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Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Marathi Solutions Aksharbharati Chapter 16.1 व्युत्पत्ती कोश (स्थूलवाचन) Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Marathi Aksharbharati Solutions Chapter 16.1 व्युत्पत्ती कोश (स्थूलवाचन)

Marathi Aksharbharati Std 10 Digest Chapter 16.1 व्युत्पत्ती कोश Textbook Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
टीप लिहा.
व्युत्पत्ती कोशाचे कार्य
उत्तर:
वाचन करताना अनेक वेगवेगळे शब्द डोळ्यांखालून जातात, काही शब्द लक्ष वेधून घेतात. हे शब्द कसे तयार होत असावेत याची उत्सुकता निर्माण होते. मग अशावेळेस त्या शब्दाची निर्मिती कशी झाली हे पडताळण्यासाठी व्युत्पत्ती कोश उपयोगी पडतो. व्युत्पत्ती कोश शब्दाचे मूळ रूप दाखवतो. इतकेच नव्हे तर त्यातील विस्तार संदर्भ, उच्चारातील बदल व फरक दाखवतो. शब्दांची उत्पत्ती पाहणे, उच्चार जाणून घेणे ही भाषासमृद्धीच्या दृष्टीने आनंददायी क्रिया आहे. एकाच शब्दाचे वेगवेगळ्या परिस्थितीमध्ये वेगवेगळे अर्थ असतात, हे जाणून घेणे अत्यंत महत्त्वाचे आहे. उदा. धूळ चारणे; खरे पाहता धूळ चारणे व फसवणे हे दोन अर्थ आहेत. वेगवेगळ्या संदर्भानुसार ते ते अर्थ जुळवले जातात. व्युत्पत्ती कोशातून उच्चारातील बदलांचे कारण स्पष्ट होते. अर्थातील स्पष्ट केलेला बदल अभ्यासता येतो, व्युत्पत्ती कोशातून एखादया शब्दाची अन्य कोणी मांडलेली व्युत्पत्ती सांगून ती योग्य की अयोग्य हे ही कळते. भाषेचे कालिक स्वरूप स्पष्ट करणे हे व्युत्पत्ती कोशाचे प्रमुख कार्य आहे.

प्रश्न 2.
खालील मुद्यांच्या आधारे एक परिच्छेद तयार करा. (७ ते ८ वाक्यांत)
उत्तर:

१९३८ साली मुंबई येथे अखिल भारतीय मराठी साहित्य संमेलन भरले होते. स्वातंत्र्यवीर सावरकर या संमेलनाचे अध्यक्ष होते. ‘व्युत्पत्ती कोश रचनेचे कार्य हाती घ्यावे’ असा ठराव संमेलनात मंजूर करण्यात आला. सर्वांच्या मतानुसार हे निर्मिती कार्य कृ.पां.कुलकर्णी यांच्यावर सोपविण्यात आले. बॅ. मुकुंदराव जयकर यांच्या आर्थिक सहकार्यामुळे व श्री. दाजीसाहेब तुळजापूरकर यांनी पुरस्कृत केल्यामुळे व्युत्पत्ती कोश निर्मितीस भरीव मदत झाली. तसेच सर्वांच्या सहकार्यामुळे १९४६ साली ‘मराठी व्युत्पत्ती कोशाचे’ पहिले प्रकाशन झाले.

प्रश्न 3.
पाठाबाहेरची उदाहरणे शोधून खालील कृती करा.

उत्तर:
(i) शब्द अनेक, अर्थ एक

(ii) शब्द एक, अर्थ अनेक
एकच शब्द वेगवेगळ्या संदर्भात वेगवेगळे अर्थ धारण करतो.

प्रश्न 4.
टिपा लिहा.

(i) शब्द तयार होण्याचे विविध प्रकार.
(अ) भाषेत बदल होण्यामागे बऱ्याचदा सुलभीकरणाची अर्थात सोपे करण्याची प्रवृत्ती असते.

उदा.
जसे अग्निपासून अग्नि व नंतर आग हा सोपा शब्द तयार झाला.

(आ) कुठल्याही दोन भाषा बोलणारे भाषिक जेव्हा एकमेकांच्या संपर्कात येतात, तेव्हा त्यांच्या भाषांतील शब्दांची देवाणघेवाण होते. त्यावरून शब्द तयार होतात.

उदा.

(इ) आपलाच शब्द थोडेसे रूप बदलून इतर भाषांमध्येही वापरला जातो.

उदा.
दिवाळी हा शब्द मूळ संस्कृत शब्द दीपावलि पासून आला आहे.

प्रश्न 5.
‘काळाप्रमाणश ‘काळाप्रमाणे शब्दाच्या स्वरूपात, त्यांच्या अर्थात, त्यांच्या परस्पर संबंधात बदल होतात’ हे सोदाहरण स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तरः
काळाप्रमाणे, पिढ्यांप्रमाणे बोलण्याची भाषा, त्यांचे अर्थ बदलत जातात. आपले आजी-आजोबा बोलत असलेली भाषा, आई बाबा बोलत असलेली भाषा आपली व आपल्या भावंडांची भाषा यात तफावत असते. मित्रांच्या समुहातील भाषा, ही अगदी भिन्न असते.

उदा.
आजी म्हणते, “आज माझे मामजी येणार आहेत”.
आई म्हणते, “आज माझे सासरे येतील”.
मुलगी म्हणते, “आज माझे इन लॉज येणार’.
मित्रांमध्ये – ‘आज सगळ्या सिनीअर सिटीझन्स चे गेट टुगेदर
आहे’. एकच बातमी विविध शब्दयोजनेनी विविध लोकांकडून
सांगितली जाते. नवऱ्याच्या वडिलांसाठी मामंजी. सासरे, इन
लॉज, दादा, बाबा, डॅडी असे अनेक शब्द वापरात येतात.

प्रश्न 6.
पाठाबाहेरची उदाहरणे शोधून खालील कृती करा.
उत्तरः

प्रश्न 7.
व्युत्पत्ती कोशातून खालील शब्दांची व्युत्पत्ती शोधून लिहा.
उत्तरः

व्युत्पत्ती कोश Summary in Marathi

व्युत्पत्ती कोश पाठपरिचय

इयत्ता नववीमध्ये आपण विश्वकोशाची ओळख करून घेतली. कोणत्याही शब्दाचे वेगवेगळे संदर्भ विश्वकोशातून मिळू शकतात हे आपण अनुभवले. हे शब्द तयार कसे होतात किंवा हे शब्द तयार कसे झाले असावेत, हे अनुभवण्यासाठी व्युत्पत्ती कोश पाहणे गरजेचे आहे. व्युत्पत्तीकोश पाहण्याची गरज कळावी व व्युत्पत्ती कोश अभ्यासण्याची सवय लागावी हा हेतू ‘व्युत्पत्ती कोश’ या पाठातून दिसून येतो.

व्युत्पत्ती कोश Summary in English

We have studied about the world dictionary in Std. IX. We have seen how we can get different references for any word from the world dictionary. How have these words come into being? To figure this out, it is necessary to refer to the etymological dictionary. To recognize the need for, and to get habituated to the etymological dictionary is the aim of this lesson.

व्युत्पत्ती कोश शब्दार्थ

• व्युत्पत्ती कोश – शब्दांची घटना व – (etymology, उगम, शब्दांचे – derivative)
  मूळ त्यांच्या
  उगमाची माहिती
  असणारा कोश
• कोपरा – कोनाडा – (corner)
• सतार – एक तंतूवाय – (a string instrument)
• भिन्न – वेगळा – (different)
• नोंद – टिपण – (note)
• अपरिहार्य – टाळता न येणारे – (unavoidable)
• वाच्यार्थ – शब्दश: अर्थ – (the literal meaning)
• लक्ष्यार्थ – गर्भितार्थ, वाच्यार्थाहून भिन्न असा लाक्षणिक अर्थ – (implication, connotation)
• कुतूहल – जिज्ञासा – (curiosity)
• लघुरूपे – घनरूप – (abbreviation)
• बागडणे – आनंदाने खेळणे – (play happily)
• आर्थिक सहकार्य – (financial support)
• प्रकाशन – प्रकाशित करण्याची क्रिया – (publication)
• विणकर – कपडे विणणारा – (weaver)
• माग – कापड विणण्याचे लाकडी यंत्र – (handloom)
• द्विदल धान्य – (dicotelydonous crop)

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Marathi Solutions Aksharbharati Chapter 16 स्वप्न करू साकार Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Marathi Aksharbharati Solutions Chapter 16 स्वप्न करू साकार

Marathi Aksharbharati Std 10 Digest Chapter 16 स्वप्न करू साकार Textbook Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
खालील शब्दसमूहांतील संकल्पना स्पष्ट करा.
(i) श्रमशक्तीचे मंत्र
(ii) हस्त शुभंकर
(iii) आभाळावर उत्क्रांतीचा घुमवू या ललकार
उत्तरः
(i) श्रमशक्तीचे मंत्र – श्रमाचे महत्त्व
(ii) हस्त शुभंकर – राबणारे हात, पवित्र हात, कल्याणकारी हात
(iii) आभाळावर उत्क्रांतीचा घुमवू या ललकार – उत्क्रांतीचा, प्रगतीचा जयघोष

प्रश्न 2.
आकृतिबंध पूर्ण करा.

उत्तरः

प्रश्न 3.
काव्यसौंदर्य,

(अ) खालील काव्यपंक्तींचे रसग्रहण करा.
या देशाच्या मातीवरती अमुचा रे अधिकार
नव्या पिढीचे, नव्या युगाचे स्वप्न करू साकार।।
उत्तरः
कवी म्हणतात की, या देशाची माती, येथील संस्कृती, येथील परंपरा आम्हा भारतीयांची आहे. त्यावर फक्त आमचाच अधिकार आहे. मुळात भारत हा कृषिप्रधान देश आहे. काळ्या मातीची मशागत करून धनधान्याची निर्मिती करणे व धरतीला सुजलाम् सुफलाम् करणे हे त्याचे कर्तव्यच आहे. त्यासाठी तो आयुष्यभर कष्ट करत असतो.त्याच्या कष्टातूनच कृषिसंस्कृती निर्माण होते. या कृषिसंस्कृतीमुळेच नव्या पिढीचे, नव्या युगाचे स्वप्न साकार होत असते.

(आ) खालील पंक्तींमधून सूचित होणारा अर्थ लिहा.
घराघरांतून जन्म घेतसे तेज नवा अवतार।।
शेतामधुनी पिकवू मोती, धन हे अपरंपार।।
उत्तरः
येथे जन्माला येणारे प्रत्येक बाळ तेजस्वी व प्रबळ असेल. देशाचे रक्षण करण्यासाठी, नवीन कार्यासाठी घराघरातून जणू नवी पिढी जन्म घेईल आणि आपल्या शक्तीतून, आपल्या कार्यातून आपल्या विजयाचा अवतार साऱ्या जगासमोर उभा करेल. म्हणजेच सामर्थ्यशाली बालके जन्मास येऊन देशाचे भविष्य नक्कीच उज्ज्वल करतील, असा एक आशावाद कवीने येथे मांडलेला आहे.

शेतकरी जणू आपल्या कष्टाने चैतन्याचे, आनंदाचे सुदर्शनचक्र फिरवत असतो. त्याच्या मेहनतीमुळेच शेताशेतांतून धान्यरूपी मोत्याचे ‘सुदर्शन’ आपल्याला घडते. त्याच्याबरोबर मेहनत करून आपणही या शेतातून, मातीमधून मोती म्हणजेच धान्यरूपी अपार धन पिकवूया. आपल्या धरतीला सुलजाम् सुफलाम् बनवूया.

(इ) या कवितेत कवीने बघितलेले स्वप्न तुमच्या शब्दांत लिहा.
उत्तरः
प्रस्तुत कवितेत श्री. किशोर पाठक यांनी ‘एकजूटीचे सामर्थ्य’ हे मूल्य मनात रूजविण्याचा सुंदर प्रयत्न केला आहे. कोणतेही काम एकट्याने करून पूर्ण होत नाही. घरी तयार होणाऱ्या अन्नपदार्थांसाठी अगदी शेतकरी दादा पासून, दुकानदार, कामगार, वाहतूक या सर्व घटकांची मदत आवश्यक असते. तसेच देशाच्या उज्ज्वल भविष्यासाठी एकजूटीने काम करणे तितकेच महत्त्वाचे आहे.

‘हजार आम्ही एकी बळकट, सर्वांचे हो एकच मनगट’ या पंक्तीवरून सिद्ध होते की, देशाची जनता एकत्र आली तर मनगटात बळकटी येईल व प्रगती शक्य होईल. सर्वांची शक्ति पणाला लावून शेती व उदयोग यामध्ये उत्क्रांती होईल. या मातीवर जसा सर्वांचा अधिकार आहे, तसाच सर्वांनी मिळून मिसळूनच नव्या युगाचे स्वप्न साकारायचे आहे. भारताची संस्कृती व परंपरा थोर आहे, पण ती जपून वाढवायची आहे. हे एकजूटीने साध्य होणार आहे. साऱ्या विश्वात एकजुटीने भारताचा जयजयकार करायचा आहे.

(ई) कवितेत व्यक्त झालेला एकात्मतेचा विचार स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तरः
प्रस्तुत कवितेत श्री. किशोर पाठक यांनी ‘एकजूटीचे सामर्थ्य’ हे मूल्य मनात रूजविण्याचा सुंदर प्रयत्न केला आहे. कोणतेही काम एकट्याने करून पूर्ण होत नाही. घरी तयार होणाऱ्या अन्नपदार्थांसाठी अगदी शेतकरी दादा पासून, दुकानदार, कामगार, वाहतूक या सर्व घटकांची मदत आवश्यक असते. तसेच देशाच्या उज्ज्वल भविष्यासाठी एकजूटीने काम करणे तितकेच महत्त्वाचे आहे.

‘हजार आम्ही एकी बळकट, सर्वांचे हो एकच मनगट’ या पंक्तीवरून सिद्ध होते की, देशाची जनता एकत्र आली तर मनगटात बळकटी येईल व प्रगती शक्य होईल. सर्वांची शक्ति पणाला लावून शेती व उदयोग यामध्ये उत्क्रांती होईल. या मातीवर जसा सर्वांचा अधिकार आहे, तसाच सर्वांनी मिळून मिसळूनच नव्या युगाचे स्वप्न साकारायचे आहे. भारताची संस्कृती व परंपरा थोर आहे, पण ती जपून वाढवायची आहे. हे एकजूटीने साध्य होणार आहे. साऱ्या विश्वात एकजुटीने भारताचा जयजयकार करायचा आहे.

Marathi Akshar Bharati Class 10 Textbook Solutions Chapter 16 स्वप्न करू साकार Additional Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न १. खालील कवितेच्या आधारे दिलेल्या सूचनेनुसार कृती करा,
कृती १: आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
आकृतिबंध पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 2.
चौकट पूर्ण करा.
(i) फुलामुलांतून हसणारा – श्रावण
(ii) मातीचे मंगल – तनमन
(iii) चैतन्याचे – सुदर्शन
(iv) अपरंपार धन – शेतातील मोती

प्रश्न 3.
सहसंबंध लिहा.
(i) हजार आम्ही : एकी बळकट :: सर्वांचे हो : ………………………..
उत्तरः
एकच मनगट

प्रश्न 4.
कंसातील योग्य शब्द वापरून रिकाम्या जागा भरा.
(i) नव्या पिढीचे, नव्या युगाचे ……………………….. करू साकार।। (स्वप्न, दिवास्वप्न, जग, पृथ्वी)
(ii) फुलामुलांतून हसतो ……………………….. मातीचे हो मंगल तनमन, (चैत्र, वैशाख, श्रावण, माघ)
(iii) उदयोगाचे चक्र चालते ……………………….. उत्क्रांतीचा घुमवू या ललकार।। (धरतीवर, पाण्यावर, आभाळावर, हवेवर)
(iv) शक्तीचीही झडते ……………………….. घराघरांतून जन्म घेतसे तेज नवा अवतार।। (दौलत, नौबत, धनदौलत, पत)
(iv) ……………………….. शुभंकर हवा एकदा भविष्य उज्ज्वल या देशाचे करूया जयजयकार।। (हस्त, बाहू, पद, वद)
उत्तर:
(i) स्वप्न
(ii) श्रावण
(iii) आभाळावर
(iv) नौबत
(v) हस्त

प्रश्न 5.
जोड्या जुळवा.

उत्तर:
(1 – ई)
(ii- इ)
(iii – आ)
(iv – अ)

कृती २: आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
ओघतक्ता पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 2.
एका वाक्यात उत्तरे लिहा.

(i) कवी कोणावर आमुचा अधिकार आहे असे म्हणतो?
उत्तरः
कवी या देशाच्या मातीवर आमुचा अधिकार आहे असे म्हणतो.

(ii) कवी शेतामधून काय पिकवायला सांगतात?
उत्तरः
कवी शेतामधून मोती पिकवायला सांगतात.

(iii) कवी उत्क्रांतीचा ललकार कोठे घुमवायला सांगतात?
उत्तरः
कवी आभाळावर उत्क्रांतीचा ललकार घुमवायला सांगतात.

प्रश्न 3.
काव्यपंक्तीचा योग्य क्रम लावा.
(i) भविष्य उज्ज्वल या देशाचे करूया जयजयकार।।
(ii) घराघरांतून जन्म घेतसे तेज नवा अवतार।।
(iii) आभाळावर उत्क्रांतीचा घुमवू या ललकार।।
(iv) शेतामधुनी पिकवू मोती, धन हे अपरंपार।।
उत्तर:
(i) शेतामधुनी पिकवू मोती, धन हे अपरंपार ।।
(ii) आभाळावर उत्क्रांतीचा घुमवू या ललकार।।
(iii) घराघरांतून जन्म घेतसे तेज नवा अवतार।।
(iv) भविष्य उज्ज्वल या देशाचे करूया जयजयकार।।

प्रश्न 4.
खालील शब्दांसाठी कवितेतील समानार्थी शब्द शोधा.
(i) हक्क – अधिकार।
(ii) ऐश्वर्य – विभव।

प्रश्न 5.
‘श्रावण’ हे उत्तर येईल असा प्रश्न तयार करा.
उत्तर:
फुलांमुलांतून कोण हसतो?

कृती ३: कवितेतील शब्दांचा अर्थ

प्रश्न 1.
खालील कवितेतील शब्दांचा अर्थ लिहा.
(i) देश
(ii) अधिकार
(iii) मंगल
(iv) चैतन्य
उत्तर:
(i) राष्ट्र
(ii) हक्क
(iii) पवित्र
(iv) उत्साह

प्रश्न २. दिलेल्या मुद्द्यांच्या आधारे कवितेसंबंधी पुढील कृती सोडवा.

(१) प्रस्तुत कवितेचे कवी / कवयित्री:
किशोर पाठक

(२) प्रस्तुत कवितेचा विषयः
भारत देशाच्या उज्ज्वल भविष्याचे स्वप्न रेखाटले आहे.

(३) प्रस्तुत कवितेतील दिलेल्या दोन ओळींचा सरळ अर्थ:
या देशाच्या मातीवरती अमुचा रे अधिकार
नव्या पिढीचे, नव्या युगाचे स्वप्न करू साकार।।

(४) प्रस्तुत कवितेतून मिळणारा संदेश:
या देशाच्या मातीत आपण जन्म घेतला आहे. त्यामुळे हा देश आपला आहे. नवीन पिढीने, नवीन युगाने आपल्या देशात स्वत:च्याच प्रगतीचा विचार न करता देशाचाही विचार केला पाहिजे. देशाला प्रगतीपथावर नेण्याचे स्वप्न पाहिले पाहिजे व ते एकतेने आणि जिद्दीने पूर्ण केले पाहिजे. याचाच अर्थ असा की, आपण श्रमाने मातीतून मोती पिकवू, उद्योग जगतात क्रांती करू, एकजूटीने राहू व देशाचे भविष्य उज्ज्वल करू असाच संदेश या कवितेतून मिळतो.

(४) प्रस्तुत कविता आवडण्याची वा न आवडण्याची कारण:
‘स्वप्न करू साकार’ ही कविता मला खूप आवडली आहे. त्याचे मुख्य कारण कवितेच्या सुरुवातीलाच कवीने नव्या पिढीच्या व नव्या युगाच्या मनात देशाप्रती आपलेपणाची भावना जागृत केलेली आहे. त्यानंतर या आपल्या देशाच्या उन्नतीसाठी कार्य करण्याची प्रेरणा दिली आहे. पण केवळ प्रेरणा देऊनच ते थांबले नाहीत तर देशाच्या उन्नतीचा मार्गही म्हणजेच कृषिविकास, उदयोग क्षेत्रातील विकास, संस्कृतीचे जतन-संवर्धन त्यांनीच समजावून सांगितला आहे. त्यासाठी एकोप्याने काम करायला हवे, हे सांगायलाही ते विसरले नाहीत. हे सर्व आपण मनापासून केले तर नव्या पिढीचे. नव्या युगाचे आपल्या उज्ज्वल भारत देशाचे स्वप्न पूर्ण होईल असा सुंदर आशावाद त्यांनी मांडला आहे.

(६) प्रस्तुत कवितेतील शब्दांचे अर्थ:
(i) धन – संपत्ती
(ii) श्रम – मेहनत, कष्ट
(iii) ललकार – जयघोष
(iv) बळकट – मजबूत

स्वाध्याय कृती

(२) या कवितेत कवीने बघितलेले स्वप्न तुमच्या शब्दांत लिहा.
उत्तरः
‘स्वप्न करू साकार’ कवितेत कवी ‘किशोर पाठक’ यांनी देशाच्या उज्ज्वल भविष्याचे स्वप्न रंगविले आहे. देशात नव्या पिढीचे आगमन होत आहे. नवे युग चालू आहे तेव्हा नवीन कल्पना, नवी उमेद आहे. कवीला देशाच्या मातीतून मोती पिकवायचे आहेत. भरघोस धान्याचे पिक घ्यायचे आहे. मातीचा कस सुधारायचा आहे. श्रावणसरींनी हसणाऱ्या, फुलणाऱ्या फुलांना व मुलांना पहायचे आहे. श्रमप्रतिष्ठेवर भर देऊन प्रयत्नांची कास धरायची आहे. औक्यौगिक प्रगती करायची आहे. एकोप्याने देशाची वैभव संपदा केवळ जपायचीच नाही तर वाढवायची आहे.

नव्या पिढीला श्रमशक्ती, यंत्र यांचा मंत्र क्यायचा आहे. देशासाठी झटणारे शुभंकर, कल्याणकारी हात तयार करायचे आहेत. देशाचे नाव उज्ज्वल करून सगळ्या जगात आपल्या देशाचा नावलौकिक वाढवायचा आहे.

स्वप्न करू साकार Summary in Marathi

स्वप्न करू साकार काव्यपरिचय
‘स्वप्न करू साकार’ ही कविता ‘किशोर पाठक’ यांनी लिहिली आहे. या कवितेत कवीने श्रमाने मातीतून मोती पिकवू, एकजूटीने राहू व देशाचे भविष्य उज्ज्वल करू असा संदेश दिला आहे. कृषी व उदयोग जगतात क्रांती करण्याची प्रेरणा या कवितेतून मिळते.

स्वप्न करू साकार Summary in English

With consolidated effort, we can have good quality grains. United endeavours can lead to the prosperous future of our country. This is the message given by the poet. The poem motivates us to strive for agricultural and industrial revolution.

या देशाच्या मातीवरती अमुचा रे अधिकार
नव्या पिढीचे, नव्या युगाचे स्वप्न करू साकार।।

कवीने आपल्या भारत देशाच्या उज्ज्वल भविष्याचे स्वप्न सुंदरपणे रेखाटले आहे. कवी म्हणतात की, या देशाची माती, येथील संस्कृती, येथील परंपरा आम्हा भारतीयांची आहे. त्यावर फक्त आमचाच अधिकार आहे. मुळात भारत हा कृषिप्रधान देश आहे. शेतकरी हा इथला भूमिपुत्र आहे. या शेतकऱ्याचा या मातीवर परंपरेपासून खरा अधिकार आहे. काळ्या मातीची मशागत करून धनधान्याची निर्मिती करणे व धरतीला सुजलाम् सुफलाम् करणे हे त्याचे कर्तव्यच आहे. त्यासाठी तो आयुष्यभर कष्ट करत असतो. त्याच्या कष्टातूनच कृषिसंस्कृती निर्माण होते. या कृषिसंस्कृतीमुळेच नव्या पिढीचे, नव्या युगाचे स्वप्न साकार होत असते. म्हणूनच कवी म्हणतात की, येथील संस्कृती, येथील परंपरा यांचे जतन करून आपण सारेजण नव्या पिढीचे, नव्या युगाचे स्वप्न साकार करूया.

फुलामुलांतून हसतो श्रावण
मातीचे हो मंगल तनमन
चैतन्याचे फिरे सुदर्शन
शेतामधुनी पिकवू मोती, धन हे अपरंपार।।

कवीने आपल्या भारत देशाच्या उज्ज्वल भविष्याचे सुंदर स्वप्न रेखाटतांना कृषिसंस्कृतीचे महत्त्व आपल्याला पटवून दिले आहे. कवी म्हणतात की, शेतकऱ्यांच्या कष्टांमुळेच फुलामुलांतून श्रावण हसत असतो. म्हणजेच श्रावण महिन्यामध्ये सारी धरती व तिची बाळे आनंदित होतात. खरे तर ऊनपावसाचा खेळ चालू असणाऱ्या श्रावण महिन्यामध्ये धरती हिरव्या रानांनी, पाना–फुलांनी सजलेली असते. शेतकऱ्यांच्या मेहनतीने, कष्टाने इथली माती म्हणजेच इथली शेते धनधान्याने डोलू लागलेली असतात. धरतीचे हे सौंदर्य पाहून सगळे जण आनंदित होतात. चैतन्यमय, प्रसन्न वातावरण सर्वत्र निर्माण झालेले असते. ज्याप्रमाणे सुदर्शनचक्र फिरले की, दु:खाचा, अडचणींचा नाश होतो आणि सर्वत्र आनंद पसरतो, त्याचप्रमाणे शेतकरी जणू आपल्या कष्टाने चैतन्याचे, आनंदाचे सुदर्शनचक्र फिरवत असतो. त्याच्या मेहनतीमुळेच शेताशेतातून धान्यरूपी मोत्याचे ‘सुदर्शन’ आपल्याला घडते. त्याच्याबरोबर मेहनत करून आपणही या शेतातून, मातीमधून मोती म्हणजेच धान्यरूपी अपार धन पिकवूया. आपल्या धरतीला सुलजाम् सुफलाम् बनवूया.

या हातांनी यंत्र डोलते
श्रमशक्तीचे मंत्र बोलते
उदयोगाचे चक्र चालते
आभाळावर उत्क्रांतीचा घुमवू या ललकार।।

भारत देशाच्या उज्ज्वल भविष्याचे चित्र रेखाटताना कवी पुढे म्हणतात की, भारत हा कृषिप्रधान देश असला तरी इथे इतर उदयोगधंदेही चालतात. देशातील अनेक जण यंत्राच्या सहाय्याने काम करून उदयोगचक्रात मग्न आहेत. जसे शेतकरी, मजूर शेतात राबून शारीरिक कष्ट करत आहेत. तसेच अनेक कामगार यंत्रावर काम करत आहेत. त्यांच्या श्रमामुळे यंत्र डोलतात म्हणजेच यंत्र चालतात व प्रगतीची चाके फिरू लागतात. या यंत्रातून येणारा आवाज ऐकून कवीला असे वाटते, जणू हा नुसता आवाज नाही तर श्रमशक्तीचा मंत्र चालू आहे. कवी म्हणतात की, सारेजण श्रमशक्तीचा मंत्र जपत आहेत, म्हणजेच कष्ट करत आहेत व आपल्या देशाच्या प्रगतीमध्ये हातभार लावत आहेत. उदयोगाचे हे चक्र सदैव चाललेलेच आहे. आपणही त्यामध्ये सहभागी होऊन नवनवे शोध लावूया. शेतीमध्ये नवेनवे बदल, नव्या सुधारणा आणून तसेच उद्योगक्षेत्रांमध्ये नव्या संकल्पना आणून आपली व आपल्या देशाची भरभराट करूया. तसेच नव्या उत्क्रांतीचा म्हणजे नव्या बदलांचा, नव्या शोधांचा, नव्या संकल्पनांचा सगळ्या आभाळावर ललकार घुमवूया म्हणजेच साऱ्या जगामध्ये नव्या गोष्टींचा जयजयकार करूया. सगळ्या जगभर हे नवे शोध, नव्या संकल्पना आपण आपल्या मेहनतीने पोहचवूया.

हजार आम्ही एकी बळकट
सर्वांचे हो एकच मनगट
शक्तीचीही झडते नौबत
घराघरांतून जन्म घेतसे तेज नवा अवतार।।

कवीने आपल्या भारत देशाच्या उज्ज्वल भविष्यासाठी एकजूटीचा मंत्र सांगितला आहे. एकजूटीचे सामर्थ्य पटवून देतांना कवी म्हणतात की, आमच्या देशात अनेक प्रकारची विविधता आहे. वेश, भाषा, धर्म, सण, खाणे अशी हजारो प्रकारची विविधता असली तरी आम्ही एकच आहोत. आमच्यातील एकता जराही कमी झालेली नाही. आम्ही भारतीय लोक देशाच्या विविध प्रांतात राहणारे असलो, वेगवेगळी भाषा बोलणारे जरी असलो, वेगवेगळे वेश परिधान करणारे जरी असलो तरी आम्ही एकजूटीने कार्य करणारे आहोत. त्यामुळे आमच्या हाताचे मनगट बलशाली, शक्तीशाली असेच आहे. याच एकजूटीने आपण आजवर अनेक कठीण प्रसंगावर मात केलेली आहे व पुढेही करत राहू. याच शक्तीने, एकीच्या बळाने आपल्या देशाची प्रगती होईल. शत्रूला धाक बसेल, शक्तीचे प्रदर्शन होईल तसेच एकात्मतेची भावना लोकांच्या मनात अजून वाढेल, जणू सर्वत्र शक्तीची नौबत झडेल. इथे जन्माला येणारे प्रत्येक बाळ तेजस्वी व प्रबळ असेल, देशाचे रक्षण करण्यासाठी, नवीन कार्यासाठी घराघरातून जणू नवी पिढी जन्म घेईल आणि आपल्या शक्तीतून, आपल्या कार्यातून आपल्या विजयाचा अवतार साऱ्या जगासमोर उभा करेल. म्हणजेच सामर्थ्यशाली बालके जन्मास येऊन देशाचे भविष्य नक्कीच उज्ज्वल करतील, असा एक आशावाद कवीने येथे मांडलेला आहे.

या विश्वाची विभव संपदा
जपू वाढवू आम्ही लाखदा
हस्त शुभंकर हवा एकदा
भविष्य उज्ज्वल या देशाचे करूया जयजयकार।।

आपल्या भारत देशाला हजारो वर्षांचा इतिहास लाभलेला आहे. आपली संस्कृती अतिप्राचीन व उच्च आहे. कृषिसंस्कृती, श्रमप्रतिष्ठा तसेच एकजूटीचे सामर्थ्य या मूल्यांमुळे साऱ्या जगात आपल्या देशाने मानाचे स्थान संपादन केले आहे. म्हणून कवी म्हणतात की, आपल्या देशाची ही वैभवशाली संपदा आपण मनापासून जपू, तिचे रक्षण करू आणि तिच्यामध्ये चांगली भर घालून तिला वाढवू. त्यासाठीच कृषिसंस्कृती, श्रमप्रतिष्ठा तसेच एकजूटीचे सामर्थ्य ही मूल्ये आपण मनापासून जपली पाहिजेत, या मूल्यांचा आदर वाढविणारा, आपल्या देशाच्या वैभवशाली संपदेला सांभाळणारा शुभंकर, कल्याणकारी हात मात्र हवा अशी इच्छा कवी व्यक्त करतात. त्यामुळे आपल्या देशाचे भविष्य उज्ज्वल होईल. तसेच सर्वत्र आपल्याच देशाचा जयजयकार होईल.

स्वप्न करू साकार शब्दार्थ

• पिढी – वंश, परंपरा – (generation)
• युग – काळ – (era)
• मंगल – पवित्र – (holy)
• चैतन्य – चेतना – (consciousness)
• सुदर्शन – चक्र – (a weapon of lord Vishnu)
• शेत – माळ, शिवार – (farm)
• धन – संपत्ती – (wealth)
• अपरंपार – खूप, पुष्कळ – (abundance)
• यंत्र – मशीन – (machine)
• मंत्र – स्तुतीयुक्त प्रार्थना – (hymns)
• चक्र – चाक – (wheel)
• उदयोग – काम – (work)
• आभाळ – आकाश – (sky)
• उत्क्रान्ती – क्रान्ती – (revolution)
• ललकार – जयघोष – (cheer)
• एकी – एकजूट – (unity)
• मनगट – मणिबंध – (wrist)
• যালি – ताकद – (power)
• नौबत – काळ, स्थिती – (condition)
• अवतार – देहधारणा – (incarnation)
• विश्व – जग, दुनिया – (world)
• विभव संपदा – ऐश्वर्य, संपत्ती – (wealth)
• लाखदा – अनेक वेळा – (many times)
• हस्त – कर, हात – (hand)
• शुभंकर – हितकारी – (well being)
• भविष्य – आगामी – (future)
• उज्ज्वल – संपन्न – (prosperous)
• अधिकार – हक्क – (privilege)

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Marathi Solutions Aksharbharati Chapter 15 खरा नागरिक Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Marathi Aksharbharati Solutions Chapter 15 खरा नागरिक

Marathi Aksharbharati Std 10 Digest Chapter 15 खरा नागरिक Textbook Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
आकृती पूर्ण करा.

उत्तरः

प्रश्न 2.
खालील घटनांचे परिणाम लिहा.

उत्तरः

प्रश्न 3.
निरंजनची दिनचर्या लिहा.

उत्तरः

प्रश्न 4.
खालील शब्दांना पाठात आलेले विरुद्धार्थी शब्द शोधून लिहा.

(१) अप्रामाणिक x
(२) बेसावध x
(३) हळूहळू x
(४) पास x
उत्तर:
(i) प्रामाणिक
(ii) सावध
(iii) चटकन, भरभर
(iv) नापास

प्रश्न 5.
निरंजनचे खालील गुण दर्शवणारी कृती किंवा विचार व्यक्त करणारी वाक्ये शोधा.

(i) स्वप्नाळू –
(ii) तार्किक विचार करणारा –
(ii) संवेदनशील –
उत्तर:
(i) स्वप्नाळू – कोकण गाडी बद्दल वाटले की ही कोकण गाडी किती छान दिसते; पण दिसते न दिसते लगेच बोगद्यात शिरते काय मजा येत असेल नाही गाडीतून जायला? आपण ही मोठं झाल्यावर गाडीतून फिरू या विचाराने तो हुरळून गेला.

(ii) तार्किक विचार – त्याचं लक्ष डाव्या बाजूस रूळाखाली करणारा पडलेल्या भल्या मोठ्या भगदाडाकडे गेले. हे छिद्र कसलं? रोज नसतं असं. प्रवाशांनी भरलेली ९.५० ची गाडी येईल तर भयंकर अपघात होईल. हा त्याने तर्कपूर्ण विचार केला.

(iii) संवेदनशील – भीषण अपघात टळण्याची बातमी वर्तमानपत्रात फोटोसह छापून आली होती. घरी मोठमोठी माणसे आली होती. खुद्द जिल्हाधिकारी आले. शाळेचे मुख्याध्यापक आणि भडसावळे गुरूजीही आले. निरंजनने धावत येऊन गुरूजींचे पाय धारले. रडत रडत तो म्हणाला, गुरूजी, मी नापास होणार माझा कालचा नागरिकशास्त्राचा पेपर बुडाला.

प्रश्न 6.
स्वमत.

(अ) ‘निरंजनच खरा नागरिक’ हे तुमच्या शब्दांत स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तरः
निरंजन कष्टाळू व प्रामाणिक मुलगा होता. घरची, गोठ्यातली कामे करून अभ्यासातही हुशार होता. नागरिकशास्त्राच्या पेपरच्या दिवशी सकाळपासून अभ्यास करून तो वाराने जेवायला म्हणून देशमुखांकडे जात होता; पण पुलावर त्याने अघटितच पाहिले. कुणीतरी पुलाचे काँक्रीट फोडून रेल्वेचे रूळ वेडेवाकडे करून ठेवले होते. घातपात करण्याचा कट त्याच्या लक्षात आला. तो सावध झाला. गाडी येण्यापूर्वीच त्याने स्टेशनाकडे धाव घेतली. प्रसंग व धोका समजावून सांगितला. पंचनामा करण्यासाठी अधिकारी हजर झाले. संभाव्य धोका निरंजनामुळे टळला. केवळ पुस्तकी ज्ञान मिळवून गुण मिळवणे एवढेच मर्यादित ध्येय न ठेवता स्वार्थ बाजूस सारून त्याने सर्वांचा जीव वाचविला. खऱ्या नागरिकाचे कर्तव्य त्याने निभावले होते.

(आ) तुम्हाला अभिप्रेत असलेली आदर्श विदयार्थ्याची गुणवैशिष्ट्ये लिहा.
उत्तरः
विद्यार्थी अनेक गुणांनी युक्त असेल तर त्याला आदर्श विद्यार्थी म्हणवला जातो. सर्वप्रथम अभ्यास, नीटनेटके अक्षर, लेखन कौशल्य अंगी असले पाहिजे. शिस्त, समयपालन, नम्रपणा याला प्राधान्य देणेही तितकेच गरजेचे आहे. अंगच्या गुणांमध्ये अभिमानी न होता विनयशील व मोठ्यांचा आदर राखणारा विद्यार्थी खरा आदर्श विदयार्थी असतो. समयसूचकता, धारिष्ट्य, दुसऱ्यांना मदत हे गुण जीवनात फार महत्त्वाचे असतात. अशा गुणांनी युक्त विद्यार्थी सर्वप्रिय होतो.

(इ) तुम्हांला निरंजनशी मैत्री करायला आवडण्याची वा न आवडण्याची कारणे स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तरः
निरंजनला आईवडील नाहीत, त्याच्या मनातील हा सल काढून टाकण्यासाठी त्याला चांगल्या मित्राची गरज आहे. म्हणून मला निरंजनचा मित्र व्हायला आवडेल. त्याची आर्थिक परिस्थितीही कमकुवत असल्यामुळे जेवणाच्या व शिक्षणाच्या खर्चासाठी मी त्याला काही मदत करू शकतो. याचबरोबर निरंजन हा निस्वार्थी, प्रसंगावधान असलेला, हुशार, मेहनती मुलगा आहे. त्यामुळे या सर्वगुणसंपन्न निरंजनशी मैत्री करायला मला आवडेल.

खालील तक्ता पूर्ण करा.

उत्तरः

Marathi Akshar Bharati Class 10 Textbook Solutions Chapter 15 खरा नागरिक Additional Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न १. पुढील उताऱ्याच्या आधारे दिलेल्या सूचनेनुसार कृती करा.

कृती १: आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
आकृतिबंध पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 2.
खालील प्रश्नांची उत्तरे एका वाक्यात लिहा.

(i) कोणता विषय जरा अवघडच असतो?
उत्तरः
नागरिकशास्त्र हा विषय जरा अवघडच असतो.

(ii) मामाने निरंजनला कोठे आणून सोडले?
उत्तर:
मामाने निरंजनला चिपळूणला मावशीकडे आणून सोडले

(iii) मावशीचे घर कोठे होते?
उत्तर:
चिपळूण शहरालगतच्या उपनगरात गावापासून दूर डोंगराच्या पायथ्याशी मावशीचे घर होते.

(३) कंसातील योग्य शब्द वापरून रिकाम्या जागा भरा.
(i) ………………………… टवटवीत आणि प्रसन्न वातावरणात अभ्यास खूप छान होतो. (सकाळच्या, दुपारच्या, थंडीच्या, रात्रीच्या)
(ii) ………………………… गुरुजींचा सल्ला त्याला मोलाचा वाटे. (भोसले, फाटक, भडसावळे, देशमुख)
(iii) गुरुजींचंही ………………………… खूप प्रेम होतं. (सदानंदवर, निरंजनवर, अतुलवर, सचिनवर)
उत्तर:
(i) सकाळच्या
(ii) भडसावळे
(iii) निरंजनवर

कृती २ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
योग्य पर्याय निवडा.
(i) निरंजन भल्या पहाटेस उठून अभ्यासाला बसला, कारण
(i) त्याला झोप येत नव्हती.
(ii) अभ्यास पूर्ण झाला नव्हता.
(iii) पहाटे उठायला त्याला आवडत असे.
(iv) त्याचा शेवटचा नागरिकशास्त्राचा पेपर होता.
उत्तर:
निरंजन भल्या पहाटेस उठून अभ्यासाला बसला कारण त्याचा शेवटचा नागरिकशास्त्राचा पेपर होता.

प्रश्न 2.
‘मुंबईला’ हे उत्तर येईल असा प्रश्न तयार करा.
उत्तरः
मामा कोठे निघून गेला?

प्रश्न 3.
सहसंबंध लिहा.
रेडिओ : भक्तिगीत :: पक्षी : …………………………
उत्तरः
सुमधुर संगीत

प्रश्न 4.
कोण कोणास म्हणाले ते लिहा.

कृती ३ : स्वमत

प्रश्न 1.
‘अभ्यासासाठी पहाटेचे वातावरण पोषक असते’ यावर तुमचे विचार मांडा.
उत्तरः
‘लवकर निजे, लवकर उठे त्यास उत्तम आरोग्य लाभे’ या वचनानुसार राहाणाऱ्यांना आरोग्यप्राप्ती होतेच व आयुष्यात यशप्राप्तीही होते. लवकर उठल्याने पहाटेच्या वेळेचा सदुपयोग करता येतो. पहाटे अभ्यासही छान होतो. केलेला अभ्यास लक्षात राहातो. पहाटे गोंगाट, कलकलाट नसल्याने चित्त एकाग्र होते. पुरेशी झोप झाल्याने शरीर व मन दोन्हीही प्रफुल्लित असतात. हवेत सुखद गारवा असतो. पक्ष्यांचा किलबिलाट असतो. पहाटेची भूपाळी, जात्यावरच्या ओव्या किंवा रेडिओवरची मधुर सनई मन प्रसन्न करते. शांततेत पाठांतर होते. मनन व चिंतन होते. पहाटे कामांची लगबग नसते, वाहनांची ये-जा नसते म्हणून मन स्थिर होण्यास वेळ लागत नाही. एकाग्र मनाने अभ्यास करता येतो.

प्रश्न २. पुढील उताऱ्याच्या आधारे दिलेल्या सूचनेनुसार कृती करा.
कृती १ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
आकृतिबंध पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 2.
एका वाक्यात उत्तरे लिहा.

(i) निरंजन दुपारी कोठे जेवायला जायचा?
उत्तरः
दररोज एकाच्या घरी दुपारी निरंजन पाहुणा म्हणून जेवायला जायचा.

(ii) निरंजन कोणाच्या घरी काम करायचा?
उत्तरः
निरंजन मावशीच्या घरी काम करायचा.

(iii) परीक्षा किती वाजता सुरू होणार होती?
उत्तरः
परीक्षा साडेदहा वाजता सुरू होणार होती.

प्रश्न 3.
कंसातील योग्य शब्द वापरून रिकाम्या जागा भरा.

(i) ………………………… परिस्थिती यथातथाच असल्याने निरंजन वार लावून जेवायचा. (काकांची, मावशीची, मामाची, आत्याची)
(ii) गुरुजींवर श्रद्धा ठेवायची आणि परीक्षेत ………………………… नंबर पटकवायचा. (दुसरा, पहिला, तीसरा, चौथा)
(iii) साडेदहाची परीक्षा. त्याआधी ………………………… जायचं होतं. (देशमुखांकडे, थोरातांकडे, भडसावळे गुरुजींकडे, मावशीकडे)
उत्तर:
(i) मावशीची
(ii) पहिला
(iii) देशमुखांकडे

कृती २ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
योग्य पर्याय निवडा.
भडसावळे गुरुजींनी निरंजनला येथे वार लावून दिले.
(i) स्वत:च्या घरी
(ii) थोरामोठ्यांच्या घरी
(iii) मुख्याध्यापकांकडे
(iv) मावशीकडे
उत्तरः
(ii) थोरामोठ्यांच्या घरी

प्रश्न 2.
सकारण लिहा.

(i) निरंजन आज मनोमन खूश होता कारण …………………………
(ii) निरंजन वार लावून जेवायचा कारण …………………………
उत्तर:
(i) आधीचे पेपर्स चांगले गेले होते.
(ii) मावशीची परिस्थिती यथातथाच होती.

प्रश्न 3.
‘गुरुजींवर’ हे उत्तर येईल असा प्रश्न तयार करा.
उत्तर:
निरंजन कोणावर श्रद्धा ठेवायचा?

प्रश्न 4.
चूक की बरोबर लिहा.

(i) निरंजन मावशीच्या घरी प्रामाणिकपणे काम करायचा.
(ii) गुरुजींचं वाक्य लक्षात ठेवून निरंजन खेळायला जायचा.
उत्तर:
(i) बरोबर
(ii) चूक

कृती ३ : स्वमत

प्रश्न 1.
गरीब विद्यार्थी मित्राला तुम्ही केलेली मदत स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तरः
अक्षय हा माझ्या बालपणापासूनचा मित्र. घरची परिस्थिती यथातथाच असून तो नेटाने शिकत आहे. दिवसभर स्वत: मोलमजूरी करून तो रात्रशाळेत शिकतो. माझी आई प्रत्येक सणवाराला त्याला जेवायला बोलावते. गोडधोड खाऊ घालते.

माझ्यासारखे त्याला कपडेही घेऊन देते. माझे वडील त्याची वर्षभराची फी भरतात. मी ही जमेल तेवढी त्याला अभ्यासात मदत करतो. त्याचे वडील वाहनचालक आहेत. माझे वडील त्यांनाच गाडी चालवण्यासाठी बोलावून पगार देतात.

प्रश्न ३. पुढील उताऱ्याच्या आधारे दिलेल्या सूचनेनुसार कृती करा.
कृती १ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
आकृतिबंध पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 2.
एका वाक्यात उत्तरे लिहा.

(i) शेवटची गाडी केव्हां जाते?
उत्तरः
रात्री दोन वाजता शेवटची गाडी जाते.

(ii) निरंजनला कशाचा राग येई?
उत्तर:
लोकांच्या बेफिकीर प्रवृत्तीचा राग येई.

(iii) निरंजनचे लक्ष कुठे गेले?
उत्तरः
डाव्या बाजूस रुळाखाली पडलेल्या मोठ्या भगदाडाकडे निरंजनचे लक्ष गेले.

(iv) निरंजनाच्या काय ध्यानी आले?
उत्तरः
कुणीतरी काँक्रिट फोडून रेल्वेचे रुळ वेडेवाकडे करून ठेवल्याचे निरंजनच्या ध्यानी आले.

प्रश्न 3.
उत्तरे लिहा.

(i) गावाबाहेर डोंगरपायथ्याशी
घर होते + निरंजनच्या मावशीचे

(ii) निरंजनला भयंकर
राग येई + लोकांच्या बेफिकीर प्रवृत्तीचा

प्रश्न 4.
कंसातील योग्य शब्द वापरून रिकाम्या जागा भरा.
(i) आता ………………………… आल्याने रेल्वेचा छान पूल नदीवर आला. (मध्य रेल्वे, पश्चिम रेल्वे, कोकण रेल्वे, हार्बर रेल्वे)
(ii) या ………………………… जाणं-येणं सोपं झालं होतं. (मार्गामुळं, रस्त्यामुळं, वाटेमुळं, पुलामुळं)
उत्तर:
(i) कोकण रेल्वे
(ii) पुलामुळं

प्रश्न 5.
उताऱ्यानुसार वाक्यांचा क्रम लावा.

(i) रात्री दोन वाजता शेवटची गाडी इथून जाते.
(ii) प्रवाशांनी भरलेली नऊ पन्नासची गाडी येईल
(iii) धाडधाड् आवाज करत दिमाखात पुलावरून जाईल
(iv) निरंजनला आश्चर्य वाटलं.
उत्तर:
(i) धाधाड् आवाज करत दिमाखात पुलावरून जाईल.
(ii) निरंजनला आश्चर्य वाटलं.
(iii) रात्री दोन वाजता शेवटची गाडी इथून जाते.
(iv) प्रवाशांनी भरलेली नऊ पन्नासची गाडी येईल.

कृती २ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
खालील घटनांचे परिणाम लिहा.

घटना – परिणाम
(i) आता नऊ पन्नासची गाडी येईल. – धाडधाड् आवाज करत दिमाखात पुलावरून जाईल.
(ii) जर दगड बाजूला ठेवायचे विसरलात. – तर दुसरा ठेचकाळून  जीवाला मुकेल.

प्रश्न 2.
सकारण लिहा –
पूर्वीसारखे या नदीच्या पाण्यात उतरून चालत चालत नदी पार करावी लागत नाही कारण –
उत्तरः
आता कोकण रेल्वे आल्याने रेल्वेचा छान पूल नदीवर आला.

प्रश्न 3.
योग्य पर्याय निवडून विधान पूर्ण करा.
निरंजनला लोकांच्याया बेफिकीर प्रवृत्तीचा. …………………………
(i) भयंकर संताप येई.
(ii) भयंकर राग येई.
(iii) भयंकर चिड येई.
(iv) भयंकर आपुलकी वाटे.
उत्तर:
निरंजनला लोकांच्या या बेफिकीर प्रवृत्तीचा भयंकर राग येई.

प्रश्न 4.
कोण कोणास म्हणाले ते लिहा.

प्रश्न 5.
चूक की बरोबर ते लिहा.
(i) रात्री पाच वाजता शेवटची गाडी जाते.
(ii) कोकण रेल्वे आल्याने रेल्वेचा छान पूल नदीवर आला.
उत्तर:
(i) चूक
(ii) बरोबर

कृती ३ : स्वमत

तुमच्या खबरदारीने भावी धोका टळला असा प्रसंग तुमच्या शब्दात मांडा.
उत्तरः
आम्ही सर्व मुले मे महिन्याच्या सुट्टीत हिमाचलप्रदेशाच्या डोंगरात गिर्यारोहणासाठी गेलो होतो. नदीवरचा पूल ओलांडायचा होता. २५ जणांचा चमू घेऊन जाण्याची जबाबदारी माझ्यावर होती. निसर्ग सौंदर्य न्याहाळत सर्वजण पुलावरून जात असताना माझे लक्ष पुलाच्या पुढच्या टोकाकडे गेले. दोरखंडांनी बांधलेल्या पुलाचे एक दोरखंडी टोक तुटून गेले होते. प्रसंगावधान राखून मी सर्व मुलांना मागे जाण्याचे आदेश दिले. दुसऱ्या बाजूने उतरून गावकऱ्यांना सूचित केले. पूल ताबडतोब वापरण्यासाठी बंद करण्यात आला व मोठी मनुष्यहानी टळली.

प्रश्न ४. खालील उताऱ्याच्या आधारे पुढील सूचनेनुसार कृती करा:
कृती १: आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
आकृतिबंध पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 2.
खालील प्रश्नांची उत्तरे एका वाक्यात लिहा.

(i) निरंजनने धावतच कोणाला गाठले?
उत्तर:
निरंजनने धावतच स्टेशनमास्तरांना गाठलं.

(ii) निरंजनने स्टेशनमास्तरांना काय सांगितले?
उत्तर:
निरंजनने स्टेशनमास्तरांना पुलावरच्या खराब झालेल्या रूळांबद्दल सांगितले.

(iii) निरंजनने कोणती आर्जवं केली?
उत्तर:
निरंजनने आर्जवं केली की, निदान जागा पाहून आल्याशिवाय तरी गाडी सोडू नका.

प्रश्न 3.
कंसातील योग्य शब्द वापरून रिकाम्या जागा भरा.
(i) ………………………… इथून खूप दूर होतं. (गाव, स्टेशन, शहर, वाडी)
(ii) ………………………… किलोमीटर तिथपर्यंत सांगायला जायचं तर परीक्षा बुडणार होती. (पाच-सहा, दोन-तीन, तीन-चार, सहा-सात)
उत्तर:
(i) स्टेशन
(ii) तीन-चार.

(४) कोष्टक पूर्ण करा.

कृती २ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
खालील घटनांचे परिणाम लिहा.
घटना – परिणाम
परीक्षा बुडाली की – नापास

प्रश्न 2.
घटनाक्रम लिहा.

(i) निरंजनने नेमकी जागा दाखवली.
(ii) निरंजनने स्टेशनच्या दिशेने धाव घेतली.
(iii) स्टेशनमास्तरांनी गाडी थांबवण्याचा आदेश दिला.
(iv) निरंजन एकदम सावध झाला.
उत्तर:
(i) निरंजन एकदम सावध झाला.
(ii) निरंजनने स्टेशनच्या दिशेने धाव घेतली.
(iii) निरंजनने नेमकी जागा दाखवली.
(iv) स्टेशनमास्तरांनी गाडी थांबवण्याचा आदेश दिला.

प्रश्न 3.
योग्य पर्याय निवडून वाक्य पूर्ण करा.

(i) निरंजनने क्षणभर विचार केला आणि
(अ) स्टेशनच्या दिशेने धाव घेतली.
(ब) घटनास्थळी पोहचला.
(क) गाववाल्यांना बोलवायला गेला.
(ड) शाळेत निघून गेला.
उत्तर:
निरंजनने क्षणभर विचार केला आणि स्टेशनच्या दिशेने धाव घेतली.

(ii) ………………………… लगेचच गाडी दीर्घकाळ थांबवण्याचा आदेश दिला आणि ते या घटनेचा पंचनामा करायला लागले.
(अ) जिल्हाधिकाऱ्याने
(ब) पोलीसांनी
(क) शिक्षकांनी
(ड) स्टेशनमास्तरांनी
उत्तर:
स्टेशनमास्तरांनी लगेचच गाडी दीर्घकाळ थांबवण्याचा आदेश दिला आणि ते या घटनेचा पंचनामा करायला लागले.

प्रश्न 4.
चूक की बरोबर ते लिहा.
(i) निरंजन स्टेशनात शिरला तेव्हा नऊ पन्नासची गाडी नुकतीच आली होती.
(ii) निरंजनचे रेल्वेने फिरायचे स्वप्न पूर्ण होणार होते.
उत्तर:
(i) बरोबर
(ii) चूक

प्रश्न 5.
कोण कोणास म्हणाले ते लिहा.

कृती ३ : स्वमत

प्रश्न 1.
‘भावनेपेक्षा कृती श्रेष्ठ’ या विचारांवर स्वमत प्रकट करा.
उत्तरः
आपल्याला मनात काय वाटते यापेक्षा जे वाटते ते विधायक काम प्रत्यक्ष केले पाहिजे. गरिबांना मदत करावीशी वाटते. अंधांना सहारा दयावासा वाटतो; ही भावना जपणे ठिक आहे पण प्रत्यक्ष कृती करणे त्यापेक्षा श्रेष्ठ आहे. आईला, आजीला, कामात मदत करणे, आजोबांची पिशवी उचलणे, बागकाम करून झाडांना पाणी घालणे इ. कितीतरी लहानमोठी कामे करण्यासारखी असतात, ती केली की मनाला समाधान मिळते म्हणून नुसतीच भावना मनात बाळगून अर्थ नाही तर कृती करणे महत्वाचे आहे. भावनेपेक्षा कृती केव्हाही श्रेष्ठच!

प्रश्न ५. पुढील उताऱ्याच्या आधारे दिलेल्या सूचनेनुसार कृती करा.
कृती १: आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
आकृतीबंध पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 2.
उत्तरे लिहा.
(i) अपघाताची पहिली खबर देणारा – निरंजन
(ii) निरंजनचा फोटो काढणारे – वार्ताहर

प्रश्न 3.
खालील प्रश्नांची उत्तरे एका वाक्यात लिहा.
(i) निरंजनने धावत पुढे जाऊन कोणाचे पाय धरले?
उत्तर:
निरंजनने धावत पुढे जाऊन भडसावळे गुरुजींचे पाय धरले.

(ii) निरंजनला सरकारी वसतिगृहात प्रवेश क्यायचं असे कोणी ठरवलं?
उत्तर:
निरंजनला सरकारी वसतिगृहात प्रवेश दयायचं असे जिल्हाधिकाऱ्यांनी ठरवलं.

प्रश्न 4.
कंसातील योग्य शब्द वापरून रिकाम्या जागा भरा.
(i) निरंजनचा ………………………… पेपर चुकला होता. (भूगोलाचा, गणिताचा, नागरिकशास्त्राचा, मराठीचा)
(ii) हे बघ, शाळेचे सगळे ………………………… आलेत. (शिक्षक, विदयार्थी, अधिकारी, कर्मचारी)
उत्तर:
(i) नागरिकशास्त्राचा
(ii) अधिकारी

कृती २ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
आकृतिबंध पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 2.
कोण कोणास म्हणाले.

प्रश्न 3.
सकारण लिहा.

(i) निरंजनचे कौतुक झाले कारण –
उत्तर:
रेल्वेचा मोठा अपघात त्याच्या चाणाक्षपणामुळे टळला होता.

प्रश्न 4.
चूक की बरोबर लिहा.

(i) निरंजनला वया पुस्तकांच्या खर्चासाठी शिष्यवृत्ती मिळणार नव्हती.
(ii) गुरुजींनी निरंजनला हृदयाशी धरलं, तेव्हां साऱ्यांचेच डोळे पाणावले.
उत्तर:
(i) चूक
(ii) बरोबर

स्वाध्याय कृती

निरंजनचे खालील गुण दर्शवणारी कृती किंवा विचार व्यक्त करणारी वाक्ये शोधा.

(i) ‘निरंजनच खरा नागरिक’ हे विधान तुमच्या शब्दांत स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तरः
निरंजन कष्टाळू व प्रामाणिक मुलगा होता. घरची, गोठ्यातली कामे करून अभ्यासातही हुशार होता. नागरिकशास्त्राच्या पेपरच्या दिवशी सकाळपासून अभ्यास करून तो वाराने जेवायला म्हणून देशमुखांकडे जात होता; पण पुलावर त्याने अघटितच पाहिले. कुणीतरी पुलाचे काँक्रीट फोडून रेल्वेचे रूळ वेडेवाकडे करून ठेवले होते. घातपात करण्याचा कट त्याच्या लक्षात आला. तो सावध झाला. गाडी येण्यापूर्वीच त्याने स्टेशनाकडे धाव घेतली. प्रसंग व धोका समजावून सांगितला. पंचनामा करण्यासाठी अधिकारी हजर झाले. संभाव्य धोका निरंजनामुळे टळला. केवळ पुस्तकी ज्ञान मिळवून गुण मिळवणे एवढेच मर्यादित ध्येय न ठेवता स्वार्थ बाजूस सारून त्याने सर्वांचा जीव वाचविला. खऱ्या नागरिकाचे कर्तव्य त्याने निभावले होते.

खरा नागरिक Summary in Marathi

खरा नागरिक पाठपरिचय

‘खरा नागरिक’ हा पाठ लेखक ‘सुहास बारटक्के’ यांनी लिहिला आहे. या पाठात शालेय विषय केवळ अभ्यासायचे नसून आचरणात आणायचे असतात, हे ‘निरंजन’ या व्यक्तिरेखेतून स्पष्ट केले आहे.

खरा नागरिक Summary in English

“Khara Nagrik’ is written by Suhas Bartakke. He has beautifully expressed how school subjects are not simply to be studied, but are also meant for their application to daily activities. He spreads this message through a character named Niranjan.

खरा नागरिक शब्दार्थ

• सल्ला – उपदेश – (advice)
• चटकन – लगेच – (quickly)
• आल्हाददायक – सुखावह, सुखद – (pleasant)
• रीत – पद्धत – (trick)
• मोलाचे – उपयुक्त – (valuable)
• अपार – खूप – (a lot)
• श्रद्धा – विश्वास – (belief)
• लाडका – आवडता – (favourite)
• शेण – गाईचा मल – (cow dung)
• गोठा – गुरे बांधण्याची जागा – (cow shed)
• यथातथा – बेताचा – (below average)
• प्रगती – सुधारणा – (progress)
• उजळणी – मनन, चिंतन – (revision)
• बेफिकीर – निष्काळजी – (carelessness)
• जाणीवपूर्वक – मुद्दाम – (deliberately)
• प्रवृत्ती – मानसिकता – (attitude)
• दिमाख – ऐट – (pomp)
• बोगदा – डोंगराच्या पोटातून आरपार केलेला मार्ग – (a tunnel)
• भगदाड – जमिनीत, भिंतीत – (a large पडलेला खड्डा : uneven hole)
• क्षणभर – थोड्या वेळासाठी – (for a moment)
• घातपात – अपघात – (casualty)
• कट – कारस्थान – (plan)
• उपद्व्याप – कारभार – (fright work)
• किंकाळ्या – कर्कश आवाज – (cheerfulness)
• अपुरे – अपूर्ण – (incomplete)
• स्फोट – ब्लास्ट – (blast)
• आर्जव – विनंती – (request)
• तथ्य – अर्थ – (reason)
• नेमकी – योग्य – (appropriate)
• दीर्घकाळ – खूपवेळा – (a long time)
• पंचनामा – शहानिशा – (scrutiny)
• गांभीर्य – महत्त्व – (seriousness)
• चाणाक्ष – धूर्त, बुद्धिमान – (adroit)
• कौतुक – वाहवा, प्रशंसा – (appreciation)
• निराश – उदास – (disappointed)
• सवलती – सोयी – (facilities)
• रद्द – बाद – (to cancel)
• वार्ताहर – बातमीदार – (reporter)
• स्तुती – प्रशंसा – (appreciation)
• भीषण – भयंकर – (fierce, dire)
• जिल्हाधिकारी – (District Collector)
• खास बाब – विशिष्ट गोष्ट – (special case)
• वसतिगृह – छात्रालय – (hostel)

खरा नागरिक वाक्प्रचार

• मोलाचा वाटणे – महत्वाचा वाटणे, उपयुक्त वाटणे
• वार लावून जेवणे – अगोदर ठरवल्याप्रमाणे दररोज एकेकाच्या घरी जेवायला जाणे.
• जीवाला मुकणे – मृत्यू पावणे
• हुरळून जाणे – आनंदी होणे
• कानठळ्या बसणे – अती मोठ्या आवाजाचा त्रास होणे
• कानात घूमणे – वारंवार तेच ऐकू येणे
• ताब्यात देणे – हवाली करणे, सोपविणे
• हृदयाशी धरणे – प्रेमाने जवळ घेणे
• डोळे पाणावणे – आनंदाश्रू येणे
• यथातथा असणे – बेताचा असणे
• तथ्य वाटणे – अर्थ असणे
• मनोमन खूश होणे – मनात आनंद वाटणे

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Marathi Solutions Aksharbharati Chapter 14 बीज पेरले गेले Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Marathi Aksharbharati Solutions Chapter 14 बीज पेरले गेले

Marathi Aksharbharati Std 10 Digest Chapter 14 बीज पेरले गेले Textbook Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
कारणे लिहा.

(अ) लेखकाच्या आई-वडिलांनी मन घट्ट करून मुलांचा निरोप घेतला, कारण ………………………….
उत्तर:
लेखकाच्या आई-वडिलांनी मन घट्ट करून मुलांचा निरोप घेतला कारण आपल्या मुलांनी चांगले शिकावे, मोठा ऑफिसर व्हावे व घराण्याचे नाव उज्ज्वल करावे, या उद्देशाने मन घट्ट करून लेखकाच्या आई -वडिलांनी मुलांचा निरोप घेतला.

(आ) लेखकाला लहानपणी अनेक खेळाडू पाहण्याची संधी मिळाली. कारण ………………………….
उत्तरः
लेखकाला लहानपणी अनेक खेळाडू पाहण्याची संधी मिळाली कारण लेखकांचे चुलते वाय.एम.सी.ए. च्या कंपाऊंडमध्ये राहत असत. लेखकही शिक्षणासाठी काकांकडे राहत होते. त्या कम्पाऊंडमध्ये अनेक सभासद खेळण्यासाठी येत असत.

(इ) ‘आंधळा मागतो एक डोळा आणि देव देतो दोन’ असे लेखकास वाटले, कारण ………………………….
उत्तरः
‘आंधळा मागतो एक डोळा व देव देतो दोन’ असे लेखकाला वाटले कारण लेखकाला क्रिकेट खेळ आवडू लागला होता. त्यांच्या कम्पाऊंडमध्ये सभासद खेळण्यासाठी येत त्यावेळी लेखकालाही चेंडू फेकण्यासाठी बोलावले जाई आणि लेखकाला हा खेळ आवडत असल्यामुळे तेही या कामासाठी तयार असत.

(ई) दुसऱ्या मुलांच्या हातांत खेळणी पाहून लेखकाला लहानपणी त्यांचा हेवा वाटत असे, कारण ………………………….
उत्तरः
दुसऱ्या मुलांच्या हातात खेळणी पाहून लेखकाला लहानपणी त्यांचा हेवा वाटत असे कारण तुटपुंज्या पगारात लेखकाचे वडील घरखर्च भागवत होते. त्यामुळे लेखकासाठी खेळणी विकत घेऊ शकत नव्हते.

प्रश्न 2.
आकृती पूर्ण करा.

उत्तरः

प्रश्न 3.
ओघतक्ता तयार करा.

उत्तरः

प्रश्न 4.
खालील शब्दांसाठी पाठात आलेले समानार्थी शब्द शोधून लिहा.
(i) सही
(ii) निवास
(iii) क्रीडा
(iv) प्रशंसा
उत्तरः
(i) सही – स्वाक्षरी
(ii) निवास – घर
(iii) क्रीडा – खेळ
(iv) प्रशंसा – स्तुती

प्रश्न 5.
खालील वाक्यांत कंसातील वाक्प्रचारांचा योग्य उपयोग करून वाक्ये पन्हा लिहा. (आनंद गगनात न मावणे, हेवा वाटणे, खूणगाठ बांधणे, नाव उज्ज्वल करणे)

(अ) मोठे झाल्यावर रुग्णांची सेवा करण्यासाठी मी नर्स होण्याचे मनाशी निश्चित केले.
उत्तरः
मोठे झाल्यावर रुग्णांची सेवा करण्यासाठी मी नर्स होण्याची मनाशी खूणगाठ बांधली.

(आ) दारात अचानक मामा-मामींना बघून सर्वांना खूप आनंद झाला.
उत्तरः
अचानक दारात मामा-मामींना बघून सगळ्यांचा आनंद गगनात मावेनासा झाला.

(इ) आंतरराष्ट्रीय स्पर्धामध्ये कौस्तुभने बुद्धिबळ खेळात शाळेचे नाव उंचावले.
उत्तरः
आंतरराष्ट्रीय स्पर्धांमध्ये कौस्तुभने बुद्धिबळ खेळांत शाळेचे नाव उज्ज्वल केले.

(ई) मानसीने म्हटलेल्या गाण्याचे सर्वांनी केलेले कौतुक ऐकून मला क्षणभर तिचा मत्सर वाटला.
उत्तर:
मानसीने म्हटलेल्या गाण्याचे सर्वांनी केलेले कौतुक ऐकून मला क्षणभर तिचा हेवा वाटला.

प्रश्न 6.
स्वमत.

(अ) लेखकाच्या वडिलांची शिस्त जाणवणारे प्रसंग पाठाच्या आधारे तुमच्या शब्दांत लिहा.
उत्तरः
वडिलांची बदली वडगावाला झाल्यावर लेखकाने त्यांच्या बरोबर जाण्याचा आग्रह धरला; परंतु त्यांनी मोठे व्हावे, ऑफिसर व्हावे हे वडिलांचे स्वप्न असल्यामुळे त्यांना काकांकडे राहावे लागले.

दुसरा प्रसंग लेखक मित्रांसोबत शाळा बुडवून मॅच बघण्यासाठी गेले. हे वडिलांना कळल्यावर त्यांच्याकडून संतापाने छड्या खात लेखकास शाळेत जाऊन बसावे लागले.

अशाप्रकारे अभ्यास व शाळा याबाबत वडील कडक स्वभावाचे होते हे जाणवते.

(आ) तुमच्या मते लेखकाच्या मनात क्रिकेटचे बीज कसे रुजले असावे ते लिहा.
उत्तर:
लेखक ज्यावेळी शिक्षणासाठी काकांकडे वाय.एम.सी.ए. कंपाऊंड मध्ये राहण्यास गेले, तेथे अनेक सभासद खेळण्यासाठी येत. त्यांच्या खेळाचे निरीक्षण करून, लेखकांना त्या खेळाची भुरळ पडली. तेव्हापासून ते शाळा सुटली ना सुटली की मैदानात खेळाडूंसोबत खेळायला मिळावे; म्हणून लवकर येत असत. क्रिकेट खेळाडू होणे हे त्यांनी मनाशी पक्के केले. सतत सराव करणे, मॅच बघण्यास जाणे यासाठी ते प्रयत्नात असत. अशाप्रकारे सभोवतालचा परिसर जो खेळासाठी प्रवृत्त करतो. यामध्ये सर्व खेळाडू, स्पर्धा यांचा प्रभाव लेखकाच्या मनात क्रिकेटचे बीज रुजण्यास प्रवृत्त करणारा होता.

(इ) तुमच्या मते लेखकाच्या मनात पेरले गेलेले क्रिकेटचे बीज कसे उगवले ते लिहा.
उत्तर:
लेखक जेव्हा शिक्षणासाठी काकांकडे राहत होते त्यावेळी क्रिकेट खेळ त्यांना आवडू लागला. ते वाय.एम.सी.ए. कंपाऊंड मध्ये सभासदांसोबत खेळत असत. त्यांच्या खेळाचे निरीक्षण करत, आपणही यांच्या सारखे खेळावे. एक क्रिकेट खेळाडू व्हावे असे त्यांनी मनाशी ठरवले. मॅच पाहण्यासाठी ते मित्रांसोबत जात, त्यांच्यांशी क्रिकेटच्या खेळाच्या गप्पा मारत, इतकेच नव्हे तर वडिलांनीही त्यांचे खेळाचे वेड पाहून जुनी बॅट खरेदी करून दिली. तसेच आंतरशालेय स्पर्धेत १०० धावांचा विक्रम त्यांनी केला. अशाप्रकारे क्रिकेटचे बीज लेखकांत उगवले.

(ई) प्रतिकूल परिस्थितीवर मात करण्यासाठी आवश्यक असलेल्या गुणांसंबंधी माहिती लिहा.
उत्तर:
प्रतिकूल परिस्थिती म्हणजे ज्या परिस्थितीत कुठल्याही प्रकारचे सुखी, समाधानी जीवन प्राप्त न होणे. अनेक संकटांना सामोरे जात जीवन जगणे होय.

प्रतिकूल परिस्थितीवर मात करण्यासाठी धैर्य, जिद्द याची गरज असते जी गोष्ट पूर्ण करायची आहे, त्यासाठी सतत प्रयत्न करत राहणे, स्वत:चा आत्मविश्वास विकसित करणे, मेहनतीशिवाय यश नाही. त्यामुळे श्रमाला महत्त्व देणे. ध्येय निश्चित करून ते पूर्ण करण्याचा ध्यास घेणे या गोष्टींची आवश्यकता असते.

Marathi Akshar Bharati Class 10 Textbook Solutions Chapter 14 बीज पेरले गेले Additional Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न १. पुढील उतारा वाचून दिलेल्या सूचनांनुसार कृती करा.
कृती १ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
कृती पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 2.
कारणे लिहा.

(i) वडिलांना मुलांसाठी खेळणी विकत घेणे शक्य नव्हते.
उत्तर:
लेखकाचे वडील त्या वेळेस पोलीस खात्यामध्ये तुटपुंज्या पगारावर नोकरी करत होते. त्यामुळे घरखर्च भागवताना फार त्रास होत असे म्हणून पैशाअभावी ते मुलांना खेळणी विकत घेऊ शकत नव्हते.

(ii) लेखक व त्यांच्या थोरल्या भावाला काकांकडे पुण्यातच रहावे लागले.
उत्तर:
लेखकाचे वडील पोलीस खात्यात असल्यामुळे त्यांची बदली वडगावला झाली. चांगले शिकावे, मोठे ऑफिसर व्हावे व घराण्याचे नाव उज्ज्वल करावे यासाठी त्यांना व त्यांच्या भावाला काकांकडे पुण्यातच रहावे लागले.

प्रश्न 3.
उताऱ्यानुसार घटनांचा क्रम लावा.

(i) वडीलांनी मन घट्ट करून निरोप घेतला.
(ii) वडिलांची बदली वडगावला झाली.
(iii) आम्ही शिकावे मोठे व्हावे असे त्यांना वाटे.
(iv) पुण्यातच शिक्षणासाठी मला व भावाला रहावे लागले.
उत्तर:
(i) वडिलांची बदली वडगावला झाली.
(ii) पुण्यातच शिक्षणासाठी मला व भावाला रहावे लागले.
(iii) आम्ही शिकावे मोठे व्हावे असे त्यांना वाटे.
(iv) वडीलांनी मन घट्ट करून निरोप घेतला.

प्रश्न 4.
एका वाक्यात उत्तरे लिहा.

(i) लेखकाचा जन्म कुठे झाला?
उत्तर:
लेखकाचा जन्म पुण्यात झाला.

(ii) लेखकाचे वडील कुठल्या खात्यामध्ये नोकरी करत?
उत्तर:
लेखकाचे वडील पोलीस खात्यामध्ये नोकरी करत.

(iii) वडिलांची बदली कोठे झाली?
उत्तरः
वडिलांची बदली वडगावला झाली.

(iv) लेखक व त्यांच्या भावाला शिक्षणासाठी कोठे रहावे लागले ?
उत्तर:
लेखक व त्यांच्या भावाला शिक्षणासाठी पुण्यातच त्यांच्या काकांकडे रहावे लागले.

प्रश्न 5.
कंसातील योग्य शब्द वापरून रिकाम्या जागा भरा.
(i) दुसऱ्या मुलांच्या हातात ……………………….. पाहून आम्हाला त्यांचा हेवा वाटत असे. (वही, पेन, खेळणी, विटी)
(ii) तिथेच झोप लागायची आणि जाग यायची ती ……………………….. प्रेमळ कुशीत. (आईच्या, ताईच्या, बायकोच्या, बाबांच्या)
(iii) ……………………….. नाव उज्ज्वल करावे या उद्देशाने त्यांनी कसेबसे मन घट्ट करून आमचा निरोप घेतला. (शालेचे, गावाचे, घराण्याचे, देशाचे)
उत्तर:
(i) खेळणी
(ii) आईच्या
(iii) घराण्याचे

कृती २ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
उत्तरे लिहा.
(i) पोलीस खात्यात नोकरी करणारे – [लेखकाचे वडील]
(ii) लेखक व भाऊ शिक्षणासाठी यांच्याकडे राहिले – [काकांकडे]

प्रश्न 2.
आकृतिबंध पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 3.
खालील शब्दांना मराठी शब्द सुचवा.
(i) बॅट – लाकडी फळी
(ii) स्टंप – यष्टी
(iii) बॉल – चेंडू
(iv) कॅम्प – शिबीर

प्रश्न 4.
चूक की बरोबर ते लिहा.

(i) वडिलांची बदली मडगावला झाली.
(ii) लेखक खेळकर होते.
(iii) भाऊ व लेखक यांना शिक्षणासाठी मामांकडे रहावे लागले.
(iv) मुलांनी ऑफिसर व्हावे अशी मामीची इच्छा होती.
उत्तर:
(i) चूक
(ii) बरोबर
(iii) चूक
(iv) चूक

कृती ३ : स्वमत

प्रश्न 1.
लेखकाच्या आईवडिलांनी मन घट्ट करून का निरोप घेतला असेल? तुमच्या शब्दांत सांगा.
उत्तरः
प्रत्येक आईवडिलांची एकच इच्छा असते की आपले मूल मोठे व्हावे, आपले व आपल्या घराण्याचे नाव त्याने उज्ज्वल करावे. मुलांच्या नावाने आपण ओळखले जावे. प्रत्येक पालकांची ही एकच इच्छा असते की, आपल्या मुलांची उत्तरोत्तर प्रगती व्हावी, त्याची प्रसिद्धी व्हावी. त्याप्रमाणेच लेखकांच्या आईवडिलांचीही लेखक व त्यांचे भाऊ मोठे व्हावे, मोठे ऑफिसर व्हावे, आपले नाव उज्ज्वल करावे ही इच्छा होती. लेखकांच्या वडिलांची बदली वडगावला झाल्यामुळे शिक्षणासाठी त्यांना काकांकडे पुण्यातच ठेवण्यात आले. आपल्या मुलांना सोडून राहणे आईवडिलांना त्रासदायक होते; परंतु त्यांच्या उज्ज्वल भविष्यासाठी मन घट्ट करून लेखकाच्या आईवडिलांनी निरोप घेतला असेल असे मला वाटते.

प्रश्न २. पुढील उतारा वाचून दिलेल्या सूचनांनुसार कृती करा.

कृती १ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
कृती पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 2.
एका वाक्यात उत्तरे लिहा.

(i) सर्व खेळात लेखकांस कोणता खेळ आवडत असे?
उत्तर :
सर्व खेळात लेखकांना क्रिकेट खेळ आवडत असे.

(ii) लेखकाचे काका कुठे राहत?
उत्तर :
लेखकाचे काका पुण्याच्या वाय.एम.सी.ए. कंपाऊंडमध्ये राहत.

(iii) लेखकांनी काय व्हायचे ठरविले?
उत्तर :
लेखकांनी क्रिकेट खेळाडू व्हायचे ठरविले.

(iv) लेखक कोणाची दांडी उडवण्याचा प्रयत्न करत असे?
उत्तर :
लेखक सभासदांची दांडी उडवण्याचा प्रयत्न करत असे.

प्रश्न 3.
उताऱ्यानुसार घटनांचा क्रम लावा.

(i) शाळा सुटली ना सुटली तोच लेखक ग्राऊंडवर हजर होत.
(ii) अनेक खेळाडू पाहण्याची संधी मिळू लागली.
(iii) सभासद जसे जमेल तसे खेळायला येत.
(iv) लेखक सभासदांचा खेळ लक्ष देऊन पाहत,
उत्तर:
(i) सभासद जसे जमेल तसे खेळायला येत.
(ii) लेखक सभासदांचा खेळ लक्ष देऊन पाहत.
(iii) अनेक खेळाडू पाहण्याची संधी मिळू लागली.
(iv) शाळा सुटली ना सुटली तोच लेखक ग्राऊंडवर हजर होत.

प्रश्न 4.
कंसातील योग्य शब्द वापरून रिकाम्या जागा भरा.

(i) साहजिकच याचा …………………………… माझ्या बालमनावर होई. (संस्कार, परिणाम, आनंद, दुःख)
(ii) कोणी नाही असे पाहून ते मला …………………………… फेकायला (दगड, गोळा, चेंडू, भाला)
(iii) दुसऱ्या दिवसासाठी ग्राउंडवर पाणी मारणे इत्यादी कामात मी …………………………… आनंदाने मदत करत असे. (खेळाडूंना, पोलिसांना, ग्राऊंड्समनला, पंचना)
उत्तर:
(i) परिणाम
(ii) चेंडू
(iii) ग्राऊंड्समनला

कृती २ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
आकृतिबंध पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 2.
उत्तरे लिहा

(i) खेळासाठी प्रसिद्ध संस्था – वाय. एम. सी. ए.
(ii) लेखकाचा आवडता खेळ – क्रिकेट

प्रश्न 3.
चूक की बरोबर ते लिहा.

(i) काका सभासदांचा खेळ लक्ष देऊन पाहत.
(ii) क्रिकेट खेळाडू बनण्याची लेखकाची इच्छा होती.
(iii) अनेक खेळाडू पाहण्याची संधी लेखकास मिळाली.
(iv) लेखकाचे मामा रात्री प्रार्थना व अभ्यास घेत.
उत्तर:
(i) चूक
(ii) बरोबर
(iii) बरोबर
(iv) चूक

प्रश्न 4.
योग्य पर्याय निवडून विधान पूर्ण करा,

(i) शाळा सुटली ना सुटली तोच धावत येऊन
(अ) मी प्रथम सिनेमागृहात हजर होत असे.
(आ) मी प्रथम मंदिरात हजर होत असे.
(इ) मी प्रथम ग्राऊंडवर हजर होत असे.
(ई) मी प्रथम नाट्यगृहात हजर होत असे.
उत्तर :
शाळा सुटली ना सुटली तोच धावत येऊन मी प्रथम ग्राऊंडवर हजर होत असे.

कृती ३ : स्वमत

प्रश्न 1.
‘आंधळा मागतो एक डोळा व देव देतो दोन!’ असे लेखकाला का वाटले याबाबत तुमचे मत लिहा.
उत्तरः
लेखक शिक्षणासाठी जेव्हा काकांकडे राहण्यास गेले. त्यावेळी त्यांच्या जीवनाला एक वेगळी कलाटणी मिळाली. काका वाय, एम. सी. ए. कंपाऊंड मध्ये राहत होते. तेथे वाय.एम.सी.ए.चे सभासद क्रिकेट खेळण्यासाठी येत असत. त्यामुळे लेखक हा खेळ पाहण्यासाठी जात असत. त्याचवेळी त्यांची क्रिकेट खेळण्याची इच्छा वाढीस लागली. शाळा सुटली रे सुटली की ते ग्राऊंडवर हजर होत असत. त्यावेळी ते सभासद लेखकास खेळण्यासाठी बोलवत. त्यांना चेंडू फेकण्यास सांगत आणि लेखकही त्या कामासाठी सदैव तयार होत असत.

अशाप्रकारे क्रिकेटची आवड आणि प्रत्यक्ष खेळाडूंसोबत खेळण्याचा आनंद व्यक्त करताना लेखक ‘आंधळा मागतो एक डोळा व देव देतो दोन’ असे मत व्यक्त करतात.

प्रश्न ३. पुढील उतारा वाचून दिलेल्या सूचनांनुसार कृती करा.
कृती १ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
कृती पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 2.
कारणे लिहा.

(i) वडिलांनी संतापाने लेखकास छड्या मारल्या.
उत्तरः
लेखक एके दिवशी शाळा चुकवून ग्राऊंडवर क्रिकेटचा एक मित्रत्वाचा सामना पाहण्यास गेले. त्यामुळे वडिलांनी लेखकास छड्या मारल्या.

(ii) लेखकांस त्यांचे वडील खेळासाठी नेहमी प्रोत्साहन देत असत.
उत्तरः
लेखकांचे वडील स्वत: व्हॉलीबॉल चॅम्पियन होते. त्यामुळे ते लेखकांस खेळासाठी नेहमी प्रोत्साहन देत असत.

प्रश्न 3.
घटनांचा क्रम लावा.

(i) लेखकाची धडपड सुरू झाली.
(ii) मैदानावर कनात घालण्यास आली.
(iii) आत जाण्याचे सर्व मार्ग बंद पडले.
(iv) मॅच पाहायला पाहिजे आणि तीही फुकटात.
उत्तर:
(i) मैदानावर कनात घालण्यास आली.
(ii) आत जाण्याचे सर्व मार्ग बंद पडले.
(iii) मॅच पाहायला पाहिजे आणि तीही फुकटात.
(iv) लेखकाची धडपड सुरू झाली,

प्रश्न 4.
सातील योग्य शब्द वापरून रिकाम्या जागा भरा.

(i) माझे ………………………….. स्वत: व्हॉलीबॉल चॅम्पियन होते. (वडील, काका, मामा, तात्या)
(ii) मी तसाच ती बॅट घेऊन ………………………….. दाखवत सुटलो. (आईला, मित्रांना, खेळाडूंना, सभासदाना)
(iii) ………………………….. साली भारतात ऑस्ट्रेलियन सर्व्हिसेसचा एक संघ पुण्यात आला होता. (१९६०, १९४०, १९४५, १९८३)
उत्तर:
(i) वडील
(ii) मित्रांना
(iii) १९४५

कृती २ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
उत्तरे लिहा.

(i) लेखकाच्या खेळाबाबत स्तुतीपर वाय. एम. सी. ए. चे – उद्गार काढणारे खेळाडू
(ii) वडील या खेळात चॅम्पियन होते – व्हॉलीबॉल

प्रश्न 2.
खालील शब्दांना मराठी शब्द सुचवा.

(i) चॅम्पियन – सर्वोत्कृष्ट खेळाडू
(ii) ग्राऊंड – मैदान

प्रश्न 3.
चूकी की बरोबर ते लिहा.

(i) वडील फूटबॉल चॅम्पियन होते.
(ii) पूना क्लब ग्राऊंडवर एक मॅच झाली.
(iii) आईने लेखकास संतापाने छड्या मारल्या.
(iv) वडिलांनी जुनी बॅट विकत घेतली.
उत्तर:
(i) चूक
(ii) बरोबर
(iii) चूक
(iv) बरोबर

प्रश्न 4.
योग्य पर्याय निवडून विधाने पूर्ण करा.

(i) ………………………….. ग्राऊंडवर त्याची एक मॅच झाली.
(अ) पूना क्लबच्या.
(आ) मुंबई क्लबच्या.
(इ) सातारा क्लबच्या.
(ई) महाराष्ट्र क्लबच्या.
उत्तर:
पूना क्लबच्या ग्राऊंडवर त्याची एक मॅच झाली.

(ii) त्या वेळेस वडिलांचा मासिक पगार अवघा …………………………. .
(अ) तीस रूपये होता.
(आ) शंभर रूपये होता.
(इ) चोवीस रूपये होता.
(ई) दहा रूपये होता.
उत्तरः
त्या वेळेस वडिलांचा मासिक पगार अवघा चोवीस रूपये होता.

प्रश्न 5.
एका वाक्यात उत्तरे लिहा.

(i) लेखकांचे वडील कोणत्या खेळात चॅम्पियन होते?
उत्तर:
लेखकांचे वडील ‘व्हॉलीबॉल’ या खेळात चॅम्पियन होते.

(ii) लेखकांच्या वडीलांनी लेखकांना दिलेली बॅट किती रूपयांची होती?
उत्तर:
लेखकाच्या वडीलांनी लेखकांना दिलेली बॅट सहा रूपयांची होती.

प्रश्न ४. पुढील उतारा वाचून दिलेल्या सूचनांनुसार कृती करा.
कृती १ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
कृती पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 2.
उत्तरे लिहा.

(i) मॅच संपल्यावर यांच्या स्वाक्षऱ्या घेण्यासाठी झिम्मड उडते – खेळाडूंच्या स्वाक्षऱ्या घेण्यासाठी.
(ii) या तासाला लेखकांच्या स्वाक्षरीने वही भरत असे – गणित

प्रश्न 3.
घटनांचा क्रम लावा.

(i) आपल्या भोवतीही स्वाक्षरीसाठी गर्दी होईल.
(ii) काही खेळाडू स्वाक्षरी नाकारत.
(iii) काही खेळाडू आनंदाने स्वाक्षरी देत.
(iv) मॅच संपल्यावर खेळाडूंच्या स्वाक्षऱ्या घेण्यासाठी झिम्मड उडते.
उत्तर:
(i) मॅच संपल्यावर खेळाडूंच्या स्वाक्षऱ्या घेण्यासाठी झिम्मड उडते.
(ii) काही खेळाडू आनंदाने स्वाक्षरी देत.
(iii) काही खेळाडू स्वाक्षरी नाकारत.
(iv) आपल्या भोवतीही स्वाक्षरीसाठी गर्दी होईल.

प्रश्न 4.
कंसातील योग्य शब्द वापरून रिकाम्या जागा भरा.
(i) सर्व सोहळा पाहून मनात आले, की आपणही एक मोठे …………………………….. व्हावे. (कलाकार, पंच, खेळाडू, नट)
(ii) माझ्या मनात क्रिकेटचे …………………………….. पेरले गेले आणि उगवले ते असे. (बीज, रोप, स्थान, रहस्य)
उत्तर:
(i) खेळाडू
(ii) बीज

कृती २ : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
कारणे लिहा.

विद्यार्थी व शिक्षकांनी लेखकाच्या पाठीवर शाबासकीची थाप दिली.
उत्तरः
लेखकांनी आंतरशालेय सामन्यात १०० धावा केल्या. त्यांचे नाव शाळेच्या बोर्डावर झळकले म्हणून विदयार्थी व शिक्षकांनी कौतुकासाठी लेखकाच्या पाठीवर शाबासकीची थाप दिली. योग्य पर्याय निवडून विधान पूर्ण करा.

(i) विशेषत: मॅच संपल्यावर खेळाडूंच्या स्वाक्षऱ्या घेण्यास जी झिम्मड उडते, तेव्हाचे दृश्य …………………………..

(अ) मनाला लागले.
(आ) काळजात भिडले.
(इ) आनंद मिळाला.
(ई) सुंदर होते
उत्तरः
विशेषत: मॅच संपल्यावर खेळाडूंच्या स्वाक्षऱ्या घेण्यास जी झिम्मड उडते, तेव्हाचे दृश्य काळजात भिडले.

प्रश्न 3.
एका वाक्यात उत्तरे लिहा.

(i) क्रिकेट खेळत असल्याबद्दल लेखकाला काय वाटले?
उत्तरः
क्रिकेट खेळत असल्याबद्दल लेखकाला धन्य-धन्य वाटले.

(ii) लेखक दिवसभर कोठे बसून मॅच पाहत हाते?
उत्तरः
लेखक दिवसभर झाडावर बसून मॅच पाहत होते.

स्वाध्याय कृती

*(६) स्वमत

(१) लेखकाच्या वडिलांची शिस्त जाणवलेले प्रसंग पाठाच्या आधारे तुमच्या शब्दांत लिहा.
उत्तरः
वडिलांची बदली वडगावाला झाल्यावर लेखकाने त्यांच्या बरोबर जाण्याचा आग्रह धरला; परंतु त्यांनी मोठे व्हावे, ऑफिसर व्हावे हे वडिलांचे स्वप्न असल्यामुळे त्यांना काकांकडे राहावे लागले.

दुसरा प्रसंग लेखक मित्रांसोबत शाळा बुडवून मॅच बघण्यासाठी गेले. हे वडिलांना कळल्यावर त्यांच्याकडून संतापाने छड्या खात लेखकास शाळेत जाऊन बसावे लागले.

अशाप्रकारे अभ्यास व शाळा याबाबत वडील कडक स्वभावाचे होते हे जाणवते.

(२) तुमच्या मते लेखकाच्या मनात क्रिकेटचे बीज कसे रुजले असावे ते लिहा.
उत्तर:
लेखक ज्यावेळी शिक्षणासाठी काकांकडे वाय.एम.सी.ए. कंपाऊंड मध्ये राहण्यास गेले, तेथे अनेक सभासद खेळण्यासाठी येत. त्यांच्या खेळाचे निरीक्षण करून, लेखकांना त्या खेळाची भुरळ पडली. तेव्हापासून ते शाळा सुटली ना सुटली की मैदानात खेळाडूंसोबत खेळायला मिळावे; म्हणून लवकर येत असत. क्रिकेट खेळाडू होणे हे त्यांनी मनाशी पक्के केले. सतत सराव करणे, मॅच बघण्यास जाणे यासाठी ते प्रयत्नात असत. अशाप्रकारे सभोवतालचा परिसर जो खेळासाठी प्रवृत्त करतो. यामध्ये सर्व खेळाडू, स्पर्धा यांचा प्रभाव लेखकाच्या मनात क्रिकेटचे बीज रुजण्यास प्रवृत्त करणारा होता.

बीज पेरले गेले Summary in Marathi

बीज पेरले गेले पाठपरिचय

‘बीज पेरले गेले’ हा पाठ लेखक ‘चंदू बोर्डे’ यांनी लिहिला आहे. या पाठात त्यांनी आपल्या बालपणातील काही आठवणी सांगितल्या असून आपल्या मनात क्रिकेटचे बीज कसे पेरले हे सांगितले आहे.

बीज पेरले गेले Summary in English

‘Bij Perle gele’ is written by Chandu Borde. He speaks of his childhood memories, including how he got inclined towards playing cricket.

बीज पेरले गेले शब्दार्थ

• कष्ट – मेहनत – (hard work)
• यथेच्छ – मन भरे पर्यंत, मनसोक्त – (to one’s heart’s content)
• संध्याकाळ – सांजवेळ – (evening time)
• आऊट – बाद करणे – (out)
• इच्छा – मनिषा, मनोकामना – (wish)
• पॅक्टिस – सराव – (practice)
• ग्राऊंड – मैदान – (a playground)
• स्तुती – कौतुक, प्रशंसा – (praise)
• मित्र – सखा – (friend)
• संताप – राग – (violent anger)
• क्लब – मंडळ – (club)
• मनसोक्त – मनापासून – (from one’s heart)
• स्वाक्षरी – सही – (signature)
• बालमित्र – लहानपणीचे सवंगडी – (childhood friends)
• खेळकर – (asportive)
• खोडकर – खोड्या करणारा – (naughty)
• उपद्व्यापी – खोडकर, त्रासदायक – (mischievous)
• तुटपुंजा – गरजेपेक्षा कमी, अपुरा, पुरेसा नसलेला – (meagre)
• परिस्थिती – (condition)
• खेळणी – खेळण्याच्या वस्तू (बाहूली, चेंडू इ.) – (a toy)
• विटीदांडू – विटी व दांडू घेऊन खेळायचा खेळ – (the game of trapstick)
• पतंग – (akite)
• तक्रार – गा–हाणे – (complaint)
• पाऊल – पाय, पाऊलखूण – (footmark, a foot)
• चापटपोळी – थप्पड – (slap)
• परिणाम – प्रभाव – (an effect)
• हट्ट – हेका – (obstinacy)
• उद्देश – (intention)
• सभासद – सदस्य – (a member)
• प्रयत्न – मोठा यत्न – (an attempt)
• प्रार्थना – आराधना – (a prayer)
• उद्गार – बोल, उच्चार – (utterance, word)
• मासिक पगार – महिन्याला मिळणारा पगार – (salary)

बीज पेरले गेले बाकाचार

• भुरळ पडणे – आवड निर्माण होणे
• शाबासकीची थाप देणे – कौतुक करणे
• आनंद गगनात मावेनासा होणे – खूप आनंद होणे
• धन्य वाटणे – कृतकृत्य होणे
• खूणगाठ मनाशी बांधणे – पक्का निश्चय करणे
• छाती आनंदाने फुगणे – खूप आनंद होणे
• नाव उज्ज्वल करणे – कीर्ती मिळवणे/प्रसिद्धी मिळणे

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Geography Solutions Chapter 7 International Date Line Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Geography Solutions Chapter 7 International Date Line

Class 9 Geography Chapter 7 International Date Line Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Two boxes in different hemispheres are given in the following diagram. The IDL passes through both the boxes. In one box, the meridian, day and date is given. Find the day and date for the other box.

Answer:

2. Select the correct option :

Class 9 Geography Chapter 7 International Date Line Question 1.
While crossing the IDL, a person will have to add one day when traveling from
(a) East to West
(b) West to East
(c) South to North
(d) North to South
Answer:
(a) East to West

International Date Line Class 9 Question 2.
If it is Wednesday 10 a.m. at 150 E meridian, then what will be the time at IDL?
(a) Wednesday at 6 a.m.
(b) Wednesday 9 p.m.
(c) Thursday 2 p.m.
(d) Thursday at 6 p.m.
Answer:
(b) Wednesday 9 p.m.

International Date Line Questions And Answers Question 3.
According to the international convention, at which meridian does the day and date change occurs?
(a) 0°
(b) 90° E
(c) 90° W
(d) 180°
Answer:
(d) 180°

International Date Line 9th Std Geography Question 4.
At which direction of the IDL does a new day start immediately?
(a) East
(b) West
(c) North
(d) South
Answer:
(b) West

9 Std Geography International Date Line Question 5.
IDL brings coordination in which of the following?
(a) GPS system
(b) Defence departments
(c) Transportation schedules
(d) Determining the hemisphere
Answer:
(c) Transportation schedules

3. Give geographical reasons

Std 9 Geography Chapter 7 International Date Line Question 1.
IDL is proving to be very useful in today’s times
Answer:
IDL is proving to be very useful in today’s times because:

• The IDL brings coordination between international airlines, transportation services, economic and trade activities.
• The IDL has been carved out of the necessity of coordinating time and date.
• It is also important in today’s modern era and rapidly happening global developments.
• We can keep a track of all the calculations of a day and time accurately with the help of IDL in case of global transportation especially, with respect to airways.
• It is only because of the IDL that the schedules of the traffic worldwide are organised properly.

Class 9th Geography Chapter 7 Question Answer Question 2.
The day starts in the Pacific Ocean on the earth
Answer:

• The IDL passes through the Pacific Ocean.
• With reference to the IDL, the day on Earth starts in the West and ends in the East.
• It is one and the same day only at 12 o’clock midnight at the 180° meridian.
• For the countries lying to the east of it i.e. the USA, Chile, etc., it is the end of the day while for the countries lying to the west of it i.e. Japan, Australia, etc. it is the start of a new day.

Thus, a new day starts in the Pacific Ocean on Earth.

4. Write in brief:

International Date Line Std 9 Question 1.
What considerations have been made while deciding the IDL?
Answer:
The following points were taken into consideration while drawing the International Date Line. (IDL):

1. The direction of travel
2. The current day and date

• • Accordingly, while traveling from East to West of IDL, a day is added. For example, while travelling from America to Japan, if it is Thursday 25th December, then it will be Friday 26th December in Japan.
  • While from West to East of IDL, the day remains the same. For example, while travelling from Japan to America, if it is Thursday 25th December, then Thursday 25th December, only should be considered.

Question 2.
While crossing the IDL, what changes will you make?
Answer:

• When you cross the 180° meridian, some precautions need to be taken.
• There is a difference of 12 hours from Prime Meridian, if you go from East or West.
• According to the convention, the start (and end) of a date is considered to be at 180° Meridian.
• Accordingly, an adjustment or change in day and time is made. Thus, while travelling from east to west of IDL , a day is added whereas while travelling from west to east of IDL, the day remains the same.

Question 3.
Why is the IDL not a straight line like the 1800 meridian?
Answer:

• Attempt has been made to make the IDL pass through the Pacific Ocean completely.
• Had it passed through a land or some islands, the people there would have had to follow different dates and timings because dates would have been different on their Eastern and Western parts.
• Also, it would have been difficult to know when one crosses the IDL on land, and when the date changes on the calendar.
• Therefore, the IDL is not a straight line like the 1 180° Meridian. At places, it turns East while at other places, it turns West.

Question 4.
Why doesn’t the IDL pass through land?
Answer:

• If the IDL had passed through a land or some islands, the people there would have had to follow different dates and timings because dates would have been different on their Eastern and Western parts.
• Also, it would have been difficult to know when one crosses the IDL on land and when the date changes on the calendar.
• Hence, the IDL does not pass through land

Question 5.
Why is the IDL considered with respect to the 1800 meridian only?
Answer:

• Our 24-hour day starts at 12 midnight. Because of the earth’s rotation, the midnight occurs at different times, at different places.
• As the Earth is spherical in shape, every place has a place to its East.
• So, it was necessary to determine at what location to the East does the day start on Earth.
• Hence, representatives of many nations got together, under the leadership of an American Professor, Davidson, in the year 1884 and decided the International Date Line.
• The line was drawn opposite to the Greenwich Prime Meridian i.e. with reference to the 180° Meridian.

5. Using an atlas, tell in which of the following routes the IDL will be crossed and show them on the map.

(1) Mumbai- London- New York- Los Angeles- Tokyo
(2) Delhi- Kolkata- Singapore- Melbourne
(3) Kolkata- Hong Kong- Tokyo- San Francisco
(4) Chennai-Singapore- Tokyo- Sydney-Santiago
(5) Delhi-London-New York

Answer:
(1) Mumbai – London – New York – Los Angeles – Tokyo – IDL will be crossed.
(2) Delhi – Kolkata – Singapore – Melbourne – IDL will not be crossed
(3) Kolkata – Hong Kong – Tokyo – San Fransico – IDL will be crossed.
(4) Chennai – Singapore – Tokyo – Sydney – Santiago – IDL will be crossed
(5) Delhi – London – New York – IDL will not be crossed.

Class 9 Geography Chapter 7 International Date Line Intext Questions and Answers

Use your Brain Power:

Question 1.
You are traveling from the Kamchatka Peninsula (in the northern hemisphere) to New Zealand (in the southern hemisphere) along the IDL. It is Monday, 22nd June in the northern hemisphere. What will the day and date in the southern hemisphere?
Answer:
The day will be Monday, 22nd June as we are not crossing the IDL.

Examine a ticket of UA 876 Boeing 787-9 Dreamliner closely and find the answers to the following questions:

Question 1.
From which country will the plane take off and where will it go?
Answer:
The plane will take off from Tokyo (Japan) and will go to San Francisco, California (USA)

Question 2.
What is the duration of the flight?
Answer:
The duration of the flight is 9hrs and 15 min.

Question 3.
What is the day, date and time given at the starting point and destination of the flight?
Answer:
At the starting point of Tokyo (Japan) it is Friday, 1st April 12.30 am and at the destination of San Francisco California (USA) it will arrive on Thursday March 31st at 5.45 pm.

Question 4.
What special note is given on the air ticket?
Answer:
A special note on the ticket states that the flight involves a date change.

Question 5.
What could be the reason behind giving such a note?
Answer:
The reason behind giving such a note is to make us understand that the flight will cross the IDL

Question 6.
During this flight, will the plane cross the IDL? If yes, then from which direction to which direction?
Answer:
During this flight, the plane will cross the IDL from west to east.

Question 7.
What did you understand by reading the ticket?
Answer:
We understand that a day is deducted and the time is fixed backward by 1 day while crossing the IDL from west to east.

Try this:

Question 1.
Complete the following table to understand the time at different meridians: (In this activity we are not taking into consideration the rotation of the earth.)
Answer:

• All places to east of Prime Meridian are ahead of GMT and all places to west of Prime Meridian are behind GMT.
• Earth rotates on its axis and covers 1° longitude in 4 minutes.
• As Sunil is moving 30° east, time will move ahead by 120 min, i.e. 2 hours (30° x 4 min.) and as Minal is moving 30° west, time will move backwards by 120 min. i.e. 2 hours.

Question 1.
What is the day at 00 meridians at Greenwich after completing the table ‘A’?
Answer:
The day at 0° meridian at Greenwich after completing the table ‘A’ is Wednesday.

Question 2.
What is the day at 00 meridians at Greenwich after completing the table ‘B’?
Answer:
The day at 0° meridian at Greenwich after completing the table B is Friday.

Question 3.
Though both were at the same place, why were they experiencing different days? How did this happen?
Answer:
Because Sunil was moving eastward, so time will move ahead whereas Meenal was moving westward, so time is moving backward.

Question 4.
How many days occurred while doing this activity? Name them.
Answer:
While doing this activity, 3 days came in reference as Wednesday, Thurday and Friday.

Question 5.
Which day is correct: Wednesday in Table ‘A’ or Friday in Table ‘B’? Why?
Answer:
None of the given days are correct. The correct day is Thursday after considering IDL.

Explanation:
(i) When Sunil reached 180° meridian i.e. IDL, according to him it is Thursday midnight (24.00). When IDL is crossed from west to east we need to deduct a day (24 hrs.). Thus when 24 hrs are deducted from Thursday 24.00 (midnight) we get Thursday 00.00. So after crossing the IDL the day to be considered is Thursday i.e. the same day.

(ii) When Minal reached 180° meridian i.e. IDL, according to her it is Wednesday midnight (24.00). When IDL is crossed from east to west we need to add a day (24 hrs.). Thus when 24 hrs are added to Wednesday 24.00 (midnight) we get Thursday 24.00 (midnight). So after crossing the IDL the day to be considered is Thursday.

Give it a try:

Your are now aware of the changes required to be made while crossing the ¡DL. Now redo the activity given on Page 59. Tell us the changes that you will have to make while crossing the IDL i.e. 1800 meridian. Your travel will start on Sunday, 21st May 2016 at 10 a.m.

Let’s Recall:

Question 1.
Which meridian is used to determine world standard Time (GMT)?
Answer:
World Standard Time (GMT) is determined using Prime Meridian at 0° longitude.

Question 2.
Which meridian determines Indian Standard Time (1ST)?
Answer:
82°30′ E is the standard meridian of India.

Question 3.
What is the time difference between the GMT and the IST?
Answer:
IST is 5hrs and 30 min ahead of GMT.

Class 9 Geography Chapter 7 International Date Line Additional Important Questions and Answers

Complete the Statements choosing correct option:

Question 1.
Man has studied the rotation speed, direction and shape of the earth and prepared the system.
(a) monometric
(b) chronometric
(c) topographic
(d) GIS
Answer:
(b) Chronometric

Question 2.
Earth rotates from
(a) north to south
(b) south to north
(c) east to west
(d) west to east
Answer:
(d) west to east

Question 3.
In terms of time the part of the earth is ahead of the part.
(a) northern, southern
(b) southern, northern
(c) eastern, western
(d) western, eastern
Answer:
(c) eastern, western

Question 4.
is reached after 12 hours from Prime Meridian
(a) 90° W
(b) 90° E
(c) 180°
(d)120°W
Answer:
(c) 180°

Question 5.
According to IDL, while traveling from east to west
(a) a day is added
(b) a day is deducted
(c) keep the same day
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) a day is added

Question 6.
Many nations got together under the leadership of in 1884 and decided on International Date Line.
(a) Professor Davidson
(b) Professor Samuelson
(c) Professor Adam Smith
(d) Professor Richardson
Answer:
(a) Professor Davidson

Answer in one sentence:

Question 1.
If it is 12noon at the Prime Meridian then what will be the time at 60°E longitude?
Answer:
If its is 12noon at the Prime Meridian, then it will be 16.00hrs (4pm) at 60°E longitude.

Question 2.
Which part of the earth is ahead in terms of time?
Answer:
In terms of time the eastern part of the earth is ahead of the western part.

Question 3.
When was it decided to draw the International Date line?
Answer:
When representatives of many nations got together under the leadership of American professor Davidson in the year of 1884 they decided on the International Date line.

Question 4.
A new day starts on the earth in which Ocean?
Answer:
A new day starts in the Pacific Ocean on the earth.

The following table shows the days and time to welcome New Year in different countries and cities according to 1ST. Observe the table and answer the questions gives below:

Country-city	Day	Indian Time
England – London	Sunday	05.30
Japan – Tokyo	Saturday	20.30
USA-New York	Sunday	10.30
USA – Baker Island	Sunday	17.30
Australia – Sydney	Saturday	18.30
New Zealand – Auckland	Saturday	16.30
Samoa Island – Apia	Saturday	15.30
Tuvalu – Funafuti Island	Saturday	17.30

Question 1.
Which location was the first to welcome the New Year in the World? What day was it then?
Answer:
Samoa islands in Apia was the first to welcome the New Year in the world on Saturday.

Question 2.
Which location bid farewell to the year 2016, the last of all?
Answer:
Baker islands in USA was last to bid farewell to the year 2016.

Question 3.
On which day did that location welcome 2017?
Answer:
Baker islands in USA welcomed 2017 on Sunday.

Question 4.
What could be the reason behind the change in the day of Sydney and London?
Answer:
According to 1ST, India welcomed the New Year at 12 midnight on Saturday. Sydney being 5 hours and 30 minutes ahead of IST and has already welcomed the New year before India on Saturday itself. But London is 5 hours and 30 minutes behind IST will welcome the New Year the next day i.e. on Sunday.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Marathi Solutions Aksharbharati Chapter 12.1 जगणं कॅक्टसचं Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Marathi Aksharbharati Solutions Chapter 12.1 जगणं कॅक्टसचं

Marathi Aksharbharati Std 10 Digest Chapter 12.1 जगणं कॅक्टसचं Textbook Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
‘निसर्ग हा मोठा जादूगार आहे’, हे विधान वाळवंटी प्रदेशाच्या संदर्भात कसे लागू पडते, ते पाठाच्या आधारे सविस्तर लिहा.
उत्तर:
‘जगणं कॅक्टसचं’ या पाठात ‘वसंत शिरवाडकर’ यांनी वाळवंटी प्रदेशातील कॅक्टसवर विशेष माहिती दिली आहे. निसर्ग हा मोठा जादूगार आहे हे पटवून दिले आहे. साधारणपणे पाण्याशिवाय वनस्पती जगू शकत नाही. वाळवंटात अगदीच थोडे पाणी मिळते. पण निसर्ग एक जादूगार आहे. त्या थोड्याशा पाण्यातही तो वनस्पती फुलवतो. तेथील प्राणी जगवतो.वाळवंटी प्रदेशातील खास अशी जीवसृष्टी आहे. वनस्पती व प्राणी तेथेही जगू शकतात. कॅक्टसच्या झाडांवरची लाल-पिवळी फुले चित्रमय वाटतात. वाळवंटातील जीवनसृष्टी हा खरोखर पृथ्वीवरचा एक चमत्कारच आहे. त्यामुळेच प्रतिकूल परिस्थितीतही जीवसृष्टी निर्माण करणारा निसर्ग खरेच मोठा जादूगार आहे.

प्रश्न 2.
‘थोड्याशा पाण्यावर कसे वाढावे याचा नमुना म्हणजे कॅक्टस!’ या विधानाची यथार्थता लिहा.
उत्तरः
वाळवंटी प्रदेशात वर्षातून एखादाच पाऊस पडतो. कधी तर दोन-दोन, तीन-तीन वर्षे पावसाचा ठिकाणा नसतो, एरवी तेथे वाळवंटातसूर्यआगओकतअसतो.हवातापलेलीअसते.सूर्याच्या आगीमध्ये पाने, फुले, गवत करपून जातात. वाळवंटात ओसाड, भकास जीवन असते. कॅक्टस अवर्षणाचा प्रतिकार करणारा आहे. जे काही पाणी मिळेल तेवढे स्वत:मध्ये साठवून घ्यायचे आणि कोरड्या हंगामात अगदी मंद गतीने वाढत रहायचे. अशी कॅक्टसची जगण्याची किमया असते. सग्वारो कॅक्टस तर २०० वर्षे जगतो. कॅक्टसमध्ये पाणी साठवण्याची रचना असते.

मिळेल तेवढे पाणी तो साठवतो. त्याची सगळी अंगरचना पाणी साठवण्यासाठी बनलेली असते. पाऊस पडतो तेव्हा वाळवंटाची जमीन फारच थोडे पाणी शोषून घेते. त्यामुळे थोड्यावेळात पुष्कळ पाणी शोषून घेता येईल अशी कॅक्टसच्या मुळांची खास रचना असते. आपली मुळे लांब पसरवून भोवतालच्या जास्तीत जास्त क्षेत्रातील पाणी तो शोषून घेतो. झाडातले बरेचसे पाणी त्यांची पाने बाष्पीभवनाने गमावतात म्हणून कॅक्टसच्या झाडाने पान ही गोष्टच काढून टाकली आहे. म्हणूनच म्हटले आहे ‘थोड्याशा पाण्यावर कसे वाढावे याचा नमुना म्हणजे कॅक्टस!

प्रश्न 3.
टिपा लिहा.

उत्तरः
सग्वारो कॅक्टस वाळवंटी प्रदेशाचाअगदी खास प्रतिनिधी आहे. कॅक्टसच्या अनेक जातींमध्ये सग्वारो हा कॅक्टसचा राजा मानला जातो. तो ५० फूट उंचीपर्यंत वाढतो. त्याची वाढ मंद असते इतकी, की ५० वर्षात तो फक्त ३ फूट वाढतो आणि २०० वर्षे जगतो. सग्वारो कॅक्टसची फुले गेंदेदार असतात ही फुले फुलली की थोडा काळ तरी ओसाड वाळवंट सौंदर्यपूर्ण होते. सग्वारो कॅक्टसला फळे येतात. त्यातील गर कलिंगडासारखा असतो. सग्वारो कॅक्टस हात वर करून उभ्या राहिलेल्या एखाद्या मोठ्या बाहुल्यासारखा दिसतो. सम्वारो कॅक्टसचा उपयोग अमेरिकेतील रेड इंडियन करीत असत. अवर्षणाच्या काळात कॅक्टस चेचून ते त्याचे पाणी काढत आणि तहान शमवण्यासाठी हे पाणी पीत. सग्वारो फॅक्टसची फळे ही कलिंगडाच्या गरासारखी असल्याने खाण्यासाठी उपयोग होतो. फळाच्या गरात साखर घालून तो मोरावळ्यासारखा टिकवता येतो. रेड इंडियन लोकांचे हे ही एक खादय असते.

प्रश्न 4.
वाळवंटी प्रदेशातील झाडांना काटे असण्याची कोणकोणती कारणे असावीत, असे तुम्हाला वाटते ते लिहा.
उत्तरः
कॅक्टसच्या झाडामध्ये रसदार गर असतो, म्हणून त्यावर प्राण्यांच्या धाडी पडण्याचा धोका असतो. त्यासाठी खबरदारी म्हणून कॅक्टस झाडांच्या अंगावर धारदार बोचरे काटे पसरलेले असतात. वाळवंटी प्रदेशात बहुतेक झाडांना काटे असतात. त्याला खास कारण झाडे जनावरांनी ओरबाडून खाऊन टाकली तरी पाण्याची पंचाईत नसल्याने ती पुन्हा लवकर उगवून येतात. वाळवंटी प्रदेशात हे शक्य नाही. पाण्याच्या दुर्भिक्षामुळे झाड एकदा गेले की गेले. यासाठी या प्रदेशातील झाडांना स्वत:च्या रक्षणासाठी काटे असतात.

प्रश्न 5.
‘पाणी हेच जीवन!’ या विधानासंबंधी तुमचे विचार लिहा.
उत्तरः
पाण्याला समानार्थी शब्द ‘जीवन’ असा आहे. त्यावरून पाण्याचे अमूल्य महत्त्व लक्षात येते. जीवनात पाणी नसेल तर तहानेने व्याकूळ होऊन माणूस मरेल. स्वच्छता राहणार नाही. पशू-पक्षी, झाडे निसर्ग टिकणार नाही. सर्व सृष्टी उजाड होईल. वाळवंट, ओसाड राने तयार होतील. जीवसृष्टी राहणार नाही. जलचर प्राण्यांची सृष्टी नष्ट होईल. सूर्य आग ओकेल. जमिनीला मोठे तडे जातील. पाण्यावाचून हाहा:कार होईल. जीवनच संपुष्टात येईल. म्हणून पाण्याचा योग्य वापर करणे आपल्या सर्वांची जबाबदारी आहे.

प्रश्न 6.
पाठाच्या आधारे कॅक्टसच्या प्रकारांची माहिती थोडक्यात लिहा.
उत्तरः
कॅक्टसच्या सुमारे १००० जाती आहेत. त्यातील अनेकांचे आकार मोठे चित्रविचित्र आहेत. ‘सायाळ’ कॅक्टस – कुंपणाच्या आश्रयाने राहणाऱ्या सायाळासारखा (शत्रुने हल्ला करताच काटे सोडणारा प्राणी) दिसतो.
(ii) ‘अस्वल’ कॅक्टस – हा कॅक्टस अस्वलासारखा दिसतो.
(iii) “पिंप’ कॅक्टस – हा कॅक्टस थेट पिंपासारखा दिसतो.
(iv) ‘सांबरशिंग’ कॅक्टस – ‘सांबरशिंग’ कॅक्टस सांबराच्या शिंगासारखा दिसणाऱ्या कॅक्टसला म्हणतात.
(v) सग्वारो कॅक्टस – सग्वारो कॅक्टस हा हात वर करून उभ्या राहिलेल्या एखादया मोठ्या बाहुल्यासारखा दिसतो. काही कॅक्टसना सुंदर फुले व रसदार फळे येतात. सग्वारो कॅक्टसला शेंड्यावर येणारी फुले पुष्कळशी फुलासारखी गेंदेदार असतात. ही फुले फुलली की थोडा काळ का होईना बिचाऱ्या ओसाड वाळवंटाला सौंदर्याला स्पर्श होतो. याला कॅक्टसचा राजा म्हणतात.

जगणं कॅक्टसचं Summary in Marathi

जगणं कॅक्टसचं पाठपरिचय

‘जगणं कॅक्टसचं’ हा पाठ लेखक ‘वसंत शिरवाडकर’ यांनी लिहिला आहे. या पाठात लेखकाने वाळवंटी प्रदेशात उगवणाऱ्या ‘कॅक्टस’ या वनस्पतीची वैशिष्ट्ये, तिचे उपयोग, कमी पाण्यातही टिकून राहण्याची तिची क्षमता याचे सूक्ष्म वर्णन केले आहे.

जगणं कॅक्टसचं Summary in English

“Jagna Cactus Che’ is written by Vasant Shirwadkar. He has explained the types of cactuses, their utility and adaptation to less amounts of water. He has offered detailed information about the cactus.

जगणं कॅक्टसचं शब्दार्थ

• वाळवंटी प्रदेश – वाळूकामय प्रांत – (a desert region)
• कोरडेपणा – शुष्कपणा – (dryness)
• दुर्भिक्ष – टंचाई, दुष्काळ – (scarcity)
• ठणठणीत – कोरडा व रिकामा – (dry & empty)
• जीवन – आयुष्य – (life)
• जादूगार – जादू करणारा – (a magician)
• जीवसृष्टी – सचेतन सृष्टी – (the living world)
• बहादुरी – पराक्रम – (valour)
• चमत्कार – आश्चर्य – (a wonder, a mircale)
• अवर्षण – दुष्काळ, अनावृष्टी – (drought)
• प्रदीर्घ – लांबलचक, खूप लांब – (very long)
• वैराण – ओसाड, पडीक – (barren, desolate)
• रक्ष – कोरडे, शुष्क – (dry)
• निष्माण – प्राण / जीव नसलेला – (lifeless)
• पालवी – झाडाला फुटलेले नवे अंकुर – (fresh foliage)
• सुप्तावस्था – झोपलेली अवस्था – (sleeping stage)
• रोप – वनस्पती, रोपटे – (a plant)
• मरुभूमी – वाळवंट – (desert)
• नंदनवन – (येथे अर्थ) स्वर्ग (इंद्राचे उपवन) – (the pleasure garden of indra’s paradise)
• तवा – पोळ्या भाजण्याचे लोखंडी पसरट भांडे – (pan)
• करपणे – भाजणे, होरपळणे – (to get scorched)
• भकास – ओसाड, उजाड – (gloomy, desolate)
• हंगाम – ऋतू, मौसम – (season)
• प्रतिकार करणे – विरोध करणे – (to oppose)
• मंद गती – धिम्यागतीने – (slow motion)
• दिवाणखाना – बैठकीची खोली – (living room, hall)
• प्रतिनिधी – (representative)
• राक्षस – दानव – (monster)
• पेर – दोन सांध्यांमधील भाग – (the portion between two joints)
• पन्हाळी – पाणी वाहून नेण्याची नळी – (a pipe)
• बाष्पीभवन – वाफ होणे – (evaporation)
• वयं – दूर करणे – (to avoid)
• गर – गीर, मगज – (pulp)
• बिशाद – हिम्मत, धाडस – (daring)
• बुंधा – बुडखा – (tree trunk)
• निमुळता – क्रमाने अरूंद होत जाणारा, चिंचोळा – (tapering)
• सरळसोट – सरळ, उभा – (upright)
• कुंपण – संरक्षक भिंत – (a fence)
• सायाळ – अंगावर काटे असणारा प्राणी, साळू, साळींदर – (hedgehog)
• सांबर – फाटे फुटलेली शिंगे असणारा हरणासारखा – दिसणारा प्राणी – (horned deer)
• शिंग – शंग – (horm)
• शेंडा – टोक, शिखर – (the top)
• गेंदेदार – गोंड्याच्या फुलांसारखी भरलेली
• मोरावळा – साखरेच्या पाकात आवळ्याचे बारीक तुकडे शिजवून तयार केलेला गोडपदार्थ – (jam)
• जिकिरीचे – त्रासदायक – (trouble some)
• साल – झाडावरचे जाड आवरण – (bark, rind)
• सोलणे – वरचा पापुद्रा (साल) काढून टाकणे – (to peel, to skin)
• तुरट – तुरटीसारखी चव असलेला – (astringent)
• निरुपाय – अगतिक – (helpless)
• खटाटोप – दगदग, आटापिटा – (strenous efforts)
• पंचाईत – अडचण – (problem)
• परजून – परिधान करून – (to wear)
• स्वसंरक्षण – स्वत:चे संरक्षण – (self–defence)
• जबाबदारी – उत्तरदायित्व – (responsibility)

जगणं कॅक्टसचं वाक्प्रचार

• भूगा होणे – चूरा होणे
• प्रतिकार करणे – विरोध करणे – (to oppose)
• धाडी पडणे – अकस्मात हल्ला करणे – (to attack)
• शोषून घेणे – ओढून घेणे – (to absorb)
• मात करणे – विजय मिळवणे – (to overcome)
• अभाव असणे – कमतरता असणे, उणीव असणे – (lack of)
• व्याकूळ होणे – बेचैन होणे – (to feel uneasy)

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 History Solutions Chapter 5 Mass Media and History Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 History Solutions Chapter 5 Mass Media and History

Mass Media And History Class 10 Question 1.
(A) Choose the correct option from the given options and complete the statement.

(1) The first English newspaper in India was started by ………………………….. .
(a) James Augustus Hickey
(b) John Marshall
(c) Allen Hume
Answer:
(a) James Augustus Hickey

(2) Television is an ………………………….. medium.
(a) visual
(b) audio
(c) audio-visual
Answer:
(c) audio-visual

(B) Identify and write the wrong pair in the following set.
(1) ‘Prabhakar’ – Acharya P.K. Atre
(2) ‘Darpan’ – Balshastri Jambhekar
(3) ‘Deenbandhu’ – Krishnarao Bhalekar
(4) ‘Kesari’ – Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Answer:
(1) Wrong Pair: ‘Prabhakar’ – Acharya P.K. Atre

Mass Media And History Class 10 Question 2.
Write short notes :
(1) The role of newspaper in the Indian struggle for independence
Answer:
Newspapers played an important role in the Indian independence struggle. It is as follows

• Newspapers served as an important medium to create awareness during those times.
• They described greatness of Indian culture and history to gather support of masses for the freedom movement.
• They supported social, political and religious movements and opposed imperialism.
• They discussed various social and political issues.
• The ideas of social reformers and various organisations active in independence struggle reached people through newspapers.

(2) Why do we need mass media?
Answer:
Mass media includes print and electronic and various new media.

• It facilitated free flow of information to all strata of the society and brought the world closer.
• Editorials, various columns and supplements are essential parts of newspapers.
• Readers also get a platform to voice their opinions. In fact, newspapers can help to make democracy stronger.
• Akashrani broadcasted various programmes of the government as well entertainment.
• Awareness creating programmes. It fulfill the need of the government to connect with people.
• Television is an Audio-Visual medium which has made it possible to cross the inherent limitations of newspapers.
• Radio to show the actual visuals of an event to people.
• Mass Media is very important as it plays an important role to strengthen democracy.

(3) Mass Media and professional opportunities.
Answer:
There are many professional opportunities available in printed, electronic and digital media.

• Writers, columnists, editors are required to write articles, columns and editorials in news-papers.
• Newspapers also require reporters to gather news and technicians to work in the press.
• There is requirement of actors and technicians in electronic media.
• Artists are required to present programmes on television, in the same way news presenters, anchors are required.
• If the articles, columns and programmes are based on history, an expert in history is required.

Mass Media And History Class 10 Question Answer Question 3.
Explain the following statements with reasons.
(1) Any information received through mass media needs to be reviewed critically.
Answer:

• Information provided in the media may not represent the exact truth. We need to scan it carefully.
• We have to understand idealistic and investigative motives of newspapers, government policies and prevailing social conditions behiid the newspiece.
• The information received through Mass Media might be prejudiced or give a one-sided idea.
• ‘Stern’, a German weekly magazine, purchased and published a number of so called handwritten diaries of Hitler.
• It then sold them to a number of publication companies.
• However, later it was proved that those diaries were forged. Hence it is essential to verily the information received through Mass Media.

(2) Knowledge of history is essential for newspaper articles.
Answer:

1. In order to unfold the background of an event in the news, we have to resort to history.
2. Some columns are based on historical events. These columns provide historical information about economical, social and political events in the past.
3. Newspapers publish supplements in addition to the regular edition or special issues to mark the completion of 50 or 100 years of an event. On such occasions, one has to review history of that particular event.
4. Even while writing columns like what happened in history on this day it is necessary to know past event. Hence, the knowledge of history is essential for writings of such type.

(3) Television is the most popular medium.
Answer:

• Television being an audio-visual medium brings us into contact with events in an exciting and clarifying way.
• It crossed the inherent limitations of newspapers and radio to show actual visuals.
• It becomes possible for people to watch all the national and international events sitting at home.
• Social problems, discussion on education and economics and political events are viewed by people.
• In 1991, Indian government granted permission to private, national and international channels to telecast in India.
• Television became a treasure house of entertainment.

Therefore, the television is the most popular medium.

Class 10 History Chapter 5 Questions And Answers Ssc Board Question 4.
Read the following extract and answer the questions.
Radio: ‘Indian Broadcasting Company’ (IBC), a private radio company was the first one to broadcast daily programmes. Later the same company was taken over by the British Government and named as, ‘Indian State Broadcasting Service (ISBS). On 8th June 1936 it was renamed, as ‘All India Radio (AIR)’.

After Independence, AIR became an integral part of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India). Initially, it broadcasted Governmental programmes and schemes. It was named as ‘Akashvani’ on the suggestion of the famous poet Pandit Narendra Sharma. Akashvani broadcasts various entertainment, awareness creating and literary programmes. It also broadcasts special programmes for farmers, workers, the youth and women. The ‘Vividh Bharati’ programmes are broadcasted in 24 regional languages as well as 146 dialects of Indian languages. Lately, various new channels like ‘Radio Mirchi’ are providing radio services.

(1) Akashavani (AIR) is an integral part of which ministry?
Answer:

1. Indian Broadcasting Company, a private radio company was taken over by the British Government in 1927 and named ‘Indian State Broadcasting Service (ISBS)’. On 8th June 1936, it was renamed as ‘All India Radio (AIR)’.
2. AIR became integral part of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting after independence. It was renamed Akashvani on the suggestion of Pandit Narendra Sharma.
3. Initially it used to broadcast Government’s programmes and schemes. Later it started broadcasting various entertainment, awareness creating and literary programmes.
4. Akashvani started ‘Vividh Bharati1 programmes. It broadcasts special programmes for farmers, workers, the youth and women.
5. Vividh Bharati Programmes are broadcast in 24 regional languages and 146 dialects.

(2) What was the new name of IBC?
Answer:
Indian Broadcasting Company (IBC) was taken over by the British Government. It was named as the Indian State Broadcasting Services. (ISBS). On 8th June 1936, it was renamed as ‘All India Radio’ (AIR).

(3) In how many regional languages and local dialects are ‘Vividh Bharati’ programmes broadcasted?
Answer:
People get access to news through social media like Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, YouTube and from web news portals, web channels. This information is available in English and many other languages.

(4) How AIR was named ‘Akashavani’?
Answer:
AIR was named as Akashvani on the suggestion of the famous poet Pandit Narendra Sharma.

Question 5.
Complete the following concept chart.

	Newspapers	Radio	Television
Beginning/Background
Nature of information/programmes
Functions

Answer:

	Newspapers	Radio	Television
Background/Beginning	James Augustus Hickey started Calcutta General Advertiser or Bengal Gazette on 29th January, 1780. It was the first newspaper in English.	A private radio station was started known as Indian Broadcasting Company.	First Doordarshan centre was started in Delhi.
Information Programmes	News, articles, columns, opinions of the people, editorials, advertisements etc. are published.	Along with entertainment programmes, have literary, informative programmes on farmers, women and educative values.	Events around the world, movies, music, information about environmental and historical places, sports are shown either live or recorded.
Functions	(1) Report daily news (2) Public awareness and mass education. (3) Provide information and strengthen democracy. (4) Oppose injustice and give publicity to developmental work.	(1) Provide news from different sectors. (2) Entertain through music, dramas, songs, etc. (3) Present social problems and educate the masses about it. (4) Conduct discussions on various issues ranging from the environment to culture.	(1) Telecast daily events and entertain. (2) Educate the masses. (3) Publicise programmes which are for social benefit. (4) Bring about social awakening opposing evil traditions and practices.

Project
Write a review of a historical serial that you have watched.

Memory Map

Question 6.
Complete the sentences by choosing a correct option:
(a) ………………….. is the first newspaper in Marathi.
(a) Deenbandhu
(b) Prabhakar
(c) Darpan
(d) Kesari
Answer:
(c) Darpan

(b) 6th January is celebrated as ………………….. day in Maharashtra.
(a) Periodical Day
(b) Newspaper Day
(c) Printing Day
(d) Journalist Day
Answer:
(d) Journalist Day

(c) The letters ‘Shatpatre1 published in Prabhakar were written by ………………….. .
(a) Lokmanya Tilak
(b) Lokhitvadi
(c) Mahatma Gandhi
(d) Justice Ranade
Answer:
(b) Lokhitvadi.

(d) The honour of printing illustrations for the first time in an Indian newspaper goes to ………………….. .
(a) Dnyanoday
(b) Darpan
(c) Prabhakar
(d) Kesari
Answer:
(a) Dnyanoday

(e) Deenbandhu was started by ………………….. who was a close associate of Mahatma Phule.
(a) Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar
(b) Lokmanya Tilak %
(c) Narayan Meghaji Lokhande
(d) Krishnarao Bhalekar
Answer:
(d) Krishnarao Bhalekar

(f) ………………….. newspaper was started by Agarkar and Lokmanya Tilak.
(a) Deenbandhu and Induprakash
(b) Darpan and Prabhakar
(c) Dnyanoday and .Digdarshan
(d) Kesari and Maratha
Answer:
(d) Kesari and Maratha

(g) Balshastri Jambhekar started ………………….. the first monthly magazine in Marathi.
(a) Digdarshan
(b) Prabhakar
(c) Darpan
(d) Dnyanoday
Answer:
(a) Digdarshan

(h) ………………….. was acknowledged as the fourth pillar of democracy.
(a) Representatives
(b) Periodicals
(c) Newspaper
(d) Books
Answer:
(c) Newspaper.

(i) The first English news bulletin was broadcast on 23rd July, 1927 from the …………………… radio station.
(a) Kolkata
(b) Madras
(c) Mumbai
(d) Dblhi
Answer:
(c) Mumbai

(j) Dr. Rajendra Prasad, the first President of India inaugurated the …………………… Doordarshan centre.
(a) Mumbai
(b) Bangalore
(c) Lucknow
(d) Delhi
Answer:
(d) Delhi

(k) Newspapers published special supplements or a special issue to commemorate occasions like completion of seventy-five years of …………………… in 2017.
(a) Khilafat Movement
(b) Non Co-operation Movement
(c) Civil Disobedience Movement
(d) Quit India Movement
Answer:
(d) Quit India Movement

(l) ……………………, a German weekly magazine, had purchased a number of so called handwritten diaries that were later proved forged.
(a) Time Magazine
(b) Statesman
(c) Stern
(d) Reuters
Answer:
(c) Stern

(m) Akashvani has preserved recordings of all speeches delivered by the …………………… on 15th August.
(a) President
(b) Wee President
(c) Prime Minister
(d) Army General
Answer:
(c) Prime Minister

(n) Akashwani comes under the Ministry of …………………… of the Indian Government.
(a) Social welfare
(b) Human Resource and Development
(c) Information and Broadcasting
(d) Education Technology
Answer:
(c) Information and Broadcasting.

Question 7.
Identify the wrong pair in the following and write it:

Newspaper	Editor
(1)  Prabhakar (2)  Darpan (3)  Deenbandhu (4)  Kesari	(a)   Acharya R K. Atre (b)   Balshastri Jambhekar (c)  Krishnarao Bhalekar (d)   Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Answer:
Wrong pair: Prabhakar – Acharya R K. Atre

(2)

Newspaper	Issues
(1)  Prabhakar (2)  Induprakash (3)  Deenbandhu (4)  Kesari	(a)   History of French revolution (b)  Advocated widow re­marriage (c)  Information on Telegraph (d)   Voiced social and political problems.

Answer:
Wrong pair Deenbandhu – Information on Telegraph

(3)

Newspaper/Magazine/Book	Editor
(1) Pragati	(a) Tryambak Shankar Shejwalkar
(2) Digdarshan	(b) Narendra Sharma
(3) Deenbandhu	(c) Krishnarao Bhalekar
(4) Discovery of India	(d) Pandit Nehru

Answer:
Wrong pair: Digdarshan – Narendra Sharma

Question 8.
Do as directed:
(a) Complete the graphical description

Answer:

(2)

Answer:

(b) Show the progress of Indian television Time-line:

Answer:

Question 9.
Explain the following concepts:

(a) Electronic or Digital Journalism or Web Journalism.
Answer:

1. In the modem times, the computer and internet have become indispensable parts of printing and publishing process. Computer technology has led to the widespread practice of digital journalism.
2. Websites run by newspapers are basically extensions of newspapers themselves. Modern periodicals are part of electronic or digital journalism.
3. People get access to news through social media like Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, YouTube and from web news portals, web channels. This information is available in English and many other languages.
4. Journalists working in this area today have to have many more skills than in the past when writing was the only requirement. Information available on these mediums should be reviewed critically and used with utmost care.

(b) E-newspapers
Answer:

1. In recent times, e-newspapers have got prominent place in mass media.
2. E-newspaper is not exactly like the printed one. In e-newspapers, news comes in sequence and not based on the nature and the importance of the news, like in printed newspaper e.g.. Front page news. Headline or Last page news.
3. The news which we want to read has to be clicked and then it appears on the screen in detail.
4. There is space provided for opinion of readers. In 1992, the first edition of the e-newspaper was published by ‘Chicago Tribune1.
5. At present, almost all newspapers are available as e-newspapers and people can read them anytime, anywhere using the Internet or computer, tab, laptop or mobile.
6. In recent times many newspapers have introduced e-newspapers. The e-newspapers are being received well by the readers.
7. Learn to read e-newspapers with the help of your teachers.

Question 10.
Write short notes:
(a) Bengal Gazette:
Answer:

• Bengal Gazette is the first newspaper which was started in India.
• It was started by James Augustus Hickey, an Irish national.
• It was first published on 29th January, .1780. It was also called “Calcutta General Advertiser’.
• Bengal Gazette laid the foundation of newspaper in India.

(b) News printed in ‘Darpan’:
Answer:
The ‘Darpan newspaper started by Balshastri Jambhekar printed all types of news like political, economic, social and cultural. Some of them are mentioned below:

• The Accounts of Expenditure from the Three Administrative Divisions of the East India Company.
• The Danger of Russian Attack on the Nation.
• Appointment of a Committee for Cleanliness of the City.
• Remarriage of Hindu Widows.
• The Inception of Theatre at Calcutta.
• Achievements of Raja Ram Mohan Roy in England. All these reports published in the paper throw light on various situations/events of those days.

(c) Television:
Answer:

• The first President of India, Dr. Rajendra Prasad inaugurated Delhi Doordarshan Centre.
• Mumbai Doordarshan started to telecast its programmes on 2nd October, 1972.
• Colour television started on 15th August, 1982. The Indian government granted permission to private, national and international channels in 1991 to telecast in India.

Question 11.
Explain the following sentences with reason:
(a) Newspaper is an important medium of education and information.
Answer:

• Newspapers report events which are interesting to the public. But the importance of newspaper stretches far beyond a passing humari interest in events.
• It covers a miscellany of topical issues. News would involve matters of higher importance like war, global warming, education, national elections or trivial issues such as scandals, gossips and debates on minor controversies.
• Newspapers have contributed significantly to the spread of literacy and the concept of human rights and democratic freedoms.
• They are integral to the development of democracy. In fact, they can help in making the democracy stronger.
• Newspapers not only report the events but continue to shape opinions in the global village.

(b) 6th January is observed as ‘Patrakar Din’ or ‘Journalist Day’ in Maharashtra.
Answer:

• Balshastri Jambhekar started the first newspaper in Marathi on 6th January, 1832 in Mumbai.
• He is referred to as the ‘First Editor’ as he was the first editor.
• He laid the foundation of Marathi newspaper by starting Darpan. As 6th January is his birth date, it is observed as ‘Patrkar Din’ or ‘Journalists’ Day’ in Maharashtra.

(c) Television and history are closely related.
Answer:

1. Television plays a major role in developing interest in history. While producing shows and serials based on history and mythology, it is essential to have an accurate knowledge of history and know the minute details.
2. ‘Bharat Ek Khoj’, Raja Shivchhatrapati, Ramayana, Mahabharata are among the few popular serials based on history and mythology. While producing these serials.
3. It was essential to know the prevalent social conditions, outfits, lifestyle, weaponry, lingual expressions of the people. Historians who had knowledge on these subjects are required.
4. While making programmes, based on sportsmen, literature, war, historical events, forts and animal life, it is important to give history of their development in that particular period.
5. While conducting discussions on television on topics like social problems, education, economics, health, it is important to give references from the past.

This shows that the knowledge of history is required in the making many of programmes on Television. Hence Television and history are closely related.

Question 12.
Answer the following question in 25-30 words:
(a) Explain the objectives of newspapers.
Answer:
The main objectives of newspapers are as follows:

• Newspapers provide various local, national and international news to the people and inform them about daily events.
• They narrate political, economic, cultural and social history of the country.
• Newspapers fulfill their role as the fourth column of democracy by creating public awareness and becoming a medium of mass education.
• They even condemn the anti-social elements in the society and support the weaker section.

(b) How is history helpful in the planning of the Akashvani programmes ?
Answer:
Akashvani broadcasts all types of programmes from celebration of independence day to entertainment programmes. In planning these programmes, the knowledge of history is essential.

1. Akashvani invites historians as experts for discussions while presenting programmes on various occasions such as the anniversaries of births and deaths of national leaders, anniversaries of historical events; speeches of all Prime Ministers/Presidents.
2. Programmes like ‘On This Day in History’ is a daily programme which highlights importance of that day and date in history.
3. Information has to be verified by historians before it reaches the people. Lectures on the contributions of various national leaders need to be supported by historical information. In the following ways history is helpful in the planning of Akashvani programmes.

(c) How were the message conveyed to the people in olden days?
Answer:
The following were a few means used to convey messages to the people in olden days:

• A town crier would run on the streets beating drums and crying out important news according to the orders of the king.
• So, the news would spread among people by word of mouth.
• Inscriptions with royal decrees were placed at public places.

Question 13.
Read the following passages and answer the questions:”
(a) Which programmes are broadcasted by Akashvani?
Answer:

• Initially, Akashvani broadcasted government programmes and schemes.
• Later it broadcasted various entertainment and literary programmes.
• Akashvani presents various programmes for creating awareness.
• Special programmes are also broadcasted for farmers, workers, youth and women.

(a) On which book is the serial ‘Bharat Ek Khoj’ based on?
Answer:
The Serial Bharat Ek Khoj is based on ‘Discovery of India’, a book written by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.

(b) Who directed the serial ‘Bharat Ek Khoj’?
Answer:
The serial was directed by Shyam Benegal.

(c) Which factors/aspects of Indian history are depicted in ‘Bharat Ek Khoj’? OR Why was ‘Bharat Ek Khoj’ a serial telecasted by Doordarshan admired in all parts of India?
Answer:
The television serial ‘Bharat Ek Khoj’ presented social, political and economic life from ancient to the modem period in India.

1. It portrayed various aspects of Indian history like Harappan civilisation, Vedic history and the interpretation of epics like Mahabharata and Ramayana.
2. It used the technique of dramatisation effectively to recreate the Mauryan period and show the impact of Turk-Afghan invasions.
3. The Mughal period and their contributions which have long-lasting effect on social and cultural fabric of India is shown. The rise of Bhakti movement, role of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj in getting swarajya is portrayed.
4. The last episodes (finale) of the serial narrate social movements and India’s freedom struggle in modem period.

Thus, the serial effectively portrayed the journey of India from Harappan civilisation to the modern period and therefore was admired in all parts of India.

Question 14.
Answer the following questions in detail:
(a) What were the different means of communication known around the world before the advent of newspaper?
Answer:
The following means of communication were used to convey news before the advent of newspaper:

1. Inscriptions with royal decrees placed at public places was a custom in Egypt. Emperor Ashoka followed the sam method to reach out to his subjects.
2. In the Roman Empire, roytil decrees were written on papers and those were distribute’d in all regions. It also contained information of various events taking place in the nation and its capital.
3. During, the reign of’ Julius Caesar ‘Acta Diurna’, meaning acts of everyday used to be placed at public places in Rome.
4. In the 7th century C.E., in China, royal dictates were distributed among people at public places.
5. In England handouts were distributed occasionally among people at public places giving information about war or any important events.
6. Travellers arriving from different faraway places would add spice to stories from those places and narrate the same to local people. The ambassadors of a king posted at various places would send back important news to the royal court.

(b) Write information on Periodicals based on its types.
Answer:
Magazines and journals which are published at regular intervals are known as Periodicals.
Types:

• They are categorised as weekly, biweekly, monthly, bimonthly, quarterly, six monthly and annual.
• There are some chronicles which are published at no fixed time.

Classification: Periodicals can be classified as popular and scholarly.

• If a periodical aims at specialists and researchers, it is a ‘journal1. Articles are generally written by experts in the subject.
• Popular periodicals are magazines published with variety of content. They can be on fashion, sports, entertainment and films.
• Bharatiya Itihas ani Sanskruti and Marathwada Itihas Parishad Patrika are periodicals of present times. Periodicals are an important source to study history.

(c) Write about the important role of newspaper in the freedom struggle.
Answer:

1. The press was the chief instrument for carrying out the political tasks and propagation of nationalist ideology.
2. Both English and Vernacular press started by prominent “leaders like Gopal Ganesh Agarkar and Lokmanya Tilak acted as catalyst to the freedom struggle. They started ‘Kesari’ and ‘Maratha’ in 1881.
3. Newspapers played a great role in building up an increasingly strong national sentiment and consciousness among people. It was an instrument to arouse, train, mobilise and consolidate nationalist public opinion.
4. The newspapers were an effective tool in the hands of social reformers. They exposed social evils such as child marriage, ban on remarriage of the widows, inhuman institution as untouchability, caste fetters, etc. It became a weapon in their hands to educate masses.
5. A comparative study was presented in newspaper on western education, knowledge and national education.
6. Newspapers also discussed political institutions in India and the west. The main aim of these newspapers was not to gain profit but to serve the people.

(d) Give a short account of the development of Indian television.
Answer:

1. Television service started in India in 1959. Dr. Rajendra Prasad, the first Indian President, inaugurated the Delhi Doordarshan centre.
2. Mumbai centre began to telecast its programmes on 2nd October 1972. Colour television was introduced in India on 15th August 1982.
3. The national telecast began in 1983. Doordarshan started Channels like DD Sports, DD Metro, news, etc. along with 10 regional channels.
4. In the year 1991, the Indian government gave permission to private, national and international channels to telecast in India.
5. Presently there are more than 800 national and regional channels. Some of them are exclusive news, sports, music, movies and religious channels which telecast programmes 24 hours a day.

(e) Distinguish between Newspapers and Magazines.
Answer:
Newspapers and magazines differ in their format, objectives and duration of getting published. The differences are noted below:

Newspapers	Magazines
1. Newspapers document the current events.	1. Magazines give no importance to current news.
2. News, articles, columns, editorials have importance in a newspaper.	2. Magazines give preferences to particular subject and publish articles on it.
3. Newspapers are also called ‘Dailies’ as they are published every day.	3. Duration of publication of magazine varies. Some are published weekly, fortnightly, monthly and annually.
4.. The main purpose of newspaper is to report local, national and international news.	4. Instead of providing news, their content is entertaining and knowledge-based.
5. Newspapers make the people aware of the events happening in the society. They do not stick to any one subject.	5. Magazines are about a specific topic. On the basis of their appearance, size, readability, content and audience, magazines differ from newspapers.
6. Newspapers mostly write about current news. Whatever happens in the world appears in the newspaper within a span of 24 hours. It shapes public opinion and keep people updated about the activities of the government.	6, As magazines have lot of detailed information on specific topics they are considered as historical source.

Brain Teaser

Across:

• Referred to as the ‘First Editor’.
• A newspaper representing masses of the Indian society (Bahujan Samaj).
• Tryambak Shankar Shejwalkar edited this journal.
• Letters by Lokhitvadi.

Down:

• The history of French Revolution was published in this newspaper.
• Newspaper started by James Augustus Hickey.
• First monthly magzine in Marathi.
• Pandit Narendra Sharma suggested this name for AIR.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 English Solutions Unit 4.1 A Thing of Beauty is a Joy For Ever Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 English Kumarbharati Textbook Solutions Unit 4.1 A Thing of Beauty is a Joy For Ever

Maharashtra Board Class 10 English Solutions Unit 4.1 Warming Up Questions and Answers

A Thing Of Beauty Is A Joy Forever Question 1.
(A) Fill in the Acrostic with names of things related to Nature.
B …………………..
E …………………..
A …………………..
U …………………..
T …………………..
Y …………………..
Answer:
Birds
Earth
Animals
Uranus
Trees
Yam

(B) Make a list of 10 words related to the word ‘joy’, for example, happiness.
1. …………………..
2. …………………..
3. …………………..
4. …………………..
5. …………………..
6. …………………..
7. …………………..
8. …………………..
9. …………………..
10. ………………….
Answer:
happiness,
pleasure,
ecstasy,
delight,
rapture,
jubilation,
elation,
exultation,
glee,
euphoria.

A Thing Of Beauty Important Questions Question 2.
Recollect a picnic or a trip to a spot of natural beauty (a hill station/ a beach/forest area etc.) when you were younger.
Write four beautiful unforgettable scenes that left a deep impact on you.
(1) …………………………………………………………
(2) …………………………………………………………
(3) …………………………………………………………
(4) …………………………………………………………
Answer:
(1) The setting sun disappearing behind the hills.
(2) The river shining deep down in the valley.
(3) The early morning mist.
(4) The rain water trickling down from the leaves.

A Thing Of Beauty Is A Joy Forever Poem Question 3.
‘Meter’ in poetry is a pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in lines of a poem. It gives rhythm to the poem.

Read the poem below aloud and with any colored pen/ pencil put stress-marks ( ‘ ) on those syllables that are stressed in the words of the poetic lines.

THE steadfast coursing of the stars,
The waves that ripple to the shore,
The vigorous trees which year by year
Spread upwards more and more ;
The jewel forming in the mine,
The snow that falls so soft and light,
The rising and the setting sun,
The growing glooms of night,
All natural things both live and move
In natural peace that is their own ;
Only in our disordered life
Almost is she unknown.

A Thing Of Beauty Extract Questions Question 4.
Consonance and Assonance
Consonance : Repetition of consonant sounds within a word, phrase or a short sentence.
For example : pitter-patter/ chuckle-fickle/ sick-duck/ Betty bought some bitter butter
Answer:
Consonance: (Repetition of consonant sounds within a word, phrase or a short sentences)
(1) The steadfast coursing of the stars
(2) The waves that ripple to the shore
(3) The snow that falls so soft and light
(4) The rising and the setting sun
(5) All natural things both live and move.

Assonance : Repetition of vowel sounds within a word/ phrase/ sentence.
For example : Jack had a bag.
Men sell metal- kettle.
Let the engineer steer without fear.
Answer:
Assonance: (Repetition of vowel sounds within a word/phrase/sentence.)
(1) The vigorous trees which year by year
(2) Spread upwards more and more
(3) Theewel forming in the mine
(4) Only in our disordered life.

Thing of Beauty is a Joy For Ever Class 10 English Workshop Questions and Answers Maharashtra Board

A Thing Of Beauty Question Answer Question 1.
Read the poem and fill in the table.

Sr. No.	Expressions of Beauty (joy)	Expressions of sorrow
1
2
3
4
5
6

Answer:

Expressions of Beauty (Joy)	Expressions of Sorrow
1. A bower quiet for us	1. Spite of despondence
2. Are we wreathing a flowery band	2. Of the inhuman dearth of noble natures
3. Sproutingashadyboon	3. Of the gloomy days
4. Daffodils with the green world they live in	4. Of all the unhealthy and o’er-darkened ways
5. Clear rills that for themselves a cooling covert make	5. Our dark spirits
6. Mid forest brake, rich with a sprinkling ‘ of fair musk-rose blooms	–

A Thing Of Beauty Is Joy Forever Question 2.
Answer in your own words.
(a) What is the impact of a beautiful thing on us?
(b) What does a thing of beauty keep in store, for us?
(c) Who are the mighty dead? Why are they attributed with ‘grandeur’?
(d) How does the memory of a beautiful visual scene become a joy forever?
Answer:
(a) A beautiful thing gives us happiness, relaxation and peace. It inspires us and makes us love life despite troubles and sufferings.
(b) A thing of beauty provides shelter and comfort in many ways. It is like a shady place under a tree where we can rest. It helps all living creatures to sleep peacefully, have good dreams and also good health.
(c) The memory of a beautiful visual scene leaves a lasting impression on us. It is a permanent source of joy and inspiration to five our lives despite the trials and tribulations. The pleasure and happiness given by it never fades away but keeps on increasing.
(d) The mighty dead are the brave men who have sacrificed their lives for a purpose. They Eire an inspiration to all of us because of their innumerable sacrifices. They are attributed with grandeur because of their noble deeds.

A Thing Of Beauty Is A Joy Forever Question And Answer Question 3.
Pick out and rewrite 5 lines that contain Imagery.
For example :
(a) we are wreathing a flowery band…
(b) …………………………………………
(c) …………………………………………
(d) …………………………………………
(e) …………………………………………
Answer:
(a) we are wreathing a flowery band
(b) trees old and young, sprouting a shady boon
(c) and such are daffodils with the green world they live in
(d) and clear rills that for themselves a cooling covert make
(e) the mid forest brake, rich with a sprinkling of fair musk-rose blooms

Thing Of Beauty Question Answers Question 4.
Choose the correct Figure of speech that occurs in the following lines. Justify your choice.
(a) ………………….. but still we keep a bower quiet for us
(i) Simile
(ii) Irony
(iii) Metaphor
Answer:
(iii) Metaphor

(b) Some shape of beauty moves away the pall …………………..
(i) Personification
(ii) Alliteration
(iii) Hyperbole
Answer:
(ii) Alliteration

(c) A thing of beauty is a joy for ever …………………..
(i) Epigram
(ii) Antithesis
(iii) Climax
Answer:
(i) Epigram

(d) Trees old and young, sprouting a shady boon.
(i) Exclamation
(ii) Personification
(iii) Antithesis
Answer:
(iii) Antithesis

The Thing Of Beauty Is A Joy Forever Question 5.
From the poem pick out words that we do not use often in modern times. They should match the meanings given below.
(a) gift …………………..
(b) the next day …………………..
(c) a protective spot ………………….. (for animals)
(d) a cool shady spot ………………….. under tall trees.
(e) ferns …………………..
(f) edge …………………..
(g) depression …………………..
(h) cover for the dead …………………..
(i) streams …………………..
(j) poetry …………………..
Answer:
(a) gift – boon
(b) the next day – morrow
(c) a protective spot for animals – covert
(d) a cool shady spot bower under tall trees
(e) ferns – brake
(f) edge – brink
(g) depression – despondence
(h) cover for the dead – pall
(i) streams-rills
(j) poetry – poesy

A Thing Of Beauty Is A Joy For Ever Question 6.
Copy the first 8 lines and mark the stressed syllables using a coloured pen.

A Thing Of Beauty Is A Joy Question 7.
Read the poem and write-
(a) The rhyme scheme of the following lines.
Lines 1 to 8 …………………..
Last stanza …………………..
Answer:
Rhyme scheme of lines 1 – 8: aabb, ccdd
Rhyme scheme of the last stanza: aabbc.

(b) (i) The number of stressed syllables (Rhythm) in the line.
A thing of beauty is a joy forever. ………………….
Answer:
A thing of beauty is a joy forever. The title of the poem

(ii) Does the poem retain a steady rhythm throughout?
Answer:
Yes.

(c) Give four examples of each. Pick the lines from the poem.
(i) Consonance:
(1) ………………….
(2) ………………….
(3) ………………….
(4) ………………….
Answer:
(1) A flowery band to bind us to the earth
(2) For simple sheep; and such are the daffodils
(3) With the green world they live in; and clear rills.
(4) All lovely tales that we have heard or read

(ii) Assonance :
(1) ………………….
(2) ………………….
(3) ………………….
(4) ………………….
Answer:
(1) A thing of beauty is joy forever
(2) Pass into nothingness, but still will keep
(3) And such too is the grandeur of the dooms
(4) That whether there be shine or gloom o’ercast

I Think Of Beauty Is A Joy Forever Question 8.
Go through the poem again and write in your notebook an appreciation of the poem in the paragraph format. (Refer to page no. 5 )
Answer:
Point Format
(for understandig)
The title of the poem : ‘A Thing of Beauty Is a Joy Forever’
The poet : John Keats
Rhyme schenie: aabb; rhyming couplets
Figures of speech : EpIgram, Metaphor, Antithesis, etc.
Theme/Central idea: Beautiful things give unending pleasure and can change our lives.

Paragraph Format
The poem ‘A Thing of Beauty is aoy Forever’ byohn Keats is taken from a longer poem ‘Endymion’ based on Greek Mythology.

The rhyme scheme of the poem is aabb; that is, the poem is written in rhyming couplets. There Eire many figures of speech, like Metaphor, Antithesis, etc. but the one that stands out is Epigram. The line A thing of beauty is aoy forever’, is a pithy saying expressing the idea of beauty in a clever way.

The important thing that the poet tells us is that beautiful things last forever and give us immense i happiness. They give unending pleasure and can change our lives.

Question 9.
Project :
Collect from various sources proverbs or maxims related to the ‘beauty of nature.’ Make a chart/ poster with the same. Decorate it with images, drawings, pictures, and put it up by turns in your class.

Question 10.
List the things of beauty mentioned in the extract.
Answer:
The things of beauty include a quiet bower, the heavenly bodies like the sun and the moon, the old and young trees that provide cool shelter to sheep, daffodils with greenery around them, clear streams that make cool thickets for themselves and ferns with musk-roses scattered in between.

Question 11.
List the things that cause suffering and pain.
Answer:
The things that cause suffering and pain are despondence and despair, shortage of noble people, hot season, gloomy days and the unhealthy and darkened ways of life (trials and difficulties of life).

Question 12.
Choose the correct figures of speech that occur in the following lines.ustify your choice.
(1) ….but still we keep a bower quiet for us….
(a) Simile (b) Irony (c) Metaphor
Answer:
Metaphor – bower stands for rest and peace

Question 13.
Some shape of beauty moves away the pall
(a) Personification (b) Alliteration (c) Hyperbole
Answer:
Alliteration – Repetition of the sound of the letter ‘s’.
Personification – beauty is given the human quality of moving away the pall. *

Question 14.
A thing of beauty is aoy forever….
(a) Epigram (b) Antithesis (c) Climax
Answer:
Epigram – the sentence is a short, pithy statement.

Question 15.
Trees old and young, sprouting a shady boon.
(a) Exclamation (b) Personification (c) Antithesis
Answer:
Antithesis – the use of opposite words, old and young, in the same line.

Question 16.
The number of stressed syllables in the line: A thing of beauty is joy forever;
Answer:
5

Question 17.
List the things of beauty mentioned in the extract.
Answer:
The things of beauty mentioned in the extract are: lovely tales of valour, endless fountains, immortal drink, trees that whisper, passionate poetry and cheering light.

Question 18.
Fill in the web with what passion poesy can do to you:
Answer:

Question 19.
List the things which express sorrow from the extract:
Answer:
(i) dooms
(ii) glooms o’ercast/clouds of gloom
(iii) die (iv) dead.

Question 20.
Pick out and write the lines that contain imagery.
Answer:
(i) grandeur of the dooms ;
(ii) An endless fountain of immortal drink ;
(iii) Pouring onto us from the heaven’s brink
(iv) trees that whisper around a temple

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 English Solutions Unit 1.1 Where the Mind is Without Fear Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 English Kumarbharati Textbook Solutions Unit 1.1 Where the Mind is Without Fear

Maharashtra Board Class 10 English Solutions Unit 1.1 Warming Up Questions and Answers

Where The Mind Is Without Fear Question Answer Class 10 Question 1.
Pair up with your partner and match the terms with their given meanings: (The answers are given directly)

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(1) Humanism	(a) Concern about and action aimed at protecting the environment.
(2) Patriotism	(b) Holding liberal views.
(3) Internationalism	(c) Quality of being patriotic vigorous support for one’s country.
(4) Liberalism	(d) State or process of being international.
(5) Environmentalism	(e) A rationalistic outlook towards humans rather than a divine or supernatural one.

Answer:

(1) Humanism	(e) A rationalistic outlook towards humans rather than a divine or supernatural one.
(2) Patriotism	(c) Quality of being patriotic vigorous support for one’s country.
(3) Internationalism	(d) State or process of being international.
(4) Liberalism	(b) Holding liberal views.
(5) Environmentalism	(a) Concern about and action aimed at protecting the environment.

Where The Mind Is Without Fear Questions And Answers Question 2.
Taking the help of a dictionary/the internet, guess and write the type of poem against its description:
Sonnet, Epic, Limerick, Lyric, Ballad, Humorous, Elegy, Idyll, Free verse
Answer:
A long story-poem, often mythical – epic
A short story poem with a message – ballad
A poem of 14 lInes – sonnet
A song-like poem – lyric
A poem with no uniformity of rhyme. rhythm, &c. – free verse
A poem set in a picturesque. rustic background – idyll
A sad poem lamenting the death ofa loved one – elegy
A 5-line short funny poem with rhyme scheme aabba – limerIck
A poem written, just to create htniour – humorous

Where The Mind Is Without Fear Class 10 English Workshop Questions and Answers Maharashtra Board

Where The Mind Is Without Fear Question Answer Question 1.
In your notebook write down lines from the poem as a proof for the following.

(a) Tagore wishes for a nation where people are truthful.
Answer:
Line: Where words come out from the depth of truth.

(b) The poet would like everyone to work hard to reach their goal and in the long run to reach perfection.
Answer:
Line: Where tireless striving stretches its arms towards perfection.

(c) The poet wishes that everyone in his country holds his head high in dignity.
Answer:
Line: Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high.

(d) The poet dreams of a nation where knowledge should be free to all.
Answer:
Line: Where knowledge is free.

(e) The poem is a ‘prayer’.
Answer:
Lines:
(i) Where the mind is led forward by Thee.
(ii) Into that heaven of freedom, my Father, let my country awake.

Where The Mind Is Without Fear English Workshop Answers Question 2.
Read the columns carefully and match the expressions with their meanings.

No	Column A	Column B
(1)	The head is held high	(a) A fearless person
(2)	Narrow domestic walls	(b) Sincerity of heart
(3)	Knowledge is free	(c) A person with self-respect and proud of possessing it
(4)	Depth of truth	(d) Narrow mindedness
(5)	Mind is without fear	(e) Education is given to all
(6)	Stretches its arms	(f) Dried up, infertile land of sands
(7)	Clear stream of reason	(g) Clear thinking
(8)	Dead habits	(h) Aim at perfection
(9)	Ever widening thought and action	(i) Broadening the outlook and attitude

Answer:

(1) The head is held high	(c) A person with self-respect, and proud of possessing it. (Board’s Model Activity Sheet)
(2) Narrow domestic walls	(d) Narrow mindedness.
(3) Knowledge is free	(e) Education is given to all. (Board’s Model Activity Sheet)
(4) Depth of truth	(b) Sincerity of heart. (Board’s Model Activity Sheet)
(5) Mind is without fear	(a) A fearless person.
(6) Stretches its arms	(h) Aim at perfection.
(7) Clear stream of reason	(g) Clear thinking.
(8) Dead habits	(f) Dried, infertile land of sands, (Board’s Model Activity Sheet)
(9) Ever	(i) widening thought and action Broadening the outlook and attitude.

Where The Mind Is Without Fear Class 10 Question 3.
(A) Answer the following questions in your own words.

(a) How is the world broken into fragments?
Answer:
The world is broken into fragments by divisions on the basis of religion, caste, class, race and colour in societies all over the world.

(b) Explain what the ‘tireless striving’ should, be for.
Answer:
Tireless striving’ should be to attain one’s goals as well as to achieve perfection.

(c) ‘Where words come out from the depth of truth.’ Explain in your own words.
Answer:
It means when people speak truthfully and with complete’ sincerity of heart.

(d) Who is ‘Thee’ in the poem? What does the poet appeal to ‘Thee’ to do?
Answer:
‘Thee’ in this poem is God. The poet wishes God to awaken his country into a heaven of freedom, where the people are all truly free and total freedom of good thoughts, good words and good actions exists.

(e) What qualities does the poet wish to inculcate in his countrymen?
Answer:

(B) Write in your notebook your own response and justify, where needed.
(a) Is the poem a prayer for India alone?
Answer:
The poem is a prayer for India alone, but it is also relevant for countries all over the world.

(b) What should the words we speak reflect?
Answer:
The words we speak should reflect our sincerity and truthfulness.

(c) What should people keep on widening? How can it be done?
Answer:
People should keep on widening their attitude and outlook. This can be done by getting rid of prejudices, travelling to different places and through education.

(d) From what darkness of night should our nation awake?
Answer:
Our nation should awaken from the darkness of prejudices, division of society, old traditional rituals and customs that are harmful, discrimination in imparting knowledge, insincerity, untruthfulness, fear and lack of self-respect.

(e) What attributes of Rabindranath Tagore does the poem (prayer) reflect?
Answer:
The poem reflects Rabindranath Tagore’s patriotism and love for his countrymen, his clear- thinking, his broad outiook, his, scientific attitude and his emphasis on hard work.

(f) What effect does the repetition of the word ‘where’ at the begining of each line?
Answer:
The repetition of the word ‘where’ at the beginning of each line denotes the increasing intensity of hope and trust the poet puts in his vision.

Where The Mind Is Without Fear Solutions Question 4.
Read the poem carefully and complete the table after the discussion in pairs. One is done for you.
Answer:

Concepts in the poem	Present situation	Expected/ideal situation
(1) mind	mind is full of fear	fearless mind
(2) head	……………………………….	……………………………….
(3) knowledge	……………………………….	……………………………….
(4) words	……………………………….	……………………………….
(5) habit	……………………………….	……………………………….
(6) thought and action	……………………………….	……………………………….

Answer:

Concepts in the poem	Present situation	Expected/ideal situation
(1) mind	Mind is full of fear.	Fearless mind.
(2) head	Head is bowed down.	Head is held high
(3) knowledge	Knowledge is the privilege of a select minority.	Knowledge is free and available to all.
(4) words	Words are insincere.	Words are truthful and sincere.
(5) habit	Old traditional rituals and customs that are harmful are followed.	There is reason and clarity of thought.
(6) thought and action	Thoughts and actions are determined by a narrow-minded attitude.	Thoughts and actions are determined by a broad outlook.

Where The Mind Is Without Fear Rhyme Scheme Question 5.
(A) Complete the following sentences using your own interpretation.

(a) When the mind is without fear and head unbowed, we enjoy ………………………….. freedom.
(b) When knowledge is free, every citizen enjoys the right to ………………………….. and …………………………. .
(c) We can prevent ………………………….. injustice when we pull down discriminatory walls of caste, class, religion etc.
(d) Constant effort and strife leads to …………………………. .
(e) Logical thinking and reasoning can put a stop to ………………………….. .
(f) Tagore appeals to God to make his country a …………………………. .
Answer:
(a) When the mind is without fear and the head is unbowed, we enjoy complete freedom.
(b) When knowledge is free, every citizen enjoys the right to learn and obtain knowledge.
(c) We can prevent social injustice when we pull down the discriminatory walls of caste, class, religion, etc.
(d) Constant effort and strife leads to achieving our goals and td perfection.
(e) Logical thinking and reasoning can put a stop to the following of old traditions and customs that are harmful.
(f) Tagore appeals to God to make his country a heaven where people have good thoughts, say good words and do good actions.

(B) Fill in the blanks.
(a) Students should keep themselves aloof from ………………………….. .
(b) When ………………………….. everyone will be literate.
(c) It is a social duty of every student of modern world to uproot ………………………….. from societies.
(d) Students must develop ………………………….. outlook and attitudes.
(e) In the world of sycophancy, students must ………………………….. .
Answer:
(a) Students should keep themselves aloof from old harmful traditions.
(b) When knowledge is free everyone will be literate.
(c) It is the social duty of every student of the modern world to uproot narrow-mindedness from societies.
(d) Students must develop broad outlook and attitudes.
(e) In the world of sycophancy, students must have self-respect.

Question 6.
Find out the examples of ‘Metaphor’ from the poem.
Answer:

• ‘Clear stream of reason’. Here reason has been implicitly compared to a clear stream.
• ‘Dreary desert sand of dead habit’. Here old j habits have been implicitly compared to the dreary desert! sand.

Where The Mind Is Without Fear Question Answers Question 7.
Almost every line of the poem begins with the word ‘Where’ and it expects an idealistic country and countrymen. Now work in a group of six students and compose your poem regarding ‘Ideal School’. Begin your lines with the word ‘Where’ . . . . .
Answer:
Ideal School
An ‘Ideal School’ is one…
Where fun, games and studies go hand in hand,
Where teachers come from all over the land,
Where no punishment is given to one, nor any 5 blame,
Where motivation and encouragement is the name I of the game.
(Students can write their own poems.)

Question Answer Of Where The Mind Is Without Fear Question 8.
Read the poem. Write an Appreciation of the poem in about 12 to 15 sentences with the help of the following points. Use a paragraph format.

Points

• Title
• Poet
• Rhyme scheme
• Favourite line
• Theme/Central idea
• Figures of speech
• Special features – Type of the poem, language, tone, implied meaning, etc.
• Why I like/ dislike the poem

Answer:
Note : The points format given in Appreciation of Poem is for east), understanding. IU.nvever, it is io he written in the form of a [laragraph in the examination.

Question 9.
Imagine that you have to deliver a speech on the occasion of ‘Independence Day’ or the ‘Republic Day’ in the school assembly. Prepare a speech to deliver on ‘India of my dreams’

Use the following steps :
Greeting and salutation
Self Introduction
Introduction of the topic
Elaboration of the topic with examples
Conclusion
Thanking audience
Answer:

My Dream India

Respected Principal, teachers and my dear friends. Today, 15th August. is the day India won her freedom. No a0bL, at that time the citizens of free

India had many dreams for their country, some of which would have certainly come true. I, Rohan Mehta, often think about my ‘dream’ India too, and I would like to tell you something about it.

In the India of my dreams, there would be no poverty. Every Indian would be able to live a comfortable life. Every single person would be literate and the pursuit and acquisition of knowledge would be open to all, irrespective of caste, creed or religion. Corruption eats away a country, and in my dream India there would be no corrupt people. Truth and sincerity would reign. The large population will turn out to be an advantage rather than a handicap. We will be using renewable energy sources more and more. Every man, woman and child would be able to hold up his or her head with dignity and self-respect. India will be a ‘Super power’; but unlike the current ‘Super powers’ India will always lend a helping hand to the developing nations. There would be no need to have a police force because there would be no crime and no criminals—everyone would be happy and content.

This is my dream India in brief and there are many more things I would like to add to this list. I will certainly do my bit to make my dream come j true. Thank you.

Question 10.
Read the short story written by Rabindranath Tagore ‘The Kabuliwala’ or ‘The Home Coming.’
Answer:
Visit the website and collect more information about Rabindranath Tagore’s life and work.

Question 11.
Explain the following :

(a) what the poet prays to the Almighty for :
Answer:
The poet prays to the Almighty asking Him to awaken his country into a heaven of freedom, where the people are all truly free and total freedom of good thoughts, good words and good actions exists, while respecting those of others.

(b) what ‘reason’ and ‘dead habit’ are compared to :
Answer:
‘Reason’ is compared to a clear stream, and ‘dead habit’ is compared to the dreary desert sand.

(c) what the poet wishes for :
Answer:
The poet wishes that his country awakens into a heaven of freedom, where the people are all truly free and total freedom of good thoughts, good words and good actions exists.

(d) how the world is broken into fragments :
Answer:
The world is broken into fragments by divisions on the basis of religion, caste, class, race and colour in societies all over the world.

(e) what ‘tireless striving’ should be for :
Answer:
Tireless striving’ should be to attain one’s goals as well as to achieve perfection.

(f) the meaning of ‘Where words come out from the depth of truth’ :
Answer:
It means when people speak truthfully and with complete’ sincerity of heart.

(g) who ‘Thee’ is in the poem and what the poet appeals to ‘Thee’ to do :
Answer:
‘Thee’ in this poem is God. The poet wishes God to awaken his country into a heaven of freedom, where the people are all truly free and total freedom of good thoughts, good words and good actions exists.

Question 12.
Find out lines from the poem as a proof for the following :

(a) Tagore wishes for a nation where people are truthful.
Answer:
Line : Where words come out from the depth of truth.

(b) The poet would like everyone to work hard to reach their goal and in the long run to reach perfection.
Answer:
Line : Where tireless striving stretches its arms towards perfection.

(c) The poet wishes that everyone in his country holds his head high in dignity.
Answer:
Line : Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high.

(d) The poet dreams of a nation where knowledge should be free to all.
Answer:
Line : Where knowledge is free.

(e) The poem is a ‘prayer’.
Answer:
Lines : (i) Where the mind is led forward by Thee.
(ii) Into that heaven of freedom, my Father, let my country awake.

Question 13.
Find examples of Alliteration from the poem.
Answer:

1. Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high.
   Repetition of the sound of ‘w’ and ‘h’.
2. Where the world has not been broken up into fragments.
   Repetition of the sound 4of ‘w’.
3. Where words come out from the depth of truth.
   Repetition of the sound of ‘w’.
4. Where tireless striving stretches its arms towards perfection.
   Repetition.of the sound of ‘t’ and ‘s’.
5. Into the dreary desert sand of dead habit
   Repetition of the sound of ‘d’.

Question 14.
Find examples of Personification from the poem.
Answer:

1. ‘Where tireless striving stretches its arms towards perfection.’ Here ‘tireless striving’ has been given the human quality of stretching its arms.
2. ‘Dreary desert sand of dead habit’. Here ‘habit’ has been given the quality of death.

Question 15.
Find the figures of speech in the line: ‘Into that heaven of freedom, my Father, let my country awake.’
Answer:

• Synecdoche: ‘Country’ stands for the people of the country.
• Apostrophe: The poet is addressing the Almighty.

Question 16.
Comment on the rhyme scheme of the poem.
Answer:
The poem is written in free verse without! any rhyme scheme.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Science Solutions Chapter 15 Life Processes in Living Organisms Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 9 Science Solutions Chapter 15 Life Processes in Living Organisms

Class 9 Science Chapter 15 Life Processes in Living Organisms Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Match the pairs and explain.

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(1) Growth of pollen tube towards ovules (2) Growth of shoot system (3) Growth of root system (4) Growth towards the water	(a) Gravitropic movement (b) Chemotropic movement (c) Phototropic movement (d) Growth-irrelevant movement (e) Hydrotropic movement

Answer:
(1 – b),
(2 – c),
(3 – a),
(4 – e).

2. Complete the paragraph.

The milk was on the stove. Rasika was engrossed in watching television. She smelled something burning. She ran towards the kitchen. The milk was boiling over. She held the vessel with her bare hands but, screaming, she let it go at once. This activity was controlled by ……………….. cells. Special ends of ……………….. in these cells collected the information, from where it was transferred to the ……………….. and then towards the terminal end of the ……………….. The chemicals produced at the terminal end passed through the minute space i.e. ………………. . In this way, ……………….. were conducted in the body and the process of ……………….. was completed by conducting the impulses from ……………….. to ………………

(Nerve, muscle cell, impulse, dendrite, synapse, axon, reflex action, cell body)
Answer:
nerve, dendrite, cell body, axon, synapse, impulses, reflex action, nerve, muscle cell.

3. Write notes on Root pressure, Transpiration, Nerve cell, Human brain, Reflex action

4. Name the hormones of the following endocrine glands and the function of each.
Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenal, Thymus, Testis, Ovary.

Life Processes In Living Organisms Class 9 Question 1.
Pituitary:
Answer:

Hormone	Function
(i) Growth hormone	Stimulates growth of bones.
(ii) Adrenocorticotropic hormone	Stimulates adrenal gland.
(iii) Thyroid-stimulating hormone	Stimulates thyroid gland.
(iv) Prolactin	Stimulates milk production.
(v) Follicle-stimulating hormone	Controls growth of gonads.
(vi) Luteinizing hormone	Controls menstrual cycle and ovulation.
(vii) Oxytocin	Contracts uterus during parturition.
(viii) Antidiuretic hormone	Regulates water-level in the body.

Class 9 Science Chapter 15 Life Processes In Living Organisms Question 2.
Thyroid
Answer:

Hormone	Function
(i) Thyroxine	Controls growth of body and metabolic activities.
(ii) Calcitonin	Controls calcium metabolism and calcium level in blood.

Life Processes In Living Organisms Class 9 Exercise Question 3.
Adrenal
Answer:

Hormone	Function
(i) Adrenalin and nor-adrenalin	Controls behaviour during crisis and emotional situation.
(ii) Corticosteroid	Maintains balance of Na+ and K+ and stimulates metabolism.

9th Class Science Chapter 15 Life Processes In Living Organisms Exercise Question 4.
Thymus
Answer:

Hormone	Function
Thymosin	Control the cells which give rise to immunity.

Question 5.
Testis
Answer:

Hormone	Function
Testosterone	Stimulates growth of secondary sexual characteristics like beard, mustache, hoarse voice etc. in men.

Std 9 Science Chapter 15 Life Processes In Living Organisms Question 6.
Ovary
Answer:

Hormone	Function
(i) Oestrogen	Stimulates growth of the endometrium. Stimulates growth of secondary sexual characteristics in women.
(ii) Progesterone	Prepares the endometrium for conception and maintains pregnancy.

5. Draw and label the diagrams.
Human endocrine glands, Human brain, Nephron, Nerve cell, Human excretory system.

15. Life Processes In Living Organisms Question 1.
Human endocrine glands
Answer:

15 Life Processes In Living Organisms Question 2.
Human brain
Answer:

Life Processes In Living Organisms 9th Class Notes Question 3.
Nephron
Answer:

Life Processes In Living Organisms Class 9 Questions And Answers Question 4.
Nerve cell
Answer:

Life Processes In Living Organisms Class 9 Solutions Question 5.
Human excretory system
Answer:

6. Answer the following.

a. Explain chemical co-ordination in humans and give the names and functions of some hormones.
Answer:
Chemical co-ordination in humans :

• In humans chemical co-ordination is brought about with the help of certain chemical substances called hormones.
• Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands. These glands are also called ductless glands.
• These glands do not have any arrangement of their own to either store or carry their secretions. So, the hormones are directly released into the blood circulation.
• Though the endocrine glands are present at specific locations in our body, their secretions reach all parts of the body via the blood.
• Endocrine glands along with the nervous systems are responsible for control and co-ordination in our body.
  These two systems help each other to control and integrate the various activities of the body.
• A marked difference between these two systems is that nerve impulses are fast but short-lived whereas the actions of hormones are very slow but long-lasting.
• It is very important that hormones are secreted only in the required quantity and there is a special mechanism which controls the quantity and timing of hormone secretion.
• For example, whenever there is an increase in blood glucose level, certain cells in the pancreas get stimulated and as a response, they release a greater quantity of insulin, thus bringing down the sugar level to normal.

Hormone	Function
(1) Growth hormone	Stimulates growth of bones.
(2) Luteinizing hormone	Controls menstrual cycle and ovulation.
(3) Thyroxine	Controls growth of body and metabolic activities.
(4) Insulin	Stimulates liver to convert excess blood glucose to glycogen.
(5) Testosterone	Stimulates growth of secondary sexual characters like beard, mustache, hoarse voice, etc. in men.

Names and functions of some hormones:

b. Explain the difference between the excretory system of humans and plants.
Answer:

Excretory system of humans	Excretory system of plants
(i) In humans, the excretory system carries out the function of the removal of waste from the body.	(i) In plants, there is no special system or organ for excretion.
(ii) Waste substances are generally eliminated out of the body	(ii) Most of the waste substances are stored in the leaves, flowers, fruits and bark of the stem.
(iii) The excretory products are urea, uric acid, ammonia, etc.	(iii) The excretory products are gum, resin, latex of rubber, etc.

c. Explain co-ordination in plants with the help of suitable examples.
Answer:

• Plants do not have systems like the nervous system or muscular system.
• In plants, movements are mainly in the form of responses given to the stimuli.
• Plants show two types of movements – growth relevant movements and growth irrelevant movements.
• Movement or growth of any part of the plant in response to an external stimulus is called tropism or tropic movement.
• Examples of growth-relevant movements are :
• The shoot system of any plant responds to the light stimulus i.e., it grows towards the source of light. This is called phototropic movement.
• The root system of plants responds to stimuli like gravitation and water. These responses are called gravitropic movement and hydrotropic movement respectively.
• Movement shown by plants in response to specific chemicals is called chemotropic movement.
• For example, the growth of the pollen tube towards the ovule.
• Some specific movements of the plants do not lead to the plant growth.
• Such movements are called growth-irrelevant movements.
• As a response to changes in the surroundings, plant hormones bring about various movements in plants.
• Examples of growth irrelevant movements are closing of leaflets of Touch-me-not (Mimosa) plant on touch.
• In the plant called Venus fly trap, when an insect visits the flower like trap, the trap closes up and the trapped insect is digested by the plant.
• The lotus flower opens during day-time while that of the tuberose opens at night.
• In plants like Touch-me-not (Mimosa), movement also occurs at places other than where it has been touched.
• Hence, we can infer that the information about the touch must have been released within the plant from one place to another.
• Plants use electrochemical impulses for transfer of information from one place to another.
• Plant cells change their shape by increasing or decreasing the water content and thereby, bring about the movements of plants.

7. Explain in your own words with suitable examples.

a. What is meant by co-ordination?
Answer:

• Several different organ systems function in multicellular organisms.
• Their life goes on smoothly if there is co-ordination between different organ systems or organs and the stimuli in the surrounding.
• Depending upon this, we can say that systematic regulation of different processes can be called control and bringing about the different processes in the proper sequence is called co-ordination.
• If any activity in the body is to be completed successfully, proper co-ordination between different systems, and organs participating at different steps of that activity is necessary.
• If due to lack of co-ordination, there is confusion at any step, the activity may not get completed. There should be no randomness at any step.
• There should be proper co-ordination between internal activities of the body resulting from various factors like body temperature, water- level, enzyme-level, etc. or stimuli arising in the surrounding environment.
• Proper co-ordination between various systems of an organism helps to maintain a state of equilibrium called homeostasis which is necessary for the optimal efficiency of the body.

b. How does excretion occur in human beings?
Answer:

• Removal of wastes from the body is very important and it is the excretory system that carries out this function.
• The human excretory system consists of a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, the urinary bladder and the urethra. Urine is formed by the kidneys by separating the waste and unwanted excess substances from the blood.
• The functional unit of the kidney that performs the basic function of filtration is called a nephron. The urea produced in the liver comes into the blood.
• When the urea-containing blood comes into the glomerulus, it is filtered through capillaries and urea and other similar substances are separated from it.
• Water molecules and small molecules of some other substances can cross the semipermeable membrane of Bowman’s capsule.
• The solution accumulated in the cavity of Bowman’s capsule passes into the tubular part of the nephron. Here, molecules of water and some other useful substances are reabsorbed into the blood.
• Urine is formed from the remaining solution which is full of waste materials. The urine is carried by the ureters and stored in the urinary bladder. Afterwards, urine is given out through the urethra.

c. How is excretion in plants useful to human beings?
Answer:

• Plants give out oxygen during photosynthesis by diffusion which is useful to human beings for respiration.
• Some waste materials of plants for example, gum, resin, latex of rubber, etc. are useful to humans.

d. Describe the transportation system in plants.
Answer:

• Plants have two types of conducting tissues i.e., xylem which conducts water and phloem which conducts food.
• During transpiration, water is released into the atmosphere.
• As a result, water level is the epidermal layer of the leaf decreases.
• Water is brought up to the leaves through the xylem so as to compensate for the lost water.
• Transpiration helps in absorption of water and minerals and distribution to all parts of the plant whereas root pressure preforms the important role of pushing the water up at night time.
• The food produced by leaves is transported to each cell of the plant through phloem.
• When the food material like sucrose is transported towards a part of the plant through phloem, using ATP, the water concentration in that part decreases.
• As a result, water enters the cell by diffusion. The pressure on the cell wall increases due to increase in the cellular contents.
• Due to the increased pressure, food is pushed into the neighboring cells where the pressure is low.
• This process helps the phloem to transport the materials as per the need of the plant.

Class 9 Science Chapter 15 Life Processes in Living Organisms Intext Questions and Answers

Class 9 Science Chapter 15 Life Processes In Living Organisms Exercise  Question 1.
How do the digestive system and respiratory system work?
Answer:
(a) Digestive system:

• The digestive system is responsible for digestion of food. i.e. breaking down complex insoluble food into simpler soluble form.
• The digestive system is made up of alimentary canal and digestive glands.
• The alimentary canal is a long and muscular tube of varying diameter which extends from the mouth to the anus.
• The digestive glands associated with alimentary canal are salivary glands, gastric glands, liver and pancreas.
• The process of digestion includes various stages wherein the food passes through the different organs of the alimentary canal and there it is digested part by part with the help of various enzymes secreted from the digestive glands.
• After the food is digested, the important nutrients are absorbed into the blood and the undigested food and residue of digested food is removed out of the body through the anus.

(b) Respiratory system:

• Respiration is the process of release of energy from the assimilated food.
• The respiratory system consists of nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs (alveoli).
• Oxygen enters our body through breathing.
• This oxygen is taken to the cells and with the help of oxygen, food is oxidized into the cells to release energy in the form of ATR
• During this process, carbon dioxide and water vapour are given out as by-products which are given out during breathing.

Thus, the digestive and respiratory systems work in co-ordination with each other to produce energy from food.

Life Processes In Living Organisms Exercise Question 2.
Previously you have performed the activity of observing a branch covered in a plastic bag. What did you observe in that activity?
Answer:

• When a branch is covered in a plastic bag, we observe that small droplets of water accumulate on the inner side of the plastic bag.
• This shows that leaves release water in the form of vapour through the stomata during transpiration. These vapours get condensed to form water droplets and accumulate inside the bag.

Life Process In Living Organism Exercise Question 3.
Which are the sensory organs of an organism? What is their function?
Answer:

• Sensory organs of an organism are eyes, ears, tongue, skin and nose.
• The eyes help the organism to perceive the sensation of light to see the objects around it.
• The ears help the organism to perceive the sensation of sound and also perceive the sensation of pressure.
• The tongue helps to perceive different tastes and also in chewing the food.
• The skin helps to perceive the sensation of touch, pain, pressure etc.
• Some insects also possess antennae for sensing the changes in the environment.

15 Life Processes In Living Organisms Class 9 Question 4.
Where are the gustatory and olfactory nerves to be found?
Answer:

• Gustatory nerves are concerned with sense of taste whereas olfactory nerves are concerned with the sense of smell.
• Gustatory nerves are found in the tongue from where they carry impulses to the gustatory cortex in the brain.
• Whereas the olfactory nerves are found in the nasal passage from where they carry impulses to the olfactory lobes in the brain.

Answer the following questions:

15.Life Processes In Living Organisms Question 1.
Why do we eat fruits and vegetables? Do the plants also need minerals like we do?
Answer:

• We eat fruits and vegetables to get nutrients like carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and fibers. These nutrients are important for the proper functioning of the body .
• Plants too need minerals for their growth and development.

Life Processes In Living Organisms Class 9 Notes Question 2.
From where do plants get inorganic substances other than carbon dioxide and oxygen?
Answer:
Plants get inorganic substances like nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, sodium etc. from the soil. Soil is the nearest and richest source of these elements.

9th Std Science Chapter 15 Life Processes In Living Organisms Question 3.
At least a small quantity of garbage or waste is produced every day in each house. What will happen if you keep this garbage for many days in your house?
Answer:

• If we keep garbage for many days in our house, it will start decaying due to the growth of decomposers like fungi and bacteria.
• This will result in foul odour and will also lead to spread of diseases.

Life Processes In Living Organisms Exercise Class 9 Question 4.
Sometimes, while eating we bite our own finger or tongue by mistake.
Answer:

• Sometimes, while eating we over-fill our mouth causing the bite to misalign, thus we bite our own finger or tongue by mistake.
• If we are dehydrated, the muscles of the mouth and tongue do not function properly causing us to bite our own tongue.
• If we are distracted with other activities while eating, it can cause us to bite our tongue or finger.
• Thus, due to lack of co-ordination sometimes while eating, we bite our own finger or tongue by mistake.

9th Class Science 15 Chapter Life Processes In Living Organisms Question 5.
Sometimes, we choke while eating in a hurry.
Answer:

• There is an elastic flap at the starting of the wind-pipe called epiglottis which opens whenever we breathe in air and closes to prevent the entry of food into the respiratory system.
• While eating in hurry, due to lack of co-ordination, the epiglottis opens to take in air but food too enters in causing us to choke.

Life Processes In Living Organisms Class 9 Extra Questions Question 6.
An injury to the medulla oblongata can lead to death. Why?
Answer:

• The medulla oblongata controls involuntary activities like the beating of the heart, blood circulation, breathing etc.
• An injury to the medulla oblongata will stop these activities, leading to death.

Life Processes In Living Organisms Class 9 Maharashtra Board  Question 7.
You may have seen how a drunken person struggles to maintain his body balance. An excess of alcohol in the body causes one to lose control over it. Why does this happen? Find out the reason with help of the internet.
Answer:

• The cerebellum co-ordinates voluntary movements and maintains balance of the body.
• An excess of alcohol causes dysfunctioning of the cerebellum.
• It results in primary loss of co-ordinated movements and loss of balance.

9th Life Processes In Living Organisms 5 Question 8.
Why does this happen?

(a) Leaves of plants fall off in a particular season.
Answer:

• Plants lose water through their leaves by transpiration. So some plants shed their leaves in dry season to reduce transpiration and conserve water.
• In plants, the waste substances are stored in the vacuoles of leaf-cells which are then shed along with the leaves in a specific season.

(b) Fruits, flowers fall off after a certain period of time.
Answer:

• In plants, waste substances are stored in the vacuoles of fruits and flowers. So, they fall off after some time to excrete these wastes.
• Also, when fruits and flowers mature, the supply of nutrients to mature fruits and flowers is blocked. This causes abscission in that part of the plant leading to their detachment from the plant body and falling off.

(c) Substances like resin, gum, etc. are given out of the plant body.
Answer:

• Resin, gum etc. are the waste products of plants. They are given out after some time as a process of excretion in plants.
• Many plants, particularly, woody plants produce resin and gum in response to injury. These resin and gum act as bandage protecting the plants from invading insects and pathogens.

15 Life Processes In Living Organisms Exercise Question 9.
Which waste products are produced in our body through metabolic activities?
Answer:
The waste products formed in our body through metabolic activities are urea, uric acid, ammonia, carbon dioxide etc.

Life Processes In Living Organisms 9th Class Exercise Question 10.
As compared to the monsoons and winter a very small quantity of urine is produced in the summer season. Why is it so?
Answer:
In summer, we sweat more due to excess heat. So, the body tries to conserve water by reducing urine formation. This is to prevent dehydration.

Question 11.
In adults, the process of urination is under their control but not in infants. Why is it so?
Answer:

• In adults, the muscles of the bladder are under the voluntary control. So the process of urination is under control.
• In infants, the bladder muscles are not mature until about two years of age. So, the process of urination is not under control.

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Observe the following figures carefully.

Answer:
Observations:

• Figure ‘A’ shows chemotropic movement. Pollen tube grows towards the ovule in response to specific chemicals released by the ovule.
• Figure ‘B’ shows phototropic movement. Shoot grows towards the Sun in response to stimulus of light.
• Figure ‘C’ shows thigmotropic movement. Tendrils of climbers are sensitive to touth. When they come in contact with an object, they entwine around the object and cling to it.
• All the above movements are related to growth. Hence, they are called growth relevant movements.

Question 2.
Observe the pictures carefully and think about them.

Answer:

• Figure ‘A’ shows touch-me-not (Mimosa) plant. In this plant, the leaflets close in response to stimulus of touch.
• Figure ‘B’ shows Venus fly trap. In this plant, there is a trap that appears and smells like a flower and deceives the insect. When an insect visits that flower-like trap, the trap closes up and the trapped insect is digested by the plant,
• Figure ‘C’ shows lotus plant. The lotus flower opens during day-time.?
• Figure ‘D’ shows Balsam plant. In this plant, the ripened fruit dehisces (bursts open) at the right time to disperse the seeds.

Question 3.
As you watch the match being played on your school ground, you will see the control and co-ordination among the movements of the players. Make a list of all such different actions.
Answer:
In an inter-house basketball match, control and co-ordination is seen in dodging the ball, jumping, running, passing it to the team mates and dribbling the ball.

Question 4.
Observe the figure carefully and as per the numbers in that figure, answer the following questions.

(a) What is happening at 1 and 2?
Answer:
At 1 stimulus of heat is received by thermo-receptors in the skin. At 2, the hand is withdrawn instantly.

(b) Which nerve carried the impulse to the point marked 3? In which direction is it conducting the impulse?
Answer:
Sensory nerve carried the impulse to the point marked 3. The impulse is conducted from the skin towards the spinal cord.

(c) Which is the nerve shown by 4?
Answer:
The nerve shown by 4 is association neuron. It is present in the gray matter of the spinal cord. It receives the sensory impulse, interprets it and generates impulse.

(d) Which is the organ marked as 5?
Answer:
Spinal cord.

(e) At 6, which nerve is conducting the response impulse?
Answer:
Motor nerve.

(f) At 7, where has the impulse reached? What is its effect?
Answer:
At 7, the impulse has reached the muscles of the hand. As a result, the muscles contract and the hand is withdrawn instantly in response to the stimulus of heat.

Question 5.
Sketch and label:
Answer:

• Stimulus
• Hand is withdrawn
• Sensory neuron
• Association neuron
• Spinal cord
• Motor neuron
• Muscles

(6) Observe the figure and list down functions for ‘A’ and ‘B’

Answer:

Functions of Left Brain	Functions of right brain
(i) Analytical thinking	Holistic thinking
(ii) Logical thinking	Intuition
(iii) Language	Creativity
(iv) Science and Mathematics	Art and music

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Take a small plant like balsam or tuberose with its roots intact. Wash and clean its roots. As shown in the fig, keep it in the water containing a stain like safranin or eosin. Observe the stem and the veins of the leaves after 2-3 hours.

Answer:

• The stem and veins of the leaves appear pinkish in colour.
• Due to the root pressure generated, eosin solution is continuously pushed upward.
• As a result water reaches xylem and the water column is pushed forward.

Question 2.
Take a transverse section of the stem of a plant and observe the stained xylem under a compound microscope.
Answer:
The xylem elements appear pinkish as the eosin solution is conducted upwards through the xylem. From this we infer that the xylem is responsible for the conduction of water and minerals in the plant.

Question 3.
Observe your mother while she cuts the elephant’s foot (Amorphophallus) or arum leaves. Your hands may also begin to itch if you try to cut these leaves. Why does this happen? Try to find out. Ask your mother what she does to prevent the itching.
Answer:

• In some plants like elephant foot (Amorphophallus) or arum, waste materials are in the form of crystals of calcium oxalate. They are called raphides.
• As they are needle-shaped, they prickle and cause irritation of the skin leading to itching.
• This can be prevented by applying tartaric acid (tamarind) or citric acid (lemon) on the hands while cutting these vegetables as the acids dissolve the crystals of calcium oxalate.

Class 9 Science Chapter 15 Life Processes in Living Organisms Additional Important Questions and Answers

Choose and write the correct options.

Question 1.
The transport of food produced in leaves to each cell in the plant body is called …………………………… .
(a) Transpiration
(b) Root pressure
(c) Translocation
(d) Ascent of sap
Answer:
(c) translocation

Question 2.
Kidneys filter blood about ……………………………. times every day.
(a) 100
(b) 200
(c) 300
(d) 400
Answer:
(d) 400

Question 3.
About ……………………………. of blood is sent through the dialysis machine at one time.
(a) 500 ml
(b) 5 l
(c) 200 ml
(d) 400 ml
Answer:
(a) 500 ml

Question 4.
The movement of plant towards the source of light is called ……………………………. movement.
(a) chemotropic
(b) hydrotropic
(c) phototropic
(d) gravitropic
Answer:
(c) phototropic

Question 5.
The movement of root system towards stimulus of gravity is called ……………………………. movement.
(a) phototropic
(b) gravitropic
(c) hydrotropic
(d) chemotropic
Answer:
(b) gravitropic

Question 6.
The movement of root system towards stimulus of water is called ……………………………. movement.
(a) Phototropic
(b) Gravitropic
(c) Hydrotropic
(d) Chemiotropic
Answer:
(c) hydrotropic

Question 7.
Hormone ……………………………. helps in stem elongation.
(a) Auxin
(b) Gibberellin
(c) Cytokinin
(d) Abscisic acid
Answer:
(b) Gibberellin

Question 8.
Hormone ……………………………. helps in cell division.
(a) Auxin
(b) Gibberellin
(c) Cytokinin
(d) Abscisic acid
Answer:
(c) Cytokinin

Question 9.
The hormone ……………………………. is effective in prevention and retardation of growth, leaf wilting, etc.
(a) Auxin
(b) Cytokinin
(c) Gibberellin
(d) Abscisic acid
Answer:
(d) Abscisic acid

Question 10.
……………………………. neurons conduct impulses from the sensory organs to the brain and the spinal cord,
(a) Sensory
(b) Motor
(c) Association
(d) All of these
Answer:
(a) Sensory

Question 11.
The brain of an adult human weighs about …………………………… .
(a) 500 – 600 grams
(b) 2 – 3 kilograms
(c) 1300 -1400 grams
(d) 1500 -1600 grams
Answer:
(c) 1300 – 1400 grams

Question 12.
……………………………. is the largest part of the brain.
(a) Cerebrum
(b) Cerebellum
(c) Medulla oblongata
(d) Spinal cord
Answer:
(a) Cerebrum

Question 13.
There are two triangular swollen structure called ……………………………. on the upper side of the medulla oblongata.
(a) Ventricles
(b) Meninges
(c) Pyramids
(d) Pons
Answer:
(c) Pyramids

Question 14.
Control of voluntary movements is done by …………………………… .
(a) Cerebrum
(b) Cerebellum
(c) Medulla oblongala
(d) Spinal cord
Answer:
(a) Cerebrum

Question 15.
Co-ordination of voluntary movements is done by …………………………… .
(a) cerebrum
(b) cerebellum
(c) medulla oblongata
(d) spinal cord
Answer:
(b) cerebellum

Question 16.
Control of involuntary activities like the beating of the heart, blood circulation, breathing etc. are controlled by …………………………… .
(a) Spinal cord
(b) Cerebrum
(c) Cerebellum
(d) Medulla oblongata
Answer:
(d) Medulla oblongata

Question 17.
The function of cerebrum is to …………………………… .
(a) control of voluntary movements
(b) co-ordination of voluntary movements
(c) control of involuntary activities
(d) maintaining the body balance
Answer:
(a) control of voluntary movements

Question 18.
The function of cerebellum is …………………………… .
(a) to control of voluntary movements
(b) to maintain the body balance
(c) to control of involuntary activities
(d) to co-ordinate of voluntary movements
Answer:
(b) to maintain the body balance

Question 19.
Hormone ……………………………. stimulates the liver to convert excess blood glucose into glycogen.
(a) Glucagon
(b) insulin
(c) Somatostatin
(d) Pancreatic polypeptide
Answer:
(a) Glucagon

Question 20.
Hormone ……………………………. controls behaviour during crisis and emotional situation.
(a) Thyroxine
(b) Parathormone
(c) Adrenalin and Nor adrenalin
(d) Somatostatin
Answer:
(c) Adrenalin and Nor adrenalin

Question 21.
……………………………. controls menstrual cycle and ovulation.
(a) Prolactin
(b) Oxytocin
(c) Luteinizing hormone
(d) Progesterone
Answer:
(c) Luteinizing hormone

Question 22.
……………………………. stimulates growth of secondary sexual characteristics in men.
(a) Thymosin
(b) Testosterone
(c) Oestrogen
(d) Thyroxine
Answer:
(b) Testosterone

Question 23.
……………………………. occurs through stomata.
(a) Translocation
(b) Perspiration
(c) Transpiration
(d) Conduction
Answer:
(c) Transpiration

Question 24.
……………………………. performs the important role of pushing the water up during the night time.
(a) Translocation
(b) Root pressure
(c) Transpiration pull
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Root pressure

Question 25.
In plants, gaseous substances are given out by …………………………….
(a) Root pressure
(b) Osmosis
(c) Diffusion
(d) Translocation
Answer:
(c) diffusion

Question 26.
Each kidney has approximately ……………………………. nephrons.
(a) 1 lakh
(b) 10,000
(c) 10 lakh
(d) 50 lakh
Answer:
(c) 10 lakh

Question 27.
Insulin is secreted by the ……………………………. of the pancreas.
(a) Alpha cells
(b) Beta cells
(c) Delta cells
(d) F cells
Answer:
(b) Beta cells

Select the odd man out:

Question 1.
Skin, Brain, Kidneys, Lungs.
Answer:
Brain – It is a controlling organ whereas the others are excretory orgAnswer:

Question 2.
Gum, Resin, Urea, Latex
Answer:
Urea – It is an excretory product of animals whereas the others are excretory products of plants.

Question 3.
Gibberellin, Auxin, Thyroxine, Cytokinin.
Answer:
Thyroxine – It is a hormone in animals whereas the others are hormones in plants.

Question 4.
Dendrite, Cell body, Axon, Synapse.
Answer:
Synapse – It is a minute space between two adjacent neurons whereas the others are parts of the neuron.

Question 5.
Thyroxine, Calcitonin, Insulin, Auxin.
Answer:
Auxin – It is a plant hormone whereas the others are hormones in human beings.

Complete the Analogy:

(1) Water : Xylem :: Food : …………………………….
(2) Movement of root system : Gravitropic :: Movement of shoot system : …………………………….
(3) Brain: Cranial Cavity :: Spinal Cord : …………………………….
(4) Cavities of the brain : Ventricles :: Cavities of the spinal cord : …………………………….
(5) Involuntary activities : Medulla oblongata : : Balance of the body : …………………………….
(6) Stem elongation: Gibberellin :: Cell division : …………………………….
(7) Control of voluntary movements : Cerebrum :: Co-ordination of voluntary movements : …………………………….
(8) Converts glucose to glycogen : Insulin :: Converts glycogen to glucose : …………………………….
(9) Secondary sexual characters in males : Testosterone :: Secondary sexual characters in females : …………………………….
Answer:
(1) Phloem
(2) Phototropic
(3) Vertebral column
(4) Central canal
(5) Cerebellum
(6) Cytokinin
(7) Cerebellum
(8) Glucagon
(9) Oestrogen

Match the columns:

Question 1.

Column ‘A’	Column ‘B’
(1) Gibberellins (2) Cytokinins (3) Abscisic acid (4) Auxin	(a) Enlargement of cells (b) Helps in stem elogation (c) Cell division (d) Wilting of leaf

Answer:
(1 – b),
(2 – c),
(3 – d),
(4 – a).

Question 1.

Column ‘A’	Column B’
(1) Cerebrum (2) Cerebelleum (3) Medulla oblongata (4) Spinal cord	(a) Control of involuntary activities (b) Decision – making, memory and intellectual activities. (c) Centre for co­ordination of reflex actions (d) Maintaining body’s balance

Answer:
(1 – b),
(2 – d),
(3 – a),
(4 – c).

State whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.

Question 1.
Plants need less energy as compared to animals.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Xylem conducts food whereas phloem conducts water.
Answer:
False. Xylem conducts water whereas phloem conducts food.

Question 3.
The loss of water from the plants is known as translocation.
Answer:
False. The loss of water from the plants is known as transpiration.

Question 4.
Calcium oxalate crystals present in some plants are called resins.
Answer:
False. Calcium oxalate crystals present in some plants are called raphides.

Question 5.
Root pressure helps to push the water up in plants during night time.
Answer:
True

Question 6.
Translocation is carried out by phloem in downward direction.
Answer:
False. Translocation is carried out by phloem in both upward and downward direction.

Question 7.
In unicellular organisms, waste materials are directly eliminated across the cell surface.
Answer:
True

Question 8.
Urea is produced in the liver.
Answer:
True

Question 9.
Systematic regulation of different processes is called co-ordination.
Answer:
False. Systematic regulation of different processes is called control.

Question 10.
A hormone auxin produced in the apical part of the shoot helps in enlargement of cells.
Answer:
True

Question 11.
Gibberellin helps in prevention and retardation of growth, leaf wilting etc.
Answer:
False. Abscisic acid helps in prevention and retardation of growth, leaf wilting etc.

Question 12.
The movement shown by venus fly trap while trapping an insect is a growth relevant movement.
Answer:
False. The movement shown by venus fly trap while trapping an insect is a growth irrelevant movement.

Question 13.
The lotus flower opens during night time while that of tuberose (polyanthus) opens during day time.
Answer:
False. The lotus flower opens during day time while that of tuberose (polyanthus) opens during night time.

Question 14.
Sensory neurons conduct impulses from the brain and the spinal cord to effector organs like muscles or glands.
Answer:
False. Sensory neurons conduct impulses from the sensory organs to the brain and the spinal cord.

Question 15.
There are 31 pairs of cranial nerves.
Answer:
False. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves.

Question 16.
Activities like heart beat, blood circulation, breathing, sneezing, etc. are controlled by cerebellum.
Answer:
False. Activities like heart beat, blood circulation, breathing, sneezing, etc. are controlled by cerebellum.

Question 17.
Spinal nerves are associated with head, thorax and abdomen.
Answer:
False. Spinal nerves are associated with arms, legs, skin and some other parts of the body.

Question 18.
Nerve impulses are slow and long lasting whereas action of hormones is fast and short lived.
Answer:
False. Nerve impulses are fast and short lived whereas action of hormones is slow and long lasting.

Question 19.
Reflex actions are controlled by cerebellum.
Answer:
False. Reflex actions are controlled by spinal cord.

Question 20.
Thyroid stimulating hormone is secreted by the pituitary gland.
Answer:
True

Question 21.
The hormone thymosin is secreted by the thyroid gland.
Answer:
False. The hormone thymosin is secreted by the thymus gland.

Question 22.
Parathormone controls metabolism of calcium and phosphorns.
Answer:
True

Question 23.
The right kidney is slightly lower than the left kidney.
Answer:
True

Name the following:

Question 1.
The structural and functional unit of the nervous system.
Answer:
Newtron.

Question 2.
The network of capillaries in the Bowman’s capsule.
Answer:
Glomerulus.

Question 3.
The minute space between two adjacent nervous.
Answer:
Synapse.

Question 4.
The special cells which bring about control and co-ordination.
Answer:
Neurons.

Question 5.
The cavities present in various parts of the brain.
Answer:
Ventricles.

Question 6.
The long tubular cavity of the spinal cord.
Answer:
Central Canal.

Question 7.
The thread like fibrous structure at the end of the spinal cord.
Answer:
Filum terminale.

Give scientific reasons:

Question 1.
It is necessary to remove harmful and waste substances from the body.
Answer:

• Many harmful and waste substances like urea, uric acid, ammonia, etc. are produced in living organisms.
• If these substances accumulate in the body or are retained in the body for long, it can lead to serious harm or even death.
• Hence, it is necessary to remove such harmful and waste substances from the body.

Question 2.
In plants like Touch-me-not (Mimosa), movement also occurs at the places other than where it has been touched.
Answer:

• In plants like Touch-me-not (Mimosa), the information about the touch is relayed within the plant from one place to another.
• Plants use electro-chemical impulses for transfer of information from one place to another.
• Plant cells change their shape by increasing or decreasing their water content and thereby, bring about the movements of plants.
• Hence, in plants like Touch-me-not (Mimosa) movement also occurs at the places other than where it has been touched.

Question 3.
Endocrine glands are also called ductless glands.
Answer:

• Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands.
• These glands do not have any arrangement of their own to store or carry their secretions.
• Hence, as soon as hormones are produced, they are directly released into the blood circulation.
• Thus, though these endocrine glands are present at specific locations in our body, their secretions reach all parts of the body via blood.
• Therefore, endocrine glands are also called ductless glands.

Define the following:

Question 1.
Transportation
Answer:
The process by which a substance either synthesized or absorbed in one part of the body reaches another is called as transportation.

Question 2.
Control
Answer:
Systematic regulation of different processes is called as control.

Question 3.
Coordination
Answer:
Bringing about the different processes in the proper sequence is called as co-ordination.

Question 4.
Tropism or Tropic movement
Answer:
Movement or growth of any part of the plant in response to an external stimulus is called as tropism or tropic movement.

Question 5.
Excretion
Answer:
Removal of waste or harmful substances from the body is called excretion.

Question 6.
Dialysis
Answer:
The process of separating the nitrogenous waste from the blood with the help of a man?made machine is called dialysis.

Question 7.
Reflex action
Answer:
An immediate and involuntary response given to a stimulus from the environment is called a reflex action.

Question 8.
Homeostasis
Answer:
Proper co-ordination between various systems of an organism helps to maintain a state of equilibrium called homeostasis.

Question 9.
Tropism
Answer:
Movement or growth of any part of the plant in response to an external stimulus is called tropism.

Distinguish between:

Question 1.
Nervous control and Chemical control
Answer:

Nervous Control	Chemical Control
(i) Nervous control is brought about by special types of cells called neurons.	(i) Chemical control is brought about by chemical substances called hormones.
(ii) It involves the nervous system i.e., brain, spinal cord and nerves.	(ii) It involves the endocrine glands.
(iii) Nerve impulses are fast and short-lived.	(iii) Actions of hormones are very slow and long-lasting.

Question 2.
Growth relevant movements and growth irrelevant movements
Answer:

Growth relevant movements	Growth irrelevant movements
(i) Growth relevant movements result in growth of the plants.	(i) Growth irrelevant movements do not result in growth of the plants.
(ii) They are also called as tropic movements.	(ii) They are also called as nastic movements.
(iii) They are in response to stimulus of light, water, gravity, chemicals, etc.	(iii) They are generally in response to stimulus of touch.
(iv) Examples : Bending of stem towards light, movement of roots towards gravity and water, etc.	(iv) Example : Closing of leaflets of Mimosa plant, closing of Venus fly trap, etc.

Question 3.
Cerebrum and Cerebellum
Answer:

Cerebrum	Cerebellum
(i) It is the largest part of the brain.	(i) It is the smaller part of the brain.
(ii) It occupies two thirds of the brain.	(ii) It is situated below the cerebrum at the back of the cranial cavity.
(iii) Its surface has deep, irregular ridges and grooves which are called convolutions.	(iii) Its surface shows shallow grooves instead of convolutions.
(iv) It controls voluntary movements, concentration, planning, decision-making, memory, intelligence and intellectual activities.	(iv) It co-ordinates voluntary movements and maintains the body’s balance.

Write short notes:

Question 1.
Root Pressure
Answer:

• Root cells are in contact with water and minerals in the soil.
• Water and minerals enter the cells of the root surface due to difference in concentration. As a result, these cells become turgid.
• This is called root pressure.
• Under the effect of this pressure, water and minerals reach the xylem of the roots and to reduce this difference in concentration, they are continuously pushed forward.
• As a result of this continuous movement, a water column is formed, which is continuously pushed ahead.
• This pressure, is sufficient to lift the water up in shrubs, small plants and small trees.

Question 2.
Transpiration
Answer:

• Plants give out water in the form of water vapour through the stomata on their leaves. This is known as transpiration.
• Two cells called guard cells are present around the stomata. They control the opening and closing of stomata.
• Water is released into the atmosphere by leaves through the process of evaporation.
• As a result, water in the epidermal layer of the leaf decreases.
• Water is brought up to the leaves through the xylem to compensate for the lost water.
• Transpiration helps in absorption of water and minerals and distribution to all parts of the plant.

Question 3.
Nerve cell
Answer:

• Nerve cells also called as neurons are special types of cells which conduct impulses from one place to another in the body.
• Neurons are the structural and functional units of the nervous system.
• Nerve cells, the largest cell in the human body, may measure upto a few metres in length.
• Nerve cells have the ability to generate and conduct electrochemical impulse.
• The cells that support the nerve cells and help in their functioning are called neuroglia. Nerve cells and neuroglial cells together form nerves.

Question 4.
Reflex action
Answer:

• An immediate and involuntary response given to a stimulus from the environment is called a reflex action.
• Sometimes we react to an incident without any thinking on our part or control over the reaction.
• This is a response given to a certain stimulus from the surroundings.
• In such situations, proper control and co-ordination is achieved even without the intervention of the brain.
• For example, when our hand touches a hot object, the receptor in the skin detects the stimulus.
• The sensory neuron sends the impulse to the relay neuron in the spinal cord.
• The impulses are then sent to motor neurons which cause the muscles of the hand to contract and move away from the hot object.
• The spinal cord is the center of co-ordination for reflex actions.

Question 5.
Spinal cord
Answer:

• The spinal cord is the part of the central nervous system and it is held within the vertebral column.
• It is slightly thick but gradually tapers towards the end.
• There is a thread like fibrous structure at its end. It is called the filum terminale.
• The long tubular cavity of the spinal cord is called the central canal. It is filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
• The spinal cord conducts impulses from the skin towards the brain and from the brain to the muscles and glands.
• It functions as a centre of co-ordination of reflex actions.

Question 6.
Dialysis
Answer:

• The efficiency of kidneys can be adversely affected by injury, infection or decreased blood supply.
• If this happens, excess of toxic substances accumulates in the body and it can lead to death.
• If kidneys fail, nitrogenous wastes are separated from the blood with the help of a man-made machine.
• The process of separating the nitrogenous waste from the blood with the help of this machine is called dialysis.
• About 500 ml of blood is sent at one time through this machine. Purified blood is reinfused into the body of the patient.

Draw neat and labelled diagrams:

Question 1.
Vertical Section of Kidney
Answer:

Question 2.
Reflex action
Answer:

Name the hormones of the following endocrine glands and the function of each:

Question 1.
Parathyroid
Answer:

Hormone	Function
Parathormone	Controls metabolism of calcium and phosphorus

Question 2.
Pancreas
Answer:

Hormone	Function
(i) Glucagon	Stimulates liver to convert glycogen into glucose.
(ii) Insulin	Stimulates liver to convert excess blood glucose into glycogen.
(iii) Somatostatin	Controls levels of insulin and glucagon.
(iv) Pancreatic Polypeptide	Controls movement of intestine and thereby glucose absorption. Controls secretion of pancreatic juice.

Complete the following table of plant hormones with their functions:
Answer:

Plant hormone	Functions
(i) Auxin	Produced in the apical part of the shoot Helps in enlargement of cells
(ii) Gibberellins	Help in stem elongation
(iii) Cytokinins	Help in cell division
(iv) Abscisic acid	Effective in prevention and retardation of growth, leaf wilting, etc.

State the functions of different parts of the brain.
Answer:

Parts of the Brain	Functions
Cerebrum	Control of voluntary movements, concentration, planning, decision­making, memory, intelligence, and intellectual activities.
Cerebellum	(i) Co-ordination of voluntary movements. (ii)  Maintaining the body’s balance.
Medulla oblongata	Control of involuntary activities like the beating of the heart, blood circulation, breathing, sneezing, coughing, salivation, etc.
Spinal cord	(i) Conduction of impulses from the skin towards the brain. (ii) Conduction of impulses from brain to muscles and glands. (iii) Functions as centre of co­ordination of reflex actions.

Answer the following:

Question 1.
How do plants bring about movements in them?
Answer:

• Plants use electro-chemical impulses for transfer of information from one place to another.
• Plant cells change their shape by increasing or decreasing their water content and thereby bring about the movement of plants.

Answer the following:

Question 1.
What are growth-irrelevant movements? Give examples.
Answer:

• Some specific movements of the plants do not lead to the plant growth. Such movements are called growth-irrelevant movements.
• In the plant called venus fly trap, there is a trap that appears and smells like flowers and deceives insects. When an insect visits the flower-like trap, the trap closes up and the trapped insect is digested by the plant.
• Fibrils present on the leaves of the insectivorous plant Drosera, bend inward as soon as an insect lands on the leaves and surround the insects from all sides.
• In Balsam, the ripened fruit dehisces (bursts-open) at the right time to disperse the seeds.

Question 2.
Which are the different types of nerve cells or neurons?
OR
How are nerve cells classified according to their functions?
Answer:
According to their functions, nerve cells are classified into three types:

• Sensory neurons: They conduct impulses from the sensory organs to the brain and the spinal cord.
• Motor neurons : They conduct impulses from the brain or spinal cord to effector organs like muscles or glands.
• Association neurons : Association neurons perform the function of integration in the nervous system.

Question 3.
What are the different parts of the human nervous system?
Answer:
The human nervous system can be divided into the following three parts.

1. Central nervous system (CNS) : It consists of the brain and the spinal cord. It controls and regulates all activities of the body.
2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) : The peripheral nervous system consists of the nerves originating from the central nervous system which connect the central nervous system with all parts of the body. They are of two types cranial nerves and spinal nerves.
3. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) : The autonomous nervous system consists of the nerves of involuntary organs like the heart, lungs, stomach etc. It is not under the control of our will.

Question 4.
Describe the structure of the central nervous system.
Answer:

• The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal card.
• The organization of the brain is extremely delicate and highly evolved.
• The brain is the main controlling part of the nervous system and is safely located in the cranial cavity. The spinal cord is protected by the vertebral column.
• In the space between the delicate central nervous system and its bony covering are the protective layers called the meninges.
• Cavities present in various parts of the brain are called ventricles whereas the long tubular cavity of the spinal cord is called the central canal.
• The ventricles, central canal and spaces between the meninges are filled with cerebro?spinal fluid.
• This fluid supplies nutrients to the central nervous system and protects it from shock.

Question 5.
Which are the two types of peripheral nerves?
Answer:
Peripheral nerves are of two types:
(a) Cranial nerves:

• Nerves originating from the brain are called cranial nerves.
• They are associated with various parts in the head.
• There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves.

(b) Spinal nerves:

• Nerves originating from the spinal cord are called spinal nerves.
• They are associated with arms, legs, skin and some other parts of the body.
• There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

Question 6.
How do plants get rid of their excretory products?
Answer:

• Excretion is a simpler process in plants. There is no special organ or system for excretion in plants.
• Gases are given out by diffusion.
• Most of the waste substances of plants are stored in vacuoles of leaf-cells and in flowers, fruits and the bark of the stem. After some time these parts fall off.
• Some other waste materials are stored in old and worn out xylem in the form of resin and gum.
• Some waste materials are also given out through roots in the surrounding soil.

Answer in detail:

Question 1.
Explain how food and other substances are transported in plants?
OR
Explain translocation in plants.
Answer:

• The food produced in leaves is transported to each cell in the plant body.
• Excess food, except amino acids, is stored in roots, fruits and seeds. This process is called translocation of materials.
• It is carried out in both the upward and downward directions by the phloem.
• Translocation is not a simple process, it requires energy. This energy is obtained from ATP.
• Whenever food material like sucrose is transported towards a part of a plant via the phloem with the help of ATP, the water concentration decreases in the part. As a result, water enters the cell by the process of diffusion.
• The pressure on the cell wall increases due to increase in cellular contents.
• Due to the increase pressure, food is pushed into the neighbouring cells where the pressure is low.
• This process helps the phloem to transport the materials as per the need of the plant. During flowering season, the sugar stored in roots or stem is transported towards the floral buds to make them open and blossom.

Question 2.
What is tropic movement? Describe the different types of tropic movements.
OR
What are growth relevant movements? Describe the different types of growth relevant movements.
Answer:
Movement or growth of any part of the plant in response to an external stimulus is called tropic movement or tropism.

The different types of tropic movements are:

• Phototropic movement : The shoot system of any plant responds to the light stimulus, i.e., it grows towards the source of light. The movement shown by plants towards the source of light is called phototropic movement.
• Gravitropic movement : The root system of plants responds to stimulus of gravity. This is called gravitropic movement.
• Hydrotropic movement : The root system of plants responds to the stimulus of water. This is called hydrotropic movement.
• Chemotropic movement : Movement shown by plants in response to specific chemicals is called chemotropic movement. For example, the growth of the pollen tube towards the ovule.

All the above-mentioned movements of plants are related with growth, hence are called growth relevant movement.

Question 3.
Write short note on : Human Brain
Answer:

• The brain is the main controlling part of the nervous system and is safely located in the cranial cavity.
• The brain is covered by protective layers called the Meninges.
• Cavities present in various parts of the brain are called ventricles.
• The ventricles are filled with cerebrospinal fluid. This fluid supplies nutrients to the brain and also protects it from shock.
• The brain of an adult human weighs about 1300 -1400 grams and consists of approximately 100 million neurons.
• The left side of our brain controls the right side of our body and right side of our brain controls left side of the body.
• In addition, the left side of the brain controls our speech and conversation, writing, logical thinking etc., whereas the right side controls artistic abilities.

Human brain is made up of following parts:

(a) Cerebrum:

• This is the largest part of the brain and consists of two cerebral hemispheres. These hemispheres are joined with each other with the help of tough fibres and nerve tracts.
• The cerebrum occupies two-thirds of the brain. Hence, it is also called as large brain.
• Its surface has deep, irregular ridges and grooves which are called convolutions, convolution increases the surface area of the cerebrum and therefore a large number of nerve cells can be accommodated.

(b) Cerebellum:

• This is the smaller part of the brain situated below the cerebrum at the back of the cranial cavity.
• Its surface shows shallow grooves instead of deep convolutions.

(c) Medulla Oblongata:

• This is the hind-most part of the brain.
• There are two triangular swollen structures called pyramids on the upper side of medulla oblongata.
• The medulla oblongata continues downwards the spinal cord.

(6) How are nerve impulses conducted in the body?
Answer:

• Special types of cells which conduct impulses from one place to another in the body are called neurons. Nerve cells have the ability to generate and conduct electro-chemical impulses.
• The cells that support the nerve cells and help in their functioning are called neuroglia.
• All the information about our surroundings is collected by the ends or dendrites of the neuron.
• The chemical process begins at those ends and electric impulses are generated which are conducted from the dendrites to the cell body, from the cell body to the axon and from the axon to its terminal.
• These impulses are then to be transferred from this nerve cell to the next.
• Now the impulse that reaches the terminal of an axon, stimulates the nerve cell to secrete certain chemicals.
• These chemicals pass through a minute space, called the synapse, between two adjacent neurons and generate the impulses in the dendrites of the next neuron.
• In this way, impulses are conducted in the body and these impulses are finally conveyed by nerve cells to muscles cells or glands.