Category: Maharashtra State Board Notes

By going through these Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Economics Notes Chapter 4 The Economy of Maharashtra students can recall all the concepts quickly.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Economics Notes Chapter 4 The Economy of Maharashtra

→ Maharashtra State has been divided into 36 districts.

→ 6 Revenue Divisions of Maharashtra

1. Mumbai
2. Pune
3. Nasik
4. Aurangabad
5. Amravati
6. Nagpur

→ Features Of Maharashtra Economy

• Abundant natural resource, skilled manpower, technologically advanced infrastructure, etc.
• Highest GSDP & SPCI as compared to other states.
• Literacy rate 82.3% – 2011 Census
• Most favoured destination for creativity, skill, development, tourism and investment.
• Sex Ratio L929 females per 1000 males
• 2nd 1arges populated F4ate country (11.24 crores- Census 2011)
• 3rd largest state in country in terms of geographical area. (3.08 lacs sq. km)
• Most urbanised state

→ Problems In Economic Development Of Mahakashtra

1. Agricultural Sector
2. Industrial Sector

1. Agricultural Sector:

• Decrease in average size of land holdings
• Increase in number of small and marginal farmers
• Excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides (soil degradation)
• Agricultural indebtedness
• Poor implementation of land reforms
• Inadequate irrigation facilities
• Lack of capital and marketing facilities
• Improper implementation of rural development plans
• Impact of climatic change

2. Industrial Sector:

• Delays in Government procedure
• Lack of opportunities for skill development
• Lack of updated technology
• Lack of infrastructure facilities
• Lack of motivation to new enterpreneurs
• Lack of development programmes
• Regional imbalance

→ Measures Undertaken By The Govt. For – Agricultural Development:

• Distribution of quality seeds at reasonable rates.
• Number of outlets increased for fertilizer and pesticide distribution. Development of irrigation facilities.
• Electrification of agricultural pumps and to provide electricity on demand.
• Provide financial assistance.
• Setting up of APMC, Establishment of agro export zones, horticultural training centres, grading and packing facilities.
• Create awareness by use of mass media for making agriculture a profit making business.

→ Industry : Maharashtra is an industrially advanced state.
The share of industry in Net Value Added (NVA) is about 18%. Maharashtra is the first choice of domestic and foreign investor.
Maharashtra is ranked as number one investment destination in India.
Maharashtra is in forefront in terms of FDI inflow in India.

→ Problems In Industrial Sector:

• Lack of opportunities for skill development
• Delays in Government procedure
• Lack of updated technology
• Regional imbalance
• Lack of infrastrucLural facilities
• Lack of development programmes
• Lack of motivation to new enterprises

→ Measures Undertaken By ‘The Government For Industrial Development:

• Introduction of MAITRI (Maharashtra Industry, Trade and Investment Facilitation Cell)
• Awards for export performance space rent subsidies to small scale industries
• Introduction of MAITRI (Maharashtra Industry, Trade and Investment Facilitation Cell)
• Initiation of Single window cell
• Creation of (SEZ) Special: Economic Zones
• Implementation of Maharashtra State Industrial Cluster Development Programme (MSICDP)

→ Service Sector :

• It consists of – insurance, tourism, retail banking, education and social services.
• It provides services to business sector as well as final consumers.
• It is largest employment generating and fastest growing sector.
• Core area of service sector includes – Fintech, IT/ITES, start ups, cloud computing, electric vehicles, defence, tourism and private universities.

→ Core Area Of Service Sector:

• Infrastructure
• Tourism
• Hospitality
• Entertainment Industry

Infrastructure:

1. Economic Infrastructure
2. Social Infrastructure

Economic Infrastructure:

• Energy
• Transport
• Communication

Social Infrastructure:

• Health
• Education

→ Measures for development of Economic Infrastructure:

• Increase in installed capacity of electricity generation.
• Rural electrification, network improvement and energy conservation programmes.
• Direct benefit transfer scheme to LPG consumers.
• Implementation of Road development pIan. (2001 .2021).
  (Target – 3.37 lakh kms of road)
• Metro Railway – at Mumbai and Nagpur.
• Constitution of Maharashtra Port Development Policy,
  (Sagarmala Programme- by Central Government)

→ 4 Levels of Education:

1. Primary Education (STD. I To VIII)
2. Secondary and Higher Secondary Education (STD. IX to XII)
3. Higher Education
4. Others:

1. Primary Education (STD. I To VIII)

• Scheme: Right to Education (RTE) (6-14 yrs)
• Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan(SSA)
• Expenditure: ‘19,486 Crores (2016-17)

2. Secondary and Higher Secondary Education (STD. IX to XII)

• Schemes: Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA)
• Expenditure : Rs. 16,089 Crores (2016-17)

3. Higher Education:

• 22 State Universities
• Maharashtra Public Universities Act, 2016
• Scheme : Rashtriya LJchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA)

4. Others:

1. Inclusive Education
2. Girls Education
3. Adult Literacy
4. Tribal Education

Inclusive Education:
For Differently abled children

Girls Education:

• Free education till higher secondary level
• Free of cost S.T. bus service
• Bicycles to near living within 5 kms from schools.

Adult Literacy:

• ‘Each one Teach one’
• ‘Sakshar Bharat Abhiyan

Tribal Education:

• Residential Ashram Schools
• Hostel facility
• Free uniform, food, educational materials, etc.

→ Health Services:

• 1814 Primary health centres
• 360 Community health centres
• Health programme by Government of Maharashtra
• National Rural Health Mission (NRHM)
• National Urban Health Mission (NUHM) include programme like
  • Sanitation and Hygiene (common points in both NRHM and NUHM)
  • Nutrition (common points in both NRHM and NUHM)
  • Safe drinking water

3 Tier”Health Infrastructure:

1. Primary Tier
2. Secondary Tier
3. Tertiary Tier

Primary Tier

• Primary Health Centres
• Community Health Centres

Secondary Tier

• Sub-district hospitals
• District hospitals

Tertiary Tier

• Well Equipped Medical Colleges
• Super specialty hospitals

→ Tourism (Maharashtra Tourism Policy, 2016)

Objectives:

• to make Maharashtra a leading tourist destination by 2025.
• to attract investments of ? 30,000 Crore.
• to create additional jobs

Nodal Agency: → Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation (MTDC)
“Mahabhraman” → (agro tourism, village tourism, food tourism, safaris, etc.)

→ Hospitality:

• Hotel Industry
• Transportation
• Event Management
• General Tourism
• Restaurants

Transportation

• Airlines
• Mumbai – Goa Cruiseship
• Fancier Trains (Deccan Odyssey)

→ Entertainment Industry:

• Largest number of films in world Generates
• Generates employment opportunities
• Koihapur – well known for regional films
• Mumbai – Popularly called as ‘Bollywood’.

→ Co-operative Movement in Maharashtra:
Objectives:

• To develop rural areas.
• To improve socio-economic conditions of under-privileged
• To develop agro-processing and agro marketing.
• To support sugar co-operatives, fisheries co-operative and dairy co-operatives.

Word Meaning:

revenue divisions – administrative division to collect government revenue and lower its expenses, geographical area – physical features of an area, urbanized – people staying in city or town, census – a survey of counting of population, literacy rate – percentage of population who can read and write, characterised – features, abundant- plenty, resources – stock of something, infrastructure – basic structure like buildings, roads, bridges, etc. destination – place to visit, allied – joined, declining – decreasing, trend – direction, average – mean, marginal – very small, excessive – more, degradation – low in quality, indebtness – to owe something, implement – to do it / to carry out, adverse – poor, inadequate – not sufficient, reasonable – low cost, electrification – use of electricity, assistance – to help, agro – agriculture based, awareness – to make understand/ to bring to notice, mass media – communication to people through TV, Radio, Newspaper, etc, potential – capable possibility, diversification – to change the line of business, amend – to make changes, liberalisation – removal of restrictions, opportunities – chances, motivation – willingness to do something, clearances – to clear/ to give pass away, consolidate – to combine, subsidies – grant/allowaness, retail banking – banking services provided to general /public, core – important/essential/significant, expand – to enlarge, rapid – fast, sustainable – to maintain, achievement – to do something successfully, energy conservation – preventing the waste of energy, integrated – linked together, subscriber – member, components – a part of something, stimulate – to encourage, backbone – to support, scenario – situation, priority – more important, compulsory – essential, universalization – through out, veterinary- study related to animal diseases and it treatments, autonomous – independent, privatization – transfer of public company to private ownership, globalization – all over the world, concession – discount, emphasizes – to give special attention, strengthen- to build up, sanitation – to provide clean drinking water and sewage disposal, hygiene – cleanliness, nutrition – obtaining necessary food for health, three tier – three level, comprehensive – inclusive, tertiary – service sector, abroad – foreign, agro tourism – agriculture based tourism, manifold – numbers /multiple, cruiseship – passenger ship used for travelling with amenities within it, impact – effect, underprivileged – needy, solidarity – mutual support, subsequently – afterward.

By going through these Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Notes Chapter 1 First Farmers students can recall all the concepts quickly.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Notes Chapter 1 First Farmers

River Valley Civilisations:
Homo habilis made the first stone tools. These tools were useful only for simple jobs like scraping meat from the hides of dead animals, breaking nuts, etc. The later species of mankind after Homo habilis were more advanced. It resulted into the rise of the ‘Neolithic Age’. After that, settled villages came into being. The archaeological evidence shows that systematic agriculture began some 12000-11000 years ago.

The progress in the techniques of systematic cultivation resulted in the rise of the most ancient river valley civilisations of the Neolithic age. The river valley civilisations grew in four regions of the world. Those regions were Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indian Subcontinent and China.

The Valley of Euphrates and Tigris – Mesopotamia: Mesopotamia is the Greek name of the region between the two rivers, Tigris and Euphrates. Mesos means the ‘middle one’. Potamos means ‘river’. The region between two rivers is ‘Mesopotamia’. The Mesolithic people began to stay in this region for longer times because of the availability of ample water.

Ancient Mesopotamia included modern Iraq, Syria as well as the western regions of Iran and south-eastern regions of Turkey. The camps of Mesolithic people developed into the first settled neolithic villages. These first villages are dated to 10000 years B.C.E.

The Valley of Nile – Egypt: Napoleon Bonaparte had taken along many scholars from various fields during his invasion of Egypt in 1798. They studied the ancient remains in Egypt and published it. These studies received a momentum because of the decipherment of the Rosetta inscriptions. The first neolithic villages in Egypt came into being at about 6000 B.C.E. The beginning of agriculture in Egypt coincides with the same time.

The Valley of the Huang He – China: The Valley of Huang He River is considered to be the region of origin of the Chinese culture. The Chinese culture evolved here. Agriculture in the neolithic villages of China began at about 7000 B.C.E. Wheat, foxtail millet and rice were grown by the farmers in these villages.

The Valleys of Sindhu (Indus) and Saraswati – Indian Subcontinent: The region of the valleys of Sindhu and Saraswati is now divided between India and Pakistan. The archaeological excavations at Harappa on the banks of Ravi in Punjab and Mohenjo Daro on the banks of Sindhu in Sindh indicate the existence of a fully developed civilisation in the Indian subcontinent which was dated to circa 3000 B.C.E.

It proves that there were well-settled villages in the Indian subcontinent as early as 8000 B.C.E. There is a general consensus among the scholars that the Harappan cities evolved from these early villages.

Beginning of Cultivation: Agricultural Production:
Beginning of cultivation is also the beginning of the neolithic age. It spans through 10000 – 8700 B.C.E. It may vary to some extent from place to place. This period marked the beginning of domestication of animals along with the beginning of cultivation.

Barley was the main crop in this period. Other crops were wheat and flaxseed. Thus, the technology evolved; the techniques of hunting and obtaining food improved; food became available in plenty.
This resulted in making the Mesolithic people stay at one place for a longer time of the year. This is how the villages were settled on a permanent basis.

First Farmers of India:
Neo means ‘new’ and lithic means ‘of stone neolithic’ age got its name because of the stone tools of completely new types. The site is of great importance among the neolithic villages in the Indian subcontinent established by the first farmers. The Mehrgarh farmers cultivated barley and wheat. There is another site of a neolithic village that is contemporary to Mehrgarh.

The site was found at ‘Lahuradeva’ in Sant Kabir Nagar district of Uttar Pradesh. In Maharashtra, the mesolithic man existed during 10000-4000 B.C.E. The Chalcolithic people were the first farmers of Maharashtra. Inamgaon, in the Shirur taluka of Pune district, is an important site of the village of Chalcolithic farmers in Maharashtra.

Agricultural Settlements:
A village with at least a population of 100 could meet the needs of individual members who would be completely dependent on agriculture and animal husbandry. Neolithic villages were small in size. Permanently occupied dwellings (mostly round huts) were characteristic of these villages.

Other than these dwellings, some places in the central part of the village were perhaps used as common storage places of food-grains and other things. This internal settlement pattern of the village indicates that the transactions related to food production were centrally controlled.

Trade and Transport:
The nomadic-semi nomadic groups of Mesolithic people had a system of barter among themselves. The wheel was not yet invented. It means that the means of mechanical transport were not available to them. The neolithic people invented the wheel and the technology they had developed so far, underwent a revolution. The neolithic people began to produce wheel-made pottery.

The wheel technology made it possible to produce pottery on a mass scale. The invention of the wheel also made it possible to obtain the raw material from distant places in much lesser time. It helped to develop trade and transport on a greater scale.

Beginning of Urbanisation:
After settling down at one place for a long time, a feeling of ownership arose among the Neolithic people. This feeling was focused on their individual dwellings and the piece of land cultivated by them. Eventually, the villages expanded. Along with it, awareness of collective landholdings and the village boundaries became prominent.

It gave rise to administrative centers. Such administrative centers attract a large population that includes officials, people from various occupations. As a result, the periphery of the original settlement kept expanding and cities came into being. Thus, began the process of urbanization in the Neolithic age.

Glossary:

→ Civilization – The process by which a society or place reaches an advanced stage of social and cultural development and organization.

→ Homo habilis – Extinct species, ancestor of modern human.

→Nomadic – Moving from one place to another rather than living in one place all of the time.

→ Pastoralism – Animal Husbandry.

→ Decipherment – To discover the meaning of.

→ Hieroglyphs – Pictorial script.

→ Archaeology – Study of ancient evidence of the past.

→ Excavation – To remove the earth from a place in order to find old objects buried there.

→ Monochrome – Single colour.

→ Burnished – Polished by rubbing with a wooden or stone tool.

→ Applique work – Pasting wet clay ribbons and making patterns on them.

By going through these Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Psychology Notes Chapter 2 Intelligence students can recall all the concepts quickly.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Psychology Notes Chapter 2 Intelligence

Meaning And Perspectives On Intelligence:

• Intelligence is the highest attribute of human beings. Different psychologists have defined intelligence differently.
• Lewis Terman explains intelligence as, “an ability to think on an abstract level.”
• David Wechsler defines intelligence as, “the aggregate or global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment.”

The two main perspectives on intelligence are –

Intelligence as a single, general ability – The classical notion of intelligence explains it as an unitary ability and only the functions of intelligence may take different forms. Psychologists like Alfred Binet, David Wechsler, William Stern and Lewis Terman believed that intelligence is a single index of cognitive abilities.

Intelligence as a set of multiple abilities – The modern view of intelligence as explained by psychologists like Charles Spearman, E.L. Thorndike, Howard Gardner, etc., states that multiple abilities are involved in intelligence. They believe that distinct types of intelligences exist.

• E. L. Thorndike – explained that intelligence consists of three independent abilities viz. Abstract intelligence, Social intelligence and Concrete intelligence.
• Louis Thurstone – explained that intelligence consists of seven Primary Mental Abilities viz. verbal comprehension, word fluency, number facility, spatial visualization, associative memory, reasoning and perceptual speed.
• Charles Spearman – proposed the Two Factor Theory of Intelligence i.e. General factor (g) minimum competence and Specific factor (s) specific abilities which are required to solve problems.
• Raymond Cattell and John Horn – The two types of intelligence are 1) fluid intelligence – dependent on neurological development, 2) crystallized intelligence – function of knowledge, experience.
• Howard Gardner – Theory of Multiple Intelligence (1983) – There are nine independent types of intelligence viz. linguistic,logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, naturalistic, existential intelligence.

Measurement Of Intelligence:
Sir Francis Galton thought that he could determine intelligence by measuring the size of the human skull. He administered a battery of tests to measure variables such as head size, reaction time, visual acuity, etc. However, these tests did not prove useful to measure intelligence.

Raymond Cattell used the term ‘mental test’ for the first time. Like his mentor, Sir Galton, Cattell also believed that intelligence is best measured by sensory tasks. However, be emphasized that test administration must be standardized.

In 1905, Alfred Binet in collaboration with Theodore Simon published the First Scale of Intelligence. This scale was revised in 1908 and 1911. In 1916, Lewis Terman revised the scale, i.e., adapted few items, established new age norms etc. This came to be called ‘Stanford Binet Test’.

In 1917, Robert Yerkes and his colleagues developed the Army Alpha (verbal test) and Army Beta (performance test) intelligence tests. These two tests were used to recruit soldiers during the First World War. In 1939, during Second World War II also, to recruit army personnel, the Army General Classification Test was used.

In 1939, David Wechsler published the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Test. In 1955, the test was revised and then called Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). It has a verbal scale and performance scale.

Wechsler also developed a test to measure the intelligence of children, i.e., Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). In 2008, Pearson released the WAIS-IV.

Mental Age – Alfred Binet introduced the concept of Mental Age. It is defined as the age at which the person successfully performs on all items of the test prepared for that age level. Mental Age need not correspond to Chronological Age. If Mental Age (MA) is the same as Chronological Age (CA), the person has average intelligence.

Intelligence Quotient – In 1912, William Stern introduced the concept of Intelligence Quotient (IQ). Terman refined the formula for calculating IQ which is as stated below –
IQ = \(\frac{\mathrm{MA}}{\mathrm{CA}}\) × 100

Types Of Intelligence Tests

Individual tests of intelligence – Individual tests of intelligence are tests which can be administered to a single person at a time, for e.g., Stanford Binet Scales, WAIS, Koh’s Block Design Test, etc. They require a trained, skilled psychologist to administer, score and interpret the test. Individual tests are more capable of measuring productive thinking.

Group tests of intelligence – Group tests of intelligence are tests that can be administered to more than one person at a time, i.e., for mass testing, for e.g., Army Alpha and Army Beta Test, Otis self-administration tests, etc. Group tests require less time consuming and more economical. However, they are less capable of measuring the creative aspect of intelligence.

Verbal tests of intelligence – Verbal tests of intelligence make use of words and numbers to measure intelligence. Subjects respond verbally to the test items, for e.g., WAIS, Army Alpha Test, etc. These tests are culture-bound but are useful to measure higher mental abilities.

Non-verbal tests of intelligence – Non-verbal tests of intelligence do not use language to measure intelligence.

They make use of pictures, designs, objects, etc. Such tests maybe

• Performance tests, e.g., Koh’s Block Design Test or
• Paper-pencil test e.g., Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices.

Non-verbal tests are culture-free and are also suitable for use with illiterate persons, children, etc. However, they are less suitable to measure higher mental abilities.

Application Of Intelligence Testing:

• Effective Schooling – On the basis of intelligence test scores, teachers can classify students into intellectual categories and devise special instructional programmes suited to their mental development.
• Aids Mental Health Personnel – Intelligence tests are helpful to Mental Health personnel such as psychologists etc., for diagnosis purposes and therapy.
• Effective Parenting – Parents can provide appropriate educational facilities to their children based on their IQ scores.
• Career Counselling – Scores obtained on intelligence tests help the student to select the right educational options/ courses.
• Vocational Counselling – Individuals can choose a suitable career and achieve job satisfaction when they make a realistic choice of vocation based on IQ scores.

New Trends In Intelligence:
Social Intelligence:
E.L. Thorndike proposed the term social intelligence. Howard Gardner included interpersonal intelligence in the Multiple Intelligences Theory. According to Karl Albrecht, “Social intelligence is the ability to get along well with others and to get them to cooperate with oneself’.

A continued pattern of nourishing behaviour indicates a high level of social intelligence. Such persons are skilled at interacting with and understanding people around them. They respect and encourage others. They effectively comprehend social dynamics.

Emotional Intelligence (El):
The term emotional intelligence was used for the first time by John Mayer and Peter Salovey. The concept of emotional intelligence was popularized by Daniel Goleman. It is defined as ‘the ability to perceive and monitor one’s own and others emotions, to discriminate among them and to use this information to guide one’s thinking and actions.

Emotional intelligence refers to a set of cognitive abilities such as perceiving emotions, using emotions to facilitate thought, understanding emotions and managing (regulating) emotions. Persons with high emotional intelligence tend to be emotionally stable, patient, optimistic, enthusiastic and calm.

Artificial Intelligence (AI):
The term artificial intelligence was suggested by John McCarthy. Artificial intelligence is an innovation created by human intelligence. It is a field of study that combines computer science, algorithms, psychology, etc. It refers to enabling software programmes and computer systems to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, weather forecasting, language translations, etc.

Artificial intelligence can take decisions only on the basis of stored information and so it cannot be an alternative to human intelligence. Artificial intelligence has immense applications in daily life as well as to solve critical problems such as drones, Robotic Process Automation, medical diagnosis, etc.

Glossary:

→ Artificial Intelligence – A subfield computer science enabling software programs to run machines just like human intelligence

→ Emotional Intelligence – An individual’s ability to perceive. assess, evaluate and regulate one’s own and other’s emotions accurately.

→ Intelligence Quotient – The standard score of an individual’s intelligence based on an intelligence test, It is also known as IQ.

→ Mental age – Is a measure of a child’s performance on an intelligence test and relative to the performance of other children of the same age on the same test.

→ Performance tests – Any test that requires the individual to perform or do something such as completing a task or manipulating abjects rather than respond using language.

→ Social Intelligence – An individual’s ability Lo effectively relate to others.

→ Verbal tests – They make use of words and numbers to measure intelligence and subjects respond verbally to the test items.

→ Individual tests – They are tests which can be administered to a single person at a time.

→ Group tests – They are Lists that can be administered to more than one person at a time.

→ Intelligence – The aggregate or global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment.

By going through these Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Economics Notes Chapter 2 Money students can recall all the concepts quickly.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Economics Notes Chapter 2 Money

→ Concept of Money : It is an important concept. It has brought a revolutionary change in the economic life of human beings.
Modern economy is dependent on money. Barter system is replaced with introduction of money.

→ Difficulties in Barter System :

1. Problem of Double Coincidence of wants
2. Lack of common measure of value
3. Difficulties in storage of goods
4. Indivisibility of certain goods
5. Problem of making Deferred Payments

→ Definition of Money : “Money is anything that is generally acceptable as a mean of exchange and
at the same time acts as a measure and a store of value.” Prof. Crowther.

→ Evolution of Money :

1. Animal Money
2. Commodity Money
3. Metallic Money
4. Metallic Coins
5. Paper Money
6. Credit Money
7. Plastic Money
8. Electronic Money

→ Types of Money :

1. Animal Money : E.g. Cow, Sheep, Goat, etc.
2. Commodity Money : E.g. Feathers, Shells, Grains, Fur, etc.
3. Metallic Money : E.g. Gold, Silver, Copper, Aluminium, etc.
4. Metallic Coins : E.g. Full bodied coins → Face value = Intrinsic value
   E.g. Token coins → Face value > Intrinsic value
5. Paper Money : E.g. ₹. 1, ₹. 5, ₹. 50, ₹. 100 – notes, etc.
6. Bank Money (Credit Money) E.g. Cheque, Demand Draft, etc.
7. Plastic Money : E.g. Debit Cards, Credit Cards
8. Electronic Money (E-Money) : E.g. Mobile, Tablet, Smart Cards, Computer, Digital Wallet.

→ Legal and Non-legal tender money :

• Legal Tender Money is backed by law and it cannot be refused by anybody, while doing any transactions. E.g. all coins and currency notes prevailing in the country.
• Non-Legal Tender Money is not backed by law. It can be refused. It is evolved just to make transactions easy between buyer and seller. It is also called as optional money.

→ Qualities of Money :

1. General Acceptability
2. Divisibility
3. Durability
4. Cognizabity
5. Portability
6. Homogeneity
7. Stability

→ Functions of Money :

(A) Primary Functions:

• Medium of Exchange
• Measure of Value (Unit of Account)

(B) Secondary Functions:

• Standard /Deferred payments
• Store of Value
• Transfer of Value

(C) Contingent Functions:

• Measurement of N.I.
• Basis of Credit.
• Imparts liquidity to wealth
• Estimation of macro economic variables

→ Black Money :
It is a money earned through illegal activity. It is collected to evade tax. It encourages illegal activities like bribery, black marketing, hoarding, etc. It leads to political, economic and social instability in any country.

Word Meaning:

intellectual – Process of thinking and understanding; fundamental – basic, mechanical – use of machines, revolutionary – complete change, circulation – distribution, barter system – exchange of goods for goods, coincidence – by chance, perishable – gets spoilt easily, bulky – large, inconvenient – difficult not possible to do, indivisible – cannot be separated, deferred – in future, civilization – human, social and cultural development, evolutionary – development, protohistoric period – a period between prehistory and history, metallic – use of metal, precious – of great price, uniformity – similarity, affixed – attach, authorities – power, face value – exchange value of money, intrinsic value – value of the money, substitute – option, monopolized – controlled, denominations – face value of money, handling – to deal, monetary – dealing with money, digital wallets – electronic device for doing electronic transaction, durability – used for long period of time, cognizability – to be recognised, portability – easy to carry, homogeneous – same group, stability – fixed, medium – means to do, value – use, commercial – business, liquid asset – asset which can be converted into money, budget – estimated income and expenses set over period of time, illegal – not as per law, black marketing – trade using illegal activities, hoarding – holding the resources, bribery – influencing other by offering money, obstacles – problems, instability – not fixed, demonetization – change in current forms of money

By going through these Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Economics Notes Chapter 1 Basic Concepts in Economics students can recall all the concepts quickly.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 Economics Notes Chapter 1 Basic Concepts in Economics

→ Types Of Sciences :

Natural Sciences:

• Called as exact sciences
• E.g. Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry

Social Sciences:

• Called as abstract / behavioural /inexact sciences
• Eg. Psychology, Sociology, Economics

→ Origin of the term ‘Economics’ lies in the Greek word ‘Oikonomia’ meaning management of the household.

→ Economics → ‘Queen of Social Sciences’ — Paul Samuelson.

→ Types of Economic Systems:

1. Capitalism
2. Socialism
3. Mixed Economy

→ ‘Artha’ means Wealth’ and ‘Shastra’ means ‘Science’

→  Kautilya:

• Royal advisor
• A great statesman
• Philosopher
• Economist

→  Kautilya was also known by the names ‘Chanakya’ or ‘Vishnugupta’

→ Kautilya was an author of book Arthashastra’.

→ Adam Smith is called as “Father of Economics”

→  Classical School Of Thought:

• Adam Smith
• T. R. Malthus
• David Ricardo
• J.S Mill

→ Neo-Classical School Of Thought:

• Irving Fisher
• A.C Pigou
• Alfred Marshall

→ Modern School Of Thought

• J.M. Keynes
• Lionel Robbins
• Paul Samuelson

→ Branches Of Economics:

Micro Economics

• Greek word – ‘Mikros’
• means small

Macro Economics:

1. Greek word – ‘Makros’
2. means large / aggregate / total

→  Basic Concepts Of Micro Economics

• Wants
• Goods and Services
• Utility
• Value
• Wealth
• Personal Income
• Personal Disposable Income (PDI)
• Economic Activity

→ Characteristics Of Wants:

• Wants are unlimited
• Wants are recurring in nature
• Wants differ with age
• Wants differ with gender
• Wants differ due to preferences
• Wants differ with seasons
• Wants differ due to culture

→ Classification Of Wants:

(1) Economic & Non-economic Wants
E.g.

• Economic wants : food, medicines, etc.
• Non-economic wants : air, sun shine, etc.

(2) Individual Wants and Collective Wants
E.g.

• Individual wants : a doctor using stethoscope, a judge wearing his coat, a teacher using his duster
• Collective wants : travelling by train, bus, aeroplane, etc.

(3) Necessities, Comforts and Luxuries
E.g.

• Necessities : food, clothing, shelter, health and education
• Comforts : washing machine, mixer, pressure cooker, geyser, etc.
• Luxuries : AC-car, Air conditioner, diamond necklace, etc.

→ Goods and Services :

• Goods : Any commodity which satisfies human wants is called as goods. Eg. chalk, toothbrush, tooth paste, pen, pencil, eraser, etc.
• Services : Any kind of services which satisfy human wants is called as services. Eg. service of a doctor, teacher, lawyer, carpenter, cobbler, tailor, etc.

→ Utility : A power in a commodity or service to satisfy a human want is called as utility.

→ Values:

(1) Value in use:

• Worth / Usefulness of a commodity
• Eg. Water

(2) Value in Exchange:

• Worth of Commodity / Service expressed in terms of another commodity
• Eg. Diamond

→ Characteristics of Wealth:

• Utility
• Scarity
• Externality
• Transferability

→ Personal Income : Income received from all the sources is called Personal Income.
→ Personal Disposal Income : It is a part of Personal Income which is left behind after payment of taxes.

→Types Of Income

1. Fixed Income
2. Fluctuating income
3. Unearned income
4. Money income
5. Earned income
6. Real income
7. Residual income
8. Contractual income

Economic Activity:

Production:
Creation of utility
Factors of Production :

• Land – Rent
• Labour – Wages
• Capital – Interest
• Entrepreneur – Profit

Distribution:
Division of factor rewards among different segments of the society

Exchange:
Sale and Purchase of goods and services

Consumption:
Making use of goods and services to satisfy human wants

→ Concept Of Macro Economics

• National Income
• Saving
• Investment
• Trade Cycles
• Economic Growth
• Economic Development

Economic Growth:

• indicates increase in the real national income of the country
• narrow and quantitative concept
• possible without economic development
• uni-dimensional concept
• it is spontaneous and reversible
• measured in terms of national income and per capita income

Economic Development:

• indicates economic growth plus progressive changes
• broader and qualitative concept
• not possible without economic growth
• multi-dimensional concept
• it is deliberate and irreversible
• measured in terms of agricultural productivity, industrial productivity, quality of human life, etc.

Word Meaning:

inventions – to create, empirical approach – method of inquiry and observation by experiments, psychology- study of mental behaviour of human being, abstract – ideas without any physical or concrete existence, sociology – study of social behaviour of human being, tendencies – behaviour, acquiring – to obtain, treatise – study of, broadest – large, crucial – important, compilation – list of something, statesman – political leader, literacy – written, Laissez faire – without any interference of Government, Neo-classical – time period between 1660 – 1798, attainment – a thing to achieve, requisites – necessary, material welfare – to get all the basic needs for well being, scarce – limited, alternative – many, comparatively – in compare of something, priority – importance, coined – create. Micro – small, variables – factor which changes, desire – strong feeling to have something, unending – something which has no ends, occasional – sometime, chronological – in order, preferences – choices, influence – effect, monetary – exchange of goods transaction and services in which money is involved, value – importance, well-furnished – well decorated, capacity – the total amount of something contains, immense – importance, utility – useful, transferability – to pass something from one person to another, tangible – physically can be touched, Notional – assumed, efficiency – productivity, earnings – income, stable – fixed, fluctuating – changing, contractual – as per the agreement, residual – leftover, unearned – earning without actual working, entrepreneur – a person who sets and runs the business, charity – to help other in form of money/material, reward – returns/ benefits, labour – do work physically, macro – large, aggregate – total, estimate – to calculate, foregoing- sacrificing, mobilization – moving, inflation – continuous rise in price (increase in price), depression – Continuous fall in price (decrease in price), quantitative – measured by quantity of something, progressive – continuous, multi-dimensional – in several measuring ways, narrow – small, spontaneous – immediate, reversible – moving in backward direction, deliberate – for long time, per capita income – each person income, paradox – opposite statement, qualitative – measured in terms of quality of something.

By going through these Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Political Science Notes Chapter 1 The World Since 1991 students can recall all the concepts quickly.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Political Science Notes Chapter 1 The World Since 1991

Introduction
The disintegration of the Soviet Union ended the era of the Cold War as well as the East-West division of the world. Developments in the post-Cold War period can be analyzed through five dimensions –

End of the Cold War and rise of new States:
The East European revolution of 1989, led to assertion of ethnic nationalism based on the right to self-determination. It was an expression of the middle class for freedom and economic well-being as well as for autonomy and eventually for independence. Many new States were created based on ethnic identity for e.g., Yugoslavia split into States like Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, etc. Similarly, 15 new States were created after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Emergence of Unipolarity:
In 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait. The USA led a multinational force to free Kuwait from Iraqi control. The US President, George H. Bush had described this victory as ‘New World Order as the multinational support to the USA came from NATO, Israel, Soviet Union, China and many Arab countries.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the world became unipolar and the New World Order implied US dominance and leadership in matters of global security. This had political and economic dimensions. The US employed “Soft Power” method i.e., without use of coercion or military force but through socio-cultural and economic influence.

Human rights and Humanitarian intervention:
There have been many instances of ethnic conflicts and bloodshed in the creation of new States particularly in Bosnia, East Timor, Somalia, Cambodia, etc. The UN Peacekeeping Force has intervened in a number of conflict situations to bring about peaceful resolution of the conflict as well as to maintain peace and protect human rights.

Humanitarian intervention refers to an increasing awareness about the significance of human rights and the need for their protection.

Terrorism:
Terrorism is defined as the use of violence or the threat to use violence, with an intention to create panic in society, in the pursuit of political/religious/ideological goals. Terrorist groups indulge in hijackings, bombings, etc., and are usually associated with separatist movements.

Modern-day terrorist operations are global in nature. Some instances of terrorist attacks post-1991, include Al-Qaeda attacks on 11th September 2001 in Washington D.C., Bali (2002), Mumbai (2008), etc.

Multipolarity and Regionalism:
In the post-Cold War era, the USA emerged as the only superpower. However, in recent times, the dominant position of the USA has been challenged due to the rise of Asian nations like China, Japan and India; creation of the European Union; military resurgence of Russia and growing importance of regional organisations like SAARC, etc.

Regionalism refers to creation of regional organisations based on geographical proximity or on common ideological, political, economic concerns in areas like communication, health, energy, education, etc. In the 1960s, organisations like ASEAN focused on economic issues while others like NATO focused on security issues. Some regional organisations are :

European Union (EU): The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and European Economic Community (EEC) were created to foster economic interdependence. On 7th February 1992, the Maastricht Treaty was signed, to create the European Union. This led to expansion of spheres of cooperation to include internal affairs, judicial matters, foreign policy, etc.

The Euro (EU); is the official currency of 19 out of 28 countries of the EU. These nations are collectively called Eurozone. The Schengen Agreement (1985) was signed by France, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg. Today 22 countries are part of the Schengen Area which is an area without internal borders. The EU functions on four key institutions viz., European Commission, European Parliament, European Council and European Court of Justice. The UK formally ended its membership of the EU on 31st January 2020.

SAARC – It was formed in 1985 at Dhaka with seven members viz., Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. In 2006, SAFTA was activated. Afghanistan joined SAARC in 2007. There are also nine observers such as EU, China, UK, USA, etc.

BIMSTEC – The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation was established in 1997. It comprises of five countries from South Asia viz., Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka and two countries from South-East Asia viz., Myanmar, Thailand. BIMSTEC aims to facilitate collaboration and rapid economic development among countries lying in adjacent areas of the Bay of Bengal.

BRICS – This organization was created in 2009 by members Brazil Russia India and China. In 2010, South Africa joined it. BRICS nations are fast-growing economies and have significant influence on global affairs.

G-20 – This forum was created in 1999 with the aim to discuss policies relating to financial stability. It includes developed countries like the USA, UK, France, Germany, the EU as well as developing countries like Argentina, Brazil, India, etc.

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) – It was founded in 2001 in Shanghai by the leaders of China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. In 2016, India and Pakistan joined SCO. The focus of SCO is to bring about peace, stability, and cooperation in the Eurasian region.

By going through these Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Notes Chapter 12 India Transformed Part 2 students can recall all the concepts quickly.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Notes Chapter 12 India Transformed Part 2

→ In the last lesson, we saw India’s advancement in the field of trade and commerce, science and technology, and all other related fields. We also studied different issues faced by India and the reorganization of the state.

→ In this chapter, we are going to study the development of India in the social domain including health, environment, education, and sports. India has a rich cultural heritage, several people from all over the world visit India to see its cultural heritage which gives impetus to tourism in India.

Social Domain:

→ The transformation of India is also visible in the social domain.

→ Human Rights Protection Act -1993 was passed in order to reduce social disparity.

→ National Human Rights Commission was established under this act. The objective of this act includes the protection of fundamental rights and to see that nobody is deprived of this Act.

→ In 2005, ‘The Domestic Violence Act was passed to provide protection to women from domestic violence.

→ The State Government of Maharashtra launched a programme ‘Lek Ladaki’ to save girl child. Government also banned sex/gender determination.

Health:
In 1995, the health department of Government of India launched programme called ‘Pulse Polio’ for the eradication of polio.

Ayush:
This department was established by ‘Ministry of Health and Family Welfare’ for developing alternate medicine like Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Homoeopathy etc.

Environment:

→ Many states in India are facing the problem of air pollution due to increased number of automobiles and vehicles with poor maintenance.

→ The Centre for Science and Environment studied the problem of pollution in Delhi and recommended the use of CNG as a fuel for vehicle to overcome the problem of pollution.

→ The vehicles without PUC (Pollution Under Control) will not qualify for insurance and renewal of insurance.

→ Sundarlal Bahuguna (Chipko Movement), Medha Patkar (Narmada Bachao Andolan) and Dr. Rajendra Singh (Water Conservation) are some of the prominent names who contributed a lot for the protection and conservation of environment.

→ Rahibai Popere: She is popularly known as ‘Beejmata’ for her work to preserve seeds of native cultivars for the future generation. She also got ‘Nari Shakti’ award by the President of India on 8th March 2018.

→ Bhau Katdare: Bhau Katdare and his associates work for the conservation of nature. For this purpose, they established an institute called ‘Sahyadri Nisarg Mitra’. He worked to save and conserve ‘White-Breasted Sea Eagle’. He is also working to protect Olive Ridley turtles and ‘Pangolin’.

→ Prem Sagar Mestry and his associates are working for increasing the number of ‘Long-billed Vultures’ and ‘White back Vultures’ and to make available safe food for them through ‘Society for Eco Endangered Species Conservation and Protection – SEESCAP’.

Education:

→ Kerala became the first state in India with 100% literacy in 1990, which was declared as the ‘International Literacy Year.

→ Ernakulam was the first district in Kerala to become completely literate.

Education with special reference to Maharashtra:

→ Primary Education: In 1994, District Primary Education Programme (DPEP) was started with an aim of achieving 100% registration and attendance of children in primary schools and bringing down the number of drop-out.

→ Mid-Day Meal (Shaley Poshan Ahar): Started on 15th August 1995 to provide mid-day meal to children in primary school.

→ Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan – SSA

→ “Let’s all learn, Let’s all progress” was the motto of this programme which was launched in 2001.

→ The programme gave special attention to the education of girl child with special needs (Divyang).

→ ‘EDUSAT’ (GSAT-3), a satellite was launched to achieve universalisation of education in India.

Sports:

→ The Indian sports history was full of various achievements in different sports like the Indian hockey team used to return home victorious from international matches, Indian wrestler Kashaba Jadhav earned fame in international wrestling.

→ Due to globalisation some new sport and sportspersons became popular. It is essential for sportspersons in all fields to prove themselves every time they play. There is a lot of change in the format and the rules of games.

→ Many new sports became popular nowadays. Media and Sports channels have special slots for this. Some television channels are devoted to sports. Number of sports journals are published in India.

→ Various clubs/associations of each sport are established in India. The player has to sign professional contract with club. The IPL matches of cricket, World Cup matches, one day matches and 20-20, the matches of Pro Kabaddi are the examples of professionalisation of the sports world.

→ The government of India is taking a note of extraordinary sportspersons and honoured them with various awards.

→ Sachin Tendulkar was awarded with the highest award of ‘Bharat Ratna’. He was also nominated as a member of Rajya Sabha.

→ Sports is included in the school and college curriculum.

National Sports policy:

→ Government of India announced its sports policy in 2011 with the objective to take sports to all parts of India, to help the players to develop special skills, to build supportive and fundamental sport facilities, to help National Sport Federation of India, to initiate cooperation from industries, corporate private institution for the cause of sports, to create awareness of the importance of sports among people.

→ A scheme called ‘Come and Play’ was launched by Government in 2011.

→ Five sports complexes were made available to locals under ‘Sports Authority of India’.

→ The National Sports Academy was founded at Manipur in 2018. Bachelor, Master’s, M. Phil, Ph.D. and research in sports is also encouraged in this academy.

Khelo India:

→ This is a scheme launched by Indian Government with the objective of creating a larger popular platform and to establish excellence in sports.

→ To create interest about sports among the students from early days in school and to increase girl’s participation in sports are the two major aspect of this scheme.

→ For the development of sports ‘National Sports Development Fund’ was established.

→ In order to encourage the player ‘Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna’, Arjun Award, Dhyanchand Lifetime Achievement Award, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Trophy and National Sports Encouragement Award are given every year.

→ ₹ 75,00,000 are awarded to the sportsperson who wins a gold medal in Olympic games. Similarly visually impaired are given good amount of rewards and jobs.

→ There is a provision of pension for the retired sportsperson.

→ In this way, Government of India encouraged sports by opening many avenues for youths and students.

Cultural Heritage and Tourism:

→ Tourism industry is one of the continuously growing industry not only in India but in entire world also.

→ It gives foreign exchange and increased revenue to the country.

→ The three ministries of Home Affairs, Tourism and Foreign Affairs together created the facility of e-visa, which included e-business visa, e-medical visa and e-visa.

→ A 24-hour telephonic service giving information in 10 foreign languages is available. This facility is available at 1363 number.

→ Institutes offering training course in ‘Hospitality and Hotel Management’ have been established in many cities in the country.

→ ‘Atulya Bharat’ an advertisement campaign was launched by the Indian government.

→ ‘GONORTHEAST’ a travel show was released on Discovery channel.

→ ‘Swadesh Darshan’ or ‘Prasad’ schemes were started by Indian Government for pilgrimage. Swadesh Darshan is a programme introduced for 13 types of pilgrimage tour.

→ Channels like BBC, Discovery, History are showing programmes on India’s cultural and historical heritage.

→ The Ministry of Tourism, Government of India and Federation of Associations in Indian Tourism and Hospitality (FAITH) organised Indian Tourism Mart-2018.

Glossary:

→ Universalization of education – The process of making education available to everybody

→ UNICEF – Acronym of United Nations Children’s Fund, Formerly (1946-53) United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund, Special program of the United Nations (UN) devoted to aiding national efforts to improve the health, nutrition, education, and general welfare of children.

→ Landrace – A landrace is a domesticated and locally adopted traditional variety of species of plants or animals which has developed over a period of time.

→ Suo moto cognizance – It is a Latin term meaning “on its own motion”. It is used where a government agency especially courts acts on its own cognizance, as in the commission took sou moto control over the matter without anybody formally seeking intervention.

→ Corne and play scheme – It is primarily focused on encouraging local sports persons in areas where SAI sports facilities I centers are
operational.

→ Khelo India – This program has been introduced to revive the sports culture in India at the grassroots level.

→ Cultural heritage – It is an expression of the ways of living developed by a community and passed on from one generation to another. e.g., customs, traditions, places, objects, artistic expression, values, religious practices, and soon.

By going through these Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Psychology Notes Chapter 8 Positive Psychology students can recall all the concepts quickly.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Psychology Notes Chapter 8 Positive Psychology

Meaning Of Positive Psychology:
Positive Psychology is a newly emerging branch of psychology Martin Seligman officially introduced Positive Psychology as a subfield of psychology. It is the science of happiness, human strength and growth. It focuses on building of character strengths like courage, joy, etc., rather than on anxiety and conflict.

According to Seligman, Positive Psychology is “the scientific study of positive human functioning and flourishing on multiple levels that include the biological, personal, relational, institutional, cultural and global dimensions of life.”

Need and importance of positive psychology:
Negative events tend to be intense and hence easily attract our attention, e.g., outbursts of anger by a person will be quickly noticed. Positive Psychology believes that a person can prevent and overcome many psychological problems by adopting a positive approach. Therefore, today, positive psychology is important.

Life Above Zero:
Traditional psychology focused on life at and below zero. Zero is the line that divides illness from health. Hence, life below zero indicates a life that is full of problems stress, diseases, etc. Positive psychology emphasizes the study of life above zero.

-1 to +1 indicates neutral characteristics while below 0 indicates disorders/ illness. Life above zero covers a large area of positive aspects of behaviour such as mindfulness, resilience, happiness, hope, trust and empathy.

The ‘Broaden and Build theory of positive emotions’ by Barbara Fredrickson explains that when we experience positive emotions, we have more positive thoughts and also indulge in positive behaviours. Experiencing a positive emotion leads to broadening the number of actions that we can think of performing. This will increase and strengthen our psychological and social resources to lead a fulfilling life.

Happiness:
Happiness is a positive emotional state. It is subjective to each person, for e.g., people feel happy when they are successful or surprised or loved etc.
The main theories of happiness are:

• Need/ goal satisfaction theories – Happiness is experienced when a need or goal is satisfied, e.g., Rohit feels happiness when he clears IIT-JEE exams.
• Process/ activity theories – Happiness is experienced when one engages in a particular activity, e.g., Sumit enjoys trekking.
• Genetic/ personality theories – Genetic and personality characteristics are involved in the experience of happiness.

Determination of Happiness: Factors like health, prestige, income, success, etc., contribute to only a small portion of our total happiness.
The following factors are predictors of long-lasting happiness –

• Strong, intimate social relationships, positive contacts and good support system.
• Optimism leads to less of negative emotions like stress.
• Self-esteem enhances our confidence level and ability to approach challenges in a constructive manner.
• Achieving challenging goals- If the goals are too easy, it leads to boredom and if they are too difficult, it leads to frustration. Moderately challenging goals, increase the chance of success, leading to happiness.
• Perceiving meaning and purpose in life, without which we will experience frustration, boredom, etc.
• Looking at life’s challenges as an opportunity rather than a threat helps to develop our potential.

Optimism:
Optimism is a mental attitude that includes feelings of hopefulness, a belief that the future will be positive and favourable and that negative events are merely setbacks that are temporary and can be overcome.

The two components of optimism are –

1. feeling of being hopeful, confident, etc.
2. thinking i.e., view the adverse event as temporary and hence not to generalize failure to any future events. Seligman explained about optimism in the book ‘Learned Optimism.’. According to him, our perspective determines whether or not we will show optimism.

Empathy:
Empathy is the capacity to understand and feel what another person is experiencing from within their frame of reference, i.e., capacity to place oneself in another’s position. According to Simon Baron-Cohen, there are three components of empathy viz. cognitive empathy (perspective taking), emotional reactivity and social skills.

A world where people exhibit empathy will create a supportive, nurturing environment that encourages creativity and openness to experience.
Empathy builds a sense of security and trust. It is closely related to emotional intelligence and is a key to successful relationships.

Empathy can be nurtured by employing methods like –

• increase social interactions
• connecting through similarities
• understanding one’s own feelings
• challenging oneself
• cultivate a sense of curiosity
• widen the social contact circle.

Mindfulness:
Mindfulness is the basic human ability to be fully aware of where we are and what we are doing and not be overly reactive or overwhelmed by what is going on around us. It refers to mental awareness that helps to focus on the ‘Here and Now. Mindfulness helps to increase self-regulation.

Mindlessness means performing a task with less concentration and awareness mainly because we are absorbed in our own thoughts, memories, worries, etc. This can be dangerous sometimes.

Mindfulness Meditation: In Buddhist philosophy, mindfulness practice is a form of meditation. Mindfulness meditation helps in developing a non-reactive state of mind which is the foundation of a peaceful mind. This helps to reduce anxiety, frustration, etc., and enhances mental well-being.

Resilience:
According to the American Psychological Association, resilience is the process of adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats or significant sources of stress such as family, health, etc. It is the act of ‘bouncing back’ in spite of barriers or setbacks.

There are three ways in which people face adverse situations viz.

1. consider oneself as a ‘victim’ and hence indulge in self-pity or anger
2. get overwhelmed by negative emotions like fear, anxiety, etc., which makes them vulnerable to physiological and psychological collapse
3. become upset about the disruption and experience a sense of loss, pain, grief, etc.

However, they understand that setbacks are a part of life so they work through these feelings in ways that foster strength and growth. Sometimes, they may emerge stronger than they were prior to the setback. Such persons are called Resilient individuals.

The four types of resilience are –

1. Physical resilience – It is the body’s ability to adapt to challenges, maintain stamina, and quickly recover when faced with illness, injury or other physical demands.
2. Psychological resilience – It is developing coping strategies that enable one to adapt to uncertainty, challenges and adversity and to move on without prolonged negative consequences.
3. Emotional resilience – It refers to the ability to manage one’s emotions by adequately using one’s resources to cope with adversity.
4. Community resilience – It is the ability of groups of people to respond to and recover from adverse situations such as natural disasters and other challenges to their community.

The ‘building blocks for resilience (7 C’s of Resilience)
According to Ann Masten, resilience is is ‘ordinary magic’, which involves behaviour that can be
easily learnt.

The 7 C’s of resilience are :

• Competence – Competence is the ability or know-how to handle situations effectively. Competence is acquired through actual experience.
• Confidence – True confidence is a strong belief in one’s own abilities. Confidence is gained by demonstrating competence in real-life situations.
• Connection – Family is the central force in an individual’s life. Connections with other people, schools and communities gives the individual a sense of security that allows him/her to be independent and develop creative solutions.
• Character – It refers to a clear sense of right and wrong and a commitment to integrity. An individual with character has a strong sense of self-worth and confidence.
• Contribution – An individual who understands the importance of personal contribution develops a sense of purpose that can motivate him/her, further leading to his/her psychological well-being.
• Coping – A person who learns to cope effectively with stress is better prepared to overcome life’s challenges.
• Control – When an individual realizes that he can control the outcomes of his decisions and actions, he is more likely to know that he has the ability to bounce back.

The importance of resilience:
Resilience helps the person to recover from setbacks with the least negative consequences.
Individuals high on resilience –

• regain their confidence after a period of emotional disturbance
• they are able to maintain their psychological well-being.

Glossary:

→ Empathy – it is the ability to understand and share the similar feelings of another.

→ Happiness – An emotional state showing feelings of joy, gladness, satisfaction and well being.

→ Life above zero – It is an element of positive psychology that involves adopting mindful responses to various experiences in life to raise our mental well-being and make life-enriching and meaningful.

→ Mindfulness – It is a state of being conscious and fully aware of the present moment.

→ Optimism – lt is a positive mental attitude that is characterised by hopefulness and a belief that good things will happen in the future.

→ Pessimism – It is a negative mental attitude that is characterised by hopelessness and an anticipation that negative events are more likely to happen.

→ Positive psychology – This is a branch of psychology that focuses on strengths and virtues that enable individuals, communities and organisations to thrive.

→ Resilience – This is the process of successfully adapting to challenges and difficulties in life.

By going through these Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Psychology Notes Chapter 7 First Aid in Mental Health students can recall all the concepts quickly.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Psychology Notes Chapter 7 First Aid in Mental Health

Introduction:
According to a study conducted by NIMHANS (2014-2016), nearly 10% of the population suffers from common mental disorders. Stressors such as work or academic pressures, lack of social support can contribute to poor mental health.

The main hurdles in receiving treatment for poor mental health are –

• Lack of awareness
• stigma attached to mental illness
• high cost of treatment
• reliance on non-medical explanations for mental illness, for e.g., evil spirits,
• shortage of trained mental health professionals.

Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) is an internationally recognized training programme designed to teach people how to identify the signs and symptoms of mental health and to provide assistance on a first aid basis. MHFA was originally developed by Betty Kitchener and Anthony Jorm.

First Aid in Mental Health is a concept based on the idea of “prevention is better than cure. If the early signs of mental illness are recognized, it can help in the following ways.

• Diagnosis – timely diagnosis at the onset of mental illness helps to prevent it from developing into a more severe form.
• Intervention – early intervention helps to get professional help.
• Relapse prevention – it can prevent reoccurrence of symptoms of the mental illness.

Algee – Action Plan:

Approach, assess and assist in any crisis: An attempt is made to understand the situation and observe if there are behavioural changes in the person whom we are concerned about.

Listen non-judgmentally: We should listen to the other person without letting our opinions influence us. We should not judge/ criticise but listen with acceptance and empathy. It does not imply that we agree with what the other person is saying but it ensures that the person feels supported.

Give support and information: This helps the person to feel more in control of the situation since they have emotional and informational support.

Encourage the person to get professional help: Persons suffering from mental illness may hesitate to seek help due to lack of knowledge or due to stigma attached. Others may not know how to respond to someone showing ‘red flags’ of mental illness and may do more harm than good. Mental health professionals are trained to help the person to identify the problem and cope with the situation.

Encourage self-help and other support strategies: Self-help strategies are tasks that help to increase our resources to deal with stress and to maintain mental health such as exercise, rest, and sleep, proper diet, having hobbies, etc.

First Aid In Depression:
Individuals who experience depression, commonly have a negative thinking style and feel worthless and helpless.
A number of changes are noticed in their behaviour such as

• complaining of feeling tired or sleepy all the time
• avoiding family and friends and spending much time alone
• remaining sad and forgetful
• bunking class or performing poorR7 in exams and having difficulty in concentrating.

First Aid In Anxiety:
If anxiety is excessive or persists after the anxiety creating situation has subsided, it can lead to anxiety disorders such as phobias, acute stress disorder, etc.

The factors contributing to anxiety are genetic factors; imbalance of certain neurotransmitters, traumatic events, etc.
Symptoms shown in anxiety –

Behavioural Addictions:
Behavioural addictions refers to the need to engage in an activity or behaviour repeatedly, even though it has a negative impact on one’s physical and mental health. For e.g. shopping addiction, gambling addiction, internet addiction, etc.

Internet and Social media usage: The amount of time spent on using internet as well as the purpose of its usage is significant. Over-dependence on the internet and social media can lead to problems in life. The four C’s are indicators of excessive usage of internet – Craving, Control, Compulsion, Consequence.

The Red Flags that indicate over-dependence on internet are-

• Feelings of euphoria while using the internet.
• Physical symptoms like headache, dry eyes, etc.
• Inability to keep to schedules and boredom with routine tasks.
• Neglect of personal hygiene and nutrition just to remain online.

NIMHANS (Bengaluru) has begun the Service for Healthy Use of Technology (SHUT) to deal exclusively with mental health issues that are technology-related.
Providing First Aid in mental health issues is a bridge between the person and the mental health professional.

Glossary:

→ Mental Health – It is a state of mind that is characterised by emotional well-being, good adjustment and ability to cope with the demands and stresses of daily living.

→ Mental well-being – It is a feeling of wellness in which an individual realises his or her own potential, can cope with stressful situations and can make productive contributions to the society to live a meaningful life

→ Sleep hygiene – Techniques and routines that can he followed to improve sleep patterns.

→ Stigma – A negative social attitude which is associated with individuals diagnosed with a mental disorder and often leads to social disapproval, discrimination and exclusion of that individual in society.

→ Procrastination – Is the avoidance of completing a task that needs to be completed.

By going through these Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Notes Chapter 9 World: Decolonisation students can recall all the concepts quickly.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Notes Chapter 9 World: Decolonisation

→ In many Asian and African counties, the process of decolonisation was accelerated in the first half of the 20th century. ‘United Nations’ was largely responsible for facilitating the process of decolonisation.

Reasons for accelerated process of decolonisation:

• Conflict among European coloniser countries.
• World War I and II, and anti-colonial movements in the colonies.
• No intellectual base for the exploitation of colonies.
• England gave internal autonomy to several countries.

Introduction of system of trustees by League of Nations:
After the end of World War I England and France were entrusted the role of trustee to manage the administration of the colonies which were under the control of Germany and Turkey.

Decolonisation of Asia.

→ India got independence on 15th August 1947, Malta on 21st September 1964 Cyprus on 19th February 1959.

→ In 1971 England withdrew its army from the Gulf of Iran.

→ After that England released its hold on Singapore, Indo-China, Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria which were under the French control.

Maldives.

• Portuguese entered Maldives in 1507.
• Sultan of Maldives defeated Portuguese and began to pay tribute to Dutch.
• British established its hold on Maldives. They took Indian labourers to work in paddy fields in Maldives.
• Maldives became independent on 26th July 1965.

Sri Lanka.

• The British defeated Dutch and Portuguese and ruled over Sri Lanka from 1798 to 1948.
• There were uprisings in Sri Lanka against the British rule.
• Sri Lanka became independent in 1948.

Myanmar.

→ Portuguese established their hold on Myanmar in 1599.

→ Various dynasties of Myanmar got together and defeated Portuguese in 1611, later they amalgamated their kingdom and formed United Myanmar.

→ Three Anglo-Burmese wars were fought and the British won all the wars.

→ The people of Myanmar created an association under the leadership of Aung San.

→ British granted independence to Myanmar on 4th January 1948 and appointed Aung San as its Vice President.

Decolonisation of Africa.

The causes of strengthening independence movement in Africa –

1. Introduction to western education.
2. Awareness regarding American independence struggle, French Revolution, Nationalism and national pride.
3. Grant of more rights.

Bandung conference.

→ India called first conference of Asian countries in 1947.

→ The first conference of Asian and African countries held in 1955 at Bandung in Indonesia.

→ The problems of Afro-Asian countries and world peace and mutual co-operation were the topic of this conference.

Concept of African Unity.

→  H.S. Williams formed an organisation in London called Pan-African Association.

→  W.E.B. Du Bois called series of conferences which resulted in the idea of Pan-African unity

Decolonisation in the African Continent:
After the end of First World War ‘League of Nations’ divided the colonies among England, France and
Belgium and appointed a committee of 11 members to supervise the administration of the colonies.

→  The state of South Africa was formed in 1920.

→  Egypt got independence before the Second World War.

→  Libya, Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria and Ghana became independent one after another.

→  Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Mali, Cameroon, Somalia and other 12 French colonies got independence.
Algeria became independent by conducting plebiscite.

→  The United Republic of Tanzania came into existence.

→  Italy and Germany lost their colonies in Africa at the end of Second World War in 1945.

→  In this way with the heightened spirit of independence and nationalism, many countries in Asia and Africa obtained their freedom.

Glossary:

→ Colonialism – is a practice by which a powerful country directly controls less powerful countries and uses its own power and wealth.

→ National pride – Devoted love, support and defence of one’s country.

→ Independence – Freedom from being governed or ruled by another country.

→ Plebiscite – A vote by which the people of an entire country or district express an opinion for or against a proposal especially on a choice of government or ruler.

→ Revolution – Action taken by a large group of people to try to change the government of a country, especially by violent action.

→ Unity – The state of being joined together or in agreement.

→ Amalgamation – The process in which separate organization unite to form a larger organisation or group.