Which were the popular indoor games of the Harappans?
Answer:
Games played with the help of game boards and gamesmen were popular indoor games of the Harappans.

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 2 Chapter 10 Historic Period

Question 27.
Which indoor game similar to chess was played in ancient Egypt?
Answer:
Senat’ a game similar to chess was played in ancient Egypt

Question 28.
List some toys found in the excavations of Harappan sites.
Answer:
Whirls, whistles, rattles, bullock carts, animals and birds on wheels etc were some of the ‘toy’ found in the excavations of Harappan sites.

Question 29.
What was important in celebrating any festival in early civilizations?
Answer:
Music and dance were very essential in elebrating any festival in early civilizations.

Question 30.
What is ‘Balag’?
Answer:
In Mesopotamia, a stringed instrument known as ‘Balag’ was very popular.

Question 31.
Name some musical instruments in early civilization.
Answer:
Cymbals, rattles, flutes, drums etc. were some of the musical instrumentof the early civilization

Question 32.
What were the Egyptian kings known as?
Answer:
The Egyptian kings were known as ‘Pharaohs’?

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 2 Chapter 10 Historic Period

Question 33.
What did the Pharaoh do on the occasion of certain festivals?
Answer:
On the occasion of certain festivals, the Pharaoh himself used to participate in the celebrations and dance.

Question 34.
What shows that dance was important in the Harappan Civilization?
Answer:
The bronze image of a dancer found in the excavation’ at Mohen-jo-daro is evidence that dance was important in the Harappan Civilization.

Question 35.
On what did humans and all other animals depend for satisfying their needs?
Answer:
Humans and all other animals depend on their environment and nature for satisfying their needs.

Question 36.
What are the characteristics of the earthen pots of the Harappan?
Answer:
The characteristics of the earthen ports are that they are well-baked, red in colour with beautiful designs.

Answer the following questions in brief.

Question 1.
What is ‘culture’?
Answer:

  1. Every generation hands over the knowledgeof artistic skills and tradition to the next generation.
  2. With this exchange of thoughts and ideas, language becomes richer and richer.
  3. The knowledge of various arts, skills and tradition inherited from generation to generation and the way of life founded on that knowledge is ‘culture

Question 2.
What made the soil fertile on the banks of Nile?
Answer:
i. River Nile gets flooded every year. The land along her banks becomes very fertile because of the flood deposits.
ii. Ancient Egyptians used to build small embankments on the river to store the flood water. After the soil in the flood water settles at the bottom, the water is then used for irrigation

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 2 Chapter 10 Historic Period

Question 3.
What are the characteristics of the earthen pots made by the Harappans?
Answer:
The characteristics of the earthen pots made by the Harappans are

  1. Well baked pots, red in colour.
  2. These pots had beautiful designs like pipal leaves and fish scales.
  3. When tapped, these pots produced a metallic sound.

Question 4.
Explain how music and dance were very important in early civilizations.
Answer:

  1. Music and dance were very important in the early civilizations.
  2. They were an essential part of celebrating a festival.
  3. Ancient people used many types of musical instruments like balag, cymbals, rattles, flutes, drums, etc.
  4. A bronze image of a dancer was found in the excavation at Mohen-jo-daro is evidence that dance too, was important in the Harappan Civilization.

Question 5.
Which were the games and sports of the ancient civilizations?
Answer:

  1. Hunting and wrestling were important sports in the ancient civilizations.
  2. There were several games played on game boards like chess.
  3. In ancient Egypt people played a game that was similar to chess known as Senat’.

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 2 Chapter 10 Historic Period

Glossary :

  1. rattles : an instrument making rattling sound
  2. cymbals : brass instruments
  3. worshipped : prayed to
  4. bloomed : sprout out
  5. dyeing : add a colour to or change a colour
  6. excavation : a site that has ben escavated
  7. fertile : capable of producing vegetation
  8. spacious : having ample space
  9. drainage : all the components that carry the sewage and other waste water to a point of disposal
  10. hygiene : maintaining cleanlines
  11. metallic : made of metal

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Economics Notes Chapter 6 Index Numbers

By going through these Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Notes Chapter 6 Index Numbers students can recall all the concepts quickly.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Notes Chapter 6 Index Numbers

Definition:
Spiegel defines Index Number as, “statistical measures designed to show the changes in a variable or a group of related variables with respect to time, geographical location, other characteristics such as income, profession, etc. ”

Hence, Index Numbers are :

  • These are specialized forms of averages.
  • These measures the net changes in a group of related variables like price, quantity, cost of living, etc.
  • These are expressed in percentage without using the percentage sign.
  • These are also known as economic barometers.
  • They always refer to two periods, i.e. base year and the current year.
  • Price Index Number P01 = \(\frac{p_{1}}{p_{0}}\) x 100

where P01 = Price Index Number
p1 = Price of the commodity in the current year.
p0 = Price of the commodity in the base year.

Types of Index Numbers:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Economics Notes Chapter 6 Index Numbers 1

Significance or Uses of Index Numbers:

  • They help in formulating economic and business policies.
  • They help in the study of economic trends and tendencies.
  • They are considered as economic barometers as they measure economic changes over period of time.
  • They help in the measurement of Inflation.
  • They help in presenting financial data in real terms.
  • They help in determining depreciation cost.
  • They help the government to adjust national income.

Steps Involved in Construction of Index Numbers:

  • Purpose of Index Number
  • Selection of the base year
  • Selection of commodities
  • Selection of prices
  • Selection of suitable averages
  • Selection of formula
  • Assigning proper weights.

Limitations of Index Numbers:
Although index numbers are very useful to business and industry they suffer from following
limitations:

  • Bias in the data
  • Based on samples
  • Misuse of index numbers
  • Defects in the formulae
  • Changes in the economy
  • Neglecting Qualitative changes
  • Arbitrary weights
  • Limited scope

Because of all these limitations, sometimes economists do not get desired results.

Different Methods of Constructing Index Numbers:
Following chart helps us to know different methods of constructing Index Numbers:
Maharashtra Board Class 12 Economics Notes Chapter 6 Index Numbers 2
Simple Index Number: It is constructed when all the items like food, clothing, transport, housing, etc. are given equal importance. There are three different methods of constructing it.

→ Price Index Number: It is constructed by using following formula: Po1 = \(\frac{\Sigma p_{1}}{\Sigma p_{0}} \) × 100 where – p01 Price Index
Σp1 = Total of the current year prices of various commodities.
Σp0 = Total of base year prices of various commodities.

→ Quantity Index Number (Q01): It is calculated by using following formula :
Q01 = \(\frac{\Sigma q_{1}}{\Sigma q_{0}}\) × 100
where, Σq1 = Sum total of current year quantities of commodities.
Σq0 = Sum total of base year quantities of commodities.

→ Value Index Number (V01): It is calculated by using following formula :
V01 = \(\frac{\Sigma p_{1} q_{1}}{\Sigma p_{0} q_{0}}\) × 100
where, Ep1q1 = Sum total of product of prices and quantities of current year.
Ep0qo= Sum total of product of prices and quantities of base year.

Weighted Index Number: Under this method physical quantities are used as weights. Therefore prices themselves are weighted by quantities. We can take either the base year quantities or current year quantities as weights or the average of the two.

These index numbers are simple aggregative type with the fundamental difference that weights are assigned to various items included in the index. There are various methods of constructing weighted index numbers such as :

  1. Laspeyres Price Index Number
  2. Paasche’s Price Index Number

Laspeyre’s Price Index Number: This method was derived by Laspeyre’s, a German economist in 1871. In this method, weight are determined by quantities in the base year. He used the following
formula: P01 = \(\frac{\Sigma p_{1} q_{0}}{\Sigma p_{0} q_{0}}\) x 100

where P01 = Price Index
p0 = Price of the base year
p0 = Price of the current year
q0 = Quantities of the base year
Σp1q0= Add all the products of p1 and q0
Σp0q0= Add all the products of p0 and q0

Paasche’s Price Index Number: This method was derived by Paasche, a German economist in 1874. In this method weight of the current year are used as base year. He used the following
formula: P01 =\( \) x 100

where P01 = Price of the current year
p0 = Price of the base year
p1 = Price of the current year
q1 = Quantities of the current year
Σp1q1 Add all the products of p1 and q1
Σp0q0= Add all the products of p0 and q1.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Economics Notes Chapter 10 Foreign Trade of India 

By going through these Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Notes Chapter 10 Foreign Trade of India students can recall all the concepts quickly.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Notes Chapter 10 Foreign Trade of India

Internal Trade:
It means exchange of goods and services within the country.

Foreign Trade:
It means exchange of goods and services between two or more countries. Foreign trade is the exchange of goods and services between two or more countries, Foreign trade is the trade across the boundaries of a country.

Definitions –
According to Wasserman and Hultman, “International Trade consists of transaction between residents of different countries.”

Types of Foreign Trade:

  1. Import Trade
  2. Export Trade
  3. Entrepot Trade

→ Import Trade: It is buying of goods and services from other country by home country. Excessive import can have a negative impact on the home country. E.g. India buying petroleum from Iraq, Kuwait, etc.

→ Export Trade: It is selling of goods and services by home country to another country. Excessive export can have a positive impact on the home country. E.g. India exporting tea and spices to USA, China, etc.

→ Entrepot Trade: It means buying of goods and services from one country and then selling them to another country. E.g. England importing cotton from India making readymade garments from it and selling them to Malaysia.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Economics Notes Chapter 10 Foreign Trade of India 

Role / Need / Importance of Foreign Trade:

→ To earn foreign exchange: Foreign trade plays a very important role in earning foreign exchanges. This foreign exchange can be used to import advanced technology and machinery from developed countries.

→  Encourage investment: Foreign trade leads to an increase in total investment in an economy. The increase in investment helps to produce more goods and services for export.

→ Division of labour and specialization: It helps to increase the productivity of a firm or economy. Under specialization, specific work is given to the workers within a production process. E.g. some workers will design the cars, some workers will work on assembly line, some workers will work on testing cars, some workers will work on marketing of cars.

→ Optimum allocation and utilization of resources: Due to foreign trade, those goods are produced which have demand in international market. There is maximum allocation and utilisation of resources to produce more goods and services for export.

→ Stability in price level: Foreign trade helps to control the changes in price level by keeping demand and supply position stable.

→ Availability of multiple choices: Due to availability of imported goods, its help to improve standard of living of the people in the country.

→ Promotes economic development: The foreign trade plays a major role in increasing the national income, standard of living of the people, increased collaboration with foreign government or organisation, etc. which stimulates economic development.

→ Brings reputation and helps earn goodwill: Exporting country can earn reputation and goodwill in the international market through foreign trade. E.g. Japan in electronic goods – Panasonic, Canon, Sony, Hitachi, Germany in automobile – BMW, Audi, Mercedes-Benz, Volks Wagen, Porsche, USA in computers -Dell, HP, IBM, USA in food – Mcdonald, KFC.

→ Helpful during natural calamities: Foreign trade enables a country to import food grains and medicines from other countries to help the affected people during natural calamities.

→ Promotes World Peace: Foreign trade brings countries to closer, leading to world peace and integrity.

Features of Composition of India’s Foreign Trade:
There are many changes in India’s foreign trade from last seven decades (70 years)

→ Gross National Income: India’s foreign trade has great significance for its GNP. It increased up to 48.8% in the year 2016-17.

→ Change in composition of exports: After independence, there was change in the composition of India’s export trade from primary products to manufactured goods.

→ Change in composition of imports: After independence, there was change in the composition of India’s import trade from consumer goods to capital goods.

→ Development of new ports: India’s foreign trade is handled mainly by Mumbai, Calcutta and Chennai ports. India has developed more new ports at Kandla, Cochin, Vishakhapatnam, etc.

→ Oceanic Trade: Most of India’s foreign trade is by sea. About 68% of India’s trade is by sea.

→ Rise in volume and value of trade: After economic reforms (1990-91), the volume and value of India’s imports and export has increased.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Economics Notes Chapter 10 Foreign Trade of India 

Trends in India’s Export:
Engineering goods: Engineering goods includes transport equipment, automobiles and auto components, machinery and instruments. India’s top export item is engineering goods, accounting for 22.5 per cent in India’s total export in 2014-15 and this share has increased up to 25% in the year 2017-18. India is exporting engineering goods to Sri Lanka, UAE and USA.

→ Petroleum products: India’s refining capacity has increased significantly since 2001-02, due to which India turned a net exporter of petroleum refinery products. In the year 2013-14 the share of petroleum products in total export was 20.1% and in the year 2016-17, it declined upto 11.07%.

→ Chemicals and chemical products: It included drugs (medicines and pharmaceuticals). This is one sector where India is highly competitive on both quality and pricing factor. India became global hub for pharma production. India is exporting its chemical and chemical products to USA, China and Germany. The share of this item was 10.4% in 2014-15.

→ Gems and Jewellery: Gems and Jewellery plays an important role in earning the foreign exchange for India. In the year 2014-15 the share of Gems and Jewellery was 13.3% in India’s total export and it declined upto 5.32% in the year 2018-19.

→ Textiles and readymade garments: India’s readymade garments have huge demand in the international market. India is exporting textiles to USA, China and Bangladesh. India is exporting readymade garments to USA, UAE and UK. In the year 2014-15 India’s export of textile and garment was 11.3% of total export of India and it has declined up to 6.3% in the year 2016-17. ,

Trends in India’s Imports:
India is importing various goods from other countries. Following are the major imported goods of India.

→ Petroleum: It has largest share in India’s import. In the year 2016-17, it has 22.6% share in India’s total import.

→ Gold: After petroleum, the second most imported item is gold. In the year 2011, India’s import of gold was $53.9 billion and in the year 2018-19 it declined upto $32.8 billion.

→ Fertilizers: The share of fertilizers in import expenditure declined from 4.1% in 1990-91 to only 1.3% in 2016-17.

→ Iron and Steel: In the year 2016-17 the share of iron and steel in India’s total import was 2.1%.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Economics Notes Chapter 10 Foreign Trade of India 

Balance of Payments (BOP):

→ According to Ellsworth, “Balance of payments is a summary statement of all the transactions between the residents of one country and the rest of the world.”

→ According to Walter Krause, “The balance of payments of a country is a systematic record of all economic transactions completed between its residents and the rest of the world during a given period of time usually a concept of year. ”

Balance of Trade:

→ According to Bentham, “Balance of trade of a country is the relation over a period between the values of her exports and imports of physical goods.”

→ According to Samuelson, “It export value is greater than the import value, it is called as trade surplus and if import value is greater than export value, then it is called as trade deficit.”

Maharashtra Board Class 12 History Notes Chapter 3 India and European Colonialism

By going through these Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Notes Chapter 3 India and European Colonialism students can recall all the concepts quickly.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Notes Chapter 3 India and European Colonialism

→ In this chapter, we will learn about the spread of colonialism in India and its impact.

Portuguese.
Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese seafarer reached the port of Calicut (Kozhikode) in 1498. By the 16th century, the Portuguese had established their control over a considerable portion of the Indian coasts. They established colonies on the western coast and built forts for their protection. They had a strong naval force. The Portuguese had established such firm control on the Indian Ocean that the Indian rulers had to get a license (Cartaz) from them for sailing on the Indian Ocean.

The Portuguese had colonies on the west coast of India at Diu, Daman, Chaul, Goa, Honnavar, Gangoli, Mangalore, Kannur, Kochi and Kollam. The Portuguese had colonies spread from Cape of Good Hope to Macau in China. The Portuguese prohibited building of any religious monuments except churches in the Indian provinces under their rule. They also tried to suppress the local languages and offered employment to people with the intention of attracting them to Christianity.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 History Notes Chapter 3 India and European Colonialism

British.
The British established the ‘East India Company’ on 31st December 1600. Queen Elizabeth, I granted permission to the company to trade in the eastern countries. The British were in need of a permanent place as carrying out trading transactions proved to be tedious. To avoid this, the company decided to build their factories (emporiums).

The staff of the factories were called ‘factors’. Charles II, the King of England issued a charter allowing the company to build forts in India, to maintain an army and to make treaties with non-Christians. The company operated from Surat and Madras.

A fort and a factory were built by the British in Chennai. The fort was named ‘Fort St. George’. In 1661, the islands of Mumbai were given as a gift to Charles II, the King of England on his engagement to Princess Braganza of Portugal by the King of Portugal. Abraham Shipman was appointed as the Governor of Bombay. Charles II leased Mumbai to the East India Company. In 1669, Sir George Oxenden was appointed as the Governor of Surat and commander-in-chief of Mumbai.

Dutch.
In 1602, several Dutch companies formed a company known as ‘United East India’. The Dutch Government issued license to the company to conduct trade with the eastern countries. By the middle of the 17th century the company had established Dutch colonies and factories right from the eastern coast of Africa to Japan. It encompassed the present-day regions of Mozambique, South Africa, Yemen, Iraq, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Siam, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Taiwan, China, Japan, Indonesia and Malaysia.

They established their first factory in 1602 at Petapuli in the northern parts of Coromandel coast and their first colony at Machilipatnam which is mentioned as ‘Mosalia’ in ‘Periplus of the Erythrean Sea’.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 History Notes Chapter 3 India and European Colonialism

French.
In 1664, the French East India Company was established under the initiative of Jean Baptiste Colbert, the French finance minister to King Louis XIV. The company was given authority to trade with eastern countries. Thereafter they established factories at Surat, Pondicherry, Chandranagar, Mahe, Karikal and Machilipatnam. The first French factory was established in Surat in 1668.

Pondicherry became the main centre of the French operations. The British and the French started interfering in the internal matters of the Nawab of Karnataka which resulted in three battles from 1744 to 1763 C.E. known as the ‘Carnatic Wars’. The French were defeated in the third battle.

Glossary:

→ Factories – Emporiums where goods are bought, stored and sold

→ Vice-rei – Viceroy

→ Commodities – Merchandise or goods

→ Charter – Agreement

→ Lease – Rent

→ Monopoly – Control.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 History Notes Chapter 2 European Colonialism 

By going through these Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Notes Chapter 2 European Colonialism students can recall all the concepts quickly.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Notes Chapter 2 European Colonialism

Colonialism is part of Imperialism. Countries like England, France, Portugal, Spain, etc. occupied nations in Asia and Africa and established colonies there. India was one of the colonies of England. One of the main characteristics of colonialism was to transport raw material from the colonies to one’s own country and use the colonies as marketplaces for selling their final products. Colonialism gave rise to political and economic slavery but also caused psychological slavery. Commercial revolution in the 15th century led to discoveries of new lands thereby leading to establishment of colonies in Asia and Africa.

Colonialism:
Meaning and Nature.
Meaning: Colonialism can be defined as the act of a developed nation occupying the land of a less developed, distant nation and establishing their rule on the occupied country.

Nature: Colonialism led European nations to compete with one another to gain economic, social and political supremacy. Extreme nationalism, feeling of racial superiority, industrialisation, aggressive approach etc., are some of the factors that led to the growth of colonialism.

Causes and Consequences of Colonialism:

Causes :

  • Industrial Consequences
  • Requirements of Raw Material
  • Investing surplus Capital
  • Sources of Minerals
  • Geographic Importance
  • Availability of Labour
  • Feeling of Racial Superiority

Consequences:
Economic exploitation of people in Asia and Africa.
Loss of independence of colonies.

A new awareness emerged in the political, social, economic and educational fields.
Awareness of democratic systems and modern values like liberty, equality and fraternity. Introduction of principles like administration based on a fundamental legal system, judicial system, availability of education to all.

European Colonialism:

America :
→ Domination of European countries over the weaker nations and subjecting the inhabitants to slavery.

→ Among the European nations Portugal and Spain were at the forefront in the competition.

→ Portugal brought Brazil, and Spain brought Mexico under their rule.

→ During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I explorers were encouraged to undertake expeditions.

→ In 1496, John Abbot was granted permission to establish colonies on the American land.

→ Several incidents like The Stamp Act (1765), The Boston Tea Party (1773), Declaration of Independence (1774) led the colonies to fight for independence from British domination.

→ The conflict between the colonies and the British army continued and after several battles gained independence.

→ The victory at Saratoga was a turning point for the colonies as the French agreed to support the colonies in their conflict against the British.

→ Spain too joined the colonies in their struggle for independence.

→ Finally, on 7 October 1780, George Washington defeated the British army and on 19th October the British General Lord Cornwallis surrendered and America became independent.

→ This revolt is known as the ‘American Revolution’.

→ Australia and New Zealand became colonies of the British empire.

→ England entered to protect India and other neighbouring countries of India from other colonialist European nations. For e.g., Myanmar was known as ‘Brahmadesh’ (Burma).

→ The British wanted to establish their control in Burma because it was rich in natural wealth and a potential market.

→ Three Anglo-Burmese wars were fought.

→ The first was fought during the tenure of Lord Amherst who was the Governor-General of India.

→ The second during the tenure of Lord Dalhousie.

→ The third during the tenure of Lord Dufferin.

→ Nepal, a small Himalayan kingdom also came under the British dominance, which led to two Anglo-Nepalese wars. After the defeat of the British army, Nepal gained sovereignty in 1923.

→ Similarly, the British tried to gain control of Sikkim, Bhutan and Tibet.

→ Africa was known for its dense forests, widespread lakes, swamps and deserts which the
Europeans were unfamiliar with.

→ A Geographical Conference was convened by King Leopold II of Belgium at Brussels in 1876 to discuss the possibilities of dividing the African territory amongst themselves.

→ Eventually, Africa came to be divided among Germany, France, England, Spain etc.

Glossary:

→ Revolution – Action taken by a large group of people to try to change the government of a country bÿ violent action

→ Dominance – Control or power

→ Dissemination – The action or fact of spreading something, especially information widely

→ Supremacy – Superiority, domination

→ Encompass Include or cover

→ Capitalist – Industrial, investor

→ Domination – Control, power

→ Federation – Alliance, group.

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 2 Chapter 9 Settled Life and Urban Civilization

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 5 Environmental Studies Solutions Chapter 9 Settled Life and Urban Civilization Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 2 Chapter 9 Settled Life and Urban Civilization

5th Std EVS 2 Digest Chapter 9 Settled Life and Urban Civilization Textbook Questions and Answers

1. From the chart below, find out the names of the three periods into which ancient objects are classified and use them to match the three classes given below.

Question 1.
From the chart below, find out the names of the three periods into which ancient objects are classified and use them to match the three classes given below.

SIGPMI
COPPER
AECOLO
STONEN

a. Stone tools : ………. Age.
b. Copper tools and other copper objects : ………… Age.
c. Iron tools and other iron objects : …………. Age.
Answer:
a. Stone tools : Stone Age.
b. Copper tools and other copper objects : Copper Age.
c. Iron tools and other iron objects : Iron Age.

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 2 Chapter 9 Settled Life and Urban Civilization

2. Arrange the following in chronological order.

Question a.
Arrange the following in chronological order.

  1. Copper
  2. Gold
  3. Iron

Answer:

  1. Gold
  2. Copper
  3. Iron.

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 2 Chapter 9 Settled Life and Urban Civilization

Question b.
Arrange the following in chronological order.

  1. Copper Age
  2. Iron Age
  3. Stone Age

Answer:

  1. Stone Age
  2. Copper Age
  3. Iron Age.

3. Write about the consequence of the following event.

Question a.
Discovery of copper …………
Answer:
Copper was used for making tools and implements by humans.

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 2 Chapter 9 Settled Life and Urban Civilization

Question b.
Discovery of wheel ………..
Answer:
The wheel was first used by the potters and later for running bullock carts and chariots.

Question c.
Use of script …………
Answer:
The script is used for permanent record-keeping production and other events.

4. Write notes.

Question a.
Use of metal.
Answer:

  1. Christian Thomsen studied the pre-historic artifacts and antique objects and introduced the ‘Three Age System’ for classifying these objects.
  2. The objects were classified into the following order :
    • Stone tools
    • Copper tools and articles
    • Iron tools and articles.
  3. Gold was the first metal used. It was a soft metal and could not be used to make tools and implements.
  4. Humans discovered copper to make tools and thereby the ‘Copper Age’ began.

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 2 Chapter 9 Settled Life and Urban Civilization

Question b.
Social organization in the ancient cities
Answer:

  1. The roots of culture in cities were in the culture of village-settlements of the New Stone Age.
  2. The earlier faith system, social life, and festivals became more elaborate in cities.
  3. Grand temples were built in many cities. Chiefs of these temples became chief administrators of these cities. Later the positions of temple head and King were held by the same individual.

Environmental Studies Part 2 Standard 5th Solutions Chapter 9 Settled Life and Urban Civilization Additional Important Questions and Answers

Fill in the blanks:

Question 1.

  1. ……….. in Europe had large collections of pre-historic artefacts and antique objects.
  2. A scholar named .. ……….. introduced a method for classifying the pre-historic artefacts.
  3. The method put forth by Thomsen is called the Three ………… System.
  4. Thomsen established with the help of evidence that ……………. tools were the earliest.
  5. The period of ………………. tools and articles was next.
  6. It is a belief that ………………….. was the first metal to come into use.
  7. Actually, ……. Was the first metal to be used.
  8. ……………could not be used to make tools and implements.
  9. The invention of the …………….. is the most important invention.
  10. The ………… was first used by potters.
  11. Once the potters began to use a wheel, it became possible to make pots in …….. numbers.
  12. People started making …………… pots with beautiful designs painted on them.
  13. As the scale of production increased, ……….. too expanded with it.
  14. Wheeled vehicles like ……….. and ………. were first to come into use.
  15. It became necessary to keep permanent …… of the expanding trade and growing production.
  16. Rise in trade had been a major factor that contributed to the emergence and development of ………… .
  17. The social life and …………… based on agricultural faith systems became more elaborate in cities.
  18. Grand …………. were built in many cities.
  19. Chiefs of those temples became chief ………… of these cities.
  20. The positions of the temple head and that of the king went to the …………… individual
  21. Urban culture had its roots in the culture …………. of the New Stone Age.

Answer:

  1. museums
  2. Christian Thomsen
  3. Age
  4. stone
  5. copper
  6. copper
  7. gold
  8. gold
  9. wheel
  10. wheel
  11. large
  12. symmetrical
  13. trade
  14. cart, chariots
  15. records
  16. cities
  17. festivals
  18. temples
  19. administrators
  20. same
  21. village-settlements.

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 2 Chapter 9 Settled Life and Urban Civilization

Answer each of the following question in one sentence:

Question 1.
Where were the artefacts and antique objects placed?
Answer:
Pre-historic artefacts and antique objects were placed in museums in Europe.

Question 2.
Who introduced the system of classifying the artefacts?
Answer:
A scholar named Christian Thomsen introduced the method for classifying the artefacts.

Question 3.
What was the system introduced by Christian Thomsen called?
Answer:
The classifying system by Thomsen was called the “Three Age System’.

Question 4.
Into which periods were the artefacts classified?
Answer:
They were classified into three periods i.e. Stone Age, Copper Age and Iron Age respectively.

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 2 Chapter 9 Settled Life and Urban Civilization

Question 5.
Which was the first metal to be used?
Answer:
Gold was the first metal to be used.

Question 6.
Why could gold not be used to make tools and implements?
Answer:
Gold is a soft metal so it could be used to make tools and implements.

Question 7.
Which other metal was discovered?
Answer:
Copper was discovered.

Question 8.
Which was the most important invention in the Copper Age?
Answer:
The invention of the wheel was the most important invention in the Copper Age.

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 2 Chapter 9 Settled Life and Urban Civilization

Question 9.
By whom was the wheel first used by?
Answer:
Wheel was first used by potters.

Question 10.
With the use of wheel, what was possible for the potters?
Answer:
With the use of the wheel, the potters were able to make a large number of symmetrical and beautiful pots.

Question 11.
Why did potters and other craftsmen began to live close to each other in the settlements?
Answer:
In the village settlements, the potters and craftsmen lived close to each other so as to manage their work more easily.

Question 12.
What led to the expansion of trade?
Answer:
Increase in production led to the expansion of the trade.

Question 13.
Which wheeled vehicles came in to use?
Answer:
Wheeled vehicles like carts and chariots came into use.

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 2 Chapter 9 Settled Life and Urban Civilization

Question 14.
What happened when carts and chariots were introduced?
Answer:
Long distance trade and rapid transport of goods became possible with the introduction of wheels into transport.

Question 15.
What became necessary due to the expanding trade?
Answer:
It became necessary to keep permanent records of the expanding trade and growing population

Question 16.
What was used to keep permanent records of the expanding trade and growing production?
Answer:
Script was developed for the purpose of keeping permanent records of expanding trade and growing production.

Question 17.
What did rise in trade contribute to?
Answer:
Rise in trade contributed to the emergence and development of cities.

Question 18.
What was built in cities?
Answer:
Grand temples were built in cities.

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 2 Chapter 9 Settled Life and Urban Civilization

Question 19.
Who became the chief administrator of the cities?
Answer:
The chiefs of the temple became the chief administrator of the cities.

Question 20.
What did the position of temple-head merge into?
Answer:
The position of the temple-head merged into that of the king.

Answer each of the following questions in brief:

Question 1.
Explain in brief the ‘Three Age System’.
Answer:

  1. A scholar named Christian Thomsen introduced this method of classifying pre historic artefacts.
  2. Thomsen classified the objects into three groups.
    • Stone Age – Stone tools
    • Copper Age – Copper tools and other copper articles.
    • Iron Age – Iron tools and other iron articles.

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 2 Chapter 9 Settled Life and Urban Civilization

Question 2.
Which village settlements expanded rapidly?
Answer:

  1. Potters and craftsmen began to live close to each other in the settlement so as to manage their work more easily.
  2. This became the industrial area of that village where skilled craftsmen had their settlements and centres of production
  3. This happened mainly in those village settlements where the raw material was easily available and in those which were conveniently situated for trade.
  4. Such village-settlements expanded rapidly.

Question 3.
Why was the need to maintain records felt?
Answer:
i. Long distance trade, rapid transport of goods and centres of large scale production are factors that brought together people engaged in different types of work.
ii. Therefore, it became necessary to keep permanent records of the expanding trade and growing population.

Question 4.
How did each culture develop its own script?
Answer:

  1. There was an increase in trade and production and also the growth in the volume of records to be kept
  2. This resulted in much modification and improvement in the signs and symbols used for these purposes.
  3. In this way, each culture developed its own script.

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 2 Chapter 9 Settled Life and Urban Civilization

Question 5.
How did kingship develop in cities?
Answer:

  1. Grand temples were built in many cities that had prospered due to the rise in trade.
  2. Chiefs of those temples became chief administrators of those cities.
  3. Later, the positions of the temple head and that of the king went to the same individual.
  4. This is how initially kingship developed in the ancient urban civilizations.

Question 6.
How did the people engaged in different
types of work come together?
Answer:

  1. Expansion of village-settlements resulted in increase in production.
  2. Due to increase in production, trade too expanded and there was then a need to change the old systems of transport.
  3. Long distance trade, rapid transport of goods and centres of large scale production are factors that brought together people engaged in different types of work.

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 2 Chapter 9 Settled Life and Urban Civilization

Question 7.
What is ‘pivot?
Answer:
i. A pointed quartz pebble fixed at the bottom of a potter’s wheel is called a pivot.
ii. When the potter’s wheel is put in motion, it is balanced on this pivot and thus revolves with a great speed.

Question 8.
Into how many groups is the Three Age System’ classified?
Answer:
The Three Age System’, is classified into.

  • Stone Age – Stone tools
  • Copper Age – Copper tools and other articles
  • Iron Age – Iron tools and other articles.

Maharashtra Board Class 5 EVS Solutions Part 2 Chapter 9 Settled Life and Urban Civilization

Glossary :

  1. antique : ancient, hare
  2. classifying : separating
  3. Urban : of a town or city
  4. rapid : fast
  5. scripts : written text
  6. emergence : process of coming into existence
  7. durable : able to withstand pressure or damages

Maharashtra Board Class 12 History Notes Chapter 1 Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science 

By going through these Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Notes Chapter 1 Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science students can recall all the concepts quickly.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Notes Chapter 1 Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science

As the ‘Medieval Period’ in Europe came to an end, there were advancements in various fields. Unknown lands were discovered and movements of religious reformation began. The ancient Greek and Roman traditions of art, architecture, philosophy etc, were revived. This age also saw overall development in many areas, especially science. This period is called ‘Renaissance’ which means ‘Rebirth’. In other words, this was the beginning of a new era.

European Crusades: Wars known as ‘Crusades’ were fought by the Christians in Europe in the 11th century to regain the holy lands of Jerusalem and Bethlehem which came under the Islamic rule.

The first Crusade started in 1096 C.E. However, the Christian crusaders failed to liberate Jerusalem and the region around it even after nine crusades. The failure of the crusades was attributed to the attitude of the Pope and the European rulers. Other factors like common people losing faith, rift between the Pope and the European kings etc. also contributed to the failure of the crusades.

The consequences of the crusades was that it led to the end of feudalism in Europe, the faith in the Pope began to decline, the contact with Central Asia opened new avenues for Italy and Germany and also saw the rise of a new class of traders.

Renaissance in Europe: Renaissance in Europe began in the 14th century C.E. and reached its zenith in the 15th and 16th century C.E. This period gave a new direction to human intellect and thinking. This period brought about a change in all walks of human life.

New inventions brought about fundamental changes in the techniques of warfare and dissemination of knowledge. Changes were noticed in the fields of Science, Arts, Textile industry, Metallurgy and others. For e.g., the first printing press was started in Germany by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany. The invention of the telescope by Galileo, in Zoology ‘Taxonomy’, was developed to classify animals etc.

Geographical Discoveries: This period also saw new Geographical discoveries and new sea- routes being discovered.
Marco Polo, Ibn Batuta, Bartholomew Dias, Vasco-da-Gama were some of the explorers who discovered not just sea – routes but new lands.

For eg., Marco Polo – Introduced China and other Asian countries to Europe.
Ibn Batuta – A scholar and traveller who visited India, Maldives, Sumatra for various reasons.
Bartholomew Dias – Reached the ‘Cape of Good Hope’ on the orders of the Portugal king John II.
Vasco da Gama-Reached the eastern coast of Africa and eventually landed at Calicut (Kozhikode) in 1498.

Industrial Revolution:

What is ‘Industrial Revolution?’
‘Industrial Revolution’ indicates the transition from manual production to mechanised production.

Factors of industrial production:

  • A new class of capitalists came into existence
  • Private ownership of industrial establishments
  • Availability of raw material for the textile industry in colonies led to the textile industry flourishing in England
  • Availability of cheap labour
  • Adversely affected Indian economy

Effects of Industrial Revolution:

  • Economic Nationalism was the outcome of the industrial revolution.
  • Putting economic restrictions on the rival country such as
  • Prohibiting the import-export transactions of other countries
  • levying heavy tolls on their goods
  • establishing colonies in Asia and Africa
  • fighting battles with the natives of the colonies
  • Surplus production was another effect of industrial revolution
  • Limitless exploitation of the colonies
  • Concepts of racial superiority
  • Aggressive colonial policies
  • Immense expanse of growth of European nations like England, France, Belgium, Germany etc.

Glossary

→ Renaissance – Means ‘Rebirth’ or revival of ancient traditions of art and architecture in 15th centuries

→ Crusades – One of the wars fought in Palestine by the European Christians against the Muslims in the Middle Ages

→ Humanism – A rationalist outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters

→ Empirical – Based on, concerned with, verifiable by observation or experience rather theory or pure logic

→ Alchemist – A person who studies Alchemy

→ Cartographer – Mapmaker, mapper

→ Expedition – Voyage, trip, mission

→ Nationalism – Patriotism