Category: Class 10

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Maths Solutions covers the Practice Set 6.5 Algebra 10th Class Maths Part 1 Answers Solutions Chapter 6 Statistics.

Practice Set 6.5 Algebra 10th Std Maths Part 1 Answers Chapter 6 Statistics

Question 1.
Observe the following frequency polygon and write the answers of the questions below it.
i. Which class has the maximum number of students?
ii. Write the classes having zero frequency.
iii. What is the class mark of the class, having frequency of 50 students?
iv. Write the lower and upper class limits of the class whose class mark is 85.
v. How many students are in the class 80 – 90?

Solution:
i. The class 60 – 70 has the maximum number of students.
ii. The classes 20 – 30 and 90 – 100 have frequency zero.
iii. The class mark of the class having 50 students is 55.
iv. The lower and upper class limits of the class having class mark 85 are 80 and 90 respectively.
v. There are 15 students in the class 80 – 90.

Question 2.
Show the following data by a frequency polygon.

Solution:

Question 3.
The following table shows the classification of percentages of marks of students and the number of students. Draw a frequency polygon from the table.

Solution:

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Maths Solutions covers the Practice Set 6.4 Algebra 10th Class Maths Part 1 Answers Solutions Chapter 6 Statistics.

Practice Set 6.4 Algebra 10th Std Maths Part 1 Answers Chapter 6 Statistics

Question 1.
Draw a histogram of the following data.

Solution:

Question 2.
The table below shows the yield of jowar per acre. Show the data by histogram.

Solution:

Question 3.
In the following table, the investment made by 210 families is shown. Present it in the form of a histogram.

Solution:

Question 4.
Time allotted for the preparation of an examination by some students is shown in the table. Draw a histogram to show the information.

Solution:

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Maths Solutions covers the Practice Set 6.1 Algebra 10th Class Maths Part 1 Answers Solutions Chapter 6 Statistics.

Practice Set 6.1 Algebra 10th Std Maths Part 1 Answers Chapter 6 Statistics

Question 1.
The following table shows the number of students and the time they utilized daily for their studies. Find the mean time spent by students for their studies by direct method.

Solution:

∴ The mean of the time spent by the students for their studies is 4.36 hours.

Question 2.
In the following table, the toll paid by drivers and the number of vehicles is shown. Find the mean of the toll by ‘assumed mean’ method.

Solution:
Let us take the assumed mean (A) = 550

∴ The mean of the toll paid by the drivers is ₹ 521.43.

Question 3.
A milk centre sold milk to 50 customers. The table below gives the number of customers and the milk they purchased. Find the mean of the milk sold by direct method.

Solution:

∴ The mean of the milk sold is 2.82 litres.

Question 4.
A frequency distribution table for the production of oranges of some farm owners is given below. Find the mean production of oranges by ‘assumed mean’ method.

Solution:
Let us take the assumed mean (A) = 37.5

∴ The mean of the production of oranges is ₹ 35310.

Question 5.
A frequency distribution of funds collected by 120 workers in a company for the drought affected people are given in the following table. Find the mean of he funds by ‘step deviation’ method.

Solution:
Here, we take A = 1250 and g = 500

∴ The mean of the funds collected is ₹ 987.5.

Question 6.
The following table gives the information of frequency distribution of weekly wages of 150 workers of a company. Find the mean of the weekly wages by ‘step deviation’ method.

Solution:
Here, we take A = 2500 and g = 1000.

∴ The mean of the weekly wages is ₹ 3070.

Question 1.
The daily sale of 100 vegetable vendors is given in the following table. Find the mean of the sale by direct method. (Textbook pg. no. 133 and 134)

Solution:

The mean of the sale is 2150.

Question 2.
The amount invested in health insurance by 100 families is given in the following frequency table. Find the mean of investments using direct method and assumed mean method. Check whether the mean found by the two methods is the same as calculated by step deviation method (Ans: ₹ 2140). (Textbook pg. no. 135 and 136)

Solution:

∴ The mean of investments in health insurance is ₹ 2140.
Assumed mean method:

∴ The mean of investments in health insurance is ₹ 2140.
∴ Mean found by direct method and assumed mean method is the same as calculated by step deviation method.

Question 3.
The following table shows the funds collected by 50 students for flood affected people. Find the mean of the funds.

If the number of scores in two consecutive classes is very low, it is convenient to club them. So, in the above example, we club the classes 0 – 500, 500 – 1000 and 2000 – 2500, 2500 – 3000. Now the new table is as follows

i. Solve by direct method.
ii. Verily that the mean calculated by assumed mean method is the same.
iii. Find the mean in the above example by taking A = 1750. (Textbook pg. no. 137)
Solution:
i. Direct method:

∴ The mean of the funds is ₹ 1390.

ii. Assumed mean method:
Here, A = 1250

∴ The mean calculated by assumed mean method is the same.

iii. Step deviation method:
Here, we take A = 1750 and g = 250

∴ The mean of the funds is ₹ 1390.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Maths Solutions covers the Practice Set 5.4 Algebra 10th Class Maths Part 1 Answers Solutions Chapter 5 Probability.

Practice Set 5.4 Algebra 10th Std Maths Part 1 Answers Chapter 5 Probability

Question 1.
If two coins are tossed, find the probability of the following events.
i. Getting at least one head.
ii. Getting no head.
Solution:
Sample space,
S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}
∴ n(S) = 4

i. Let A be the event of getting at least one head.
∴ A = {HT, TH, HH}
∴ n(A) = 3
∴ P(A) = \(\frac { n(A) }{ n(S) } \)
∴ P(A) = \(\frac { 3 }{ 4 } \)

ii. Let B be the event of getting no head.
∴ B = {TT}
∴ n(B) = 1
∴ P(B) = \(\frac { n(B) }{ n(S) } \)
∴ P(B) = \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 } \)
∴ P(A) = \(\frac { 3 }{ 4 } \); P(B) = \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 } \)

Question 2.
If two dice are rolled simultaneously, find the probability of the following events.
i. The sum of the digits on the upper faces is at least 10.
ii. The sum of the digits on the upper faces is 33.
iii. The digit on the first die is greater than the digit on second die.
Solution:
Sample space,
s = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1, 5), (1,6),
(2, 1), (2, 2), (2,3), (2,4), (2, 5), (2,6),
(3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3,4), (3, 5), (3, 6),
(4, 1), (4, 2), (4,3), (4,4), (4, 5), (4,6),
(5, 1), (5, 2), (5,3), (5,4), (5, 5), (5, 6),
(6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6,4), (6, 5), (6,6)}
∴ n(S) = 36

i. Let A be the event that the sum of the digits on the upper faces is at least 10.
∴ A = {(4, 6), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
∴ n(A) = 6
∴ P(A) = \(\frac { n(A) }{ n(S) } \) = \(\frac { 6 }{ 36 } \)
∴ P(A) = \(\frac { 1 }{ 6 } \)

ii. Let B be the event that the sum of the digits on the upper faces is 33.
The sum of the digits on the upper faces can be maximum 12.
∴ Event B is an impossible event.
∴ B = { }
∴ n(B) = 0
∴ P(B) = \(\frac { n(B) }{ n(S) } \) = \(\frac { 0 }{ 36 } \)
∴ P(B) = 0

iii. Let C be the event that the digit on the first die is greater than the digit on the second die.
C = {(2, 1), (3, 1), (3,2), (4,1), (4,2), (4, 3), (5, 1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (6,1), (6,2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5),
∴ n(C) = 15
∴ P(C) = \(\frac { n(c) }{ n(S) } \) = \(\frac { 15 }{ 36 } \)
∴ P(C) = \(\frac { 5 }{ 12 } \)
∴ P(A) = \(\frac { 1 }{ 6 } \) ; P(B) = 0; P(C) = \(\frac { 5 }{ 12 } \)

Question 3.
There are 15 tickets in a box, each bearing one of the numbers from 1 to 15. One ticket is drawn at random from the box. Find the probability of event that the ticket drawn:
i. shows an even number.
ii. shows a number which is a multiple of 5.
Solution:
Sample space,
S = {1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,14, 15}
∴ n(S) = 15

i. Let A be the event that the ticket drawn shows an even number.
∴ A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14}
∴ n(A) = 7
∴ P(A) = \(\frac { n(A) }{ n(S) } \)
∴ P(A) = \(\frac { 7 }{ 15 } \)

ii. Let B be the event that the ticket drawn shows a number which is a multiple of 5.
∴ B = {5, 10, 15}
∴ n(B) = 3
∴ P(B) = \(\frac { n(B) }{ n(S) } \) = \(\frac { 3 }{ 15 } \)
∴ P(B) = \(\frac { 1 }{ 5 } \)
∴ P(A) = \(\frac { 7 }{ 15 } \) ; P(B) = \(\frac { 1 }{ 5 } \)

Question 4.
A two digit number is formed with digits 2, 3, 5, 7, 9 without repetition. What is the probability that the number formed is
i. an odd number?
ii. a multiple of 5?
Solution:
Sample space
(S) = {23, 25, 27, 29,
32, 35, 37, 39,
52, 53, 57, 59,
72, 73, 75, 79,
92, 93, 95, 97}
∴ n(S) = 20
i. Let A be the event that the number formed is an odd number.
∴ A = {23, 25, 27, 29, 35, 37, 39, 53, 57, 59, 73, 75,79,93,95,97}
∴ n(A) = 16
∴ P(A) = \(\frac { n(A) }{ n(S) } \) = \(\frac { 16 }{ 20 } \)
∴ P(A) = \(\frac { 4 }{ 5 } \)

ii. Let B be the event that the number formed is a multiple of 5.
∴ B = {25,35,75,95}
∴ n(B) = 4
∴ P(B) = \(\frac { n(B) }{ n(S) } \) = \(\frac { 4 }{ 20 } \)
∴ P(B) = \(\frac { 1 }{ 5 } \)
∴ P(A) = \(\frac { 4 }{ 5 } \) ; P(B) = \(\frac { 1 }{ 5 } \)

Question 5.
A card is drawn at random from a pack of well shuffled 52 playing cards. Find the probability that the card drawn is
i. an ace.
ii. a spade.
Solution:
There are 52 playing cards.
∴ n(S) = 52
i. Let A be the event that the card drawn is an ace.
∴ n(A) = 4
∴ P(A) = \(\frac { n(A) }{ n(S) } \) = \(\frac { 4 }{ 52 } \)
∴ P(A) = \(\frac { 1 }{ 13 } \)

ii. Let B be the event that the card drawn is a spade.
∴ n(B) = 13
∴ P(B) = \(\frac { n(B) }{ n(S) } \) = \(\frac { 13 }{ 52 } \)
∴ P(B) = \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 } \)
∴ P(A) = \(\frac { 1 }{ 13 } \) ; P(B) = \(\frac { 1 }{ 4 } \)

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Maths Solutions covers the Practice Set 1.4 Algebra 10th Class Maths Part 2 Answers Solutions Chapter 1 Similarity.

Practice Set 1.4 Algebra 10th Std Maths Part 2 Answers Chapter 1 Similarity

Question 1.
The ratio of corresponding sides of similar triangles is 3 : 5, then find the ratio of their areas.
Solution:
Let the corresponding sides of similar triangles be S₁ and S₂.
Let A₁ and A₂ be their corresponding areas.

∴ Ratio of areas of similar triangles = 9 : 25

Question 2.
If ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR and AB : PQ = 2:3, then fill in the blanks.
Solution:

Question 3.
If ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR, A(∆ABC) = 80, A(∆PQR) = 125, then fill in the blanks.
Solution:

Question 4.
∆LMN ~ ∆PQR, 9 × A(∆PQR) = 16 × A(∆LMN). If QR = 20, then find MN.
Solution:
9 × A(∆PQR) = 16 × A(∆LMN) [Given]
∴ \(\frac{\mathrm{A}(\Delta \mathrm{LMN})}{\mathrm{A}(\Delta \mathrm{PQR})}=\frac{9}{16}\) (i)
Now, ∆LMN ~ ∆PQR [Given]
∴ \(\frac{\mathrm{A}(\Delta \mathrm{LMN})}{\mathrm{A}(\Delta \mathrm{PQR})}=\frac{\mathrm{MN}^{2}}{\mathrm{QR}^{2}}\) (ii) [Theorem of areas of similar triangles]
∴ \(\frac{\mathrm{MN}^{2}}{\mathrm{QR}^{2}}=\frac{9}{16}\) [From (i) and (ii)]
∴ \(\frac{M N}{Q R}=\frac{3}{4}\) [Taking square root of both sides]
∴ \(\frac{\mathrm{MN}}{20}=\frac{3}{4}\)
∴ MN = \(\frac{20 \times 3}{4}\)
∴ MN = 15 units

Question 5.
Areas of two similar triangles are 225 sq. cm. and 81 sq. cm. If a side of the smaller triangle is 12 cm, then find corresponding side of the bigger triangle.
Solution:
Let the areas of two similar triangles be A₁ and A₂.
A₁ = 225 sq. cm. A₂ = 81 sq. cm.
Let the corresponding sides of triangles be S₁ and S₂ respectively.
S₁ = 12 cm

∴ The length of the corresponding side of the bigger triangle is 20 cm.

Question 6.
∆ABC and ∆DEF are equilateral triangles. If A(∆ABC): A(∆DEF) = 1:2 and AB = 4, find DE.
Solution:
In ∆ABC and ∆DEF,

Question 7.
In the adjoining figure, seg PQ || seg DE, A(∆PQF) = 20 sq. units, PF = 2 DP, then find A (꠸ DPQE) by completing the following activity.
Solution:
A(∆PQF) = 20 sq.units, PF = 2 DP, [Given]
Let us assume DP = x.
∴ PF = 2x

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Geography Solutions Chapter 9 Tourism, Transport and Communication Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Geography Solutions Chapter 9 Tourism, Transport and Communication

Class 10 Geography Chapter 9 Tourism, Transport and Communication Textbook Questions and Answers

1. State whether right or wrong with reasons.

Question a.
The future of tourism is bright in India due to its natural diversity.
Answer:
Right.

Question b.
Tourism is an invisible trade.
Answer:
Right.

Question c.
The indicator of development in a country is the development of transport in that country.
Answer:
Right

Question d.
Brazil’s time is ahead of India’s time.
Answer:
Wrong

Question 5.
The development of tourism in India has begun recently.
Answer:
Right.

2. Answer in short:

Question a.
Which factors attract more tourists in Brazil?
Answer:
The factors which attract more tourists in Brazil are:

• Clean, white sand beaches
• Attractive seacoasts
• Beautiful islands
• Beautiful orchards
• Deep dense forests of Amazon
• Various birds and animals
• Cities like the new capital city of Brasilia, Rio-de- Janeiro and Sao Paulo.
• Eco-tourism

Question b.
What are the difficulties in the development of the railway system in Brazil’s internal areas?
Answer:

• The densely forested lands of Amazon River Basin and the swampy lands have limited the development of railways in Brazil.
• Large pockets of Brazil are unpopulated. Roadways are the most common mode of transportation in the Eastern part of Brazil and waterways have developed on a commercial basis in the Amazon River.
• The trains are used for long distance transportation of passengers only in a few cities and by tourists. These are the difficulties in the development of the railway system in Brazil’s internal areas.

Question 3.
A plane leaves Brasilia at 11 a.m. on 31st December. The plane crosses 0° Meridian and reaches Vladivostok via New Delhi. Tell the local time, date and day at New Delhi and Vladivostok when the plane leaves Brasilia.

Answer:

Time difference between Brasilia and GMT = 3 hours
Time at GMT = 11 a.m.+3 hours
= 2.00p.m.

Time difference between GMT and New Delhi = 5 hours 30 min.
Time at New Delhi = 2 a.m. + 5 hours 30 min.
= 7 hours 30 min.
= 31st December,
Sunday, 7.30 p.m.

Time difference between
New Delhi and Vladivostok = 4 hours 30 min.
Time at Vladivostok = 7.30 p.m. + 4 hours 30 min.
= 12.00 am

The local time, date and day at Delhi are 7 : 30p.m. , 31st December, Sunday
local time, date and day at Vladivostok are 12 am. , 1st January, Monday.

4. Match the following:

Column A’	Column ’B’
(1)  Trans-Amazonian (2) Road Transport (3)  Rio de Janeiro (4) Manmad	(a)       Tourist  Place Highway (b)      Railway Station in India (c)       Golden Quadrilateral (d)      Major Highway (e)       40° W Meridian

Answer:
1 – d
2 – c
3 – a
4 – b

5. Give geographical reasons:

Question a.
Eco-tourism is being developed more in Brazil.
Answer:

• Eco-tourism means responsible travel to natural areas without causing damage to the environment.
• Brazil has the largest number of vegetation species in the world including Amazon, the largest rainforest of the world and a great diversity of wild life.
• It has clean white sand beaches, attractive seacoasts, beautiful islands and orchards. Looking at the sensitivity of the natural resources in Brazil, ecotourism is being developed here.

Question b.
The internal waterways are not developed in Brazil.
Answer:

• Most of the rivers in Brazil flow with high speed.
• The amount of discharge of many rivers is very huge.
• In Brazil, rigid topography is found at many places near river basins. Many of the areas near rivers are inaccessible.
• Therefore, internal waterways are not developed in Brazil.

Question c.
A dense network of railways has developed in the North Indian Plains.
Answer:

• The North Indian Plains are flat plain lands with a dense population.
• Due to agricultural development, many agro- based industries have developed here.
• Thus there is a high demand for transportation especially railways for movement of freight and passenger transport.

Question d.
Development of transport is important for the country’s progress.
Answer:

• Transport modes help is the movement of humans, animals and goods from one location to another.
• Transport enables social, economic and cultural development of the country.
• Road transport facilitates door-to-door service.
• Rail transport is suitable for long distance and bulky goods.
• Water transport plays an important role in international trade and suitable for bulky goods.
• Air transport provides the fastest means of transportation.

Question e.
We rely on the sea routes for international trade.
Answer:

• Waterways is the cheapest modes of transportation for bulky and perishable goods over long distances.
• International trade includes import and export of goods.
• India is surrounded by Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea and India Ocean, therefore we have a long coastline.
• So we rely on the sea routes for international trade.

6. Differentiate between:

Question a.
Water transport in the Amazon and the Ganga river.
Answer:

Water transport in the Amazon River	Water Transport in the Ganga River
(i) River Amazon is navigable throughout its course due to its gentle slope. (ii) Boats ply from Equitos in Peru to its mouth i.e., approximately 3700 km. (iii) River Amazon is used for navigation between Brazil and neighbouring countries.	(i) River Ganga is navigable only in its middle and lower course which is gentler as compared to its upper course. (ii) Boats ply from Allahabad to Haldia. i.e. approximately 1620 km. (iii) River Ganga is used for inland transportation.

Question b.
Communication in Brazil and India
Answer:

Communication in Brazil	Communication in India
(i) Telecommunication services in Brazil are well developed and efficient. (ii) Brazil is developing technology to send domestically-made satellites into space with its own rockets.	(i) With the explosion of electronic media, telecommunication industry has become one of the fast growing sectors. (ii) With development of our own satellites, India has come a long way in this field.

Question c.
IST and BRT
Answer:

IST	BRT
(i) 1ST is the Indian Standard Time.	(i) BRT is the Brasilia Time/Brazil Time. (Standard Time)
(ii) India has only one standard time zone.	(ii) Brazil has four time zones.
(iii) The official 1ST is based on 82.5° E longitude	(iii) The official BRT is GMT – 03 which passes
which passes through Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh.	through Brasilia.
(iv) 1ST is 5hrs 30mins ahead of Greenwich Meridian	(iv) BRT is 2,3,4, or 5 hrs behind Greenwich Meridian
(v) Time as India is in the eastern hemisphere.	(v) Time as Brazil is in the western hemisphere.

7. Write short notes on:

Question a.
Modem means of communication:
Answer:
(i) Modern means of communication includes landlines as well as mobile services, television broadcasting and computer/internet access.
(ii) In this era of information and communication technology, digitally enhanced communication devices like mobile phones, smart phones, internet and satellites are being used.

Question b.
Air transport in India:
Answer:
(i) Air transport is more developed in India as compared to Brazil.
(ii) The use of international and internal airways is increasing.
(iii) Important airports from where domestic and foreign travel take place are Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Bengaluru, etc.

Question c.
Correlation between physiography and internal waterways:
Answer:
(i) Internal (Inland) waterways comprises of rivers, canals, backwaters, creeks, etc. which are the cheap means of transportation.
(ii) Deep waters, gentle slopes, absence of rapids and waterfalls and the long course of rivers are favourable factors for development of internal waterways.
(iii) The longest waterways in the world is developed in the Amazon river in Brazil which is navigable for around 3700 kms.
(iv) Perennial river like Ganga in India is navigable in its lower course but the peninsular rivers are not used due to shallow waters, shorter course, seasonal nature, etc.

Question d.
Importance of Standard Time:
Answer:
(i) Standard Time is the official time and is commonly accepted all over the country or region.
(ii) The importance of Standard Time is the most, if the country has a vast longitudinal extent, since there will be a great difference between the time of its places located in the eastern and the western parts.
(iii) It helps in making proper schedules of travel, business meeting, co-ordinating the functioning of various organisations, etc.
(iv) Thus Standard Time helps in avoiding confusion regarding day, date and time.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 9 Tourism, Transport and Communication Intext Questions and Answers

Answer the following questions on the basis of the map given.

Observe the map carefully and answer the following questions:


Question 1.
Name the terminal points of the North-South Corridor of Golden quadrilateral Highway.
Answer:
North – Srinagar, South – Kanyakumari.

Question 2.
Name the terminal points of East-West corridor Golden Quadrilateral highway.
Answer:
East – Silchar ; West – Porbandar.

Question 3.
Name the three major ports on the western coast.
Answer:
Porbandar, Mumbai and Cochin are the three major ports on the western coast.

Question 4.
Name the three major ports on the eastern coast.
Answer:

1. Chennai
2. Vishakhapatnam and
3. Haldia

Question 5.
(Kolkata) are the three major ports on the eastern coast. Which parts of India have a spare network of road transport route? Give reason.
Answer:
The northernmost part of India in the state of Jammu and Kashmir does not have any national highway or other roadways, because it is a mountainous region.

Observe the given map carefully and answer the following questions:

Question 1.
What does the map indicate ?
Answer:
The map indicates the important railway routes and airports of India.

Question 2.
Which part of India has many airports compared to the others?
Answer:
The Southern part of India (i.e.) Peninsular India has many airports compared to the other parts of India.

Question 3.
Which part of India has a dense network of rail routes?
Answer:
North Indian plains region has a dense network of rail routes.

Question 4.
Name the northernmost important railway station.
Answer:
Baramulla is the northernmost important railway station.

Question 5.
Name the easternmost important railway station.
Answer:
Tinsukia is the easternmost important railway station.

Question 6.
Name the two westernmost important railway stations.
Answer:
Okha and Naliya are the two westernmost important railway stations.

Try this

Look at the graph and answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Which country attracted more international tourists in the year 1995?
Answer:
India attracted more international tourists in the year 1995.

Question 2.
In which country did more international tourists arrive in the year 2000?
Answer:
More international tourists arrived in Brazil in the year 2000.

Question 3.
In which year can an increase be seen in the number of international tourists in India?
Answer:
An increase in the number of international tourists in India can be seen from the year 2010.

Question 4.
What was the number of international tourists in the year 2015 in both the countries? What was the difference between them?
Answer:
The number of international tourists in India in 2015 was approximately 130 lakhs. The number of international tourists in Brazil in 2015 was 60 lakhs. The difference between India and Brazil in the numbers of international tourists in 2015 was 70 lakh people. (130 lakhs – 60 lakhs).

Question 5.
What could be the reason of increase in tourists in India after the year 2010?
Answer:
There is an increase in tourists coming to India after 2010 because :

• Different types of tourism like eco-tourism, health tourism, business tourism, etc. have been promoted by the Indian Government.
• The quality of travel and stay in India has also improved.

Question 6.
Name the kind of graph shown above.
Answer:
Polyline graph.

Can you tell ?

Look at the graph and answer the following questions:

Question 1.
What type of graph is shown here?
Answer:
The type of graph shown here is a Joint Bar Graph.

Question 2.
What does the graph show?
Answer:
The graph shows:

• The percentage of population engaged in tourism in Brazil and India in 2016.
• The contribution of tourism in GDP by both the countries in 2016.

Question 3.
Which country’s tourism has a larger share in the contribution towards GDP?
Answer:
Brazil’s tourism has a larger share in the contribution towards GDP.

Question 4.
Which country has a larger population engaged in tourism sector but contributes lesser in GDP?
Answer:
India has a larger population engaged in tourism sector but contributes lesser in GDP terms.

Question 5.
How much percentage of India’s population is engaged in tourism?
Answer:
Nearly 9.5 percentage of Indian population is engaged in tourism.

Question 6.
How much is the contribution of tourism in India’s GDP in 2016? .
Answer:
The contribution of tourism in India’s GDP in 2016 is nearly 8.5 per cent.

Make friends with maps

Study the transport map of Brazil and answer the following.

Question 1.
Which means of transport are seen on the map?
Answer:
All the means of transport like roadways, railways, airways, and waterways are seen on the map.

Question 2.
Which means of transport has a denser network?
Answer:
The roadways have a denser network.

Question 3.
Which highway can be seen prominently? Which places does it join?
Answer:
The Trans Amazonian Highway can be seen prominently. It connects Cruzeiro do sul, Porto Velho, Manaus and Brasilia.

Question 4.
What could be the reason for the development of railways in the South-East?
Answer:
(i) South-east Brazil is the richest and the most populated region of the country.
(ii) Agriculture, mining, and tourism are well developed in this part of Brazil.

Question 5.
In which part of Brazil do you see a lesser development of transport network? What could be the reason?
Answer:
(i) Amazon in the north and Pantanal in the west have lesser development of transport network.
(ii) Amazon in the north due to dense forest cover whereas Pantanal is a swampy land.

Think about it.

Question 1.
Considering the development of transport in a place, which factors do you think are responsible for the development of transport in Brazil? Also, think which means of transport could be used in Brazil given its topography and drainage?
Answer:
Considering the development of transport in a place, the factors that are responsible for the development of transport in Brazil are:

• The physiography, accessibility, population, climatic conditions, availability of power/fuel, funds, etc.
• Roads and ports need to be upgraded.
• Railways are few and competitive. They can be increased in the central part.
• With its topography and drainage Brazil should develop more waterways.

Activity

Look at the transport maps of India and the make friends with maps.

Question 1.
Which means of transport are visible on the map?
Answer:
The means of transport used are roadways and waterways.
The means of transport used are railways and airways.

Question 2.
In which part of India is the density of railways more?
Answer:
The density of railways is more in the Northern Plains region.

Question 3.
Name five important ports and airports of India.
Answer:
Ports: Mumbai ,Vishakhapatanam, Haldia, Chennai and Kandla.
Airports: Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Chennai, and Kolkata.

Question 4.
Which parts of India have a sparse network of transport? What could be the reason?
Answer:
(i) The north and the north-east parts of India have a sparse network of transport.
(ii) Due to mountainous and snow covered areas in the north and the dense inaccesible forest areas of the north-east, the transportation network is sparse here.
(iii) Also these regions have low population and lack of economic opportunities.

Give it a try.

Question 1.
Arun called his mother from Digboi at 7 am. At what local time will his mother pick up his call at Jaisalmer?
Answer:
Arun’s mother will pick his call at 5.00 am. local time at Jaisalmer.

Question 2.
Calculate the difference in time between the two points in minutes.

Westernmost point: Nascente do Rio Moa (07° 32’33″S, 70° 59’W) Easternmost point: Ponta do Seixas, Paraiba (07° 09′ 28″S, 34° 47’W),
Answer:
The difference in time between the Easternmost and the Westernmost part of Brazil is 168 minutes.

Activity

Read the map and answer the following questions:

Question 1.
How many divisions can you see in the map?
Answer:
We can see 4 divisions in the map.

Question 2.
What do these divisions signify?
Answer:
These divisions signify the time zones in Brazil.

Question 3.
What does the term ’behind the GMT’ mean?
Answer:
The Greenwich Meridian Time is a time set with reference to 0° longitude that passes through Greenwich. The countries lying to the west of 0° longitude are ’behind the GMT’.

Question 4.
Which part of Brazil is ahead of other?
Answer:
The easternmost part of Brazil is ahead of the other parts.

Question 5.
By how many minutes is this part ahead of others?
Answer:
60 to 180 minutes.

Question 6.
What does the red line in the map show?
Answer:
The red line in the map is the official BRT which is in the GMT-03 time zone. It is 3 hours behind GMT.

Make friends with maps

Study the map given in figure and answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Calculate the difference between the two longitudinal extremes of mainland India. Is it more than Brazil?
Answer:
The difference between the two longitudinal extremes of east and west mainland India is about 29°.

Question 2.
Which longitude in India is called the Indian Standard Time (IST)?
Answer:
The 82° 30′ E longitude is called Indian Standard Time (IST)

Question 3.
What is the difference between IST and the GMT?
Answer:
The IST time is 5 hours and 30 minutes ahead of the GMT.

Question 4.
How many local times are there in India?
Answer:
There are 29 local times.

Question 5.
How much is the time difference between the western most and the eastern most points of India?
Answer:
Two hours, 120 minutes.

Think about it.

Question 1.
It is 12 noon at Delhi. What would be the local time in Brasilia?
Answer:
If it is 12 noon at Delhi, the local time in Brasilia would be 3.30 a.m. This is because Brasilia is 3 hours behind GMT and Delhi is 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of GMT. Therefore

Time difference between Brasilia and Delhi is of 8 hours 30 mins (3 hours + 5 hours 30 mins) Time at Delhi = 12 noon
Time at Brasilia = 12 noon – 8 hours 30 mins
= 3.30 a.m.

Use your brain power

Question 1.
Saurabh and Ashwini work for a MNC. Two of their regional head offices are located in Brazil in Rio De Janeiro and Manaus, respectively. Both of them have to contact either of the head offices constantly.
As they have to adjust timings according to their head offices, find out their corresponding timings in India, if they work according to office timings in Brazil, i.e 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.
Answer:
(i) Let us assume Saurabh is coordinating with Rio De Janeiro’s head office and Ashwini is coordinating with the head office of Manaus.
(ii) Brazil has four time zones. It is behind the GMT by 2, 3, 4 or 5 hours.
(iii) Rio De Janeiro is in the 2nd time zone which is 3 hours behind GMT (GMT-03) and Manaus is the 3rd time zone which is 4 hours behind GMT (GMT-04).
(iv) Now, the time difference between GMT and 1ST is of 5 hours 30 mins.
They have to make following adjustments :

Saurabh
Rio De Janeiro	GMT	IST
10 a.m.	1 p.m.	6.30 p.m.
5 p.m.	8 p.m.	1.30 a.m.

Ashwini
Manaus	GMT	IST
10 a.m.	2 p.m.	7.30 p.m.
5 p.m.	9 p.m.	2.30 a.m.

Rio De Janeiro is in the 2nd time zone which is 3 hours behind GMT (GMT-03) and Manaus is the 3rd time zone which is 4 hours behind GMT (G
Corresponding timings in India Saurabh: 6.30 p.m. to 1.30 a.m. Ashwini: 7.30 p.m. to 2.30 a.m.

Give it a try

Question 1.
On what basis will you decide how many standard times should be there in a country?
Answer:
The longitudinal extent of a country will help one decide how many standard times should be there in a country.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 9 Tourism, Transport and Communication Additional Important Questions and Answers

Choose the correct option and rewrite the statements:

Question 1.
The new capital city of Brazil is ______.
(a) Rio de Janeiro
(b) Sao Paulo
(c) Manaus
(d) Brasilia
Answer:
(d) Brasilia

Question 2.
A city that attracts a lot of tourists is _______.
(a) Rio de Janeiro
(b) Brasilia
(c) Manaus
(d) Ponta de Seixas
Answer:
(a) Rio de Janeiro

Question 3.
The proportion of the Indian population engaged in tourism is proportionately _____ Brazil.
(a) lower than
(b) higher than
(c) equal to
(d) extremely lesser than
Answer:
(b) higher than

Question 4.
The football stadium at ______ is quite well known
(a) Rio de Janeiro
(b) Manaus
(c) Sao Paulo
(d) Boa Vista
Answer:
(b) Manaus

Question 5.
The most common method of transportation in Brazil is ____.
(a) railways
(b) waterways
(c) roadways
(d) airways
Answer:
(c) roadways

Question 6.
The density of road network in Brazil is concentrated in the ____ part of the country.
(a) southern
(b) northern
(c) western
(d) eastern
Answer:
(d) eastern

Question 7.
The forested lands of the Amazon River basin and the ______ lands have limited the development of roadways in this part of Brazil.
(a) drought-prone
(b) fertile
(c) swampy
(d) semi-arid
Answer:
(c) swampy

Question 8.
Waterways have been developed on a commercial basis in the _____ river.
(a) Amazon
(b) Uruguay
(c) Purus
(d) Aragua
Answer:
(a) Amazon

Question 9.
Boats ply from _____ in Peru to the mouth of the river Amazon.
(a) Lima
(b) Cusco
(c) Equitos
(d) Nazca
Answer:
(c) Equitos

Question 10.
Apart from R. Amazon, another important river for waterways is the ____ Parana river.
(a) south-flowing
(b) north-flowing
(c) east-flowing
(d) west-flowing
Answer:
(a) south-flowing

Question 11.
The contribution of ______ is less in the transportation system of Brazil.
(a) railways
(b) roadways
(c) waterways
(d) airways
Answer:
(d) airways

Question 12.
Railway network is dense in the ______ of India.
(a) hilly states
(b) north-eastern states
(c) central parts of India
(d) north indian plains
Answer:
(b) north-eastern states

Question 13.
Approximately, 95% of foreign trade moves through ______ routes, in India.
(a) road
(b) rail
(c) air
(d) ocean
Answer:
(d) ocean

Question 14.
The westernmost extreme point on mainland Brazil is ______.
(a) Rio Grande
(b) Rio de Janeiro
(c) Nascente do Rio Moa
(d) Ponta do Seixas
Answer:
(c) Nascente do Rio Moa

Question 15.
The easternmost extreme point on mainland Brazil is ______
(a) Rio Grande
(b) Sao Paulo
(c) Ponta do Seixas
(d) Nascente do Rio Moa
Answer:
(c) Ponta do Seixas

Question 16.
Brazil has ______ time zones.
(a) 3
(b) 4
(c) 5
(d) 6
Answer:
(b) 4

Question 17.
(BRT) Brazil time is _____ hours behind GMT.
(a) three
(b) four
(c) five
(d) six
Answer:
(a) three

Question 18.
Today, more than 45% of the Brazilian population has access to the ______.
(a) mobile services
(b) television broadcasting
(c) radio broadcasting
(d) internet
Answer:
(d) internet

Question 19.
The telecommunication infrastructure is fairly modern, particularly in ____ Brazil.
(a) north
(b) north-west
(c) north-east
(d) central-south
Answer:
(d) central-south

Question 20.
______ services in Brazil are well-developed and efficient.
(a) Air
(b) Railway
(c) Helicopter
(d) Telecommunication
Answer:
(d) Telecommunication

Question 21.
With regard to telecommunication infrastructure, the north and ______ are drastically less developed.
(a) south
(b) south-west
(c) north-west
(d) central-south
Answer:
(c) north-west

Question 22.
Over recent years, _______ have led to the rapid expansion of telecommunication services in Brazil.
(a) landline phones
(b) radio broadcasting
(c) television broadcasting
(d) mobile telephones
Answer:
(d) mobile telephones

Question 23.
India has ______ standard time zone/s.
(a) one
(b) two
(c) three
(d) four
Answer:
(a) one

Question 24.
The difference between the two extreme most points in India is about _____.
(a) 120 minutes
(b) 210 minutes
(c) 168 minutes
(d) 186 minutes
Answer:
(a) 120 minutes

Question 25.
The difference between the two extreme most points of Brazil is _______.
(a) 186 minutes
(b) 168 minutes
(c) 120 minutes
(d) 200 minutes
Answer:
(b) 168 minutes

Question 26.
The 82°30’E longitude is the Indian Standard Time longitude which passes though ________.
(a) Allahabad
(b) Ahmedabad
(c) Hyderabad
(d) Muzzaffarabad
Answer:
(a) Allahabad

Question 27.
India is one of the largest users of _______ and internet.
(a) landlines phones
(b) television
(c) radio
(d) smartphones
Answer:
(d) smartphones

Question 28.
About 85% of passenger and 70% of freight traffic are carried by every year in India.
(a) roadways
(b) railways
(c) waterways
(d) airways
Answer:
(a) roadways

Question 29.
______is the official time of Brazil.
(a) GMT-01
(b) GMT-04
(c) GMT-03
(d) GMT-02
Answer:
(c) GMT-03

Question 30.
The prominent highway of Brazil is ________.
(a) Trans Belem Highway
(b) Trans Rio Grande Highway
(c) Trans Amazonian Highway
(d) Trans Brasilia Highway
Answer:
(c) Trans Amazonian Highway

Match the following:

Question 1.

Column ’A’	Column ‘B’
(1) The new capital city	(a) Rio de Janeiro
(2) The city attracting a lot of tourist	(b) Manaus
(3) Football stadium	(c) Peru
(4) Beach	(d) Brasilia
(5) Equitos	(e) Sao Paulo
	(f) Boa Vista

Answer:
1 – d
2 – e
3 – b
4 – a
5 – c

Answer the following questions in one sentence:

Question 1.
State the factors that attract foreign tourists towards India.
Answer:
Foreign tourists visit India to see and understand its rich heritage and culture, for adventure, to avail the health services and for business purposes.

Question 2.
What is the kind of service provided by roadways in India?
Answer:
About 85% of passenger traffic and 70% of freight traffic are carried by roadways every year in India.

Question 3.
How important are the inland waterways in India’s transportation?
Answer:
Inland waterways comprising rivers, canals, backwaters, creeks, etc., which contribute about only 1% to India’s transportation.

Question 4.
In what way are the ocean routes useful for India?
Answer:
Approximately 95% of India’s foreign trade moves through ocean routes.

Question 5.
What kind of advanced space technology is Brazil developing?
Answer:
Brazil is developing technology to send domestically-made satellites into space with its own rockets.

Question 6.
Write a short note about the telecommunication infrastructure in different parts of Brazil.
Answer:
The telecommunication infrastructure is fairly modern, particularly in central-south Brazil, but the north and north-west are drastically less developed.

Question 7.
Why have roadways not developed in the north and north-western part?
Answer:
The forested lands of the Amazon River basin and the swampy lands have limited the development of roadways in the north and north-western region.

Question 8.
Which time zone is considered to be the official Brazilian time?
Answer:
GMT-03 Time Zone is considered to be the official Brazilian time.

Distinguish between:

Question 1.
The use of railways in Brazil and India.
Answer:

The use of railway in Brazil	The use of railway in India
(i) Railways have not developed very well in Brazil.	(i) Compared to Brazil, India has a denser network of railways.
(ii) The use of trains for long distance transportation is restricted to a few urban tourist routes though it is cheaper.	(ii) Freight and passenger transport have been facilitated due to the development of the railways, which are considered very important for the growth of Indian economy.
(iii) Dense network of railways have developed in south and south-east Brazil as compared to other parts of Brazil.	(iii) Dense network of railways have developed in the North-Indian Plains as compared to other parts of India.

Question 2.
The longitudinal extent of India and Brazil
Answer:

The longitudinal extent of Brazil	The longitudinal extent of India
(i) Extreme westernmost point: Nascente do Rio Moa. (70°59’W)	(i) Extreme westernmost point : Ghuar Mota. (70°E)
(ii) Extreme easternmost point: Ponta do Seixas.(34047′ w)	(ii) Extreme easternmost point: Kibithu. (97°E)
(iii) Time difference is 168 minutes approximately 2 hrs 48 minutes.	(iii) Time difference is 120 minutes on mainland i.e., approximately 2 hrs.
(iv) There is a vast time difference between the extreme most points of Brazil due to vast longitudinal extent.	(iv) There is comparatively less time difference between the extreme points of India.

Question 3.
The density of roadways in Brazil and India.
Answer:

The density of roadways in Brazil	The density of roadways in India
(i) Roadways account for more than half of the transportation system in the country.	(i)    As compared to Brazil, India has a denser network of transport. About 85% of passenger and 70% of freight traffic are carried by road every year.
(ii) Density of road network is high in the eastern	(ii) Density of road network is high in the North
part of the country.	Indian Plains in the northern part of India.

Question 1.
Mark the following on an outline map of Brazil. Name the following:

1. The new capital city of Brazil.
2. Two cities that attract a lot of tourist.
3. A south-flowing river important for waterways.
4. The easternmost extreme point of mainland Brazil.
5. The westernmost extreme point part of mainland Brazil.

Answer:

Question 2.
Show the following on a given outline map of Brazil.
Given index:

(A) Ports:

• Vitoria
• Manaus

(B) Airports:

• Brasilia
• Campo Grande

(C) Railway Junctions:

• Sao Paulo
• Rio de Janeiro

Answer:

Question 3.
Show the following on a given outline map of India. Give index:
Given index:
(A) Ports:

• Chennai
• Porbandar
• Kochin
• Kandla
• Kolkata

(B) Airports :

• Bengaluru
• Delhi
• Pune
• Thiruvananthapuram

(C) Railway Junctions :

• Mumbai
• Itarsi
• Kota
• Nagpur

Answer:

Give geographical reasons:

Question 1.
India’s contribution of tourism to its GDP appears lesser than Brazil and population engaged seems higher.
Answer:
(i) The number of international tourists visiting India in 2015 was more than that of Brazil.
(ii) Even though this is true, the share of tourism sector in the GDP is less than that of Brazil.
(iii) Apart from this, the proportion of Indian population engaged in tourism is higher than that of Brazil.
(iv) This is primarily dependent on the size of the population of those countries and the size of the GDP.
(v) According to the data available, the population of India is more than Brazil and so is its GDP.
(vi) As the GDP of India is higher than Brazil’s GDP to GDP appears lesser than Brazil’s and population engaged seems higher.

Question 2.
Railways are important for the growth of the Indian economy.
Answer:
(i) Railways are very important for a vast country like India where the distance between places is long.
(ii) Freight and passenger transport have been facilitated due to the development of the railways.
(iii) The more the facilities available for passenger transport and freight transport, the more growth in the economy.
Thus, the railways are very important for the Indian economy’s growth.

Question 3.
Brazil’s time is not ahead of India’s time.
Answer:
(i) The GMT i.e, Greenwich Mean Time, divides the globe into eastern and western hemisphere.
(ii) India lies to the east of GMT and Brazil lies to the West of GMT.
(iii) Places lying to the east of GMT, are ahead of time and places lying to the west of GMT (like Brazil) are behind time.

Question 4.
The future of tourism is bright in India.
Answer:
(i) India is rich in natural beauty that includes mountains, forests, plateaus, plains, islands, coastal areas, beaches, etc.
(ii) India also has a rich heritage and a huge variety of cultural and historical attractions.
(iii) In recent years new forms of tourism have been developed in India like Eco tourism, Agro tourism, Medical tourism, Film tourism, etc.
(iv) Also infrastructural facilities, branding and marketing initiatives have helped to promote Indian tourism.
So the future of tourism is bright in India.

Question 5.
Tourism is an invisible trade.
Answer:
(i) Tourism belongs to the service sector as various services are provided to the tourists.
(ii) For e.g., hotels, lodges, transport, food, entertainment, etc.
(iii) Tourism increase the GDP of economy without exchange of goods.
Thus, tourism is an invisible trade.

Question 6.
he indicator of development in a country is the development of transport in that country.
Answer:
(i) Transportation facilitates trade and creates employment opportunities.
(ii) With the development of transport there is socio-economic and cultural development of the country.
Hence it is an indicator of development in a country.

Must Read:

DALBHARAT Pivot Point Calculator

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Anand Chapter 3 सूक्तिसुधा Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Sanskrit Anand Solutions Chapter 3 सूक्तिसुधा

Sanskrit Anand Std 10 Digest Chapter 3 सूक्तिसुधा Textbook Questions and Answers

भाषाभ्यासः

श्लोकः 1

1. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत।

प्रश्न अ.
का गुरूणां गुरुः ?
उत्तरम्‌ :‌
विद्या गुरूणां गुरुः।

प्रश्न आ.
किं राजसु न पूज्यते ?
उत्तरम्‌ :‌
धनं राजसु न पूज्यते।

प्रश्न इ.
कः पशुः एव ?
उत्तरम्‌ :‌
विद्याविहीन : पशुः एव।

2. माध्यमभाषया उत्तरत ।

प्रश्न अ.
‘विद्या नाम नरस्य’ …….. इति श्लोकाधारण विद्यायाः महत्त्वं लिखत ।
उत्तरम्‌ :‌
सूक्ति म्हणजे चांगल्या उक्ती. सूक्तिसुधा अशा नीतिपर उक्तींचा संग्रह आहे. ‘विद्याविहीनः पशुः’ ही सूक्ति ज्ञानाचे महत्त्व विशद करते. विद्या नाना भोग (समाधान) प्राप्त करून देणारी आहे. तसेच ती यश व आनंदही प्राप्त करून देणारी आहे. विद्या हे संरक्षिलेले गुप्त धन आहे. परदेशातही विद्या बंधुसम असते. राजसभेतही विद्यावान व्यक्तीचा सन्मान केला जातो. विद्येमुळे माणसाला ज्ञानाचे तेज प्राप्त होते व त्याचे सौंदर्य वाढते.

ज्ञानामुळे सर्व उद्दिष्टे साध्य होऊ शकतात, ‘किं किं न साधयति कल्पकतेव विद्या’ या उक्तीप्रमाणे विद्या कल्पकतेप्रमाणे सर्व इच्छांची पूर्ती करते. म्हणूनच ज्ञानहीन मनुष्यास पशूच मानले जाते.

सूक्तिs are good sayings. सूक्तिसुधा is a collection of all such value-based quotations. The सूक्ति ‘विद्याविहीनः पशुः’ ellobarates the importance of knowledge.

Knowledge alone gives enjoyment, happiness and fame to a person. It is the preceptor of all preceptors. Hence, knowledge is precious wealth. It is well-guarded and concealed wealth.

It enhances the beauty of a person. Knowledge is considered to be relative while travelling in foreign country. It is said to be supreme deity. Even royal courts admire knowledgeable people.

A man who is devoid of knowledge / learning, is said to be an animal; as knowledge helps achieving all ends. It is rightly said, “किं किं न साधयति कल्पलतेब विद्या’ – what does not knowledge achieve like wish yielding-creeper.

3. जालरेखाचित्रं पूरयत ।

प्रश्न 1.
जालरेखाचित्रं पूरयत

उत्तरम्‌ :‌

श्लोक: 2.

1. मञ्जूषात: उचितं शब्दं चित्वा तालिकां पूरयत ।

प्रश्न 1.
मञ्जूषात: उचितं शब्दं चित्वा तालिकां पूरयत ।

(निन्दन्तु, गच्छतु, युगान्तरे, मरणम्, लक्ष्मी:, स्तुवन्तु ।)
उत्तरम्‌ :‌

नीतिनिपुणाः	निन्दन्तु	स्तुवन्तु	वा
लक्ष्मीः	समाविशतु	गच्छतु	वा
मरणम्	अद्यैव	युगान्तरे	वा

2. सन्धिविग्रहं कुरुत।

प्रश्न अ.
मरणमस्तु ।
उत्तरम्‌ :‌
मरणमस्तु – मरणम् + अस्तु।

प्रश्न आ.
अद्यैव ।
उत्तरम्‌ :‌
अद्यैव – अद्य + एव।

3. माध्यमभाषया उत्तरत ।

प्रश्न 1.
“न्याय्यात्पथः प्रविचलन्ति पदं न धीराः । इति सूक्तिं स्पष्टीकुरुत।
उत्तरम्‌ :‌
सूक्ति म्हणजे चांगल्या उक्ती. सूक्तिसुधा अशा नीतिपर उक्तींचा संग्रह आहे. विद्याविटेन: पशुः हो सूक्ति ज्ञानाचे महत्व विशद करते. धैर्यवान लोकांमध्ये दृढनिश्चय ही स्थायी व विशेष गुण आहे. असे लोक स्थिर बुद्धीचे असतात. व ते स्वत:ला ध्येयापासून टू देत नाहीत ते त्याच मार्गाचा अवलंब करतात, व हवे ते परिणाम प्राप्त करून घेतात. ‘न्याय्यात्पथः प्रविचलन्ति पदं न धीराः’ ही सूक्ति हे विशद करते.

नीतिमध्ये कुशल लोक निंदानालस्ती करो वा प्रशंसा करोत, लक्ष्मी तिच्या इच्छेप्रमाणे येवो अथवा जावो, आजच मरण येवो वा युगान्त झाल्यावर (दुसऱ्या युगात / भरपूर काळ लोटल्यावर) येवो, (तरीही) धैर्यवान लोक न्याय्यमार्गावरून आपले पाऊल ढळू देत नाहीत (ते न्याय्यमार्ग सोडत नाहीत).

सूक्तिs are good sayings. सूक्तिसुधा is a collection of all such value-based.quotations. Resolute people have distinct quality of firmness. They are of stable intelellect and do not deviate their minds from their aim. They follow the path of justice, till they achieve fruitful results.

The सूक्ति ‘न्याय्यात्पथः प्रविचलन्ति पदं न धीराः’ says that experts/skilled people may praise or criticise courageous people; may goddess Laxmi assist them by pleasing on them or not; may they have to face death instantly or after long time; passing through all circumstances, resolute ones follow the justice path, achieve fruitful results and enlighten other’s lives too.

श्लोक: 3.

1. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत ।

प्रश्न अ.
शुकसारिका: केन बध्यन्ते ?
उत्तरम्‌ :‌
आत्मन: मुखदोषेण शुकसारिकाः बध्यन्ते।

प्रश्न आ.
के न बध्यन्ते ?
उत्तरम्‌ :‌
बका: न बध्यन्ते।

2. सन्धिविग्रहं कुरुत ।

प्रश्न अ.
बकास्तत्र
उत्तरम्‌ :‌
बकास्तत्र – बकाः + तत्र।

प्रश्न आ.
आत्मनो मुखदोषेण
उत्तरम्‌ :‌
आत्मनो मुखदोषेण – आत्मनः + मुखदोषेण।

श्लोकः 4.

1. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत ।

प्रश्न अ.
का कार्यसाधिका भवति ?
उत्तरम्‌ :‌
अल्पानां वस्तूनां संहतिः कार्यसाधिका भवति।

प्रश्न आ.
कै: मत्तदन्तिन: बध्यन्ते ?
उत्तरम्‌ :‌
आपन्न : तृणैः मत्तदन्तिन: बध्यन्ते।

2. सन्धिविग्रहं कुरुत।

प्रश्न अ.
अल्पानामपि
उत्तरम्‌ :‌
अल्पानामपि – अल्पानाम् + अपि।

प्रश्न आ.
तृणैर्गुणत्वमापनर्बध्यन्ते
उत्तरम्‌ :‌
तृणैर्गुणत्वमापनैर्बध्यन्ते – तृणैः + गुणत्वम् + आपनैः + बध्यन्ते।

3. माध्यमभाषया उत्तरत ।

प्रश्न 1.
‘संहतिः कार्यसाधिका’ इति सूक्तिं स्पष्टीकुरुत ।
उत्तरम्‌ :‌
संहतिः – एकता, ऐक्यम्।

श्लोक: 5.

1. एकवाक्येन उत्तरत।

प्रश्न अ.
नरः किं छिन्द्यात् ?
उत्तरम्‌ :‌
नरः पटं छिन्द्यात्।

प्रश्न आ.
मनुजः किं भिन्द्यात् ?
उत्तरम्‌ :‌
मनुजः घटं भिन्द्यात्।

2. श्लोकात् लिङ्लकारस्य रूपाणि चित्वा लिखत ।

प्रश्न 1.
श्लोकात् लिङ्लकारस्य रूपाणि चित्वा लिखत ।
उत्तरम्‌ :‌
भिन्द्यात्, छिन्द्यात्, कुर्यात्, भवेत्।

3. माध्यमभाषया उत्तरत ।

प्रश्न 1.
‘येन केन प्रकारेण’ इति उक्तिं स्पष्टीकुरुत ।
उत्तरम्‌ :‌
सूक्ति म्हणजे चांगल्या उक्ती. सूक्तिसुधा अशा नीतिपर उक्तींचा संग्रह आहे. येन केन प्रकारेण’ ही सूक्ति उपहासाने माणसाच्या प्रवृत्तीचे वर्णन करते.

या जगात मनुष्याने कोणत्याही मार्गाने प्रसिद्ध व्हावे. इतरांचे लक्ष वेधून घेण्यासाठी घडे फोडावेत, कपडे फाडावेत, गाढवावर बसावे, या कृती खरेतर हास्यास्पद आहेत, तरीसुद्धा प्रसिद्ध होण्यासाठी व्यक्तीने हे सर्व करावे.

सूक्तिs are good sayings. सूक्तिसुधा is a collection of all such value-based quotations. The सूक्ति ‘येन केन प्रकारेण describes human nature satirically.

In this world, a man should try to be famous by some way or the other. He should grab the attention of people by breaking pots, tearing clothes, riding a donkey such acts which are unusual and ridiculous. Yet, one should do it for the sake of popularity.

प्रश्न 2.
समानार्थकशब्दान् लिखत ।
विद्या, पशुः, धनम्, लक्ष्मी:, शुकः, संहतिः, दन्ती, पटम्, रासभः ।
उत्तरम्‌ :‌

• विद्या – ज्ञानम्, बोधः ।
• पशुः – प्राणी, तिर्यङ्, मृगः ।
• धनम् – द्रव्यम, वित्तम्, स्थापतेयम्, रिक्थम्, ऋक्यम्, वसुः।
• लक्ष्मीः – पद्मा, कमला, श्रीः, हरिप्रिया, पद्मालया।
• शुकः – किङ्किरातः, कौरः।
• संहतिः – संघ
• दन्ती – हस्ती, करी, गजः, कुञ्जरः, वारणः ।
• पटम् – वस्त्रम्, वसनम् ।
• रासभः – गर्दभः, खरः, धूमकर्णः ।

प्रश्न 3.
विरुद्धार्थकशब्दान् लिखत ।
विदेशः, प्रच्छन्नम्, निन्दन्तु, रोहणम् ।
उत्तरम्‌ :‌

• विदेशः × स्वदेशः।
• प्रच्छन्नम् × प्रकाशितम्, प्रकटीकृतम्।
• निन्दन्तु × स्तुवन्तु।
• रोहणम् × अवतरणम्, अवरोहणम्।

Sanskrit Anand Class 10 Textbook Solutions Chapter 3 सूक्तिसुधा Additional Important Questions and Answers

अवबोधनम्।

(क) पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत।

प्रश्न 1.
विद्या कीदृशं धनम् अस्ति?
उत्तरम् :
विद्या प्रच्छन्नगुप्तं धनम् अस्ति।

प्रश्न 2.
विद्या केषां गुरुः?
उत्तरम् :
विद्या गुरूणां गुरुः।

प्रश्न 3.
विदेशगमने कृते विद्या कीदृशं भाति ?
उत्तरम् :
विदेशगमने कृते विद्या बन्धुजन : इव भाति।

प्रश्न 4.
किं परं दैवतम्?
उत्तरम् :
विद्या परं दैवतम्।

प्रश्न 5.
धीराः कस्मात् न प्रविचलन्ति?
उत्तरम् :
धीरा: न्याय्यात् पथ: न प्रविचलन्ति।

प्रश्न 6.
न्याय्यात्पथ: के न विचलन्ति ?
उत्तरम् :
न्याय्यात्पथ: धीराः न विचलन्ति।

प्रश्न 7.
के निन्दन्तु स्तुवन्तु वा?
उत्तरम् :
नीतिनिपुणा: निन्दन्तु स्तुवन्तु वा।

प्रश्न 8.
लक्ष्मी: कथं समाविशतु गच्छतु वा?
उत्तरम् :
लक्ष्मी: यथेष्टं समाविशतु गच्छतु वा।

प्रश्न 9.
किं सर्वार्थसाधनम्?
उत्तरम् :
मौनं सर्वार्थसाधनम्।

प्रश्न 10.
रविः प्रतिदिनं कुत्र याति?
उत्तरम् :
रविः प्रतिदिनं अपारस्य नभसः अन्तं याति।

प्रश्न 11.
महर्ता क्रियासिद्धिः कस्मिन् भवति?
उत्तरम् :
महतां क्रियासिद्धिः सत्त्वे भवति।

प्रश्न 12.
के तृणैर्गुणत्वमापनैः बध्यन्ते ?
उत्तरम् :
मतदन्तिन: तृणैर्गुणत्वमापन: बध्यन्ते।

प्रश्न 13.
पुरुषः कथं प्रसिद्धः भवेत्?
उत्तरम् :
येन केन प्रकारेण पुरुष: प्रसिद्धः भवेत्।

शब्दज्ञानम्

(क) विशेषण – विशेष्य – सम्बन्धः ।

विशेषणम्	विशेष्यम्
1. प्रच्छन्नगुप्तम्	धनम्
2. भोगकरी	विद्या
3. यशःसुखकरी	विद्या
4. परम्	दैवतम्
5. सर्वार्थसाधनम्	मौनम्
6. भुजगयमिता:	तुरगा:
7. अपारस्य	नभसः
8. अल्पानाम्	वस्तूनाम्
9. संहतिः	कार्यसाधिका
10. अल्पम्	तोयम्
11. कृतम्	उपकारम्
12. प्रसिद्धः	पुरुषः

(ख) विभक्त्यन्तपदानि।

• प्रथमा – विद्या, गुरुः, यशः, बन्धुजनः, पशुः ।
• षष्ठी – नरस्य, गुरूणाम्।
• सप्तमी – विदेशगमने, राजसु।
• तृतीया – दोषेण।
• षष्ठी – आत्मनः
• प्रथमा – संहतिः, कार्यसाधिका, दन्तिनः।
• तृतीया – तृणैः, आपनैः।
• षष्ठी – अल्पानाम्, वस्तूनाम्।

पृथक्करणम्

पद्यांशं पठित्वा जालरेखाचित्रं पूरयत।

1.

2.

3.

भाषाभ्यासः

(क) समानार्थकशब्दाः

• नरः – मनुष्यः, मानवः, मानुषः, मर्त्यः, मनुजः।
• यशः – ख्यातिः, कीर्तिः, प्रसिद्धिः।
• गुरुः – आचार्यः, अध्यापकः, उपाध्यायः।
• बन्धुजनः – बान्धवः।
• राजसु – पार्थिवेषु, नृपेषु, भूपेषु।
• निपुणः – कुशलः, प्रवीणः, पारङ्गतः।
• स्तुवन्तु – प्रशंसन्तु।
• यथेष्टम् – यथेच्छम्।
• मरणम् – मृत्युः ।
• पन्थाः – वर्त्म, सरणिः, मार्गः।
• धीरः – धैर्यवान्, धैर्यशीलः।
• आत्मनः – स्वस्य।
• मुखम् – तुण्डम, वदनम्, आननम्।
• दोषः – प्रमादः।
• बकः – मरुवकः, सर्पभुक्।
• अल्पम् – स्वल्पम्।
• तृणम् – घासः, यवसम्, कुशः, शष्पम्, अर्जुनम्।

(ख) विरुद्धार्थकशब्दाः

1. गुप्तम् × अनावृतम्।
2. विद्याविहीन: × ज्ञानयुक्तम्।
3. गच्छतु × आगच्छतु।
4. मरणम् × जनिः, जन्म, जनुः।
5. दोषः × गुणः।
6. बध्यन्ते × मुच्यन्ते।
7. मौनम् × भाषितम्।
8. संहतिः × भिन्नता, भेदः ।

(क) विभक्त्यन्तरूपाणि।

• प्रश्थमा – निपुणाः, लक्ष्मीः, धीराः।
• द्वितीया – मरणम्, पदम्।
• पन्चमी – न्याय्यात्, पथः।
• सप्तमी – युगान्तरे।

समासाः

समस्तपदम्	अर्थ:	समासविग्रहः	समासनाम
विद्याविहीनः	devoid of knowledge	विद्यया विहीनः।	तृतीया तत्पुरुष समास
नीतिनिपुणाः	experts in ethics	नीत्यां/नीतिषु निपुणाः।	सप्तमी तत्पुरुष समास
यथेष्टम्	as per/according to wish	इष्टम् अनुसृत्य /अनतिक्रम्य।	अव्ययीभाव समास
शुकसारिकाः	parrots and mynas	शुकाः च सारिका: च।	इतरेतर द्वन्द्व समास
सर्वार्थसाधनम्	mean/medium of achieving all ends	सर्वार्थानां साधनम्।	षष्ठी तत्पुरुष समास
रासभरोहणम्	ascending the donkey	रासभं रोहणम्।	द्वितीया तत्पुरुष समास
भुजगयमिताः	controlled by a snake	भुजगेन यमिताः।	तृतीया तत्पुरुष समास
चरणविकल:	lame with legs	चरणेन / चरणाभ्यां विकलः।	तृतीया तत्पुरुष समास
क्रियासिद्धिः	accomplishment of the task	क्रियायाः सिद्धिः।	षष्ठी तत्पुरुष समास

सूक्तिसुधा Summary in Marathi and English

प्रस्तावना :

“सूक्तयः नाम सुवचनानि।” सूक्ती म्हणजे चांगली उक्ती (बोलणे). संस्कृत भाषा अशा अनेक सुवचनांनी समृद्ध आहे. सुभाषितांचा संदर्भ लक्षात घेऊन सूक्तींचा अर्थ जाणून घेतल्यास नैतिकदृष्ट्या श्रेष्ठ व्यक्तिमत्त्व विकसित केले जाऊ शकते.

पुष्कळदा, अनेक संस्कृत सूक्ती इतर भारतीय भाषांमध्ये सुध्दा वापरलेल्या दिसून येतात. प्रत्यक्षात, अशा सूक्तींचे स्मरण केल्याने व्यक्तीची शब्दसंपदा वाढते व इतर भाषांवर प्रभुत्व निर्माण होते.

“सूक्तिः नाम शोभना उक्तिः ” means a good saying. Sanskrit language is enriched with such good sayings. One can cultivate a strong and morally superior character by understanding the meaning of a good saying with reference to the given सुभाषित.

Several Sanskrit sayings are often used in other Indian languages. In fact, remembering such sayings definitely enhances one’s ocabulary and command over languages.

श्लोकः 1

विद्या नाम नरस्य रूपमधिकं प्रच्छन्नगुप्तं धनम्
विद्या भोगकरी यश:सुखकरी विद्या गुरूणां गुरुः।
विद्या बन्धुजनो विदेशगमने विद्या परं दैवतम्
विद्या राजमु पूज्यते न तु धनं विद्याविहीन: पशुः ।।1।। (वृत्तम् – शार्दूलविक्रीडितम्, स्रोत: – नीतिशतकम्)

सन्थिविग्रहः

1. रूपमधिकम् – रूपम् + अधिकम्।
2. बन्धुजनो विदेशगमने – बन्धुजन: + विदेशगमने।

अन्वय:- विद्या नाम नरस्य अधिकं रूपम्, प्रच्छन्नगुप्तं धनम्, विद्या भोगकरी यश:सुखकरी (च)। विद्या गुरूणां गुरुः । विदेशगमने विद्या बन्धुजनः ।
विद्या पर दैवतम्। विद्या राजसु पूज्यते न तु धनम्। विद्याविहीनः पशुः (एव)।

अनुवादः

मराठी विद्येमुळे मानवाचे सौंदर्य वाढते. विद्या हे संरक्षिलेले गुप्त धन आहे. विद्या नाना भोग (समाधान) प्राप्त करून देणारी आहे. (ती) यश व आनंद मिळवून देणारी आहे. विद्या गुरुंची गुरु आहे. परदेशी गेले असता विद्या ही बांधव असते. (बांधवाप्रमाणे उपयोगी पडते/सहाय्यभूत होते) विद्या सर्वश्रेष्ठ दैवत आहे. विद्या राजांमध्ये (राजसभांमध्ये) पूजनीय आहे; धन नाही. ज्याच्याजवळ विद्या नाही तो पशू(च) (समजावा).

English Knowledge enhances the beauty of man. It is secretly hidden treasure. Knowledge brings pleasure. It brings glory and comforts. Knowledge is the teacher of all teachers. Knowledge is kith and kin when going to a foreign land. Knowledge is a superior deity itself. Knowledge is worshipped amongst kings, not money. One without knowledge is a beast.

श्लोकः 2

निन्दन्तु नीतिनिपुणा यदि वा स्तुवन्तु
लक्ष्मीः समाविशतु गच्छतु वा यथेष्टम्।
अद्यैव वा मरणमस्तु युगान्तरे वा
न्याय्यात्पथः प्रविचलन्ति पदं न धीराः।।2।। (वृत्तम् – वसन्ततिलका, स्रोत: – नीतिशतकम्)

सन्धिविग्रहः

1. नीतिनिपुणा यदि – नीतिनिपुणाः + यदि।
2. न्याय्यात्पथः – न्याय्यात् + पथ: ।

अन्वय:- यदि (अपि) नीतिनिपुणा: निन्दन्तु स्तुवन्तु वा, लक्ष्मी समाविशतु यथेष्ट गच्छतु वा, मरणम् अद्य एव अस्तु युगान्तरे वा, (तथापि) धीराः न्याय्यात् पथः पदं न प्रविचलन्ति।

अनुवादः

नीतिमध्ये कुशल लोक निंदानालस्ती करोत वा प्रशंसा करोत, लक्ष्मी तिच्या इच्छेप्रमाणे येवो अथवा जावो, आजच मरण येवो वा युगान्त झाल्यावर दुसऱ्या युगात / भरपूर काळ लोटल्यावर) येवो, (तरीही) धैर्यवान लोक न्याय्यमार्गावरून आपले पाऊल ढळू देत नाहीत (ते न्याय्यमार्ग सोडत नाहीत).

English Experts in ethics may insult or praise, wealth may come or go by itself, may there be death today or after many years; courageous ones never divert (take a step back) from the path of justice.

श्लोकः 3

आत्मनो मुखदोषेण बध्यन्ते शुकसारिकाः।
बकास्तत्र न बध्यन्ते मौनं सर्वार्थसाधनम् ।।3।। (वृत्तम् – अनुष्टुप, स्रोत: – पञ्चतन्त्रम्)

अनुवादः

मराठी पोपट, साळुक्या (मैना) त्यांच्या स्वत:च्या तोंडाच्या दोषाने (बडबडीमुळे) अडकले जातात. (पण) बगळे (मात्र) अडकत नाहीत. (अशा प्रकारे) मौन पाळणे हे सर्व हेतू (गोष्टी) प्राप्त करण्याचे (मिळविण्याचे) साधन आहे.

English Parrots and mynas get trapped by fault of their own mouths (voices/sounds). Cranes do not get trapped. Silence is an instrument for obtaining all objects.

श्लोक: 4

रथस्यैकं चक्रं भुजगयमिताः सप्त तुरगाः
निरालम्बो मार्गश्चरणविकल: सारथिरपि।
रविर्यात्येवान्तं प्रतिदिनमपारस्य नभसः
क्रियासिद्धिः सत्त्वे भवति महतां नोपकरणे।।4।। (वृत्तम् – शिखरिणी, स्रोतः – भोजप्रबन्धः)

सन्धिविग्रहः

1. मार्गश्चरणविकलः – मार्गः + चरणविकलः।
2. रवियत्येवान्तम् – रविः + याति + एव + अन्तम्।
3. प्रतिदिनमपारस्य – प्रतिदिनम् + अपारस्य।
4. नोपकरणे – न + उपकरणे।

अन्वयः- रथस्य एकं चक्रं, सप्त भुजगयमिता: तुरगाः, निरालम्ब: मार्गः, सारथिः अपि चरणविकलः, (तथापि) रविः प्रतिदिनम् अपारस्य नभसः अन्तं याति एव। महतां क्रियासिद्धिः सत्त्वे भवति, उपकरणे न (भवति)।

अनुवादः

सूर्य दररोज, सापांनी नियंत्रित सात घोडे जोडलेल्या, एकच चाक असलेल्या रथातून, निराधार मार्गावरून, पायाने विकलांग अशा सारथीबरोबर अनंत अशा आकाशाच्या शेवटापर्यंत जातो. (जसे) महान लोकांच्या कार्याचे यश त्यांच्यातील सत्त्वाने (सामध्यनि) होते. साधनांनी नाही.

Even with a single wheel to the chariot of seven horses controlled by the bridle of snake, a supportless (difficult) path and a lame charioteer, the sun surely reaches the end of the unending sky everyday. The success of great people is in their spirit (valour) and does not depend on the means.

श्लोकः 5

अल्पानामपि वस्तूनां संहतिः कार्यसाधिका।
तृणैर्गुणत्वमापनष्यन्ते मत्तदन्तिनः।।4।। (वृत्तम् – अनुष्टुप, स्रोत: – हितोपदेशः।)

अनुवादः

लहानसहान वस्तूंचा संघ कार्य यशस्वी करतो (पूर्णत्वास नेतो). गवतापासून बनविलेल्या दोरखंडाने मत्त हत्ती (सुद्धा) नियंत्रित केले जातात.

Union of even small things accomplishes (big) tasks. Just as the intoxicated elephants are tied by a rope made of hay-sticks.

श्लोकः 6

प्रथमवयसि पीतं तोयमल्पं स्मरन्तः
शिरसि निहितभारा नारिकेला नराणाम्।
ददति जलमनल्पास्वादमाजीवितान्त।
न हि कृतमुपकारं साधवो विस्मरन्ति ।।6।। (वृत्तम् – मालिनी, स्रोत: – विक्रमचरितम्।)

सन्धिविग्रहः

1. तोयमल्पम् – तोयम् + अल्पम्।
2. कृतमुपकारम् – कृतम् + उपकारम्।
3. साधवो विस्मरन्ति – साधवः + विस्मरन्ति।
4. जलमनल्पास्वादमाजीवितान्तम् – जलम् + अनल्पास्वादम् + आजीवितान्तम्।
5. निहितभारा नारिकेला नराणाम् – निहितभारा: + नारिकेला: + नराणाम्।

अन्वय:- प्रथमवयसि पीतम् अल्पं तोयं स्मरन्तः शिरसि निहितभारा: आजीवितान्तं नराणां (नरेभ्यः) अनल्पास्वाद जलं ददति। साधवः कृतम् उपकारं नहि विस्मरन्ति।

अनुवादः

नारळाचे झाड लहानपणी मिळालेले थोडे पाणी लक्षात ठेवून, नारळांचे ओझे डोक्यावर बाळगून माणसांना आजन्म भरपूर गोड पाणी देते. (जसे) दुसऱ्याने केलेले उपकार सज्जन लोक कधीही विसरत नाहीत. (त्याची अनेक पटीने परतफेड करतात.)

In memory of the little water consumed in early age (as a seedling), a coconut tree, bearing weight on its head throughout its life, gives sweet water abundantly to humans. The noble people never forget benevolence (help offered by others).

श्लोक: 7

घटं भिन्द्यात् पटं छिन्द्यात् कुर्याद्रासभरोहणम्।
येन केन प्रकारेण प्रसिद्धः पुरुषो भवेत् ।।7।। (वृत्तम – अनुष्टुप, प्रकार: – हास्योक्तिः )

सन्धिविग्रहः

1. कुर्याद्रासभरोहणम् – कुर्यात् + रासभरोहणम्।
2. पुरुषो भवेत् . पुरुष: + भवेत्।

अन्वय:- पुरुषः घटं भिन्द्यात्, पटं छिन्द्यात, रासभरोहणं (अपि) कुर्यात्। येन केन प्रकारेण (स:) प्रसिद्धः भवेत्।

अनुवादः

घडा (भांडी) फोडावा, कपडे फाडावेत, गाढवावर (देखील) बसावे, पण काही तरी करून मनुष्याने प्रसिद्ध व्हावे.
One should break a pot, tear clothes and ride a donkey. By some way or the other (hook or crook), one should become popular.

शब्दार्थाः

1. रूपमधिकम् – more than beauty – रूपाहून अधिक
2. प्रच्छन्नगुप्तम् – secretly hidden – गुप्त/लपविलेले
3. भोगकरी – brings pleasure – आनंद / समाधान प्राप्त करून देणारे
4. सुखकरी – gives happiness – सुख देणारे
5. गुरूणाम् – of preceptors – गुरूंचे
6. बन्धुजनः – relative – नातेवाईक
7. विदेशगमने – when travelled in foreign land परदेशी प्रवास केला असता
8. परं दैवतम् – supreme deity – सर्वश्रेष्ठ दैवत
9. राजसु – among kings – राजांमध्ये
10. विद्याविहीन: – devoid of knowledge – विद्याहीन, ज्ञानहीन
11. निन्दन्तु – may censure – निंदानालस्ती करो
12. नीतिनिपुणाः – expert in ethics – नीतिमध्ये कुशल
13. स्तुवन्तु – may praise – स्तुती करो
14. समाविशतु – may come – येवो
15. यथेष्टम् – as per will – स्वेच्छेने
16. अद्यैव – today itself – आजच
17. युगान्तरे – in another era – युगानंतर (दुसऱ्या युगात)
18. न्याय्यात्पथ: – from the path of justice – न्याय्यमार्गावरून
19. प्रविचलन्ति – deviate – ढळतात
20. धीराः – courageous – धैर्यवान
21. भुजगयमिता: – controlled by serpants – सापांनी नियंत्रित
22. निरालम्बः – unsupported – निराधार
23. चरणविकल: – lame by a leg – पायाने पंगु
24. सारथिः – charioteer – सारथी
25. अन्तं याति – goes to the end – शेवटपर्यंत जातो
26. अपारस्य नभसः – of the endless sky – अनंत आकाशाच्या
27. क्रियासिद्धिः – accomplishment of the task – कार्याची पूर्तता
28. उपकरणे – on the means – साधनांवर
29. प्रथमवयसि – in early age – लहानपणी
30. तोयम् – water – पाणी
31. निहितभाराः – bearing weight – वजन घेऊन
32. आजीवितान्तम् – throughout life – संपूर्ण आयुष्यभर
33. अनल्पास्वादम् abundant of sweet water – भरपूर प्रमाणात गोड पाणी
34. उपकारम् – favour/benevolence – उपकार
35. अल्पनाम – of small (insignificant) things – लहानसहान गोष्टींचा
36. संहतिः – unity / union – संघ
37. कार्यसाधिका – that which accomplishes the task – कार्य साधणारी
38. गुणत्वम् – collection of a rope – दोरखंड
39. तृणैः – by grasses – गवतापासून बनविलेले
40. बध्यन्ते – can control – बांधले जातात/नियंत्रित केले जातात
41. घटम् – a pot – घडा
42. भिन्द्यात् – should break – फोडावा
43. पटम् – a cloth – वस्त्र
44. छिन्द्यात् – should tear – फाडावे
45. रासभरोहणम् – should ride – गाढवावर बसावे
46. कुर्यात् – adonkey
47. येन केन प्रकारेप – by hook or crook – काहीतरी करून
48. प्रसिद्धः भवेत् – should become famous – प्रसिद्ध व्हावे
49. आत्मनः – own – स्वत:च्या
50. मुखदोषेण’ – due to fault of mouths – तोंडाच्या दोषाने (आवाजामुळे)
51. बध्यन्ते – caged/trapped – अडकले जातात
52. शुकसारिकाः – parrots and mynas – पोपट व साळुक्या/मैना
53. बकाः – cranes – बगळे
54. मौनम् – silence – मौन
55. सर्वार्थसाधनम् – instrument of achieving all purposes – सर्व हेतू प्राप्त करण्याचे साधन

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Anand Chapter 4 स एव परमाणुः Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Sanskrit Anand Solutions Chapter 4 स एव परमाणुः

Sanskrit Anand Std 10 Digest Chapter 4 स एव परमाणुः Textbook Questions and Answers

भाषाभ्यास:

1. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरं लिखत ।

प्रश्न अ.
अर्णवः पाकगृहात् किम् आनयति?
उत्तरम्‌ :‌
अर्णवः पाकगृहात् मुष्टिमात्रान् तण्डुलान् आनयति।

प्रश्न आ.
कः परमाणुः?
उत्तरम्‌ :‌
द्रव्यस्य अन्तिम : घटक : मूलं तत्त्वं च परमाणुः ।

प्रश्न इ.
परमाणुसिद्धान्तः केन महर्षिणा कथितः?
उत्तरम्‌ :‌
परमाणुसिद्धान्त: कणादमहर्षिणा कथितः ।

प्रश्न ई.
महर्षिणा कणादेन परमाणुविषये किं प्रतिपादितम् ?
उत्तरम्‌ :‌
महर्षिणा कणादेन परमाणुविषये प्रतिपादितं यत् परमाणुः अतीन्द्रियः, सूक्ष्मः, निरवयवः, नित्यः, स्वयं व्यावर्तकः च ।

प्रश्न उ.
महर्षेः कणादस्य मतानुसारं परमाणोः व्याख्या का?
उत्तरम्‌ :‌
जालसूर्यमरीचिस्थं यत् सूक्ष्म रजः दृश्यते तस्य षष्ठतमः भाग: स: परमाणु: उच्यते इति परमाणो: व्याख्या महर्षे: कपादस्य।

2. समानार्थकशब्दान् लिखत ।
कुसुमम्, विश्वम्, पिता, नामधेयम्, सूर्यः ।

प्रश्न 1.
समानार्थकशब्दान् लिखत ।
कुसुमम्, विश्वम्, पिता, नामधेयम्, सूर्यः ।

3. माध्यमभाषया उत्तरं लिखत ।

प्रश्न अ.
महर्षिः कणादः परमाणुविषये किं प्रतिपादितवान् ?
उत्तरम्‌ :‌

भारतीय ऋषि व तत्वज्ञ कणाद यांनी परमाणूचा सिद्धांत मांडला. त्यानुसार, परमाणू हा द्रव्याचा अंतिम घटक आहे. व त्यामागील मूलतत्त्व आहे. परमाणू हे द्रव्याचे मूळ कारण आहे. परमाणूच्या स्वरूपाविषयी सांगताना कणाद पुढील स्पष्टीकरण देतात – परमाणू हा इंद्रियांना अगोचर, अतिशय सूक्ष्म, अवयवहीन, नित्य व स्वत:भोवती भ्रमणशील असा आहे.

थोडक्यात, कणाद ऋषी परमाणूचा सिद्धांत स्पष्ट करतात व विश्वाचे अस्तित्व टिकवून ठेवणाऱ्या प्रत्येक द्रव्यामागे ‘परमाणू हेच कारण असल्याचे मानतात.

The theory of atoms was formulated by an Indian sage and philosopher कणाद, Sage कणाद considered the last element of a substance and the basic principle as परमाणु, an atom. परमाणु is the chief cause of the substance. Sage कणाद further explained that परमाणु is inaccessible to the senses, very small (microscopic), formless, eternal and self-revolving.

In brief, sage कणाद believed in the theory of परमाणु and accepted it to be the cause of each substance, because of which the world exists.

प्रश्न आ.
‘तण्डुलान् आनय’ इति पिता अर्णवं किमर्थम् आदिष्टवान् ?
उत्तरम्‌ :‌

स एव परमाणु:’ या पाठातील अर्णव व त्याच्या वडिलांच्या संभाषणाद्वारे परमाणूची संकल्पना स्पष्ट होते. एकदा अर्णव त्याच्या बागेतून जास्वंदाचे फूल आणतो. फुलातील परागकण बघत असताना अर्णवचे वडील त्याला सूक्ष्मदर्शिकेमधून ते कण पाहण्याचा सल्ला देतात. परागकणांतील इतर घटकही सूक्ष्मदर्शिकेतून सहज दिसल्यावर अर्णवला आश्चर्य वाटते.

तेव्हा त्याचे वडील ‘स एव त्याला विचारतात की ज्याप्रमाणे आपण सूक्ष्मदर्शिकतून परागकण पाहू शकतो, तसेच परमाणू सुद्धा पाहता येतो का? यानंतर अर्णव त्याच्या वडिलांना परमाणूबद्दल विचारतो. त्याच्या शंकेचे निरसन करण्यासाठी अर्णवचे वडील त्याला मूठभर तांदूळ आणावयास सांगतात.

त्यातील एक तांदळाचा दाणा जितका विभागला जाऊ शकतो, तितके त्याचे विभाजन करण्यास सांगतात. पुढे ‘परमाणू’ बद्दल स्पष्टीकरण देताना ते सांगतात की तांदूळ एका मर्यादपर्यंतच तोडला जाऊ शकतो, त्या विभाजनानंतर जो सूक्ष्म कण राहतो, तो म्हणजे परमाणू. अशा प्रकारे, तांदळाच्या उदाहरणाद्वारे अर्णवचे वडील त्याला परमाणूबद्दल योग्य ते ज्ञान देतात.

‘स एव परमाणुः’ reveals the philosophy behind the concept of परमाणु through the conversation between अर्णव and his father.

Once अर्णव brought a hibiscus-flower from his garden. He was observing its pollengrains, then his father advised him to observe it through microscope. was amazed to see the pollen-grain with its elements. After a while, father asked him, can we see परमाणू like pollen-grains through microscope? अर्णव questioned his father about 40. To answer his question, aura’s father instructed him to bring handful of rice-grains.

Later, father told अर्णव to break it till its last part. Father explained that just as rice. grains will be powdered if divided further likewise an atom is that part of the substance which can’t be obtained by division In this way, with the help of rice-grains example ama’s father aptly explains the concept of परमाणू.

4. विरुद्धार्थकशब्दान् मञ्जूषात: अन्विष्य लिखत |
सत्यम्, अन्तिमः, अनित्यः, लघुः, सूक्ष्मः, (आद्यः, गुरुः, नित्यः, असत्यम्, स्थूल:)

प्रश्न 1.
विरुद्धार्थकशब्दान् मञ्जूषात: अन्विष्य लिखत |
सत्यम्, अन्तिमः, अनित्यः, लघुः, सूक्ष्मः, (आद्यः, गुरुः, नित्यः, असत्यम्, स्थूल:)
उत्तरम्‌ :‌

• सत्यम् × असत्यम्, अनृतम्।
• अन्तिमः × आद्यः।
• अनित्यः × नित्यः।
• लघुः × बृहत्, स्थूलः।
• सूक्ष्मः × स्थूलः।

5. उचितं पर्यायं चित्वा वाक्यं पुनर्लिखत ।

प्रश्न 1.
अ. एतद् विश्वं ………… निर्मितम् । (तण्डुलै:/अणुभिः)
आ. …………… द्रव्यस्य मूलकारणम् । (परमाणुः/विज्ञानं) ।
इ. रजसः ……….. भागः परमाणुः । (षष्ठतमः/शततमः)
उत्तरम्‌ :‌
अ. अणुभिः
आ. परमाणुः
इ. षष्ठतम

6. जालरेखाचित्रं पूरयत

प्रश्न 1.
जालरेखाचित्रं पूरयत

उत्तरम्‌ :‌

Sanskrit Anand Class 10 Textbook Solutions Chapter 4 स एव परमाणुः Additional Important Questions and Answers

अवबोधनम्

उचितं पर्यायं चित्वा वाक्यं पुनर्लिखत।

प्रश्न 1.

1. अर्णवः उद्यानात् ……………. गृहीत्वा प्रविशति। (कमलम् / जपाकुसुमम्)
2. जपाकुसुमस्य परागकणाः …………. आसन्। (सूक्ष्माः / स्थूला:)
3. सूक्ष्मकणेषु तस्य …………. दृश्यन्ते। (अङ्गानि/गात्राणि)
4. अर्णव: मुष्टिमात्रान् तण्डुलान् ……….. आनयति। (उद्यानत: / महानसत:)
5. अणुभ्यः …………….. परमाणवः । (सूक्ष्मतराः / स्थूलतराः)

उत्तरम् :

1. जपाकुसुमम्
2. सूक्ष्मा:
3. अगानि
4. महानसतः
5. सूक्ष्मतरा:

प्रश्न 2.
पिता अर्णवाय स्वमहाविद्यालयम् आगन्तुं कथयति यतः …..।
(अ) पितु: महाविद्यालये कणादविषयकानि पुस्तकानि सन्ति।
(ब) पितुः महाविद्यालये स्नेह – सम्मेलनम् अस्ति।
उत्तरम् :
पितुः महाविद्यालये कणादविषयकानि पुस्तकानि सन्ति।

कः कं वदति?

प्रश्न 1.
1. अस्माकम् उद्यानात् जपाकुसुमम् आनीतम् मया।
2. किं दृष्टं त्वया?
उत्तरम् :
1. अर्णवः पितरं वदति।
2. पिता अर्णवं वदति।

प्रश्न 2.
मुष्टिमात्रान् तण्डुलान् महानसतः आनय।
उत्तरम् :
पिता अर्णवं वदति।

प्रश्न 3.
कियान् लघुः अस्ति एषः।
उत्तरम् :
अर्णव : पितरं वदति।

प्रश्न 4.
अयं खलु कणादमहर्षेः सिद्धान्तः।
उत्तरम् :
पिता अर्णवं वदति।

प्रश्न 5.
वयं तु केवलं महाभागस्य नामधेयम् एव जानीमः।
उत्तरम् :
अर्णवः पितरं वदति।

पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत।

प्रश्न 1.
सूक्ष्मेक्षिका कुत्र वर्तते?
उत्तरम् :
अर्णवस्य पितु: पार्श्वे उत्पीठिकायां सूक्ष्मेक्षिका वर्तते।

प्रश्न 2.
अर्णवेन कुत: जपाकुसुमम् आनीतम्?
उत्तरम् :
अर्णवेन तस्य उद्यानात् जपाकुसुमम् आनीतम्।

प्रश्न 3.
विश्व केभ्य: निर्मितम्?
उत्तरम् :
विश्वं परमाणुभ्यः निर्मितम्।

प्रश्न 4.
अणवस्य जिज्ञासा कश्वं शाम्येत्?
उत्तरम् :
कणादविषयकस्य नैकानि पुस्तकानि पठित्वा अर्णवस्य जिज्ञासा शाम्येत्।

वाक्यं पुनर्लिखित्वा सत्यम् । असत्यम् इति लिखत।

प्रश्न 1.

1. एतद् विश्वम् अणुभ्यः निर्मितम्।
2. परमाणवः सूक्ष्मेक्षिकया दृश्यन्ते।
3. अर्णवस्य पिता चित्रकलायाः प्राध्यापकः।

उत्तरम् :

1. सत्यम्।
2. असत्यम्।
3. असत्यम्।

प्रश्न 2.
1. अर्णवः क्षेत्रात् तण्डुलान् आनयति।
2. अर्णवेन तण्डुलस्य भागत्रयं कृतम्।
उत्तरम् :
1. असत्यम्।
2. असत्यम्।

प्रश्न 3.
एष: गद्यांश: कस्मात् पाठात् उद्धृतः?
उत्तरम् :
एष: गद्यांशः ‘स एव परमाणुः’ इति पाठात् उद्धतः।

शब्दज्ञानम् :

सन्धिवग्रहः

1. उद्यानाद् जपाकुसुमम् – उद्यानात् + जपाकुसुमम्।
2. एतद् विश्वम् – एतत् + विश्वम्।
3. तदपि  – तत् + अपि।
4. षष्ठतमो भागः – षष्ठतम : + भागः।
5. स उच्यते – सः + उच्यते।
6. एतद्विषये – एतत् + विषये।

त्वान्त-ल्यबन्त-तुमन्त-अव्ययानि।

त्वान्त अव्यय धातु + त्वा / ध्वा / ट्वा / ड्वा / इत्वा /अयित्वा	तुमन्त अव्यय  धातु + तुम् / धुम् / टुम् / डुम् / इतुम्/अयितुम्
गृहीत्वा, उक्त्वा	द्रष्टुम, कर्तुम्, पठितुम्

विभक्त्यन्तरूपाणि।.

• तृतीया – मया, त्वया, सूक्ष्मेक्षिकया।
• पज्ञमी – परमाणुभ्यः, उद्यानात्।
• षष्ठी – तस्य, अस्माकम, तेषाम्, विज्ञानस्य, कणानाम्।
• सप्तमी – पुस्तकपठने, उत्पीठिकायाम, सूक्ष्मकणेषु ।
• सम्बोधन – पितः।

विशेषण – विशेष्य – सम्बन्धः।

विशेषणम्	विशेष्यम्
1. कियन्तः, सूक्ष्माः	परागकणाः
2. मग्नः	पिता
3. मुष्टिमात्रान्	तण्डुलान्
4. लघुतरम्	भागम्
5. सूक्ष्मतराम	भागम्
6. परमः	अणुः
7. अन्तिमः	घटकः
8. मूलम्	तत्वम्
9. पञ्चमे, षष्ठे	शतके
10. महर्षिणा	कणादेन
11. अतीन्द्रियः	परमाणुः
12. सूक्ष्मः	परमाणुः
13. निरवयवः	परमाणुः
14. नित्यः	परमाणुः
15. स्वयं व्यावर्तकः	परमाणुः
16. सूक्ष्मम्	रज:
17. षष्ठतमः	भागः
18. नैकानि	पुस्तकानि

लकारं लिखत।

प्रश्न 1.
1. सूक्ष्मेक्षिकया पश्य।
2. तेषां कणानां रचनाम् अपि द्रष्टुं शक्नोषि।
उत्तरम् :
1. लोट्लकारः
2. लट्लकार:

प्रश्न 2.
1. इमं तण्डुलं विभज।
2. यदि क्रियते तर्हि चूर्णं भवेत्।
उत्तरम् :
1. लोट्लकारः
2. विधिलिङ्लकार:

प्रश्न 3.

1. कणादविषयकाणि नैकानि पुस्तकानि सन्ति।
2. वयं महाभागस्य नामधेयम् एव जानीमः।
3. मम महाविद्यालयम् आगच्छ।

उत्तरम् :

1. लट्लकारः
2. लट्लकारः
3. लोट्लकार:

पृथक्करणम् ।

घटकाधारेण शब्दपेटिकां पूरयत।

1.
(सूक्ष्मकणस्य अङ्गानि, परागकणाः, जपाकुसुमम्)

2.

1. तथेति – तथा + इति।
2. यथाकथमपि – यश्चाकश्चम् + अपि ।
3. इतोऽपि – इत: + अपि।
4. सम्यग् उक्तम् – सम्यक् + उक्तम्।
5. एतद् विभाजनम् – एतत् + विभाजनम्।

क्रमेण योजयत।

प्रश्न 1.

1. अणवस्य सूक्ष्मेक्षिकया निरीक्षणम्।
2. पितुः पुस्तकपठनम्।
3. सूक्ष्मकणेषु तेषाम् अङ्गानां दर्शनम्।
4. अर्णवेन जपाकुसुमस्य चयनम्।

उत्तरम् :

1. अर्णवेन जपाकुसुमस्य चयनम्।
2. पितुः पुस्तकपठनम्।
3. अर्णवस्य सूक्ष्मेक्षिकया निरीक्षणम्।
4. सूक्ष्मकणेषु तेषाम् अङ्गानां दर्शनम्।

प्रश्न 2.

1. पितुः परमाणुविषयकं स्पष्टीकरणम्।
2. अर्णवस्य परमाणुविषये पृच्छा।
3. अर्णवेन तण्डुलस्य भागद्वये विभाजनम्।
4. मुष्टिमात्रान् तण्डुलान् आनेतुं पितुः आदेशः।

उत्तरम् :

1. अर्णवस्य परमाणुविषये पृच्छा।
2. मुष्टिमात्रान् तण्डुलान् आनेतुं पितुः आदेशः ।
3. अर्णवेन तण्डुलस्य भागद्वये विभाजनम्।
4. पितुः परमाणुविषयकं स्पष्टीकरणम्।

प्रश्न 3.

1. पितुः स्वस्य महाविद्यालये निमन्त्रणम्।
2. ‘वैशेषिकसूत्राणि’ इति ग्रन्थविषये चर्चा।
3. पित्रा कणादमहर्षेः सिद्धान्तविषये कथनम्।
4. अर्णवस्य विस्तरेण पठनस्य इच्छा।

उत्तरम् :

1. पित्रा कणादमहर्षेः सिद्धान्तविषये कथनम्।
2. ‘वैशेषिकसूत्राणि’ इति ग्रन्थविषये चर्चा ।
3. अर्णवस्य विस्तरेण पठनस्य इच्छा।
4. पितुः स्वस्य महाविद्यालये निमन्त्रणम्।

विभक्त्यन्तरूपाणि।

• तृतीया – मया, त्वया।
• पक्षमी – पाकगृहात, यस्मात्।
• षष्ठी – एतस्य, तस्य।
• तृतीया – तेन, महर्षिणा, मुनिना, निश्चयेन।
• षष्ठी – महर्षेः, द्रव्यस्य, तस्य, महाभागस्य, परमाणोः ।
• सप्तमी – पञ्चमे, षष्ठे, शतके, ग्रन्थे।

विरुद्धार्थकशब्दान् मञ्जूषात: अन्विष्य लिखत |

• अधुना × अनन्तरम्।
• स्मरसि × विस्मरसि।
• बहूनि × अल्पानि।
• समानः × भिन्नः।

वाक्यं पुनर्लिखित्वा सत्यम् । असत्यम् इति लिखत।

प्रश्न 1.

1. द्रव्यस्य आदिम: घटक; परमाणुः अस्ति।
2. परमाणो: सिद्धान्तः प्राय: एकोनविंशतितमे शतके महर्षिकणादेन प्रतिपादितः।
3. अर्णवस्य पितुः महाविद्यालये कणादविषयकाणि नैकानि पुस्तकानि सन्ति।

उत्तरम् :

1. असत्यम्।
2. असत्यम्।
3. सत्यम्।

त्वं स्थाने ‘भवान् / भवती’ अथवा ‘भवान् / भवती’ स्थाने ‘त्वं’ योजयत।

प्रश्न 1.
त्वं द्रष्टुं शक्नोषि।
उत्तरम् :
भवान् द्रष्टुं शक्नोति।

प्रश्न 2.
त्वं श्व: मम महाविद्यालयम् आगच्छ।
उत्तरम् :
भवान् श्व: मम महाविद्यालयम् आगच्छतु ।

प्रश्न 3.
त्वं सूक्ष्मेक्षिकया पश्य।
उत्तरम् :
भवान् सूक्ष्मेक्षिकया पश्यतु ।

प्रश्न 4.
त्वम् इमं तण्डुलं विभज।
उत्तरम् :
भवान् इमं तण्डुल विभजतु ।

प्रश्न 5.
त्वं जानासि किम्?
उत्तरम् :
भवान् जानाति किम्?

वचनं परिवर्तयत।

प्रश्न 1.
ते परमाणवः सूक्ष्मेक्षिकया अपि न दृश्यन्ते। (वाक्यं एकवचने परिवर्तयत।)
उत्तरम् :
सः परमाणुः सूक्ष्मेक्षिकया अपि न दृश्यते ।

प्रश्न 2.
इमं तण्डुल विभज। (वाक्यं बहुवचने परिवर्तयत।)
उत्तरम् :
इमान्/एनान् तण्डुलान् विभज।

प्रश्न 3.
कियन्तः सूक्ष्माः तस्य परागकणाः । (वाक्यं एकवचने परिवर्तयत।)
उत्तरम् :
कियान् सूक्ष्म: तस्य परागकणः।

प्रश्न 4.
अहम् एतद्विषये विस्तरेण पठितुम् इच्छामि। (वाक्यं बहुवचने परिवर्तयत।)
उत्तरम् :
वयम् एतद्विषये विस्तरेण पठितुम् इच्छामः।

लकारं परिवर्तयत।

प्रश्न 1.
अर्णवः तथा करोति। (वाक्यं लङ्लकारे परिवर्तयत।)
उत्तरम् :
अर्णवः तथा अकरोत्।

प्रश्न 2.
तव जिज्ञासा निश्चयेन शाम्येत्। (वाक्यं लोट्लकारे परिवर्तयत।)
उत्तरम् :
तव जिज्ञासा निश्चयेन शाम्यतु।

समासाः

समस्तपदम्	अर्थ:	समासविग्रहः	समासनाम
जपाकुसुमम्	a flower named जपा	जपा नाम कुसुमम्।	कर्मधारयः समासः।
परमाणुः	atom	परम: अणुः।	कर्मधारयः समासः।
सूक्ष्मकणा:	small particles	सूक्ष्माः कणाः।	कर्मधारयः समास:।
कणादमुनिः	sage कणाद	कणाद: नाम मुनिः।	कर्मधारयः समासः।
महर्षिः	great sage	महान् ऋषिः।	कर्मधारयः समासः।
मूलतत्त्वम्	basic principle	मूलं तत्त्वम्।	कर्मधारयः समासः।
पुस्तकपठनम्	reading of books	पुस्तकस्य पठनम्।	षष्ठी-तत्पुरुष: समासः।
परागकणा:	grains of a pollen	परागस्य कणा:।	षष्ठी-तत्पुरुषः समासः।
महाभागः	he who has good fortune	महान् भाग: यस्य सः।	बहुव्रीहिः समासः।

स एव परमाणुः Summary in Marathi and English

प्रस्तावना :

जगाच्या उत्पत्तीबाबत आतापर्यंत अनेक सिद्धांत मांडले गेले आहेत. विश्व हे छोट्या कणांनी बनलेले आहे हा विचार अतिशय प्राचीन आहे. आण्विक सिद्धांताच्या विकासाचे श्रेय जॉन डाल्टन या इंग्रज रसायन व भौतिकशास्त्रज्ञास दिले जाते.

प्राचीन काळात, भारतीय ऋषी व तत्त्वज्ञ, आचार्य कणादांनी अणूचा सिद्धांत मांडला. त्यांच्या अणुविषयक संकल्पना व विश्वाचे स्वरूप याबाबत सखोल माहिती ‘वैशेषिक दर्शन’ या त्यांच्या ग्रंथात दिली आहे ‘स एव परमाणु:’ या पाठामध्ये अर्णवचे वडील सुबोध, सोप्या उदाहरणाने परमाणूची संकल्पना स्पष्ट करतात.

Many propositions regarding world’s evolution have been put forth to date. The world is made of tiny particles is a very ancient insight. John Dalton, an English chemist and physicist is the man credited today with the development of atomic theory.

In the ancient times, theory of atoms was formulated by an Indian sage and philosopher, कणाद. His ideas about the atom and the nature of the universe are written in his trentise ‘वैशेषिक दर्शन’. In the lesson, ‘स एव परमाणु: अर्णव’s father explains the concept of sty (atom) with lucid examples.

परिच्छेदः 1

अर्णव: जपाकुसुम …………………. न दृश्यन्ते।

अनुवादः

(अर्णव जास्वंदाचे फूल घेऊन प्रवेश करतो. त्याचे वडील विज्ञानाचे प्राध्यापक आहेत. ते पुस्तक वाचण्यात तल्लीन झाले आहेत. त्यांच्या जवळच टेबलावर सूक्ष्मदर्शिका आहे.)

• अर्णव – अहो बाबा, मी आपल्या बागेतून जास्वंदाचे फूल आणले आहे. त्याचे परागकण किती सूक्ष्म आहेत ना!
• वडील – सूक्ष्मदर्शिकने पहा. तू त्याच्या कणांची रचनासुद्धा पाहू शकतोस. (अर्णव तसे करतो)
• वडील – तू काय पाहिलेस?
• अर्णव – बाबा, ते (अद्भुत) विलक्षण आहे. सूक्ष्मकणांमध्ये त्यांचे भाग दिसत आहेत.
• बाबा – अर्णव, फुलाचे हे अंश तू सूक्ष्मदर्शिकेने पाहू शकतोस. पण हे जग अणूंनी निर्माण झाले आहे. ते अणू सूक्ष्मदर्शिकने सुद्धा दिसत नाहीत.

(अर्णव enters taking the hibiscus-flower. His father is a professor of science. He is engrossed in reading a book. Near him, there is a microscope on the table.)

• Arnav: Oh father, I have brought a hibiscus flower from our garden. Its pollen-grains are indeed microscopic!
• Father: Observe it through a microscope. You can see even the structure of its particles. (Arnav does accordingly.)
• Father: What did you see (observe)?
• Arnav: O father, it is amazing. The parts of these minute particles are seen.
• Father: Arnav, you can see the parts of this flower through microscope. But this world is created from atoms. Those atoms are not seen even through the microscope.

परिच्छेदः 2

अर्णवः परमाणुः ………….. परमः अणुः ।

अनुवादः

• अर्णव – परमाणू म्हणजे काय?
• बाबा – अच्छा, मी सांगतो. स्वयंपाकघरातून मूठभर तांदूळ आण.
• अर्णव – (हो असे म्हणून, तो स्वयंपाकघरातून तांदूळ आणतो) बाबा, है घ्या.
• बाबा – आता या तांदळाचे भाग कर.
• अर्णव – बाबा, किती लहान (तांदूळ) आहे हा. बघा, मी कसेबसे याचे दोन तुकडे केले.
• बाबा – इथून पुढे (याचे) लहान भाग करणे शक्य आहे का?
• अर्णव – जर केले तर त्याची भुकटी होईल.
• बाबा – तू बरोबर सांगितले. जिथे हे विभाजन संपते व जिथून सर्वात सूक्ष्म भाग मिळविणे (सुद्धा) शक्य नसते, तोच परमाणू होय.
• Arnav: What is an atom?
• Father: Well, I tell you. Bring a handful of rice
• grains from the kitchen.
• Arnav: (Saying yes, brings rice-grains from the kitchen.) O father, please take it.
• Father: Now divide this rice grain.
• Arnav: O father, how small is this! See, somehow I made it into two parts.
• Father: Is it possible to make (even) smaller than this?
• Arnav: If we do it (if it is done), it would be powdered.
• Father: You said it right. Where this division ends from which no smaller part can be obtained, that itself is an atom.

परिच्छेदः 3

अर्णवः परमाणुः ……….. परमः अणुः ।

अनुवादः

• अर्णव – परमाणू हा द्रव्याचा अंतिम घटक व मूळतत्त्व आहे; हे खरे आहे ना?
• बाबा – बरोबर, खरे तर, हा महर्षी कणादांचा सिद्धांत आहे; तुला माहीत आहे का? परमाणू हे द्रव्याचे मूळ कारण आहे असे प्रतिपादन महर्षीनी केले. ते सुद्धा, सुमारे ख्रिस्तपूर्व पाचव्या किंवा सहाव्या शतकात.
• अर्णव – बाबा, परमाणूसंबंधी महर्षी कणादांनी काय काय सांगितले आहे? आम्हांला तर फक्त त्या महान व्यक्तीचे नावच माहीत आहे.
• बाबा – कणाद ऋषींनी स्पष्ट केले (की) – अणू (हा) इंद्रियांच्या पलीकडे, सूक्ष्म, अवयवहीन, नित्य आणि स्वयंपरिभ्रमणशील आहे. ‘वैशेषिकसूत्राणि’ या त्यांच्या ग्रंथात त्यांनी परमाणूची व्याख्या केली आहे.
• अर्णव – ती व्याख्या काय आहे?
• बाबा – जाळीदार खिडकीतून येणाऱ्या सूर्यकिरणांतील सूक्ष्म धूलिकणाच्या साव्या भागाला परमाणू असे म्हटले जाते.
• अर्णव – मला त्याबद्दल सविस्तर जाणून घ्यायची इच्छा आहे.
• बाबा – छान! तू उद्या माझ्या महाविद्यालयात ये. तिथे कणादांविषयी अनेक पुस्तके आहेत. तुझी जिज्ञासा नक्कीच शमेल.
• Arnav: An atom is the last element of a substance and the basic principle, isn’t it?
• Father: Right. This is great sage कणाद’s theory. Do you know? The sage explained that an atom is the basic reason of the substance. That too, probably in the fifth-sixth century BC.
• Arnav: O father, what all is told by sage regarding an atom? We merely know the name of the great one.
• Father: The Sage कणाद explained-An atom is beyond senses, tiny, indivisible, eternal and self-revolving. He has given the definition of परमाणु in his book ‘वैशेषिकसूत्राणि.’
• Arnav: What is that definition?
• Father: An atom is the sixth part of the fine (micro) dust particle that is located in a beam of sun-rays entering through a grilled window
• Arnav: I wish to know about it in detail.
• Father: Good! (Then) You come to my college tomorrow. There are many books regarding US Definitely your curiosity would be pacified.

शब्दार्थाः

1. प्राध्यापक: – professor – महाविद्यालयातील शिक्षक
2. मानः – engrossed – तल्लीन
3. परमाणुः – atom – अणू
4. जपाकुसुमम् – hibiscus-flower – जास्वंदाचे फूल
5. सूक्ष्मेक्षिका – microscope – सूक्ष्मदर्शिका
6. परागकणाः – pollen – grains – परागकण
7. अङ्गानि – parts – भाग
8. उत्पीठिकायाम् – on the table – टेबलावर
9. गृहीत्वा – taking – घेऊन
10. पश्चे – near – जवळ
11. द्रष्टुं शक्नोषि – able to see – तू पाहू शकतोस
12. कियान् – how much – किती
13. चूर्णम् – powder – भुकटी
14. सूक्ष्मतरम् – minuscule – सर्वात सूक्ष्म / लहान
15. तण्डुलान् – rice-grains – तांदूळ
16. मुष्टिमात्रान् – handful of – मूठभर
17. महानसतः/ पाकगृहात् – from kitchen – स्वयंपाकघरातून
18. समाप्यते – ends/stops – संपते / थांबते
19. आनय – bring – आण
20. विभज – split – भाग कर / विभाजन कर
21. यथाकथमपि – somehow – कसेतरी
22. इतोऽपि – than this – यापेक्षा
23. सम्यक् – right – बरोबर
24. सिद्धान्तः – proposition, theory – सिद्धांत
25. निरवयवः – formless – अवयव नसलेला / अवयवहीन
26. स्वयं व्यावर्तक: – self-revolving – स्वयं परिभ्रमणशील
27. अतीन्द्रियः – beyond senses – इंद्रियांच्या पलीकडे
28. षष्ठतमः – sixth – सहावा
29. तत्वम् – basic principle – मूळतत्त्व
30. जालसूर्य – located in a beam – झरोक्यातील
31. मरीचिस्थम् – of the sun-ray from a grill – सूर्यकिरणात
32. प्रतिपादितम् – explained, stated – स्पष्टीकरण दिले, मांडले
33. रजः – dust particle – धूलिकण
34. जिज्ञासा – curiosity – उत्सुकता
35. द्रव्यस्य – of substance – द्रव्याचे
36. शाम्येत् – would pacify – शमविली जाईल
37. प्रायः – approximately – सुमारे
38. श्चः – tomorrow – उद्या

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Marathi Solutions Kumarbharti Chapter 10.1 मनक्या पेरेन लागा (स्थूलवाचन) Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Marathi Kumarbharti Chapter 10.1 मनक्या पेरेन लागा (स्थूलवाचन)

Marathi Kumarbharti Std 10 Digest Chapter 10.1 मनक्या पेरेन लागा Textbook Questions and Answers

कृति

कृतिपत्रिकेतील प्रश्न ३ साठी…

प्रश्न 1.
खालील संकल्पनांमधील सहसंबंध स्पष्ट करा.

उत्तर:

प्रश्न 2.
‘माणसं पेरायला लागू’ या शीर्षकातून कवीला अभिप्रेत असलेला भावार्थ उलगडून दाखवा.
उत्तर:
कवी वीरा राठोड यांनी ‘मनक्या पेरेन लागा’ या कवितेत ‘बीज’ व ‘माती’ यांचा जिव्हाळ्याचा स्नेहभाव व्यक्त करताना माणसे पेरण्याचा बहुमोल सल्ला दिला आहे.

त्यांनी माती व बीज यांच्या प्रतीकांतून एक सुंदर विचार मांडला आहे. एका चिमुकल्या बीजातून झाड होईपर्यंतचा प्रवास माती ममतेने जोपासते, बीजाचे झाड करण्यात तिच्या जन्माचे सार्थक आहे. त्याप्रमाणे या समाजाच्या मातीत माणसे रुजवली व त्यांच्यावर चांगले संस्कार केले तर त्यातून चिरंतन माणुसकी निर्माण होईल, हा आशय या कवितेतून अभिव्यक्त होतो. म्हणून ‘माणसं पेरायला लागू’ हे शीर्षक अतिशय समर्पक ठरते.

प्रश्न 3.
‘माणसे पेरा । माणुसकी उगवेल’ या विधानाचा तुम्हांला समजलेला अर्थ लिहा.
उत्तर:
मातीत बीज पेरलं की, मातीच्या कष्टमय मायेतून त्याचे झाड होते. माती त्या बीजाला सगळ्या नैसर्गिक आपत्तींपासून वाचवते. दुष्काळाशी लढते. बीजाची मायेने निगराणी करते. या सर्व प्रक्रियेतून बीजाचा वृक्ष होतो. त्याप्रमाणेच आजच्या मूल्यहीन समाजामध्ये चांगल्या संस्काराच्या मातीत जर माणसांना पेरले, तर त्यातून मानवतेचा निकोप वृक्ष उभा राहील, अशी आशादायक भावना या विधानातून व्यक्त झाली आहे. नवविचारांच्या नवसमाजात माणुसकीला बहर येईल व मानवजात सुखी होईल, असा सर्जनशील आशय ‘माणूस पेरा! माणुसकी उगवेल!’ या विधानातून व्यक्त होतो.

प्रश्न 4.
‘माणुसकी पेरणे काळाची गरज’ या विधानाचा तुम्हाला कळलेला अर्थ लिहा.
उत्तर:
मातीमध्ये बी पेरले की, मातीच्या मायेच्या संस्कारांमधून वृक्ष जन्माला येतो. माती ऊन-वारा-पाऊस-वादळाची झळ सोसून बीजाची जोपासना करते. बीजाला दुष्काळाची झळ सोसावी लागू नये; म्हणून ती दुष्काळाशी सामना करते. या प्रतीकांतून कवीनं सामाजिक आशय मांडला आहे. आज भ्रष्टाचार, दैन्य, अंधश्रद्धा व इतर धर्माध घटक यांमुळे समाज पोखरलेला आहे व त्यात माणुसकी लयाला जात आहे. अशा या आधुनिक काळात माणसांवर चांगले संस्कार होऊन माणुसकी निर्माण होणे आवश्यक आहे. म्हणून माणुसकी पेरणे म्हणजेच विवेकी माणूस निर्माण करण्याची आजच्या काळाची गरज अधोरेखित होते.

उपक्रम:
वरील कविता तुमच्या परिसरात बोलल्या जाणाऱ्या भाषेत/बोलीभाषेत (उदा., पावरी, गोंडी, कोरकू, वारली, व-हाडी, अहिराणी, मालवणी इत्यादी.) रूपांतरित करा व तिचा आस्वाद घ्या.

वाचा
विचारांचं संतुलन हवं! माणसाचं मन एक अजब यंत्रणा आहे. अनेक परस्परविरोधी भावना आणि विचारप्रवाह तिथे वास करत असतात, पण बहुतेक वेळा आपण नकारात्मक भावना आणि छळवादी विचारांच्या अमलाखाली वावरतो. त्यामुळे आपण निष्क्रिय तरी होतो किंवा हातून चांगलं काम घडत असलं तरी त्यातून आनंद, आत्मविश्वास आणि समाधान मिळत नाही. अशा नकारात्मक भावना व विचार मनातून नष्ट व्हावेत. अशी इच्छा बाळगून वावरतो. ते शक्य असतं का?

प्रत्येक नाण्याला दोन बाजू असतात. त्यामुळे होकारात्मक आणि सृजनात्मक विचार झाले तरी त्यांना विरुद्ध बाजूही असतेच. त्याचप्रमाणे नकारात्मक विचार व भावना यांचादेखील काही उपयोग होतच असतो. तो उपयोग करून घेणं हे आपलं कौशल्य आणि हुशारी, हे लक्षात ठेवायला हवं, म्हणून तर अशा परस्परविरोधी भावना व विचार मनात वावरतात. त्या नकारात्मक गोष्टींनी गांगरून जाण्याचं जरासुद्धा कारण नाही. त्यांचं संतुलन राखणं महत्त्वाचं

ज्याप्रमाणे चार चाकी गाडीत ब्रेक व अॅक्सिलेटर म्हणजे वेगनियंत्रक व प्रवर्तक असतात. त्याप्रमाणे मनाला वेगानं पुढे नेणारे होकारात्मक विचार आणि प्रगतीला रोखणारे नकारात्मक विचार असतात. गाडीच्या सुरक्षिततेसाठी ब्रेकची आवश्यकता भासते म्हणून ते असतात. त्यांना भिण्याचं काहीच कारण नाही. त्याप्रमाणे मनात नकारात्मक विचार येतात. त्यांच्या मदतीने सावधगिरी कशी व कुठे बाळगायची याचं स्पष्ट भान निर्माण होतं आणि चुकीच्या निर्णयांनादेखील आळा बसतो. अर्थात नुसताच ब्रेक दाबला तर गाडी सुरूही होणार नाही आणि वेगदेखील घेणार नाही. म्हणूनच सतत आपल्या विचारांचं संतुलन असणं आवश्यक आहे.

– (गंमत शब्दांची- डॉ. द. दि. पुंडे)

Marathi Kumarbharti Class 10 Textbook Solutions Chapter 10.1 मनक्या पेरेन लागा Additional Important Questions and Answers

कृती: (स्वमत / अभिव्यक्ती)

प्रश्न 1.
पुढील ओळींतील भावसौंदर्य विशद करा:

(i) ‘माती त्याला लावते जीव’ (धुड वोनं लगाडछ जीव)
उत्तर:
‘मनक्या पेरेन लागा’ या कवितेत वीरा राठोड यांनी बीजाला माती कशी जपते याविषयी हृदय शब्दांत सांगितले आहे.
कवी म्हणतात, एक बीज मातीत पडते. तेव्हा माती त्या बीजाला आईच्या मायेने जोपासते. मातीचे व त्याचे घट्ट नाते तयार होते. माती त्याच्यावर माया ओतते. त्याचे पालन-पोषण करते. त्याला सांभाळते. त्याची निगराणी करते. माती बीजाला जीव लावते. ऊन-वारा-पाऊसवादळ यांपासून त्याचे संरक्षण करते. जणू ते तिचे बाळ असते. त्याचा वृक्षापर्यंतचा प्रवास ती ममतेने घडवते. माती व बीजाचे मानवीकरण करून कवीने ही हृदयस्पर्शी ओळ लिहिली आहे.

(ii) ‘एक दिवस त्याला झाड करूनच सोडते’ (एक दन वोनं झाड करूनच छोडचं)
उत्तर:
कवी वीरा राठोड यांनी मनक्या पेरेन लागा’ या कवितेमध्ये मातीची महती सांगितली आहे. कवी म्हणतात, एक चिमुकले बीज मातीत पडते. माती त्याला आईच्या ममतेने जोपासते. मातीशी त्याचे दृढ नाते जडते. माती त्याला जीव लावते. एखादया लहान बाळासारखे त्याचे पालन-पोषण करते.

ऊन-वारा-पाऊस-वादळ यांची त्याला झळ लागू देत नाही. दुष्काळाशी माती लढते. कारण तिला बीजाचा वृक्ष करण्याचा आंतरिक ध्यास लागलेला असतो. बघता बघता तिचे स्वप्न साकार होते. एक दिवस त्या बीजाचे पूर्ण झाड होते, तेव्हा मातीला धन्यता वाटते.

या ओळीतून मातीचे कष्ट व जिद्द यांचा प्रत्यय येतो.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Sanskrit Solutions Anand Chapter 5 युग्ममाला Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 10 Sanskrit Anand Solutions Chapter 5 युग्ममाला

Sanskrit Anand Std 10 Digest Chapter 5 युग्ममाला Textbook Questions and Answers

भाषाभ्यास:

श्लोकः 1

1. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत।

प्रश्न अ.
कनकपरीक्षा कथं भवति?
उत्तरम् :
निघर्षणच्छेदनतापताडनैः एतै: चतुर्भिः प्रकारैः कनकपरीक्षा भवति।

प्रश्न आ.
पुरुषपरीक्षा कथं भवति?
उत्तरम् :
पुरुषपरीक्षा श्रुतेन शीलेन गुणेन कर्मणा (इति) चतुर्भिः प्रकारैः भवति।

2. जालरेखाचित्रं पूरयत

प्रश्न अ.

उत्तरम् :

प्रश्न आ.

उत्तरम् :

श्लोक: 2.

1. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत।

प्रश्न अ.
अल्पधी: कुत्र श्लाघ्यः भवति?
उत्तरम् :
यत्र विद्वज्जन: न अस्ति, तत्र अल्पधी: अपि श्लाघ्यः भवति।

प्रश्न आ.
एरण्डः कुत्र द्रुमायते?
उत्तरम् :
निरस्तपादपे देशे एरण्ड: द्रुमायते।

2. सन्धि-विग्रहं कुरुत ।

प्रश्न अ.
श्लाघ्यस्तत्र
उत्तरम् :
श्लाघ्यस्तत्राल्पधीरपि – श्लाघ्य: + तत्र + अल्पवी: + अपि।

प्रश्न आ.
अल्पधीरपि ।
उत्तरम् :
अल्पधी: – मन्दबुद्धिः, मूढमतिः

श्लोक: 3.

1. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत।

प्रश्न अ.
आगतं भयं वीक्ष्य नरः किं कुर्यात् ?
उत्तरम् :
आगतं भयं वीक्ष्य नरः यथोचितं कुर्यात्।

2. सन्धिविग्रहं कुरुत।

प्रश्न 1.
भयाद्धि ।
उत्तरम् :
भयाद्धि – भयात् +हि।

श्लोक: 4.

1. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत

प्रश्न अ.
क: बहु भाषते?
उत्तरम् :
अधम: बहु भाषते।

2. सन्धिविग्रहं कुरुत।

प्रश्न अ.
स्यादधमः ।
उत्तरम् :
स्यादधमो बहु – स्यात् + अथमः + बहु।

श्लोक: 5.

1. पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरत ।

प्रश्न अ.
कर्षक: कीदृशं फलं लभते?
उत्तरम् :
कर्षक: क्षेत्रम् आसाद्य यादृशं बीजं वपते तादृशं फलं लभते।

2. सन्धिविग्रहं कुरुत ।

प्रश्न अ.
क्षेत्रमासाद्य
उत्तरम् :
क्षेत्रमासाद्य – क्षेत्रम् + आसाद्य।

प्रश्न आ.
वाऽपि ।
उत्तरम् :
वाऽपि . वा + अपि।

1. समानार्थकशब्दान् लिखत ।
कनकम्, विद्वान्, पादपः, अधमः

प्रश्न 1.
समानार्थकशब्दान् लिखत ।
कनकम्, विद्वान्, पादपः, अधमः
उत्तरम् :

• कनकम् – स्वर्णम्, सुवर्णम्, कनकम्, हिरण्यम, हेम, हाटकम्।
• विद्वज्जनः – विद्वान, प्राज्ञः।
• पादपः – वृक्षः, महीरुहः, शाखी, विटपी, तरुः।
• अधमः – मन्दबुद्धिः, मूढमतिः

2. विरुद्धार्थकशब्दान् लिखत ।
गुणः, विद्वान्, उत्तमः, सुकृतम् ।

प्रश्न 1.
विरुद्धार्थकशब्दान् लिखत ।
गुणः, विद्वान्, उत्तमः, सुकृतम् ।
उत्तरम् :

• गुणः × दुर्गुणः, अवगुणः, दोषः ।
• विद्वज्जनः / विद्वान् × मूर्खजनः, अज्ञः।
• उत्तमः × अनुत्तमः / अधमः।
• सुकृतम् × दुष्कृतम्।

3. समानार्थकशब्दानां मेलनं कुरुत।

प्रश्न 1.
समानार्थकशब्दानां मेलनं कुरुत।

उत्तरम् :

सुवर्णम्	हेम
उत्तमः	श्रेष्ठः
अवलिप्तम्	व्याप्तम्
ध्वनिः	शब्दः

4. अमरकोषात् योग्यं समानार्थक शब्दं योजयित्वा वाक्यं पुनर्लिखत ।

प्रश्न अ.
चतुर्भिः कनकं परीक्ष्यते ।।

प्रश्न आ.
कर्षक: बीजं वपते ।

प्रश्न इ.
यत्र एकः अपि पादप: नास्ति तत्र एरण्डः द्रुमायते ।

5. चतुर्थपदं लिखत ।

प्रश्न 1.
अ. मनः – चेतः :: अवगतम् – …………………
आ. बुधजन: – ज्ञानी :: मूर्ख: – ………………….
इ) नरः – मनुष्यः :: उचितम् – …………………
ई) वीक्ष्य – दृष्टा :: भयम् – ………………….
उत्तरम् :
अ. मनः – अन्त: करणम्, चेतः, चित्तम्।
आ. मूर्खः – मूढः
इ. उचितम् – योग्यम, युक्तम्।
ई. भयम् – भीतिः।

Sanskrit Anand Class 10 Textbook Solutions Chapter 5 युग्ममाला Additional Important Questions and Answers

अवबोधनम्

पूर्णवाक्येन उत्तरं लिखत।

प्रश्न 1.
मनुष्यस्य मदः कदा व्यपगतः?
उत्तरम् :
बदा मनुष्येण बुधजनसकाशात् किन्नित् किञ्जित् अवगतम् तदा सः आत्मानं मूर्खम् अमन्यत तदनन्तरं तस्य मदः व्यपगतः ।

प्रश्न 2.
मनुष्यस्य मदः कथं व्यपगतः?
उत्तरम् :
मनुष्यस्य मद: ज्वर: इव व्यपगतः।

प्रश्न 3.
कदा पर्यन्तं भयात् भेतव्यम्?
उत्तरम् :
यावत् भयम् अनागतं तावत् भयात् भेतव्यम्।

प्रश्न 4.
उत्तमः कीदृशः न स्यात्?
उत्तरम् :
उत्तम: अतिवक्ता न स्यात्।

प्रश्न 5.
सुवर्णे ध्वनिः प्रजायते वा न?
उत्तरम् :
सुवर्णे ध्वनि: न प्रजायते।

प्रश्न 6.
मनुष्यः स्वकर्मणः कीदृशं फलं लभते ?
उत्तरम् :
मनुष्यः सुकृतस्य इष्ट दुष्कृतस्य अनिष्टं फलं लभते।

पृथक्करणम् :

विशेषण – विशेष्य सम्बन्धः ।

विशेषणम्	विशेष्यम्
श्लाध्य	अल्पधी:
आगतम्	भयम्
अनागतम्	भयम्

पृथक्करणम्।

जालरेखाचित्रं पुरयत।

1.

2.

3.

4.

सन्धिविग्रहः

• किशिविजि बुधजनसकाशादवगतम् – किञ्जित् + किञ्जित् + बुधजनसकाशात् + अवगतम्।
• मूखोऽस्मीति – मूर्खः + अस्मि + इति ।
• विद्वज्जनो नास्ति – विद्वज्जनः + न + अस्ति।
• एरण्डोऽपि – एरण्ड:+ अपि।
• भयमनागतम् – भयम् + अनागतम्।
• उत्तमो नातिवक्ता – उत्तम: + न + अतिवक्ता।
• ध्वनिस्तादृग्यादृक्कांस्ये – ध्वनिः + तादृक् + यादृक् + कांस्ये।

समासा:

समस्तपदम्	अर्थ:	समसाविग्रहः	समासनाम
निघर्षणच्छेदनतापताडनैः	by rubbing, cutting, heating and hammering	निघर्षणं च छेदनं च तापं च ताडनं च,तेः।	इतरेतर द्वन्द्व समास
किञ्चिज्ज्ञः	knows little	किञ्चित् जानाति इति।	उपपद तत्पुरुष समास
अनागतम्	not arrived	न आगतम्।	नञ् तत्पुरुष समास
अल्पधी:	one who has dull intellect	अल्पा धी: यस्य सः।	बहुव्रीहि समास
यथोचितम्	according to proper (deed)	उचितम् अनुसत्य।	अव्ययीभाव समास
पादपः	one who drinks with feet	पादैः पिबति इति।	उपपद-तत्पुरुषः समासः।

भाषाभ्यासः

(क) समानार्थकशब्दान् लिखत।

1. पुरुषः – नरः, मानवः, मनुजः, मनुष्यः, मानुष: मर्त्यः ।
2. कर्षक: – कृषकः, क्षेत्राजीवः, कृषिकः, कृषीवलः।
3. श्रुतेन – ज्ञानेन, विद्यया।
4. श्लाघ्यः – प्रशंसनीयः, स्तुत्यः।
5. अल्पधी: – मन्दबुद्धिः, मूढमतिः ।
6. द्विपः – गजः, दन्ती, हस्ती।
7. मदान्धः – मदोन्मत्तः।
8. सकाशात् – समीपम्।
9. मदः – वृथाभिमानः, आटोपः।
10. वीक्ष्य – अवलोक्य, दृष्ट्वा, विलोक्य।
11. बहु – भूरि, विपुलम्।
12. ध्वनिः – रवः, नादः, शब्दः।
13. अवलिप्तम् – व्याप्तम्।
14. उत्तमः – श्रेष्ठः ।
15. अवगतम् – अधीतम् ।

(ख) विरुद्धार्थकशब्दान् लिखत।

1. श्लाघ्यः × निन्दनीयः।
2. अल्पधीः × विचक्षणः।
3. आगतम् × अनागतम्।
4. उचितम् × अनुचितम्।
5. बहु × अल्पम्, स्वल्पम्।

युग्ममाला Summary in Marathi and English

प्रस्तावना :

संस्कृत साहित्यात अनेक शब्दयुग्मे (शब्दांच्या जोड्या). उदाहरणार्थ – यदा – तदा, यावत् – तावत्, यत्र – तत्र, इ. आढळतात. वाक्य व श्लोकांमध्ये अशी शब्दयुग्मे वापरल्यास वाक्यांचे व श्लोकांचे सौंदर्य वाढते. जसे- यथा राजा तथा प्रजा। युग्ममाला हा अशा श्लोकांचा संग्रह आहे की जेथे श्लोकाचा अर्थ पूर्ण करण्याकरिता तसेच त्याचे भाषिक सौंदर्य वाढविण्यासाठी शब्दयुग्मांचा वापर केलेला दिसून येतो.

शब्दयुग्म, pair of words are noticeable in Sanskrit literature. For example : यदा- तदा, यावत् – तावत, यत्र-तत्र,etc. The usage of such pair of words (शब्दयुग्म) in sentences or in verses increases its beauty eg: यथा राजा तथा प्रजा। युग्ममाला is a collation of those verses wherein शब्दयुग्म is used to complete the meaning of the verse as well as to enhance its linguistic beauty.

श्लोकः 1

यथा चतुर्भि: कनक परीक्ष्यते निघर्षणच्छेदनतापताडनैः। (वृत्तम् – वंशस्थम्)
तथा चतुर्भिः पुरुषः परीक्ष्यते श्रुतेन शीलेन गुणेन कर्मणा ।।1।। (वद्धचाणक्यशतकात्)

अन्वय:- यथा कनक निघर्षण – छेदन – ताप – ताडनैः (इति) चतुर्भिः परीक्ष्यते, तथा पुरुषः श्रुतेन, शीलेन, गुणेन, कर्मणा (इति) चतुर्भिः परीक्ष्यते।

अनुवाद:

ज्याप्रमाणे सोन्याची परीक्षा (पारख) घासणे, छेदन करणे (तोडणे), तापविणे व (हातोडीने) ठोकणे, (या) चार प्रकारांनी होते. त्याप्रमाणे, ज्ञान, चारित्र्य, सद्गुण व कर्म या चार प्रकारांनी मनुष्याची परीक्षा होते. स्पष्टीकरण – सोन्याची चकाकी तपासण्याकरिता त्याला घासावे लागते, ते काळे पडते का हे पाहण्याकरिता त्याला तापवावे लागते, त्याचा चिवटपणा पाहण्याकरिता त्याला तोडावे लागते व हातोड्याने ठोकून त्याचा मऊपणा हा गुण कसाला लागतो. थोडक्यात, सोन्याची शुद्धता सिद्ध करण्यासाठी त्याला चार कसोट्या लावतात. त्याप्रमाणे मनुष्य ज्ञानी, सदाचरणी व गुणी राहून त्याचा चांगुलपणा सिद्ध करतो.

Just as the gold is tested by four tests – rubbing, cutting, heating, (and) hammering, similarly, a man is tested by four (dimensions) knowledge, character, virtues (and) deeds. Explanation – The gold is scratched to check its shine. It is cut to see elasticity. It is heated to check whether it turns black and its softness can be examined by striking with the hammer. In brief, the gold has to undergo four tests to prove its purity. Likewise, a man proves his goodness by being knowledgeable, (righteous, and virtuous.

श्लोकः 2

यत्र विद्वज्जनो नास्ति श्लाघ्यस्तत्राल्पधीरपि। (वृत्तम् – अनुष्टप)
निरस्तपादपे देशे एरण्डोऽपि द्रुमायते ।।2।। (सङ्ग्रहात्।)

अन्वयः- यत्र विद्वज्जनः न अस्ति, तत्र अल्पधी: अपि श्लाघ्यः (भवति)। (यथा) निरस्तपादपे देशे एरण्डः अपि दुमायते।

अनुवादः

जेथे विद्वान नसतो तेथे अल्पबुद्धीचा माणूसही प्रशंसनीय ठरतो. (स्तुतीस पात्र ठरतो.) वृक्षहीन (वैराण) प्रदेशात एरंडही वृक्ष होतो (ठरतो.)

स्पष्टीकरण-दबळया समहावर अंकुश ठवणान्या लाकाना उप्पसून वरील श्लोकाची रचना केली आहे. अल्प क्षमता असलेल्या लोकांच्या समूहामध्ये किचित अधिकतर क्षमता असलेलाही स्तुतीस पात्र ठरतो.।

(In a place) where there is no learned one, even a dull-witted person becomes praiseworthy. In a place where there is no vegetation, even a castor – plant becomes a tree.

Explanation – The poet takes a dig at people that are in power in a weak setup. When everyone around is of mediocre capacity, one with every few accolades becomes the hero.

श्लोकः 3

यदा किजिज्ञोऽहं द्विप इव मदान्धः समभवं
तदा सर्वज्ञोऽस्मीत्यभवदलिप्तं मम ममः।
यदा किजिकिशिद् बुधजनसकाशादवगतं (वृत्तम् – शिखरिणी)
तदा मूर्योऽस्मीति ज्वर इव मदो मे व्यपगतः ।।3।। (नीतिशतकात)

अन्वय:- यदा अहं किजिजः (रादा) (अहं) द्विपः इव मदान्धः समभवम् । तदा मम मनः ‘सर्वज्ञ: अस्मि’ इति अवलिप्तम् अभवत्। यदा बुधजनसकाशात् किंचित् किक्षित् अवगतम् तदा (अह) मूर्खः अस्मि (इति ज्ञात्वा) में मद; ज्वर: इव व्यपगतः।

अनुवादः

जेव्हा मला थोडेसे ज्ञान प्राप्त झाले, तेव्हा मदाने आंधळा झालेल्या हत्तीसारखा मी (आंधळा) झालो आणि माझे मन ‘मी सर्वज्ञ आहे’ या कल्पनेने वेढले गेले. (पण) जेव्हा ज्ञानी माणसांकडून मला थोडे थोडे कळू लागले, तेव्हा मी मूर्ख आहे’ असे मला जाणवले व तापाप्रमाणे माझा गर्व नाहीसा झाला (उतरला.)
स्पष्टीकरण – स्वत:च्या ज्ञानाचा कधीही गर्व बाळगू नये कारण ज्ञानी माणसांच्या सहवासाने अल्पज्ञानात भर पडते.

When I had scanty knowledge, I was blinded with pride, like and elephant (in a rut) (and) my mind got conceited thinking that I know everything. (But) When I began to acquire knowledge, little by little, from the learned, I learned that ‘I am a fool and my (false) pride disappeared like fever.

Explanation – Never be proud of little knowledge as it continues to upgrade when one comes into contact with a more knowledgeable person.

श्लोकः 4

तावद् भवाद्धि भेतव्यं यावद्भयमनागतम्। (वृत्तम् – अनुष्टप)
आगतं तु भयं वीक्ष्य नरः कुर्याद् यथोचितम् ।।4।। (पञ्चतन्त्रात्)

अन्वय:- यावत् भयम् अनागतं तावत् हि भयात् भेतव्यम्। (तथापि) आगतं तु भयं वीक्ष्य नरः यथोचितं कुर्यात्।

अनुवादः

जोपर्यंत भयाने (माणसाला) ग्रासले नाही (संकटात पकडले नाही) तोपर्यंत (माणसाने) भयाला घाबरावे. (परंतु) भयाला आलेले पाहून मनुष्याने जे योग्य आहे तेच आचरावे

(योग्य ते करावे.) As long as fear has not arrived (a person is not caught in the calamity) till then one should be scared of fear. (But) Having seen fear approaching, a man should do what is proper/right.

श्लोकः 5

उत्तमो नातिवक्ता स्यादधमो बहु भाषते।
सुवर्णे न ध्वनिस्तादृग्यादृक्कांस्ये प्रजायते ।।5।। (वृत्तम् – अनुष्टुप)

अन्वयः- उत्तमः अतिवक्ता न स्यात्, अधम: बहु भाषते। यादृक् कांस्ये (ध्वनिः) प्रजायते तादृक् सुवर्णे ध्वनिः न (प्रजायते)।

अनुवादः

उत्तम व्यक्ती फार बोलत नाही (वायफळ गोष्टींमध्ये सहभाग घेत नाही) (बुद्धीने व ज्ञानाने) सामान्य लोक खूप बडबड करतात. ज्याप्रमाणे, काश्याच्या भांड्याचा आवाज होतो तसा सोन्याचा होत नाही.
स्पष्टीकरण: ज्ञानी माणसे वायफळ बोलत नाहीत; ज्यांचे ज्ञान अल्प आहे, अशी माणसे नेहमी बडबड करत राहतात.

An excellent person does not talk much (does not indulge in loose talks), inferior person talks much (unnecessarily). Just as gold (best and expensive metal) does not produce (loud) sound like bronze (base metal) makes.
Explanation: Knowledgeable people do not indulge in unnecessary and loose talk, whereas those who have less knowledge always chatter.

श्लोकः 6

यादृशं वपते बीज क्षेत्रमासाद्य कर्षकः।
सुकृते दुष्कृते वाऽपि तादृशं लभते फलम् ।।6।। (वृत्तम् – अनुष्टुप्)

अन्वय:- कर्षक: क्षेत्रम् आसाद्य यादृशं बीजं वपते (तादृशं फलं लभते)। (तथैव मनुष्यः) सुकृते वा दुष्कृते वा अपि तादृश (इष्टम् अनिष्ट वा) फलं लभते।

अनुवादः

शेतकरी शेतात जाऊन ज्या त-हेचे बीज पेरतो, त्या तमेचे फळ त्याला मिळते. कृती चांगली वा वाईट (जशी असेल) त्यानुसार मनुष्यास त्याचे फळ मिळते. (चांगल्या कृतीचे आनंददायी तर वाईट कृतीचे क्लेशकारक फळ मिळते.) स्पष्टीकरण – पेरावे तसे उगवते.

Just as the farmer obtains the fruit based on what he sows, (similarly, a man) acquires a fruit in good or bad deeds. (through pleasurable and painful experiences.)
Explanation – As you sow, so shall you reap.

शब्दार्थाः

1. निघर्षण – rubbing – घर्षण
2. छेदन – cutting – तोडणे
3. ताप – heating – तापवणे
4. कनकम् – gold – सोने
5. शीलेन – by character – चारित्र्याने
6. गुणेन – by virtues – गुणांनी
7. कर्मणा – by deeds – कर्माने
8. श्रुतेन – by learning/ knowledge – ज्ञानाने
9. ताडनैः – by hammering – ठोकून
10. चतुर्भिः – by four (ways) – चार (प्रकारे)
11. परीक्ष्यते – is tested – तपासले जाते
12. यथा – तथा – just as – similarly – ज्याप्रमाणे – त्याप्रमाणे
13. विद्वज्जनः – learned – विद्वान
14. श्लाघ्यः – praiseworthy – स्तुतीस पात्र/प्रशंसनीय
15. एरण्ड : – castor plant – एरंड
16. अल्पधी: – dull-witted person – अल्पबुद्धी असलेला
17. निरस्तपादपे – no tree – वृक्षहीन
18. दुमायते – becomes a tree – वृक्ष मानला जातो
19. यत्र – तत्र – where-there – जेथे – तेथे
20. किञ्चिज्ञ – having scanty knowledge – अल्पज्ञान असलेला
21. मदान्धः – blinded with pride – मदाने आंधळा
22. व्यपगतः – disappeared – नाहीसा झाला
23. द्विपः इव – like an elephant – हतीसारखा
24. ज्वर: इव – like fever – तापासारखा
25. अवलिप्तम् – conceited – बेडले गेले
26. अवगतम् – learnt – समजले
27. बुधजनसकाशात् from learned – ज्ञानी मानसांकडून
28. समभवम् – I became – मी झालो
29. सर्वज्ञः अस्मि – know everything – मी सर्वज्ञ आहे
30. यदा-तदा – when-then – जेव्हा तेव्हा
31. भेतव्यम् – should frighten – घाबरून रहावे
32. अनागतम् – not arrived – आले नाही
33. वीक्ष्य – seeing carefully – काळजीपूर्वक पाहून
34. यथोचितं – should do what is – योग्य ते करावे
35. कुर्यात् – proper
36. यावद्-तावद् – as long as-till then जोपर्यंत – तोपर्यंत
37. उत्तमः – excellent
38. अधमः – inferior
39. कांस्य – bronze
40. उत्तम – अधम काशे
41. प्रजायते – is produced – निर्माण होतो
42. यादृक् – तादृक् – just as-likewise – जसा – तसा
43. न अतिवक्ता स्यात् – does not talk much – जास्त बोलत नाही
44. कर्षक: – farmer – शेतकरी
45. सुकृते – in good or bad – चांगल्या वा
46. दुष्कृते वा – deed – वाईट कृतीमध्ये
47. बीजं वपते – Sows seeds – धान्य पेरतो
48. फलं लभते – obtains a fruit – फळ मिळते
49. क्षेत्रमासाद्य – going to the fields – शेतात जाऊन
50. यादृशम् – just as – जसे
51. तादृशम् – likewise – तसे