Category: Maharashtra State Board Notes

By going through these Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Notes Chapter 16 Swarajya to Empire (Maratha Period) students can recall all the concepts quickly.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Notes Chapter 16 Swarajya to Empire (Maratha Period)

Contribution of Sants:
Superstition and rituals ruled at large in medieval Indian society. People had become fatalistic and inert. The condition of the common people was miserable. These were the times when the saints in Maharashtra made efforts to bring the masses back to life. In Maharashtra, the tradition of saints, which began with Chakradhar Swami, Sant Namdev, Sant Dnyaneshwar, Sant Eknath, Sant Tukaram, and Samarth Ramdas. It was continued by sants coming from various strata of the society.

Foundation and Expansion of Swarajya:
In the first half of the 17th century, Nizamshahi and Adilshahi had established their rule in Maharashtra. Many eminent Maratha sardars flourished under their rule. They held Jahagirs in the remote regions of the Sahyadris. The difficult terrain of Sahyadri allowed them to operate independently. Shahajiraje Bhosale was a prominent Sardar in the Nizamshahi kingdom. After the end of Nizamshahi’s rule, he accepted the rank of a Mansabdar in the Adilshahi court.

The concept of Swarajya was visualized by Shahajiraje and it was turned into reality by Chh. Shivaji Maharaj. Chh. Shivaji Maharaj laid the foundation of Swarajya from the Mawal region. Several factors like the topography of Maharashtra, valour of the local Mawalas, the administrative and military experience gained by the Maratha sardars while working with Nizamshahi, and Adilshahi and above all these the able leadership of Chh. Shivaji Maharaj could make it possible.

Chh. Shivaji Maharaj had anticipated the intentions of Afzalkhan, who had taken up the challenge of killing Chh. Shivaji Maharaj. He met Afzalkhan at Pratapgad. As expected Afzalkhan attempted treachery but Chh. Shivaji Maharaj was well prepared and killed Afzalkhan in self-defense. Afzalkhan’s huge army was set on the run and huge booty and weapons were collected left behind by them. This made Swarajya’s treasury richer.

Maratha War of Independence:
After the death of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj was coronated as the King of Swarajya. During his reign, a constant conflict continued with the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Aurangzeb’s rebellious son Akbar had established friendly relations with Sambhaji Maharaj. Enraged by this Aurangzeb came down to Deccan along with a huge army and able sardars, who were veterans of warfare. For the next 25 years, he camped in Maharashtra and fought against the Marathas.

After Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj, Chhatrapati Rajaram Maharaj took over the reins at Raigad. Aurangzeb sent Zulfikar Khan to seize the fort of Raigad. Chhatrapati Rajaram Maharaj, Maharani Tarabai, Maharani Yesubai (Queen of Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj) and her son Prince Shahu were staying at Rajgad.

After the death of Rajaram Maharaj (March, 1700 C.E.), his wife Maharani Tarabai continued to fight against Aurangzeb. Maharani Tarabai led the Swarajya movement under extremely unfavourable conditions. She single-handedly took charge of the administration and fought for Swarajya for twenty-five years with the help of her sardars.

Administrative System established by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj:
The regions in Maharashtra including Nashik, Pune, Satara, Sangli, Kolhapur, Sindhudurga, Ratnagiri, Raigad; Belgaum, Karwar, Dharwad in Karnataka; some regions of Andhra, Jinji and Vellore in Tamil Nadu comprised Swarajya. Chh. Shivaji Maharaj set up an ideal administrative system for the smooth running of Swarajya’s affairs.

The formation of the Ashtapradhan Mandal (council of eight ministers) and its growth took place along with the expansion of the kingdom. After coronation, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj created special posts of Ashtapradhans. It included ‘Peshwa’, ‘Amatya’, ‘Sachiv’, ‘Mantri’, ‘Senapati, ‘Sumant’, ‘Nyayadhish’ and ‘Panditrao’.

There was a special officer called ‘Darakdar’ appointed to look after every department of the ministry. Other officers were ‘Diwan’ (Secretary) ‘Majumdar’ (Auditor and Accountant). ‘Phadnis’ (Deputy Auditor), ‘Sabnis’ (Office in-charge), ‘Karkhanis’ (Commissary), ‘Chitnis’ (Correspondence Clerk), ‘Jamdar’ (Treasurer), ‘Potdar’ (Assay Master) etc.

Release of Shahu Maharaj:
The Mughals continued their efforts to defeat the Marathas, even after the death of Aurangzeb. For that purpose they adopted the strategy of dividing the Marathas. They released Shahu Maharaj from captivity in 1707 C.E. After his release there was a conflict between Maharani Tarabai and Shahu Maharaj. Shahu Maharaj won the ensuing battle. Balaji Vishwanath played an important role on behalf of Shahu Maharaj and later he was appointed as Peshwa.

Peshwa Period:
After Balaji Vishwanath, his son, Bajirao I was appointed as the Peshwa. He expanded the Maratha empire upto Malwa, Rajasthan and Bundelkhand. He defeated the Nizam. After Bajirao I, Balaji Bajirao alias Nanasaheb was appointed as the Peshwa. Madhavrao Peshwa tried to re-establish the Maratha power. The defeat in Panipat was not just a political defeat but it also lowered the morale of the Marathas greatly.

Madhavrao Peshwa tried to elevate the spirits of Marathas as well as re-establish the Maratha power in the north. The Marathas were successful in overcoming the great defeat at Panipat and create a politically strong position for themselves in the politics of the north.
Malharrao was the founder of the Holkar State at Indore. He served the Maratha power for a long time.

Art, architecture, literature:
Art: The development of Maratha miniature paintings is seen through illustrations on the manuscripts such as pothis, pattachitra and patrikas. The same style is maintained in the glass paintings as well. Illustrated manuscripts of Sanskrit texts such as ‘Bhagvat Gita’, ‘Devi Saptashati’, ‘Bhagvat Purana’ as well as Marathi texts such as ‘Dnyaneshwari’ (Bhavarthadipika), ‘Shivaleelamrut’, ‘Pandavapratap’ etc., are available. The paintings of Dashavatara are included in them.

The wooden stands of the pothis have paintings of various deities such as Ganapati, Riddhi-siddhi, Ramapanchayatana, Gopalkrishna, Vishnulakshmi in dark red, green and yellow colours. The miniature paintings include human portraits and themes like raga mala, talamala, processions etc.

Architecture: Chh. Shivaji Maharaj gave priority to build forts. The tradition of building forts was prevalent in the Deccan in the last three centuries. This tradition proved to be of advantage to Chh. Shivaji Maharaj. The required expertise of maintaining forts was easily available to him. The Kasaba temple in Pune and Vitthal temple in Vitthalwadi were reconstructed by Veermata Jijabai.

During the Peshwa period, the Maratha kingdom regained its prosperity and all forms of art and architecture once again received patronage. Pune, Satara and Nashik developed into big cities. These cities had well-paved roads, wadas on both sides of the road and arched gates at intervals. The construction of temples began on a large scale during the later Peshwa period.

These temples were of three types. Examples of the temple architecture of this period are found at Saswad (‘Vateshwar’, ‘Sangameshwar’), Mahuli (‘Vishweshwar’), Jejuri etc. These are huge in size.

Literature: Marathi literature developed greatly during this period. Sant Tukaram of this period was a poet of the Warkari sect. Samarth Ramdas wrote ‘Dasbodh’ and ‘Manache Shlok’ in Marathi. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj got the ‘Rajyavyavaharakosha’ prepared which was a compilation of Sanskrit lexicon for Persian terms.

Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj was a great writer and Sanskrit scholar. The Sanskrit text ‘Budhabhushan’ was written by him. This text is an overview of ancient texts on polity. Apart from Sanskrit, he also knew many other languages. He wrote texts in Brij language namely ‘Nayikabhed’, ‘Nakhshikh’ and ‘Satasattak’.

Trade, industries and social life:
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was aware of the importance of a flourishing trade for the economic well-being of the state. He encouraged the traders and merchants by creating Peths (market places). ‘Shete’ and ‘Mahajan’ were the officers who supervised the transaction of these Peths. Chaul, Rajapur, Dabhol, Kelshi, Ratnagiri were some of the important ports and trade centres of this period.
Commodities like black pepper and lac etc. were exported from Dabhol. Silk, opium, and indigo were exported from Chaul. Black pepper, cardamom, cotton cloth were the items of trade in Rajapur.

Glossary:

→ Irreparable loss – Too bad or too serious to repair.

→ Strife – Angry or bitter disagreement over fundamental issues.

→ Valiant – Very brave, full of courage.

→ Mansabdar – A military officer who maintains his own division of soldiers.

→ Stucco – A type of plaster used for covering walls and decorating ceilings.

By going through these Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Notes Chapter 6 Indian Struggle against Colonialism students can recall all the concepts quickly.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Notes Chapter 6 Indian Struggle against Colonialism

Struggles before 1857

Revolt of Bhils:

→ In 1818, the British East India Company took complete charge of Khandesh.

→ About 8000 Bhils who resided in the region of Satpuda, Satmala and Ajintha united against the British and started a revolt.

→ Major Morin, Capt. Briggs, Capt. Robinson, Lt. Outram, Major Pitman, Capt. Evans, Capt. Taylor were some of the British officers who successfully crushed the revolt of Bhils.

Revolt of Ramoshis:

→ In Satara district, the Ramoshis revolted under the leadership of Chitursingh.

→ Santaji Naik and Umaji Naik were among the captains heading the Ramoshi groups.

→ The British put an end to the revolt of the Ramoshis.

Freedom Struggle of 1857

Important characteristics of the Revolt of 1857:

• Discontented soldiers of the Indian army.
• Lord Dalhousie’s Doctrine of Lapse.
• Land revenue systems of the British.
• Hurting religious sentiments of Indians.
• Leaders fighting for their own interests.
• Queen’s Proclamation of 1858.

Background of the Founding of Indian National Congress:

• Establishing important associations.
• Foundation of Indian National Congress.

Moderates and Extremists:

1. Resolutions of ‘Swadeshi’ and ‘Boycott’.
2. Partition of Bengal (1905).

Armed Revolutionaries in India:

→ Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev, Vasudev Balwant Phadke were some of the revolutionaries.

→ Abhinav Bharat, Anusheelan Samiti, Gadar Party, Hindustan Socialist Republican Association were some of the revolutionary organisations.

Mahatma Gandhi’s Non-Violent Resistance Movement:
Mahatma Gandhi became the leader of India’s Independence Movement. During his time the following events took place –

• Champaranya Satyagraha 1917.
• Rowlatt Act 1919.
• Jallianwala Bagh Massacre 1919.
• Non-Co-operation Movement 1920.
• Salt Satyagraha 1930.

Azad Hind Sena:

• Azad Hind Sena was built by Rasbihari Bose.
• Azad Hind Sarkar was established by Subhash Chandra Bose in 1943 in Singapore.

Quit India Movement of 1942:

1. Resolution of Quit India Movement was passed on 8th August 1942.
2. Famous call of ‘Do or Die’ given by Gandhiji.
3. Prati Sarkar (Parallel Governments) were established in several parts of India.
4. Creation of two nations-India and Pakistan.
5. Implementation of Constitution of India on 26th January 1950.

Glossary:

→ Regiment – A group of soldiers in the army who are commanded by a particular officer (a colonel)

→ Revolted – To protest in a group often violently.

→ Gadkari – A salaried officer in the Maratha empire who looked after the forts.

→ Cantonment – A military camp

→ Repugnant – Making you feel disgust

→ Platoon – A small group of soldiers

→ Gadar – Uprising

→ Charkha – The Indian spinning wheel

→ Swadeshi – Made in one’s own country

→ Pratisarkar – Parallel government.

By going through these Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Political Science Notes Chapter 5 Contemporary India: Good Governance students can recall all the concepts quickly.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Political Science Notes Chapter 5 Contemporary India: Good Governance

Introduction

→ Meaning of Governance: In development administration, not only the government but also citizens and NGO’s play a vital role. The term ‘governance’ is used to describe this cooperative effort of the government and non-governmental bodies in public administration.

Governance is broader than government as :

→ It includes formal institutions of government e.g., legislature, bureaucracy as well as informal institutions e.g. NGO’s.

→ It aims to improve the performance of public institutions with focus on values like accountability, transparency, citizen feedback, etc.

In the 1990s several changes took place in the world:

→ Globalisation of the world economy – This included technological revolution, growth of social networking and transparency in the administrative system. There were changes in international economic relations due to which investment and trade and commerce became important.

→ International Institutions – International funding agencies like IMF, World Bank, UNDP have become influential in bringing about administrative reforms in Third World Nations.

→ Non-State actors – NGO’s, private sector organizations, civil society have started to play a greater role in public administration.

Meaning Of Good Governance:

The Good Governance approach aims at the following.

• to reform the traditional, huge-sized public administration which was riddled with red tape and corruption.
• to replace the archaic systems with responsible, participative and equitable systems.
• to look at interlinkages between government and civil society.
• to make the administration citizen-centred and not merely rule-bound.

Value Of Good Governance

→ Participation – The effective functioning of any democratic system requires that people get an opportunity to participate in the process of decision making and its implementation.

→  Rule of law -The constitution and law of the land is a core value of good governance. It ensures a just and fair polity where rights of citizens are safeguarded.

→ Effectiveness and efficiency – All processes and institutions must produce results that meet the needs of society but also making sustainable use of natural resources and protecting the environment.

→ Consensus oriented – Good governance requires dialogue between various sections of society to reach consensus on what is best for the entire community and how to achieve it. It requires a long-term perspective on how to best achieve the goals of sustainable human development.

→ Responsiveness – The government must be prompt and sensitive while designing policies to serve all stakeholders within a reasonable timeframe.

→ Equity and inclusiveness – No stakeholder, especially the vulnerable should feel excluded from the mainstream of society. All persons should have opportunities to improve their well-being.

→  Transparency – This value of good governance enables people to keep the government under scrutiny for e.g. Right to Information Act (2005) provides citizens access to information about public policies and actions

→ Accountability: This cannot be enforced without the rule of law and transparency. Any organization is accountable to those who will be affected by its decisions and actions, i.e., to stakeholders. Governmental institutions, private sector and civil society institutions must be accountable

Initiatives For Good Governance In India:
After independence, India adopted a socialist model of development which aimed at achieving a Welfare State. The Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances looks after administrative reforms in India.

Its objectives are –

• to promote administrative reforms in government policies and processes.
• to promote citizen-centric governance.
• to conduct innovations in e-governance.

The Second Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) was set up in 2005 to prepare a blueprint for revamping the public administration system in India.

It looked at the following issues

• To make public administration accountable, transparent, efficient, responsive and result-oriented.
• Citizen centric, participative administration.

Reform measures/initiatives for administration include:

• Simplifying administrative procedures, using technology to improve internal efficiency and reducing regulatory control.
• Enacting laws giving certain rights to citizens and setting up institutional mechanisms to
  redress grievances.

Specific Programmes To Bring About Good Governance In India:

Lokpal and Lokayukta: The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act (2013) provides for the establishment of Lokpal (at the Union level) and Lokayuktas (in the States) to inquire into allegations of corruption against public officials. This is a commitment to a responsive, clean governance. The Maharashtra Lokayukta Institution came into being in 1972.

Citizen’s Charters: The exercise to formulate Citizen’s Charters began in 1996. Each organisation must spell out the services it has to perform and the standards/norms for these services. If these standards are not met then, that agency can be held accountable.

E-Governance: In the last few decades, governance has become more complex and varied. Citizens expectations from the government have also increased. Information and Communications Technology (ICT) is used in governance. This is called ‘e-governance’.

It helps in

• instant transmission and processing information and efficient storing and retrieval of data.
• increasing the reach of government both geographically and demographically.
• speeding up decision making and increasing transparency and accountability of government processes.

E-governance in India has evolved from computerisation of departments to initiatives which are citizen-centric and service-oriented.

Six Pillars For Achieving The Vision Of E-Governance

Right to Information: It is a basic necessity of good governance which enables citizens to seek important public information from the government i.e., about public policies and actions. Transparency in government institutions makes them function more objectively and enables citizens to participate effectively in the governance process.

Citizen participation: Citizen participation refers to the following aspects.

→ The development process is a “bottom-up” approach in which citizens are not recipients but participants in this process.

→ Citizens have a right in making decisions pertaining to themselves.

→ There are modalities by which citizens can take control of resources or influence decision making.

→ It contributes to a responsive, participative democracy.

By going through these Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Notes Chapter 5 India: Social and Religious Reforms students can recall all the concepts quickly.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Notes Chapter 5 India: Social and Religious Reforms

→ The contribution of Indian social reformers in bringing about change in various aspects of human life especially in the social and educational fields is significant. The social reformers who studied under the new educational system introduced by the British were responsible for this transformation. They brought about social and religious reforms through various socio-religious movements. The efforts of Raja Ram Mohan Roy were the beginning point of these movements.

→ The progress of Indian society was stunted because of superstitions, orthodox way of life, caste discrimination, false social notions, lack of curiosity and rationality that prevailed on a large scale. Progressive values of ‘Freedom, Equality, Fraternity and Humanism’ were adopted to create mass awareness on various social and religious issues.

→ Several religious and social reform organisations came to be established in India. Some of them were the Prarthana Samaj, Satyashodhak Samaj, Arya Samaj to name a few.

→ Social reformers like Sir Sayyad Ahmad Khan, Tarabai Shinde, Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde and many others worked for the upliftment of their own communities.

→ The rulers of princely states too were not far behind. For e.g., Maharaja Sayajirao Gaikwad and Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj.

→ As far as social reforms in Maharashtra are concerned, the list of people who devoted their lives for it is quite extensive. But a few prominent names are worth mentioning for e.g., Karmveer Bhaurao Patil, Punjabrao Deshmukh, Maharshi Dhondo Keshav Karve, Godavari Parulekar, Tarabai Modak and Anutai Wagh.

Glossary

→ Abolish – Formally put an end to (a system. practice or institution)

→ Mundane – Ordinary

→ Periyar – Great Soul

→ Satyagraha – Holding onto truth

→ Reformer – Improver, activist

→ Emancipation – Liberation,

→ freedom Propogation – To preach.

By going through these Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Notes Chapter 15 India During Mughal Period students can recall all the concepts quickly.

Maharashtra State Board Class 11 History Notes Chapter 15 India During Mughal Period

Mughal rule in India:
In the beginning of the 16th century, the political condition in India was somewhat disturbed. The Sultanate rule had begun to decline after Muhammad Tughluq. The Delhi Sultanate broke down completely and many new independent kingdoms emerged in the North, Central and South India. The Bahamani kingdom got divided into five branches. The prosperous Vijaynagar empire was destroyed by the five Islamic ruling houses in the South.

The Indians were not familiar with modern weaponry. Taking advantage of all this, the Mughals established their rule in India. The grand army of Ibrahim Lodi could not survive in front of Babur in the battle of Panipat. Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi. Babur established his rule in Delhi.

The Rajput kings came together under the leadership of Mewar King Rana Sangha to counter him. Babur defeated the Rajputs in the Battle of Khanwa. After Babur, his elder son Humayun ascended the throne. After Humayun, his son Akbar ascended the throne. He proved to be the greatest Mughal Emperor because of his qualities such as high intelligence, tolerance, firmness and courage.

Reforms in revenue system:
Akbar made further reforms in the revenue system implemented by Shershah Sur. This bought a certain discipline in the Mughal revenue system. He graded the cultivable land-based on systematic land survey. The land was classified into four types on the basis of annual yield, i.e, fertile (supik), infertile (napik), irrigated (bagayat) and dry crop (jirayat) land. Individual land holdings of farmers were registered.

Art, architecture, literature:
Art: The reign of the three emperors, Akbar, Jahangir and Shahjahan was a period of peace, order and prosperity. A new era began in the field of art and architecture. The etched designs on the marble walls of mosques, tombs and palaces are an evidence of the highly advanced styles of art and architecture. The carved designs on the tombs of Salim Chisti at Fatehpur Sikri and Taj Mahal are its paramount examples.

During the period of Jahangir, paintings were done based on the court and hunting scenes. The paintings of this period were done in a more realistic style, which is vibrant and attractive.

Architecture: The architectural style during Sultanate period had great implements on strength and simplicity. But during the Mughal period, the focus shifted to aesthetics. During the period of Babur, the Kabulbag Mosque at Panipat and Jama Masjid at Sambhal in Uttar Pradesh were built in Persian style.

The city of Fatehpur Sikri was set up during Akbar’s period. Later the buildings like Jama * Masjid, Buland Darwaza were built in Fatehpur-Sikri. Akbar built the important forts like Agra Fort, Lahore Fort, Allahabad Fort, and Attock Fort. The use of Red stone and marble, huge domes, arches were the salient features of the architecture of this period.

The period of Shahjahan was the most glorious period of Mughal architecture. ‘Diwan-i-Aam’ and ‘Diwan-i-Khaas’ in Red Fort, ‘Jama Masjid’, ‘Moti Masjid’, were built during his period. The ‘Taj Mahal’ of Agra built by him is incomparable and immortal. Later, the Mughal architecture began to decline.

Literature: During the Mughal period excellent literature was created in Persian language. Babur himself knew Persian and Turkish languages. His autobiography known as ‘Baburnama’ is well-known. Another important text is ‘Tarikh-i-Rashidi’ by Mirza Hyder wrote during the period of Humayun. Akbar got many Sanskrit texts translated in Persian which include ‘Rajatarangini’, ‘Lilavati’, ‘Ramayana’, ‘Mahabharata’, ‘Harivamsh’ and ‘Panchatantra’.

Abul Fazal wrote the famous Akbarnama’ and ‘Ain-i-Akbari’. Dara Shukoh, the son of Shahjahan, was a Sanskrit scholar. He translated text of several Upanishada texts in Persian language from Sanskrit. Among them Khafi Khan’s ‘Tarikhi-Khafikhan’ is well-known.

Trade, industries, social life:
During the Mughal period, the transportation of goods within the empire had become speedy. New highways were built for internal trade. Highways were built from Agra to Kabul, Kandahar, Khambayat, Burhanpur and Bengal. The foreign trade via sea route was mainly carried out from the ports on western coast such as Khambayat, Bharuch, Surat, Dabhol and Calicut.

The Indian merchants traded with merchants from Arabia, Iran, China, Armenia and some countries of European continent. Silk, carpets, indigo, leather items, sugar, ginger, asafoetida, precious stones and many such items were exported to foreign countries from India. The goods imported to India included gold, silver, horses, China silk etc.

During the Mughal period, most of the population stayed in villages. Every village was self-sufficient. The law and order was managed and the daily needs were met at the village level. During this period, there were no major changes in the social organisation which was based on caste system.

Mughal Empire and Deccan:
During the rule of Babur and Humayun boundaries of the Mughal empire had no extended beyond North India. The main ruling powers to the South of river Narmada were Sultan of Khandesh, Nizamshahi of Ahmednagar, Adilshahi of Bijapur and Qutubshahi of Golconda.

In 1595 C.E. Akbar seized the fort of Ahmednagar. During that time, Chand Sultana (Chandbibi), the daughter of Nizamshah, successfully resisted the attack with courage and intelligent strategies.
During the period of Shahjahan, the Nizamshahi kingdom declined. Later, Aurangzeb was successful in uprooting them completely.

Glossary:

→ Descendant – Someone related to a person who live at an earlier time.

→ Aesthetics – Concerned with beauty or art.

→ Strategies – Set of plans to achieve something.

By going through these Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Sociology Notes Chapter 5 Social Movements in India students can recall all the concepts quickly.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Sociology Notes Chapter 5 Social Movements in India

→ Social movements are used to denote a wide variety of collective actions which attempt to bring about a change in a certain social systems or to create a new order or resist change.

→ The Women’s Movement began in the British era where many social reformers fought against unwanted and outdated customs. Through women’s movement, women have become aware of their rights and they have stood together to improve their position in the society.

→ The Workers’ Movement in India date backs to period of industrialization in the Indian society Exploitation of the workers where they faced various problems like long working hours, low wages, poor working conditions, lack of promotions, etc.

→ Which further saw formation of trade unions where workers came together and fought for their rights. This unit we will see role of trade unions in improving the worker s working conditions and resolve industrial disputes.

→ The Farmers’ Movements focuses on the lives of farmers, their livelihoods, land rights and farmers’ issues.

→ The Environment Movement has come up with various issues like global warming’s, ecology, save forest life, deforestation, tribal rights, preserve and protect environment.

Social Movements:

→ Meaning: Social movement is a collective effort by group of people with a common objective to promote or resist change in the society

→ Features: Collective action, Ideologies and objectives, Pre-planned leadership, Social change

→ Factors: Cultural drift, Social disorganisation, Perceived social injustice, Normative structures.

Types of Social Movements:

Women’s Movement India:

Worker’s Movement:

Farmers Movement:

→  Exploitation of Zamindar’s, moneylenders, exorbitant rates of land revenue all these led to growth of peasant movements in the absence of proper leaderships.

→ Emergence of Peasant Organization (Kisan Sabha Movement), worsening of peasant position, culminating into a series of revolts.

→ Emergence of strong farmers’ organisation, industrialisation and Globalisation leading to agrarian crisis, and Farmers’ Strike.

Environmental Movement:

Emergence of the Environmental Movements in India:

→ Environmental Movement in India:
Modern environmentalism – 1960s. Awareness about environmental degradation and organisation of many activities.

→ Causal Issues:
Modern science and technology and inequalities in society reasons for environmental degradation.

→ Significant Environmental Movements in India:
It encompasses issues related to ecology, health, human rights, tribal rights, eco-feminism etc.

Chipko Movement:
Sundarlal Bahuguna -Chamoli district in the Himalayan rëgion, protest of the inhabitants by hugging the trees to save the forest from the contractors.

Narmada Bachao Aandolan:
Medha Patkar – Maharashtra, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. Against the construction of Sardar Sarovar Damon the river Narmada and, against displacement of local inhabitants.

Abbreviations:

→ AITUC – All India Trade Union Congress

→ AIWC – All India Women’s Conference

→ BKU – Bharatiya Kisan Union

→ HMS – Hind Mazdoor Sabha

→ INTUC – Indian National Trade Union Congress

→ ILP – Independent Labour Party

→ NBA – Narmada Bachao Andolan

→ SEWA – Self Employed Women’s Association.

→ CTUO – Central Trade Union Organisation

→ BKD – Bharatiya Kranti Dal

→ BLD – Bharatiya Lok Dal

→ BMS – Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh

→ UTUC – United Trade Union Congress

→ CITU – Centre of Indian Trade Union.

By going through these Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Sociology Notes Chapter 4 Processes of Social Change In India students can recall all the concepts quickly.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Sociology Notes Chapter 4 Processes of Social Change In India

→ Indian society has undergone many changes. Sociologists have studied these changes and identified concepts to explain these changes.

→ The term social change refers to changes that takes place in the structure and functioning of social institutions.

Impact of processes of social change:

→ Industrialisation is a process whereby human energy to produce was replaced by mechanical process and machines to enable higher production.

→ Urbanisation is the process of migration of people from rural to urban areas.

→ Modernisation is the process where there is the use of scientific and rational thinking that is deep-seated.

→ Globalisation is basically an economic process that has opened the markets to a global economy.

→ Digitalisation is a process of the impact of computers on various aspects of life.

By going through these Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Sociology Notes Chapter 3 Diversity and Unity in Indian Society students can recall all the concepts quickly.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Sociology Notes Chapter 3 Diversity and Unity in Indian Society

→ India is a land of diversities and yet there is a sense of we-feeling that unifies us, as a people.

Diversities are of various kinds:

Diversity in India:

Layered Regional Identities:

Factors that have contributed towards a sense of unity:

→ Geographical Unity- Sharing of the natural resources which cut across the length and breadth of India, festivals gives the people a sense of oneness.

→ Religious Unity- Religious unity in India finds its expression through places of worship scattered all over the country.

→ Political Unity- The Constitution of India has established the “rule of law” throughout the country.

Linguistic Unity:

The Three Language Formula

1. 1st language: Regional Language or Mother Tongue.
2. 2nd language: English or Modern Indian Language (in Hindi speaking States) Hindi or English (in non-Hindi speaking States)
3. 3rd language: English or modern Indian language in Hindi speaking states

→ Cultural Unity- Festivals like Diwali, Onam, Eid, Raksha Bandhan, New Year, Christmas are remembered and celebrated all over the country.

Need for unity:

→ To strengthen and enrich our cultural Heritage

→ To protect the multiple diversities of Indian society

→ To protect Human Rights of all citizens.

→ To boost workplace, organizational and community morale.

→ For effective and inclusive Communication

→ For conflict resolution

→ For peaceful coexistence

→ For the welfare of all people irrespective of caste, creed, sex, gender, race, economic class, culture etc.

→ For prosperity of our land and its People.

Forces that threaten national unity as well as national integration:

→ Casteism: Casteism refers to loyalty to one’s own caste before loyalty to the nation.

→ Communalism: Communalism refers to loyalty to one’s own religion before the nation.

→ Regionalism: Regionalism refers to loyalty to one’s own State or region before one’s nation.

→ Linguism: It is a form of excess loyalty towards one’s own language.

→ Economic inequality: unequal distribution of wealth.

→ The need of the hour is to develop an empathetic understanding of our multiple diversities and work towards strengthening the overall sense of national unity and emotional integration.

→ Some policies must promote social cohesion and interdependence. So also, rights and responsibilities are for all.

By going through these Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Sociology Notes Chapter 2 Segments of Indian Society students can recall all the concepts quickly.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Sociology Notes Chapter 2 Segments of Indian Society

Tribal Community

→ The tribal segment constitutes 8.6% of the different identity and are referred to by various names.

→ The Constitution of India calls them Scheduled Tribes.

→ Each tribe has its distinct identity (e.g., Warli, Mizo, Toda, Bhil, Jarawa. Gond, Santhal, Munda, Andamanese)

→ Tribes are found in various parts of India. They have their unique characteristics and their culture has set them apart from others.

→ However, due to contact with rural and urban people, tribal people have undergone many changes and this has impacted their way of life. There is cultural disintegration taking place in tribal areas.

→ After Independence, the Government of India has taken various efforts for Tribal Development.

Rural Community:

→ Most of India lives in its villages. Villages constitute the rural segment their predominant economic activity is agriculture. Institutions such as joint family, caste and panchayat are considered the pillars of rural society.

→ There are a large number of villages which suffer from major problems.

Problems of Indian rural community:

→ Several programmes have been started for rural development and reconstruction.

Urban Community:

→ Urban areas are distinct when compared to tribal and rural segments of Indian society. This is due to tertiary occupations like business, trade commerce, professions etc. urban areas are more heterogeneous, impersonal and individualistic

→ Urban areas have their own set of problems from inadequate infrastructure to meeting growing demands, crime, poverty, class extremes, alienation, environmental pollution, diseases etc.

Major Urban Problems:

→ The government has taken up various programmes for urban development. Several steps have been initiated to meet the challenges posed by the urban crisis.

By going through these Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Sociology Notes Chapter 1 Introduction To Indian Society students can recall all the concepts quickly.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Sociology Notes Chapter 1 Introduction To Indian Society

The study of our past has been broadly divided into three periods :

1. Ancient and Medieval India
2. Colonial period
3. Post-Independence period.

Religious beliefs and practices:

→ The impact of three ancient indigenous religions: Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism are significant especially up to the end of the Later Vedic period.

→ The Vedic period is usually divided into: Early Vedic Period (c. 100 BCE to 10000 BCE) and Later Vedic Period (c.1000 BCE to c.500 BCE).

→ For Hindus, the Puranas and Dharmashastras laid out a Code of Conduct based on the Law of Karma (Action) rebirth, until it can attain moksha (salvation).

→ Jainism is said to have been revealed by 24 Tirthankaras of which Vardhaman Mahavir was the last. Ahimsa (non-harming) and Tapas (penance) are important and integral components of the Jain way of life.

→ Buddha, with his teachings, advocated the middle path based on the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path.

→ The Medieval Period (c. 650 CE – c. 1500 CE), saw several religions come to India from outside. These include Judaism, Christianity, Islam and much later Zoroastrianism.

→ The Sangham Period (6th century BCE to 3rd century CE) is the period of history of ancient peninsular India.

→ The roots of Zoroastrianism are found in the Middle East region.

→ People of Jewish faith are believed to be one of the early foreign religions to come to India.

→ It is in the 1st century CE that Saint Thomas, an Apostle of Jesus Christ, brought Christianity to the shores of Malabar in South India.

→ Islam first came to India in the 8th century CE, the impact and influence of the religion is seen only much later.

→ Like Judaism and Christianity, Islam also preaches Monotheism and the faith centres on the Holy Quran. Muslims believe in the Five Pillars of Faith.

→ Sikhism emerged in the late 15th century CE and was founded by Guru Nanak (1469 CE – 1539 CE). Like Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism, Sikhism too preached the Karma theory.

→ The Bhakti movement emerged with the need to bring religious reform in Hinduism during the medieval period.

Status of Women in Education:

• Indian women enjoyed a comparatively high status during the early Vedic period.
• The Later Vedic period witnessed a decline in the status of women in society.
• The status of women deteriorated even further in Medieval India.

Nature of education:

→ During the Early Vedic period the content of education was based on sacred literature which was written in Sanskrit.

→ Vardhaman Mahavir was a religious teacher for three decades.

→ The Buddhist system of education was conducted through Buddhist monasteries.

→ Education in the Sangham period was a widespread social activity.

→ The decline of Buddhist Viharas is significant as it marked the decline of an organised system of education.

→ Education during the medieval period is centred on the Quran.

Social Life:

→ Harappan civilisation was known for its well-planned towns.

→ Sangham. literature makes reference to tribes and traditional castes. This is indicative of their coexistence.

→ The Varna System during Vedic period referred to the social order or class of people. Ashramvyavastha was prescribed for the so-called twice-born castes.

→ This referred to the four stages in the life of a Hindu. The Classical Period (i.e., the period of the Gupta Dynasty) believed to be the ‘Golden Age. During the Delhi Sultanate, society experienced a synthesis of Indian and Islamic culture.

Urbanisation:

→ The Harappan civilisation suggest that Harappa was indeed a well-planned town with a ‘way of life’ that can be referred to as ‘first urbanisation’.

→ The period c.500 BCE to c.200 BCE is considered the period of ‘second urbanisation’ which brought a large-scale beginning of town life in the middle Gangetic basin.

Colonial Period:

Consequences of Colonialism in India:

→ Education: The British set up a system of education which was secular in nature, had far-reaching impact on Indian society and which led to the rise of a new class of intelligentsia,

→ Culture: Many of the educated elite took to the lifestyle of the British, this process of imitation was referred by M.N. Srinivasan as westernisation.

→ Administration: The British set in new systems of administration. A new judiciary system was created, which took into consideration the earlier legal traditions of the Indian communities. However, its implementation was carried out on a secular basis.

→ Economy: The economic system got transformed by industrial growth and urbanisation.

→ Transport and Communication: Development of transportation and communication led to an increase in market outlets for Indian raw materials.

→ The Nationalist Movement: The 19th century saw the emergence of the Indian National Congress and Mahatma Gandhi as the key figure in the call for independence.

→  Social Reform Movements: The 19th century is witness to the emergence of many social and religious reform movements.

→ Social Legislation: The increase in the number of reformative groups enabled Indians to exert pressure upon the British government, For passing laws against prevalent social evils.

Post-Independent Period:

→ Constitution of India: The Constitution of India was framed by the Constituent Assembly, founded on 6th December 1946 which recognises various diversity of Indian society.

→ Legislation: Several laws related to civil and criminal matters have been enacted, which may be amended or repealed from time to time.

→ Economy: The economic growth of India until recently was guided by Planned Development, through twelve Five-Year Plan.

→ Education: There has been significant expansion of number of educational institutions.

→ Polity: In Post-Independent India, a system of governance based on the principle of democracy has been adopted by us.