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Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Hindi Yuvakbharati 12th Digest Chapter 15 फीचर लेखन Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board 12th Hindi Yuvakbharati Solutions Chapter 15 फीचर लेखन

12th Hindi Guide Chapter 15 फीचर लेखन Textbook Questions and Answers

कृति-स्वाध्याय एवं उत्तर

पाठ पर आधारित

प्रश्न 1.
फीचर लेखन की विशेषताएँ लिखिए।
उत्तर :
फीचर किसी विशेष घटना, व्यक्ति, जीव-जंतु, स्थान, प्रकृति-परिवेश से संबंधित व्यक्तिगत अनुभूतियों पर आधारित आलेख होता है। फीचर समाचारों को नया आयाम देता है, उनका परीक्षण करता है तथा उन पर नया प्रकाश डालता है। फीचर समाचारपत्र का प्राण तत्त्व होता है। पाठक की प्यास बुझाने, घटना की मनोरंजनात्मक अभिव्यक्ति की कला का नाम फीचर है। फीचर किसी गद्य गीत की तरह होता है जो बहुत लंबा, नीरस और गंभीर नहीं होना चाहिए। इससे पाठक बोर हो जाते हैं और ऐसे फीचर , कोई पढ़ना नहीं चाहता। फीचर किसी विषय का मनोरंजक शैली में विस्तृत विवेचन है।

अच्छा फीचर नवीनतम जानकारी से परिपूर्ण होता है। किसी घटना की सत्यता, तथ्यता फीचर का मुख्य तत्त्व है। फीचर लेखन में शब्द चयन अत्यंत महत्त्वपूर्ण है। लेखन की भाषा सहज, संप्रेषणीयता से परिपूर्ण होनी चाहिए। प्रसिद्ध व्यक्तियों के कथनों, उद्धरणों, लोकोक्तियों और मुहावरों का प्रयोग फीचर में है चार चाँद लगा देता है। फीचर लेखन में भावप्रधानता होनी चाहिए, क्योंकि नीरस फीचर कोई भी नहीं पढ़ना चाहता।

फीचर से संबंधित तथ्यों का आधार दिया जाना चाहिए। विश्वसनीयता के लिए फीचर ३ में तार्किकता आवश्यक है। तार्किकता के बिना फीचर अविश्वसनीय ३ बन जाता है। फीचर में विषय की नवीनता होना आवश्यक है, क्योंकि उसके अभाव में फीचर अपठनीय हो जाता है। फीचर में किसी व्यक्ति अथवा घटना विशेष का उदाहरण दिया गया हो तो उसकी संक्षिप्त जानकारी भी देनी चाहिए।

फीचर के विषयानुकूल चित्रों, कार्टूनों अथवा फोटो का उपयोग किया जाए तो फीचर अधिक प्रभावशाली बन जाता है। फीचर लेखन में राष्ट्रीय स्तर के तथा अन्य महत्त्वपूर्ण तथा समसामयिक विषयों का समावेश होना है चाहिए। फीचर पाठक की मानसिक योग्यता और शैक्षिक पृष्ठभूमि के अनुसार होना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 2.
फीचर लेखन के सोपानों को स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर :
फीचर लेखन की प्रक्रिया के निम्नलिखित सोपान हैं :

1. प्रस्तावना : प्रस्तावना में फीचर के विषय का संक्षिप्त परिचय दिया जाता है। यह परिचय आकर्षक और विषयानुकूल होना चाहिए। परिचय पढ़कर पाठकों के मन में फीचर पढ़ने की जिज्ञासा जाग्रत होती है और पाठक अंत तक फीचर से जुड़ा रहता है।
2. विवरण अथवा मुख्य कलेवर : फीचर में विवरण का महत्त्वपूर्ण स्थान है। फीचर में लेखक स्वयं के अनुभव, लोगों से प्राप्त जानकारी और विषय की क्रमबद्धता, रोचकता के साथ-साथ संतुलित तथा आकर्षक शब्दों में पिरोकर उसे पाठकों के सम्मुख रखता है जिससे फीचर पढ़ने वाले को ज्ञान और अनुभव से संपन्न कर दे।
3. उपसंहार : यह अनुच्छेद संपूर्ण फीचर का सार अथवा निचोड़ होता है। इसमें फीचर लेखक फीचर का निष्कर्ष भी प्रस्तुत कर सकता है अथवा कुछ अनुत्तरित प्रश्न पाठकों के ऊपर भी छोड़ सकता है। उपसंहार ऐसा होना चाहिए जिससे पाठक को विषय से संबंधित ज्ञान भी मिल जाए और उसकी जिज्ञासा भी बनी रहे।
4. शीर्षक : विषय का ओचित्यपूर्ण शीर्षक फीचर की आत्मा है। शीर्षक संक्षिप्तं रोचक और जिज्ञासावर्धक होना चाहिए। नवीनता, आकर्षकता और ज्ञानवृद्धि उत्तम शीर्षक के गुण हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
फीचर लेखन करते समय बरती जाने वाली सावधानियों पर प्रकाश डालिए।
उत्तर :
फीचर लेखन करते समय बरती जाने वाली सावधानियाँ :

• फीचर लेखन में आरोप-प्रत्यारोप करने से बचना चाहिए।
• फीचर लेखन में आलंकारिक और अति क्लिष्ट भाषा का है प्रयोग नहीं करना चाहिए।
• फीचर लेखन में अति नाटकीयता से बचना चाहिए।
• झूठा तथ्यात्मक आँकड़े, प्रसंग अथवा घटनाओं का उल्लेख है करना उचित नहीं।
• फीचर लेखन में अति कल्पनाओं और हवाई बातों के प्रयोग है से बचना चाहिए।
• फीचर लेखन में भावप्रधानता होनी चाहिए, क्योंकि नीरस फीचर कोई भी नहीं पढ़ना चाहता।
• फीचर बहुत लंबा, ऊबाऊ और गंभीर नहीं होना चाहिए। फीचर में विषय की नवीनता होना आवश्यक है।
• फीचर लेखन की भाषा सहज, संप्रेषणीयता से परिपूर्ण होनी चाहिए।
• फीचर से संबंधित तथ्यों का आधार दिया जाना चाहिए। विश्वसनीयता के लिए फीचर में तार्किकता आवश्यक है।
• फीचर लेखन पाठक की मानसिक योग्यता और शैक्षिक पृष्ठभूमि को ध्यान में रखकर किया जाना चाहिए।
• फीचर में किसी व्यक्ति अथवा घटना विशेष का उदाहरण दिया गया हो तो उसकी संक्षिप्त जानकारी भी देनी चाहिए।
• फीचर के विषयानुकूल चित्रों, कार्टूनों अथवा फोटो का उपयोग किया जाए तो फीचर अधिक प्रभावशाली बन है जाता है।
• फीचर लेखन में राष्ट्रीय स्तर के तथा अन्य महत्त्वपूर्ण तथा समसामयिक विषयों का समावेश होना चाहिए।

व्यावहारिक प्रयोग

प्रश्न 4.
भारत के अंतरिक्ष कार्यक्रम पर फीचर लेखन कीजिए।
उत्तर :
भारत का अंतरिक्ष कार्यक्रम डॉ विक्रम साराभाई की संकल्पना है। उन्हें भारतीय अंतरिक्ष कार्यक्रम का जनक कहा जाता है। वर्तमान में इस कार्यक्रम की कमान भारतीय अंतरिक्ष अनुसंधान संगठन (इसरो) के हाथों में है। इसरो की स्थापना 1969 में डॉ. विक्रम साराभाई की अध्यक्षता में की गई। इसका मुख्यालय बंगलौर में है। भारत ने अपने पहले अंतरिक्ष कार्यक्रम की शुरुआत बेहद सीमित संसाधनों के साथ की थी।

जब पहले उपग्रह को अंतरिक्ष में भेजा गया तब शायद ही किसी ने सोचा हो कि भारत का अंतरिक्ष यान किसी दिन मंगल ग्रह के लिए जा सकेगा। भारत के अंतरिक्ष कार्यक्रम से कई बड़े वैज्ञानिक जुड़े रहे हैं। पूर्व राष्ट्रपति डॉ. ए. पी. जे. अब्दुल कलाम भी भारत के अंतरिक्ष कार्यक्रम में योगदान दे चुके हैं।

स्थापना के बाद से ही भारतीय अंतरिक्ष कार्यक्रम अच्छी तरह से ऑर्केस्ट्रेटेड किया गया है और इसमें संचार और रिमोट सेंसिंग के लिए उपग्रह, अंतरिक्ष परिवहन प्रणाली और अनुप्रयोग कार्यक्रम जैसे तीन अलग-अलग तत्त्व थे। प्राकृतिक संसाधनों और आपदा प्रबंधन सहायता की निगरानी और प्रबंधन के लिए दूरसंचार, टेलिविजन प्रसारण और मौसम संबंधी सेवाओं और रिमोट सेंसिंग सैटेलाइट के लिए दो प्रमुख परिपालन प्रणालियों को भारतीय राष्ट्रीय उपग्रह स्थापित किया गया है।

1960 और 1970 के दशक के दौरान भारत ने भू राजनीतिक और आर्थिक विचारों के कारण अपना स्वयं का लॉन्च वाहन कार्यक्रम प्रारंभ किया। देश ने एक साउंडिंग रॉकेट प्रोग्राम विकसित किया और 1980 के दशक तक सैटेलाइट लॉन्च व्हीकल – 3 और अधिक उन्नत, संवर्धित सैटेलाइट लॉन्च व्हीकल (ए एस एल वी) को परिचालन सहायक बुनियादी ढाँचे के साथ पूरा किया।

सबसे पहले धुंबा को रॉकेट लॉन्चिग सेंटर के तौर पर चुना गया था। धरती की भू चुंबकीय भूमध्य रेखा धुंबा से गुजरती है। भारत ने पहला रॉकेट 21 नवंबर 1963 को लॉन्च किया था यानी मंगल यान से करीब 50 साल पहले। ये एक नाइक-अपाचे रॉकेट था। 1975 में भारत ने अपना पहला उपग्रह आर्यभट्ट लॉन्च किया और इस तरह अंतरिक्ष युग में प्रवेश किया। इसका वजन सिर्फ 360 किलोग्राम था और इसका नाम प्राचीन भारत के प्रसिद्ध खगोलविद आर्यभट्ट के नाम पर रखा गया था।

भास्कर – 1 भारत का पहला रिमोट सेंसिंग सैटेलाइट था, इस उपग्रह का कैमरा जो तस्वीरें भेजता था, उन्हें वन, पानी और सागरों के अध्ययन में इस्तेमाल किया जाता था। चंद्रयान का भारत के अंतरिक्ष कार्यक्रम में महत्त्वपूर्ण स्थान है। चंद्रयान ने चंद्रमा की सतह पर पानी की खोज की थी।

इसरो ने प्रक्षेपण यान प्रौद्योगिकी की उन्नति के लिए अपनी ऊर्जा को आगे बढ़ाया, जिसके परिणामस्वरूप पी एस एल वी और जी एस एल वी प्रौद्योगिकियों का निर्माण हुआ। पिछले साढ़े चार दशकों में भारत का अंतरिक्ष कार्यक्रम ने एक सुसंगठित, आत्मनिर्भर कार्यक्रम के माध्यम से प्रभावशाली प्रगति की है।

प्रश्न 5.
लता मंगेशकर पर फीचर लेखन कीजिए।
उत्तर :
भारतरत्न लता मंगेशकर भारत की अप्रतिम गायिका हैं। उनकी मधुर आवाज की पूरी दुनिया दीवानी है। पिछले छह-सात दशकों से भारतीय सिनेमा को अपनी आवाज के जादू से सराबोर करने वाली लता का जन्म 28 सितंबर, 1929 को इंदौर के मराठी परिवार में पंडित दीनदयाल के घर में हुआ। लता के पिता रंगमंच के कलाकार और गायक भी थे। अतः संगीत लता को विरासत में मिला। लता के जन्म के कुछ दिन बाद ही इनका परिवार महाराष्ट्र चला गया।

लता मंगेशकर ने अपनी संगीत यात्रा का प्रारंभ मराठी फिल्मों से किया। इन्होंने ‘हिंदुस्तान क्लासिकल म्यूजिक’ के उस्ताद अमानत अली खान से क्लासिकल संगीत सीखना शुरु किया। भारत बँटवारे के बाद उस्ताद अमानत अली खान के पाकिस्तान चले जाने के बाद लता ने बड़े गुलाम अली खान, पंडित तुलसीदास शर्मा तथा उस्ताद अमानत खान देवसल्ले से संगीत सीखा।

गुलाम हैदर ने 1948 में लता को ‘मजबूर’ फिल्म में पहला ब्रेक दिया। तब से लेकर 1989 तक लता मंगेशकर ने 30000 से भी अधिक गाने गाए हैं, जो अपने आप में एक रिकॉर्ड है। इस दौर में हिंदी फिल्म इंडस्ट्री का शायद ही कोई ऐसा फिल्म निर्देशक और संगीत निर्देशक होगा, जिसके साथ लता जी ने काम न किया हो। लता मंगेशकर अत्यंत शांत स्वभाव और प्रतिभा की धनी हैं।

उन्होंने रागों पर आधारित अनेक गाने गाए, तो दूसरी ओर ‘अल्लाह. तेरो नाम’ और ‘प्रभु तेरो नाम’ जैसे भजन भी गाए, वहीं 1963 में पंडित जवाहरलाल नेहरू की उपस्थिति में देश का सबसे जीवंत गीत ‘ऐ मेरे वतन के लोगों’ गाया। इस गाने को सुनते समय नेहरू जी की आँखों से आँसू बह निकले थे।

लता मंगेशकर भारतीय संगीत में महत्त्वपूर्ण योगदान देने के लिए पद्मभूषण, पद्मविभूषण, दादा साहेब फाल्के अवॉर्ड, महाराष्ट्र भूषण अवॉर्ड, भारतरत्न, 3 बार राष्ट्रीय फिल्म अवॉर्ड, बंगाल फिल्म पत्रकार संगठन अवॉर्ड, फिल्म फेअर लाइफटाइम अचीवमंट अवॉर्ड सहित अनेक अवॉर्ड जीत चुकी हैं। आज पूरी संगीत दुनिया उनके आगे नतमस्तक है।

फीचर के प्रकार

• समाचार फीचर
• खोजपरक फीचर
• मानवीय रुचिपरक फीचर
• सांस्कृतिक कार्यक्रमों से संबंधित फीचर
• व्याख्यात्मक फीचर
• ऐतिहासिक फीचर
• जन रुचि के विषयों पर आधारित फीचर
• विज्ञान फीचर
• खेल-कूद फीचर
• फोटो फीचर
• पर्वोत्सवी फीचर
• इलेक्ट्रॉनिक माध्यमों पर आधारित फीचर
• विशेष घटनाओं पर आधारित फीचर
• व्यक्तिगत फीचर
• रेडियो फीचर

फीचर लेखन Summary in Hindi

फीचर लेखन का परिचय

फीचर लेखन लेखक का नाम :
डॉ. बीना शर्मा। (जन्म 20 अक्तूबर 1959.)

फीचर लेखन प्रमुख कृतियाँ :
‘हिंदी शिक्षण – अंतर्राष्ट्रीय परिप्रेक्ष्य’, ‘भारतीय सांस्कृतिक प्रतीक’ आदि।

फीचर लेखन विशेषता :
डॉ. बीना का लेखन शिक्षा क्षेत्र और भारतीय संस्कृति से प्रेरित है। स्त्री विमर्श और समसामयिक विषयों पर आपका विशेष लेखन। आपका साहित्य भारतीय संस्कारों और जीवन मूल्यों के प्रति आग्रही है।

फीचर लेखन विषय प्रवेश :
आज के दौर में फीचर लेखन पत्रकारिता क्षेत्र का आधार स्तंभ बन गया है। फीचर का मुख्य कार्य पाठक के सम्मुख किसी विषय का सजीव वर्णन करना होता है। प्रस्तुत पाठ में लेखिका फीचर लेखन का स्वरूप, उसकी विशेषताएँ, प्रकार आदि पर प्रकाश डालते हुए इस तथ्य को उद्भासित कर रही है कि फीचर लेखन जहाँ एक ओर समाज के दर्पण के रूप में कार्य कर सकता है, वहीं यह आजीविका का स्रोत भी बन सकता है।

फीचर लेखन पाठ का सार

स्नेहा एक पत्रकार है। आज वह और उसका पूरा परिवार आनंद और गर्व की भावना से भरा है। पत्रकारिता के क्षेत्र में फीचर लेखन के लिए दिए जाने वाले ‘सर्वश्रेष्ठ फीचर लेखन’ के लिए स्नेहा को राष्ट्रीय पुरस्कार से सम्मानित किया गया है। आज उसके परिवार द्वारा एक पार्टी का आयोजन किया गया है। स्नेहा के पति, उसके सास-ससुर, पुत्री प्रिया और पुत्र नैतिक उसे बधाई दे रहे हैं। स्नेहा की आँखों में खुशी के आँसू हैं।

स्नेहा अतीत में खो जाती है। बी. ए. कर लेने के बाद पिता द्वारा भविष्य के बारे में पूछने पर वह पत्रकारिता का कोर्स करने है की इच्छा प्रकट करती है, जिसे माता द्वारा भी समर्थन मिलता है। स्नेहा पत्रकारिता का कोर्स ज्वाइन कर लेती है। पत्रकारिता की कक्षा का प्रथम दिवस – पहले लेक्चर में प्रोफेसर ने पत्रकारिता पाठ्यक्रम का पहला पेपर पढ़ाना शुरु किया। विषय था – फीचर लेखन। उन्होंने फीचर लेखन की विभिन्न परिभाषाओं को समझाते हुए कहा – फीचर लेखन के क्षेत्र में चर्चित जेम्स डेविस कहते हैं – ‘फीचर समाचारों को नया आयाम देता है, उनका परीक्षण करता है तथा उन पर नया प्रकाश डालता है।’

स्नेहा की फीचर लेखन में विशेष रुचि थी। उसके द्वारा प्रसिद्ध फीचर लेखक पी. डी. टंडन का उल्लेख करने पर प्रोफेसर ने बताया कि पी. डी. टंडन के अनुसार ‘फीचर किसी गद्य गीत की तरह होता है, जो बहुत लंबा, नीरस और गंभीर नहीं होना चाहिए। इससे पाठक बोर हो जाते हैं और ऐसे फीचर कोई पढ़ना नहीं चाहता। फीचर किसी विषय का मनोरंजक शैली में विस्तृत विवेचन है।’

इन परिभाषाओं के द्वारा स्नेहा अच्छी तरह समझ गई कि फीचर समाचारपत्र का प्राण तत्त्व होता है। पाठक की प्यास बुझाने, घटना की मनोरंजनात्मक अभिव्यक्ति की कला का नाम फीचर है। पत्रकारिता कोर्स के बीतते दिन-महीने, फीचर लेखन के संबंध में सुने हुए लेक्चर्स, प्रोफेसरों के साथ की गई चर्चाएँ, अध्ययन, परीक्षा, फीचर लेखन का प्रारंभ फीचर लेखन और आज का दिन। फीचर लेखन की सिद्धहस्त लेखिका बनना ही स्नेहा का एकमात्र सपना था।

स्नेहा को याद आ रहा है वह दिन जब उसे पत्रकारिता कोर्स में फीचर लेखन पर व्याख्यान देने के लिए बुलाया गया था। आज उसे अपना परिश्रम सार्थक होता नजर आ रहा था। रोचक प्रसंगों के साथ स्नेहा फीचर लेखन की विशेषताएँ बताने लगी – अच्छा फीचर नवीनतम जानकारी से परिपूर्ण होता है।

किसी घटना की सत्यता, तथ्यता फीचर का मुख्य तत्त्व है। फीचर लेखन में राष्ट्रीय स्तर के तथा अन्य महत्त्वपूर्ण विषयों का समावेश होना चाहिए क्योंकि समाचारपत्र दूर-दूर तक जाते हैं। साथ ही फीचर का विषय समसामयिक होना चाहिए।

फीचर लेखन में भावप्रधानता होनी चाहिए, क्योंकि नीरस फीचर कोई भी नहीं पढ़ना चाहता। फीचर से संबंधित तथ्यों का आधार दिया जाना चाहिए। विश्वसनीयता के लिए फीचर में तार्किकता आवश्यक है। तार्किकता के बिना फीचर अविश्वसनीय बन जाता है। फीचर में विषय की नवीनता होना आवश्यक है क्योंकि उसके अभाव में फीचर अपठनीय हो जाता है। फीचर में किसी व्यक्ति अथवा घटना विशेष का उदाहरण दिया गया हो तो उसकी संक्षिप्त जानकारी भी देनी चाहिए।

फीचर लेखन करते समय लेखक को पाठक की मानसिक योग्यता और शैक्षिक पृष्ठभूमि को ध्यान में रखना चाहिए। प्रसिद्ध व्यक्तियों के कथनों, उद्धरणों, लोकोक्तियों और मुहावरों का प्रयोग फीचर में चार चाँद लगा देता है। फीचर लेखक को निष्पक्ष रूप से अपना मत व्यक्त करना चाहिए तभी पाठक उसके विचारों से सहमत हो सकेगा। फीचर लेखन में शब्द चयन अत्यंत महत्त्वपूर्ण है। लेखन की भाषा सहज, संप्रेषणीयता से परिपूर्ण होनी चाहिए। फीचर के विषयानुकूल चित्रों, कार्टूनों अथवा फोटो का उपयोग किया जाए तो फीचर अधिक प्रभावशाली बन जाता है।

एक विद्यार्थी के पूछने पर स्नेहा बताती है कि फीचर किसी विशेष घटना, व्यक्ति, जीव-जंतु, तीज-त्योहार, दिन, स्थान, प्रकृतिपरिवेश से संबंधित व्यक्तिगत अनुभूतियों पर आधारित आलेख होता है। इस आलेख को कल्पनाशीलता, सृजनात्मक कौशल के साथ मनोरंजक और आकर्षक शैली में प्रस्तुत किया जाता है। फीचर अनेक प्रकार के हो सकते हैं।

फीचर लेखन मुख्य रूप से –

• व्यक्तिपरक फीचर
• सूचनात्मक फीचर
• विवरणात्मक फीचर
• विश्लेषणात्मक फीचर
• साक्षात्कार
• विज्ञापन फीचर

स्नेहा ने आगे फीचर लेखन करते समय बरती जाने वाली सावधानियों के बारे में बताया :

• फीचर लेखन में आरोप-प्रत्यारोप करने से बचना चाहिए।
• फीचर लेखन में क्लिष्ट और आलंकारिक भाषा का प्रयोग नहीं करना चाहिए।
• फीचर लेखन में झूठे तथ्यात्मक आँकड़े, प्रसंग अथवा घटनाओं का उल्लेख करना उचित नहीं है।
• फीचर अति नाटकीयता से परिपूर्ण नहीं होना चाहिए।
• फीचर लेखन में लेखक को अति कल्पनाओं और हवाई बातं के प्रयोग से बचना चाहिए।

इन सभी सावधानियों को ध्यान रखेंगे तो फीचर लेखन अधिकाधिक विश्वसनीय और प्रभावी बन सकता है।

फीचर लेखन की प्रक्रिया पर प्रकाश डालते हुए स्नेहा ने बताया कि फीचर लेखन के मुख्य तीन अंग हैं :

1. विषय का चयन : फीचर लेखन में विषय का चयन करते समय इस बात का ध्यान रखना चाहिए कि विषय रोचक, ज्ञानवर्धक और उत्प्रेरित करने वाला हो। अतः फीचर का विषय समयानुकूल और समसामयिक होना चाहिए। विषय जिज्ञासा उत्पन्न करने वाला हो।
2. सामग्री का संकलन : फीचर लेखन में विषय संबंधी सामग्री का संकलन करना महत्त्वपूर्ण अंग है। उचित जानकारी और अनुभव के अभाव में लिखा गया फीचर नीरस सिद्ध हो सकता है। विषय से संबंधित उपलब्ध पुस्तकों, पत्र-पत्रिकाओं से सामग्री जुटाने के अलावा बहुत-सी सामग्री लोगों से मिलकर, कई स्थानों पर जाकर जुटानी पड़ती है।
3. फीचर योजना : फीचर लिखने से पहले फीचर का एक योजनाबद्ध ढाँचा बनाना चाहिए।

एक अन्य विद्यार्थी की जिज्ञासा शांत करते हुए स्नेहा ने बताया – निम्न चार सोपानों अथवा चरणों के आधार पर फीचर लिखा जाता है :

1. प्रस्तावना : प्रस्तावना में फीचर के विषय का संक्षिप्त परिचय होता है। यह परिचय आकर्षक और विषयानुकूल होना चाहिए। इससे पाठकों के मन में फीचर पढ़ने की जिज्ञासा जाग्रत होती है और पाठक अंत तक फीचर से जुड़ा रहता है।
2. विवरण अथवा मुख्य कलेवर : फीचर में विवरण का महत्त्वपूर्ण स्थान है। फीचर में लेखक स्वयं के अनुभव, लोगों से प्राप्त जानकारी और विषय की क्रमबद्धता, रोचकता के साथसाथ संतुलित तथा आकर्षक शब्दों में पिरोकर उसे पाठकों के सम्मुख रखता है जिससे फीचर पढ़ने वाले को ज्ञान और अनुभव से संपन्न कर दे।
3. उपसंहार : यह अनुच्छेद संपूर्ण फीचर का सार अथवा निचोड़ होता है। इसमें फीचर लेखक फीचर का निष्कर्ष भी प्रस्तुत कर सकता है अथवा कुछ अनुत्तरित प्रश्न पाठकों के ऊपर भी छोड़ सकता है। उपसंहार ऐसा होना चाहिए जिससे पाठक को विषय से संबंधित ज्ञान भी मिल जाए और उसकी जिज्ञासा भी बनी रहे।
4. शीर्षक : विषय का औचित्यपूर्ण शीर्षक फीचर की आत्मा है। शीर्षक संक्षिप्त, रोचक और जिज्ञासावर्धक होना चाहिए। नवीनता, आकर्षकता और ज्ञानवृद्धि उत्तम शीर्षक के गुण हैं।

फीचर लेखन शब्दार्थ

आनंदित	प्रसन्न।
सम्मानित	आदर किया हुआ।
उपलक्ष्य	उद्देश्य।
छलछलाना	आँसू भर आना।
समर्थन	किसी मत की पुष्टि।
पत्रकारिता	पत्रकार का काम।
चर्चित	जिसकी चर्चा की जाती हो।
आयाम	विस्तार।
परीक्षण	परीक्षा।
विश्लेषण	अलग करना।
परिभाषित	जिसकी परिभाषा की गई हो।
नीरस	जिसमें रस न हो।
मनोरंजक	मन को प्रसन्न करने वाला।
विस्तृत	विस्तार वाला।
विवेचन	व्याख्या।
प्राण तत्त्व	आत्मा।
प्रविष्ट	अंदर आना।
आँखें फटी-की-फटी रह जाना	बहुत अधिक आश्चर्य होना।
विख्यात	प्रसिद्ध।
बरबस	अचानक।
शीर्ष	सर्वोच्च।
सिद्धहस्त	जिसका हाथ कोई काम करने में मँजा हो।
व्याख्यान	भाषण।
सार्थक	सफल।
रोचक	रुचि उत्पन्न करने वाला।
परिपूर्ण	संपूर्ण।
तथ्यता	यथार्थता।
समावेश	शामिल होना।
समसामयिक	समकालीन, एक ही समय में होने वाला।
विश्वसनीयता	विश्वास के योग्य होने का गुण।
तार्किकता	तर्क करने की योग्यता।
अविश्वसनीय	विश्वास न करने योग्य।
अपठनीय	जो पढ़ने योग्य न हो।
उद्धरण	किसी लेख के अंश को दूसरे लेख में प्रयोग करना।
लोकोक्ति	लोगों द्वारा कही गई उक्ति अर्थात कथन।
निष्पक्ष	जो किसी तरह का पक्षपात न करता हो।
विषयानुकूल	विषय के अनुकूल।
आश्वस्त	जिसे आश्वासन दिया गया हो।
परिवेश	वातावरण।
अनुभूति	अनुभव।
आलेख	लेख।
व्यक्तिपरक	व्यक्तिगत।
सूचनात्मक	सूचना संबंधी।
विवरणात्मक	सविस्तार वर्णन वाला।
साक्षात्कार	भेंट।
सटीक	उचित।
तर्कसंगत	जो तर्क पर आधारित हो।
क्लिष्ट	कठिनाई से समझ में आने वाला।
चयन	चुनाव।
ज्ञानवर्धक	ज्ञान बढ़ाने वाला।
उत्प्रेरित	उत्साहित।
समयानुकूल	समय के अनुकूल।
संकलन	संग्रह।
मंतव्य	विचार।
सोपान	सीढ़ी।
कलेवर	ऊपरी ढाँचा।
क्रमबद्धता	क्रम के अनुसार।
अनुच्छेद	पैराग्राफ।
अनुत्तरित	जिसका उत्तर न दिया गया हो।
औचित्यपूर्ण	उपयुक्त।
जिज्ञासावर्धक	जानने की इच्छा बढ़ाने वाला।
शंका	प्रश्न।
समाधान	किसी प्रश्न का संतोषजनक उत्तर।
विख्यात	प्रसिद्ध।
योगदान	सहायता देना।
कुतूहल	अचरज।
कृतज्ञता	उपकार मानना।

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 12 India Transformed Part 2 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 History Solutions Chapter 12 India Transformed Part 2

1A. Choose the correct alternative and rewrite the statement.

Question 1.
In 1995, the health department of the Indian government launched the campaign, dubbed as __________
(a) Measles-Rubella
(b) Pulse Polio
(c) B.C.G.
(d) Triple vaccine
Answer:
(b) Pulse Polio

Question 2.
The first district in __________ to become completely literate was Ernakulum.
(a) Gujrat
(b) Kerala
(c) Karnataka
(d) Tamil Nadu
Answer:
(b) Kerala

1B. Find the incorrect pair from group ‘B’ and write the corrected one.

Question 1.

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(a) National Human Rights Commission	Protection of Human Rights
(b) Centre for Science and Environment	Study of Pollution in Delhi
(c) SEESCAP	Institute for conservation of turtles
(d) INTACH	Organisation creating awareness for conservation of heritage

Answer:
SEESCAP – Institute for conservation of long-billed vultures

2. Write the names of historical places/persons/events.

Question 1.
Commission established vide Human Right Protection Act –
Answer:
National Human Rights Commission

Question 2.
The player who was awarded the highest title, ‘Bharat Ratna’ –
Answer:
Mr. Sachin Tendulkar

3. Complete the following concept map.

Question 1.

Answer:

4. Write short notes.

Question 1.
Speed Post
Answer:

• The Indian postal department started the service of speed post in 1986 which changed the nature of post service.
• This service was used by the majority of Indians, more than three crore letters and parcels were delivered from this service.
• The customer will get the message of successful delivery of their items.
• The postal department now offers courier services like passport delivery, business parcels, cash-on-delivery, logistics posts, and air freights.
• The post office even offers a packaging service. Over one lakh and fifty thousand post offices are offering the services like paying bills, sending festive cards and other objects.
• Since 2016, the postal department has started service of delivering Ganges water from Rishikesh and Gangotri at personal addresses.
• Buying personalised postage stamps with personal photographs and special schemes for philatelists are also available at ‘Post Shops’ opened at 80 post offices.

Question 2.
Air Pollution
Answer:

• The entire world, nowadays, is facing the problem of air pollution which is mainly done by vehicles.
• All most every state in India is facing the problem of air pollution.
• The ‘Centre for Science and Environment’, studied and proved that the increasing number of automobiles and vehicles of poor maintenance are the causes of air pollution in Delhi.
• The institution recommended the following suggestions to curb air pollution:
  • Use of CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) as fuel.
  • It was decided that vehicles without a ‘PUC’ certificate will not qualify for insurance and renewal of insurance.
• In this way, we can curb air pollution and make our environment clean and pure.

Question 3.
Eradication of Polio.
Answer:

• The government of India launched a campaign for the eradication of polio from India.
• The health department of the Indian government launched the campaign known as ‘Pulse Polio’ which was started with the joint sponsorship of‘World Health Organisation – WHO, Rotary International, UNICEF, and Indian Government.’
• The objective of the campaign was not to leave a single child under the age of five years without administering the polio vaccine.
• Awareness camps, home visits, and extensive advertising made this campaign successful.

5. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Explain the sports policy of the Government of India.
Answer:
India is home to a diverse population playing and showing their talent in a variety of different sports. Every nation needs a well-knit sports policy.

• In 2001, the Government of India announced its sports policy. The main objective of this policy is:
  • To take sports to all parts of India.
  • To help the players to develop special skills.
  • To build supportive and fundamental sports facilities.
  • To help the National Sports Federation of India and associated institutions to search for sports talent.
  • To initiate co-operation from industries, corporate and private institutions for the cause of sports.
  • To create awareness of the importance of sports and interest in sports among people.
• In 2011, the Indian government announced a novel scheme for sports named ‘Come and Play’.
• Sports Authority of India gave permission to use five sports complexes in Delhi to local youths.
• They were also provided an opportunity to train under Sports Authority of India (SAI) coaches.
• The National Sports University was founded in Manipur in 2018.
• This university offers different courses from Bachelor and Masters to M.Phil. and Ph.D. Apart from this, sports universities also offer courses in sports, education, sports management, sports psychology, coaching, etc. Research in sports is also encouraged in the sports university.
• Khelo India.

Question 2.
Which programmes and facilities are created by the Ministry of Tourism of the Indian government to attract tourists?
Answer:
India has a rich cultural heritage. Several tourists visit India each year to see its cultural heritage, monuments, etc. The tourism industry is a continuously growing industry which also gives foreign exchange to the country. The Indian Government has adopted different policies to attract tourists. They are as follows:

• The government provides different facilities to the tourists who visit India. The three ministries of home affairs, tourism, and foreign affairs together created the facility of e-visa which included e-business visas, e-medical visas, and e-visa.
• A facility of giving information to tourists on mobile in Hindi and 10 other foreign languages, for 24 hours throughout the week was started.
• To avail of this facility, tourists have to dial 1363. The information regarding cruise tours, health, and sports tourism, eco-friendly tourism, adventurous sports tourism, film festivals are given through this service.
• Hotels with amenities and premium quality accommodation including luxurious services are available to the tourists.
• The Institutes which offer training courses in ‘Hospitality and Hotel Management’ have been established in major cities of India.
• An advertisement campaign called ‘Atulya Bharat’ was designed to attract tourists.
• A travel show entitled ‘GONORTHEAST’ was released on the Discovery channel to boost the tourism of beautiful places in the northeastern states of India.
• The government took the help of electronic and digital media channels like Discovery, BBC, History is showcasing various programs introducing India’s historical and cultural heritage.
• Swadesh’ and ‘Prasad’ schemes were launched by the Ministry of Tourism of Government of India to encourage visits to 95 pilgrimage and spiritual centers in India.
• The Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, and Federation of Associations in Indian Tourism and Hospitality (FAITH) organized Indian Tourism Mart – 2018. This was the first event based on the model of International Tourism Marts in other countries.

6. State your opinion.

Question 1.
Joint military practice sessions are beneficial for both participant countries.
Answer:

• Such sessions are extremely helpful for both countries because of the technological exchange that happens on these occasions.
• It also helps the armies of both the countries to know, learn and practice new methods of resolving problems.
• The process of modernization of arms gives impetus to further research.
• Due to the development of science and technology, there is increasing scope for the exchange of the latest technology to fight terrorism, to augment our own competencies, and optimum use of modern technology for the end of terrorism.
• The Indian army carried out exercises with different countries e.g., exercise with Oman army at Bakloh, there were combined exercises of Mangolian army and Jammu and Kashmir Rifles.

Question 2.
All of us have the responsibility of taking care of our heritage places.
Answer:

• India has an extraordinary and vast cultural heritage. It is in the form of ancient monuments, buildings, and other archaeological sites and remains.
• These monuments are the living witnesses of our golden historic era.
• It is our duty to preserve the monuments for the next generations. A little initiate from our side can save our heritage.
• The tourism industry generated foreign exchange on a large scale. Tourists come to India every year to see its cultural heritage. Therefore, it is our duty to preserve and protect our heritage.
• As a citizen of India, we should spread awareness among the people about the importance of the preservation of monuments. A little effort on our side can create desirable changes which will make past, present, and future generations of the country and the entire world proud of us.

Class 12 History Chapter 12 India Transformed Part 2 Intext Questions and Answers

Try to do this: (Textbook Page No. 100)

NRHM – Make a list of the benefits of the National Rural Health Mission to people.
Answer:

• The Indian government launched National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) in April 2005 with an aim to strengthen the health systems in rural and urban areas. The list of the benefits of the NRHM are as follows:
• It aims to provide equitable, affordable, and quality healthcare services.
• It has strengthened the healthcare infrastructure.
• It has brought down the maternal mortality rate among poor pregnant women.
• The prevalence of tobacco use and the number of tobacco users have been reduced.
• The Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram entitles pregnant women to give birth in public health institutions at no expense.
• The government launched different schemes for community participation under NRHM. Rogi Kalyan Samiti is responsible for maintaining the facilities and ensuring the provision of better facilities for the patients in the hospital.
• Established the Global Knowledge Hub for smokeless tobacco. It also issued an advisory to ban Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems.
• After the implementation of various initiates under NHRM many states have shown improved progress in healthcare facilities.

Try to do this: (Textbook Page No. 100)

Make a list of solutions to reduce the levels of air pollution.
Answer:
Air pollution is the biggest threat to the environment and to all living species. Following are some of the solutions to reduce the level of air pollution:

• Public Transport: Encourage greater use of public transport i.e. the use of railways, bus services or metros, etc. Instead of using private vehicles, people should encourage to use public transport.
• Use of CNG Vehicles: Citizens should also be encouraged to use CNG vehicles as it is a much cleaner fuel than petrol or diesel. New registration should be discouraged by increasing registration charges of vehicles.
• Use bicycles: Using bicycles is the best way to reduce air pollution. The government should mark out bicycle lanes in residential colonies as well as on roads.
• Plant and care for trees: Trees filter pollutants and absorb carbon dioxide. Trees release oxygen into the atmosphere. The practice of planting trees provides more benefits to the environment.
• Use less energy: Use energy-efficient appliances. Turn off electrical appliances when not in use. Get an energy audit done and follow the advice.
• Avoid the use of crackers: Avoid the use of crackers during festivals and weddings as it creates a lot of air pollution and is harmful to birds and animals including human beings.
• Reuse, Reduce and Recycle: The three ‘Rs’ are the best way to reduce air pollution.
• Avoid using chemical products: Avoid using chemical products like paint, perfumes, sprays, etc as they contain harmful products. Try to use products with less chemical content.
• Prevention of forest fires and burning of garbage: Don’t burn garbage or leaves because it releases harmful smoke in the air which decreases the quality of air.

Try to do this: (Textbook Page No. 102)

1990 was the ‘International Year of Literacy’. Make a list of similarly declared international years for special causes and campaigns launched on the occasion.
Answer:
The following are the international years currently observed by the United Nations.
2024:

• International Year of Camelids

2022:

• International Year of Artisanal Fisheries and Aquaculture

2021:

• International Year of Peace and Trust
• International Year of Creative Economy for Sustainable Development
• International Year of Fruits and Vegetables
• International Year of Eliminations of Child Labour

2020:

• International Year of Planet Health
• International Year of the Nurse and Midwife

2019:

• International Year of Indigenous Languages
• International Year of Moderation
• International Year of Periodic Table of Chemical Elements

2017:

• International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development.

2016:

• International Year of Pulses

2015:

• International Year of Light and Light-based Technologies
• International Year of Soils

2014:

• International Year of Solidarity with the Palestinian People
• International Year of Small Island Developing States
• International Year of Crystallography
• International Year of Family Farming

2013:

• International Year of Water cooperation
• International Year of Quinoa

2012:

• International Year of Cooperatives
• International Year of Sustainable Energy for All

2011:

• International Year of Forest
• International Year of Chemistry
• The International Year of African Descent

2010:

• The International Year of Biodiversity
• The International Year for the Rapprochement of cultures
• The International Year of Youth

2009:

• The International Year of Astronomy
• The International Year of Human Rights Learning
• The International Year of Natural Fibres
• The International Year of Reconciliation

2008:

• The International Year of Languages
• The International Year of Planet Earth
• The International Year of the Potato
• The International Year of Sanitation

2007-08:

• International Polar Year

2006:

• International Year of Deserts and Desertification

2005:

• International Year of Physics
• International Year of Sport and Physical Education
• International Year of Microcredit

2004:

• International Year of Rice
• International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition

2003:

• International Year of Freshwater
• Year of Kyrgyz Statehood

2002:

• International Year of Mountains
• International Year of Eco-tourism
• United Nations Year for Cultural Heritage

2001:

• International Year of Volunteers
• International Year of Mobilisation against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia, and Related Intolerance
• United Nations Year of Dialogue among Civilisation

2000:

• International Year of Thanksgiving
• International Year for the Culture of Peace

Find out and tell us (Textbook Page No. 106)

Make a list of employment opportunities generated by the tourism industry.
Answer:
The travel and tourism industry in India is growing rapidly so many opportunities are available in the coming years in this field. Some of the opportunities that are available in the tourism industry are as follows:
(i) Hotels: Many job perspectives are available in the hotel industry. Some fields of hotel industries are

• Manager
• Operations
• Housekeeping
• Food and Beverage
• Front office
• Gardener
• Security officer/personnel etc.

(ii) Airlines: One can take up the following job in airlines

• Pilot
• Ground staff (Traffic Assistant, Counter staff, Booking, and Reservation)
• Flight Attendant

(iii) Tourism Department:

• Tour guides
• Tour planner
• Information assistants
• Reservation and counter staffs
• Sales and Marketing
• Interpreters
• Translators

(iv) Transportation Industry:
This is an ever-growing industry where one can have many job opportunities. Job opportunities are available in all types of transportation i.e.

• Railway service
• Bus service
• Cruise service or ferry service
• Private transportation – Cars, Rickshaws, Horse riding, etc.

(v) The employment opportunities are also available in the management of adventure sports, theme parks, amusement parks, water sports, mountaineering, children’s fantasy land, etc.

(vi) The other job opportunities in this field include Destination Manager, Itinerary Planner, Travel Agent, Foreign Exchange, Counselor, etc.

Find out and tell us (Textbook Page No. 106)

Suggest ways and means to enhance the heritage and historical tourism in India.
Answer:
Heritage and historical tourism tend to attract many tourists. Different ways and means to enhance, this type of tourism are as follows:

• Build better roads and access points to the heritage sites, packaged train travel, proper bus connections should be provided to the tourists.
• Aggressive tourism and marketing strategies are also necessary whether it is broadcasting the ‘Incredible India’ campaign abroad, holding different seminars, or offering Indian locations with facilities to promote foreign film productions in the country are some of the strategies.
• The Government of India has already started making a lot of improvements in this area. We need to capitalize on India as a destination. The government should make a documentary based on the heritage of India. One can even design a promotional campaign to enhance historical tourism.
• The historical places always have a story to tell. They offer amazing aesthetics and attract people from all over the world. If tourism is accompanied by mind-blowing hotels, resorts, good public transportation facilities, and delectable cuisine then it becomes an added advantage to the tourist.

Project (Textbook Page No. 108)

Make a list of various business opportunities available at tourist destinations.
Answer:
Introduction: Tourism is a continuously growing industry. By the early 21st century, international tourism had become one of the world’s most important activities. Various business opportunities are available at the tourist destinations and they are as follows:
(i) Travel Agency: Everyone needs a platform where customers can come to and take advice about tour packages of different places which travel agency provides. The travel agency helps tourists in planning their travel for which they charge their commission.

(ii) Hotel: Hotel business is the best opportunity from which you can gain a high rate of return as well as expand your chain of hotels in the future.

(iii) Online Travel Business: In the modern era, the way of doing business is changing. Now everything is available online. With the change in technology, the way of doing business has also changed. One can start an online business portal where customers have easy access to everything online.

(iv) Photography: Tourists always want to save the memories of the places they visit and a photographer helps them to restore their memories through their art of photography. There is a huge demand for photographers.

(v) Vehicle Renting: Some tourists like to plan their tours according to their own wishes. They don’t want any unknown person to be a part of their travel for safety reasons. Such tourists search for a vehicle that they can get on rent and go in the direction that they want. To invest in this business is profitable.

(vi) Tour Guide: A Tourist guide is a person who guides visitors in the language of their choice and interprets the cultural and natural history of the particular place. This is a challenging field with an increase in tours and travels.

(vii) Executive Chef: The executive chef is in charge of a restaurant’s kitchen and is responsible for managing the kitchen staff, planning the menu, and making sure that food hygiene is maintained. This is a well suitable job for people who are passionate about cooking.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 4 Supply Analysis Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 3B Elasticity of Demand

1. Complete the following statements:

Question 1.
Price elasticity of demand on a linear demand curve at the X-axis is ……………
a) zero
b) one
c) infinity
d) less than one
Answer:
a) zero

Question 2.
Price elasticity of demand on a linear demand curve at the Y-axis is equal to
a) zero
b) one
c) infinity
d) greater than one
Answer:
c) infinity

Question 3.
Demand curve is parallel to X axis, in case of …………..
a) perfectly elastic demand
b) perfectly inelastic demand
c) relatively elastic demand
d) relatively inelastic demand
Answer:
a) perfectly elastic demand

Question 4.
When percentage change in quantity demanded is more than the percentage change in price, the demand curve is ………………..
a) flatter
b) steeper
c) rectangular
d) horizontal
Answer:
a) flatter

Question 5.
Ed = 0 in case of ………………
a) luxuries
b) normal goods
c) necessities
d) comforts
Answer:
c) necessities

2. Give et onomic terms:

Question 1.
Degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded o change in income only.
Answer:
Income elasticity

Question 2.
Degree of responsiveness of a change in quantity demanded of one commodity due to change in the price of another commodity.
Answer:
Cross elasticity

Question 3.
Degree of responsiveness of a change of quantity demanded of a good to a change in its price.
Answer:
Elasticity of demand

Question 4.
Elasticity resulting from infinite change in quantity demanded.
Answer:
Perfectly elastic demand

Question 5.
Elasticity resulting from a proportionate change in quantity demanded due to a proportionate change in price.
Answer:
Price elasticity

3. Complete the correlation:

1) Perfectly elastic demand: Ed = ∞ :: ……………. : Ed = 0
2) Rectangular hyperbola : ………………. : Steeper demand curve : Relatively inelastic demand.
3) Straight line demand curve : Linear demand curve:: …………….. non linear demand curve.
4) Pen and ink : …………….. :: Tea or Coffee: Substitutes.
5) Ratio method : Ed = \(\frac{\% \Delta \mathbf{Q}}{\% \Delta \mathrm{P}}\) :: …………… : Ed = \(\frac{\text { Lower segment }}{\text { Upper segment }}\)
Answer:

1. Perfectly inelastic demand
2. Unitary elastic demand
3. Unitary elastic (convex to origin)
4. Complementary goods
5. Point or Geometric method

4. Assertion and Reasoning type questions:

Question 1.
Assertion (A) : Elasticity of demand explains that one variable is influenced by another variable.
Reasoning (R) : The concept of elasticity of demand indicates the effect of price and changes in other factors on demand.
Options: 1) (A) is True, but (R) is False
2) (A) is False, but (R) is True
3) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
4) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
Answer:
3) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

Question 2.
Assertion (A) : A change in quantity demanded of one commodity due to a change in the price of other commodity is cross elasticity.
Reasoning (R) : Changes in consumers income leads to a change in the quantity demanded.
Options:
1) (A) is True, but (R) is False
2) (A) is False, but (R) is True
3) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
4) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
Answer:
4) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

Question 3.
Assertion (A) : Degree of price elasticity is less than one in case of relatively inelastic demand.
Reasoning (R): Change in demand is less then the change in price.
Options: 1) (A) is True, but (R) is False
2) (A) is False, but (R) is True
3) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
4) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
Answer:
3) Both (A) and (R) are True and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

5. Distinguish between:

Question 1.
Relatively elastic demand and Relatively inelastic demand.
Answer:
Relatively Elastic Demand

1. When percentage change in quantity demanded is greater than the percentage change in price then demand is said to be Relatively Elastic demand.
2. The numerical co-efficient is greater than one (e > 1).
3. Demand curve slopes flatter.
4. 
5. Example : luxury goods like LCD, TV, Car etc.

Relatively inelastic demand.

1. When percentage change in quantity demanded is less than percentage change in price then demand is said to be Relatively Inelastic demand.
2. The numerical co-efficient is less than one (e < 1).
3. Demand curve slopes steeper.
4. 
5. Example : foodgrains.

Question 2.
Perfectly elastic demand and Perfectly inelastic demand.
Answer:
Perfectly elastic demand :

1. When a small change in price brings an infinite change in quantity demanded, then demand is said to be Perfectly Elastic demand.
2. The numerical value of Perfectly Elastic demand is infinite i.e. e = ∞
3. The demand curve is horizontal straight line parallel to X-axis.
4. Such a demand is a myth or theoretical.
5. 

Perfectly inelastic demand.

1. When a change in price does not bring any change in quantity demanded, then demand
   is said to be Perfectly Inelastic demand.
2. The numerical value of Perfectly Inelastic demand is zero i.e. e = 0.
3. The demand curve is a vertical straight line parallel to Y—axis.
4. Such demand is found in case of life saving drugs, salt, etc.
5. 

6. Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Explain the factors influencing elasticity of demand.
Answer:
The concept of Price Elasticity was developed i by great neo-classical economist Dr. Alfred \ Marshall in the year 1890.
According to Dr. Alfred Marshall, “The elasticity or responsiveness of demand in a market is great or small, according to the amount demanded which increases much or little for a given fall in price, and diminishes much or little for a given rise in price. ”
Elasticity of demand in fact refers to the £ degree of responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a commodity to change in the variable on which demand depends.

Question 2.
Explain the total outlay method of measuring elasticity of demand?
Answer:
Total Outlay Method : This method was introduced by Dr. Alfred Marshall. The limitation of this method is that in this method unlike ratio method, the exact numerical value of the elasticity of demand cannot be determined. According, to this method, the elasticity of demand is measured on the basis of expenditure incurred by consumer when the price of a commodity changes.

Total outlay or total expenditure can be calculated by multiplying the price with the quantity demanded (Price x Quantity demand = Total Expenditure). Depending upon the kind of change in total outlay, whether it increases, or decreases, or remain constant with the change in price we will be able to decide the type of elasticity. This can be explained with the following example:-

1. If the total outlay remains the same with a rise or fall in price then the demand is said to be unitary (e = 1) elastic.
2. If the total outlay decreases with a rise in price and increases with a fall in price, the elasticity of demand is greater than one or Relatively Elastic e > 1.
3. If the total outlay increases with a rise in price and decreases with a fall in price, then elasticity is less than one or relatively inelastic, e < 1.

Question 3.
Explain importance of elasticity of demand.
Answer:

• Nature of Commodity : By nature, commodities are classified as necessaries, comforts and luxuries. Normally demand for j necessaries like food grains are relatively inelastic and for comforts and luxuries like diamond, perfumes, etc is relatively elastic.
• Availability of Substitutes : The larger the number of substitutes available for a commodity, the greater would be the elasticity. Demand for products like soap, soft drinks, detergents, tooth paste, etc. have many substitute so demand is elastic, ‘j However, salt, garlic, onions have no substitute so demand is inelastic.
• Durability of the Commodity : The demand for durable goods like T.V., car, fridge, etc is relatively inelastic in the short run and elastic in the long run. Whereas the demand for perishable goods is relatively inelastic.
• Uses of Commodity : Single use commodities have less elastic demand and multi-use goods like coal, electricity, sugar, etc. have relatively elastic demand.
• Range of Price : The demand for commodities which are highly priced and will have a inelastic demand like AC, car, etc. Even very low priced goods have inelastic demand.
• Consumer’s Income : Generally if income is very high, the demand for over allcommodities tends to be relatively inelastic. The demand pattern of the rich people is rarely affected even when there is significant price change.
• Influence of Habits and Customs : When a person is habituated to consume a certain commodity, the demand will be inelastic for that commodity. E.g. demand for cigarettes to a chain smoker is inelastic.
• Time Period : The demand for goods is less elastic in the short period and more elastic in the long period. This is because (1) in the long period consumer are better informed about their price (2) habits of consumer’s change in the long run (3) durable goods get worn out in the long period.
• Proportion of Income Spend : If consumer spends a very small proportion of his income on a commodity, the demand for it will be relatively inelastic & vice-versa. For e.g. demand for salt, newspaper, pins are inelastic.
• Urgency and Postponement : If the demand for a commodity is urgent then demand for it will be inelastic. E.g. demand for medicine for a patient. Whereas, if the demand for a commodity can be postponed it will have elastic demand.
• Complementary Goods : Complementary goods are those goods which are demanded jointly such as car and petrol, mobile and sim cards, etc. Demand for petrol will be inelastic as car cannot run without petrol.

7. Observe the following figure and answer the questions:

Question 1.
Identify and define the degrees of elasticity of demand from the following demand curves.

Answer:

Concept: Perfectly Inelastic demand (Ed = 0) Explanation : When change in price has no effect on the quantity demanded of that commodity, then it is called as perfectly inelastic demand. Demand curve ‘DD’ is a vertical straight line parallel to ‘Y’ – axis.

Concept: Perfectly Elastic demand (Ed = ∞) (infinity)
Explanation: When a change in price leads to infinite change in quantity demanded of a commodity then it is called as perfectly) (d) elastic demand.
Demand curve is horizontal straight line ( parallel to ‘X’ – axis.

Concept: Ed = 1 Unitary elastic demand Explanation : When proportionate or percentage change in quantity demanded is exactly equal to proportionate or percentage change in price, then it is called as Unitary Elastic demand. Demand curve is called as rectangular hyperbola.

Concept: Relatively Elastic Demand (Ed > 1)
Explanation : When proportionate or percentage change in quantity demanded is more than proportionate change it its price, then it is called as Relatively Elastic Demand. Demand curve is called as flatter curve.

Question 2.
In the following diagram AE is the linear demand curve of a commodity. On the basis of the given diagram state whether the following statements are True or False. Give reasons to your answer.

1) Demand at point ‘C’ is relatively elastic demand.
2) Demand at point ‘B’ is unitaiy elastic demand.
3) Demand at point ‘D’ is perfectly inelastic demand.
4) Demand at point ‘A’ is perfectly elastic demand.
Answer:

1. Demand at point ‘C’ is relatively elastic demand.
2. False, it is relatively inelastic demand.
3. False, it is relatively elastic demand.
4. False, it is unitary elastic demand.
5. True, it is perfectly elastic Ed = ∞

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 3A Demand Analysis Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 3A Demand Analysis

1. Complete the following statements:

Question 1.
The relationship between demand for a good and the price of its substitute is ……………
(a) direct
(b) inverse
(c) no effect
(d) can be direct and inverse
Answer:
(a) direct

Question 2.
The relationship between income and demand for inferior goods is …………….
(a) direct
(b) inverse
(c) no effect
(d) can be direct and inverse
Answer:
(b) inverse

Question 3.
Symbolically, the functional relationship between Demand and Price can be expressed as …………….
(a) D = f(Px)
(b) Dx = f (P2)
(c) D = f(y)
(d) D = f(T)
Answer:
(a) D = f(Px)

Question 4.
When less units are demanded at high price it shows ……………..
(a) increase in demand
(b) expansion of demand
(c) decrease in demand
(d) contraction in demand
Answer:
(d) contraction in demand

2. Give economic terms

1. A situation where more quantity is demand at lower price…………….
2. Graphical representation of demand schedule……………….
3. A commodity which can be put to several uses……………….
4. More quantity is demanded due to changes in the factors determining demand other than price…………..
5. A desire which is backed by willingness to purchase and ability to pay……………
Answers:
(1) Expansion or Extension of Demand
(2) Demand Curve
(3) Composite Demand
(4) Increase in Demand
(5) Demand

3. Distinguish between:

Question 1.
Desire and Demand
Answer:

Desire	Demand
1. Desire is a mere wish for something. For example desire for a chartered plane.	1. Demand refers to desire backed by ability and willingness to pay for a particular commodity.
2. Desire has no limits.	2. Demand is limited by ability to pay and willingness to pay.
3. Desire is not related or dependent on price.	3. Demand is inversely related to price.
4. Desire is wider in scope as it includes demand.	4. Demand is narrow in scope as it is a part of desire.
5. Example : Desire of a beggar to own a car.	5. Example: Demand for a BMW Car by business man who has ability and willingness to pay.

Question 2.
Expansion of demand and Contraction of demand
Answer:

Expansion of demand	Contraction of demand
1. Expansion of demand refers to a rise in demand only due to a fall in price.	1. Contraction of demand refers to a fall in the demand due to a rise in price.
2. Expansion of demand takes place solely due to falling in price. All other factors affecting demand remain constant.	2. Contraction of demand takes place solely due to a rise in price. All other factors affecting demand remain constant.
3. Expansion of demand is shown by a downward movement on the same demand curve.	3. Contraction of demand is shown by an upward movement on the same demand curve.

Question 3.
Increase in demand and Decrease in demand
Answer:

Increase in Demand	Decrease in Demand
(a) Increase in demand refers to a rise in demand due to changes in other factors, price remaining constant.	(a) Decrease in demand refers to fall in demand due to changes in other factors, price remaining constant.
(b) Increase in demand occurs when more is purchased at the same price.	(b) Decrease in demand occurs when less is purchased at the same price.

4. State with reasons whether you agree or disagree with the following statements:

Question 1.
Demand curve slopes downward from left to right.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

Reasons justifying downwards sloping demand curve are as follows:

• The law of DiminishingMarginal Utility: Marginal utility goes on diminishing when there is increase in the stock of commodity and consumer tends to buy more when price falls and vice-versa.
• Income Effects : Whenever there is a fall in price of a commodity, purchasing power of a consumer gets increased, which enables him to buy more of that commodity.
• Substitution Effect : When price of commodity rises consumer tends to buy more of cheaper substitute goods and less of the commodity whose price has increased.
• Multi-purpose Uses : When a commodity can be used for satisfying multiple needs, its demand will rise with a fall in its price and vice-versa.
• New Consumers : When there is fall in price of a commodity, a new consumer class buy the commodity as they can afford it. Thus total demand for commodity increases with fall in price.

Question 2.
Price is the only determinant of demand.
OR
Price is the only factor that affects demand for a commodity
Answer:
No, I do not agree with the given statement. This is because there are various factors that determine demand other than price.

Reason:
The following are a few determinants:
Income of the consumer – Change in the income of the consumer also affects the market demand for goods. The effect of the change in income on the market demand depends on the type of the good.

Type of Good – The market demand for normal goods shares a positive relationship with the consumer’s income. The market demand for inferior goods (such as coarse cereals) has a negative relationship with the consumer’s income.

The market demand for Giffen goods also has a negative relationship with the income.
Consumer’s tastes and preferences – Consumers’ tastes and preferences highly influence the demand for goods. Other things being constant, if all consumers prefer a commodity over another, then the market demand for that commodity increases and vice versa.

Population size – The market demand for a commodity is also affected by the population size. Other things being equal, an increase in the population size increases the market demand for a commodity and vice-versa. This is because with the change in population size, the number of consumers in the market changes.

Question 3.
When price of Giffen goods fall, the demand for it increases.
Answer:
I Disagree with the statement.
Reason:
When price of Giffen goods falls, the demand for its decreases.
Inferior goods or low-quality goods are those goods whose demand does not rise even if their price falls. At times, demand decreases when the price of such commodities fall. Sir Robert Giffen observed this behaviour in England in relation to bread declined, people did not buy more because of an increase in their real income or purchasing power. They preferred to buy superior-good like meat. This is known as Giffen’s paradox.

5. Observe the following table and answer the following questions:

Question 1.

a) Complete the market demand schedule.
Answer:

b) Draw market demand carve based on above market demand schedule.
Answer:

Question 2.
Observe the given diagram and answer the following questions:

1) Rightward shift in demand curve …………….
2) Leftward shift in demand curve …………….
3) Price remains …………….
4) Increase and decrease in demand comes under …………….
Answer:

1. Increase in demand (D₁D₁).
2. Decrease in demand (D₂D₂).
3. Constant.
4. Change in demand.

Question 3.
Explain the diagrams:

1) Diagram A represents ……………. in demand
Answer:
Expansion or Extension.

2) In diagram A movement of demand curve is in ………………… direction
Answer:
Downward.

1) Diagram B represents …………………… in demand
Answer:
Constraction.

2) In diagram B movement of demand curve is in …………………… direction
Answer:
Upward.

6. Answer in detail :

Question 1.
State and explain the law of demand with exceptions.
Answer:
(A) Introduction : The law of demand is one of the important law of consumption which explain the functional relationship between price and quantity demanded of a commodity. Prof. Alfred Marshall in his book ‘Principle of Economics’ which was published in 1890, has explained the consumer’s behaviour as follows:

(B) Statement of the Law : According to Prof. Alfred Marshall, “Other things being equal, higher the price of a commodity, smaller is the quantity demanded and lower the price of a commodity, larger is the quantity demanded.
In other words, other things remaining constant, demand varies inversely with price. Marshall’s law of demand describes the functional relationship between demand and price. It can be presented as:
D_x = f(P_x)
where D = Demand for Commodity
x = Commodity
f = function
P_x = Price of a commodity
(C) Assumption :

• Prices of Substitute goods remain constant : The price of substitute goods should remain unchanged, as change in the price will affect the demand for the commodity.
• Prices of Complementary goods s remains constant : A change in the price j of one good will affect the demand for other,  thus the prices of complementary goods  should remain unchanged.
• No Expectation about future changes jj in prices: The consumers do not expect any \ significance rise or fall in the future prices.
• No change in Taxation Policy : The level of direct and indirect tax imposed by the government on the income and goods should remain constant.
• Constant Level of Income : Consumer’s income must remain unchanged because if income increases, consumer may buy more even at a higher price not following the law of demand.
• No Change in Tastes, Habits, Preference, Fashions, etc. : If the taste changes then the consumers preference will also change which will affect the demand. When commodities are out of fashion, then demand will be low even at a lower price.

(D) Explanation of the law of Demand :
The law of demand is explained with the help of the following demand schedule and diagram:
Demand Schedule

Price of Commodity ‘X’ (in Rs.)	Quantity Demanded of Commodity ‘X’ (in kgs)
50	1
40	2
30	3
20	4
10	5

From the above demand schedule we observe that at higher price of ₹ 50 per kg, quantity demanded is 1 kg. When price fall from ₹ 50 to ₹ 40, quantity demanded rises from 1 kg to 2 kg. Similarly, at price ₹ 30 quantity demanded is 3kg and when price falls from ₹ 20 to ₹ 10 quantity demanded rises from 4 kg to 5 kg. This shows an inverse relationship between price and demand.

In the above diagram X-axis represent quantity demanded and Y-axis represent the price of the commodity. The demand curve DD slopes downwards from left to right ] showing an inverse relationship between price and demand. It has a negative slope.

(E) Exceptions to the Law of Demand :
No, I do not agree with this statement.
There are some important cases in which the demand for the commodity is greater when price rises and smaller when price falls. Such cases are called exceptions to the law of Demand. In such case, demand curve slopes upwards from left to right and it has a positive slope.

• Prestige Goods : Rich people buy more expensive goods like gold, diamonds, etc., even when there prices are high to maintain their status.
• Giffen Paradox : Demand for low quality goods and inferior goods decrease even if there prices falls.
  According to Sir Robert Giffen when price of bread declined, people did not buy more because of increase in their real income and they prefer to buy superior goods like meat.
• Speculation : People are tend to buy more commodities if they expect prices to rise further. E.g. prices of oil, sugar, etc., are expected to rise before Diwali, so people buy more of these commodities even at higher price.
• Habitual goods : Due to habit of
  consumption, certain goods like tea is purchased in required quantities even at higher price.
•  Ignorance : Sometimes people completely ignore the price of commodity and buy more of that commodity ignoring higher price.
• Price Illusion: Consumer feels that good at higher price are of better quality, therefore demand for such goods are higher even at rise in their prices.

Question 2.
Explain in detail the determinants of demand.
Answer:
Meaning of Demand : Demand refers to a desire or want for goods. Desire is the willingness to have some commodity which is backed by willingness and ability to pay.
Definition : According to Benham, “The demand for anything at a given price is the amount of it, which will be bought per unit of time at that price.

Features of Demand :

1. Demand is a relative concept.
2. Demand is essentially expressed with reference to time and price. ?

Determinants of Demand :

1. Price of Complementary Goods : Demand changes with changes in price of complementary goods like car and petrol, etc.
2. Advertisement : Effective advertisement and sales promotion will lead to greater demand of product. E.g. cosmetics, toothbrush, etc.
3. Price : Demand for a commodity is mainly influenced by its price. Normally at a higher price the demand is less and at a lower price it is more. Thus, demand varies inversely with price of a commodity.
4. Taste, Habits and Fashions : Habits influence market demand. If people habituated to the consumption of certain goods they will not give up such habits easily. E.g. demand for liquor, cigarettes, etc. Sometimes fashion change attitude and preference of people which in turn changes market demand.
5. Income: Income determines the purchasing power. Rise in income will lead to a rise in demand of a commodity and fall in income will lead to a fall in demand of a commodity.
6. Other Factors : (a) Climatic condition, (b) Changes in technology, (c) Government policy, (d) Customs and traditions, etc.
7. Nature of Product: Under necessary and unavailable circumstances the demand of a commodity will continue to be same irrespective of the corresponding price. E.g. medicine to control blood-pressure.
8. Level of Taxation : There would be increase in price of goods and services due to high rates of taxes which results in a decrease in demand and vice-versa.
9. Expectation about the Future Prices : If the consumer expect a rise in price in the near future they will demand more at present price. Similarly, when they expect price to fall, then they will buy less at present prices.
10. Price of Substitute Goods : Demand for cheaper substitute goods will rise when there is fall in price of such goods. E.g. when sugar price rises, then the demand for jaggery will rise.
11. Size of Population: Demand for commodity depends upon size and composition of population like age structure, gender ratio which influence demand for certain goods. E.g. larger the child population, more will be the demand for toys, chocolates, etc.

Intext Questions

Activity : (Textbook Page no. 17)

Identify the concepts :

(i) A poor person wants to have a car.
Answer:
Desire : because he does not have ability and capacity to pay the price for a car.

(ii) A rich person bought a car.
Answer:
Demand : because a rich person has a desire as well as capacity to pay a car.

Activity : (Textbook Page no. 19)

Prepare a monthly demand schedule of your family for various commodities. For example, vegetables, fruits, medicines, etc.
Answer:
[Students should do this activity by themselves]

Activity : (Textbook Page no. 19)

Complete the following hypothetical demand schedule.

Answer:

Activity : (Textbook Page no. 20)

Complete the table.


Answer:

Activity : (Textbook Page no. 22)

Draw a demand curve from the following demand schedule :

Answer:

Activity : (Textbook Page no. 23)

Find out : Examples of the given exceptions to the law of demand.

(1) Prestigious Goods
Answer:
Car, Gold, Diamond, etc.

(2) Habitual Goods
Answer:
Cigarette, Tea, Drugs, Chocolates, etc.

(3) Branded Goods
Answer:
Godrej Lockers, Levis Jeans, Sony T.V, etc.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 2 Utility Analysis Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 2 Utility Analysis

1. Complete the following statements by choosing the correct alternatives.

Question 1.
In the law of diminishing marginal utility, Alfred Marshall assumes that the marginal utility of money …………..
(a) increases
(b) remains constant
(c) decreases
(d) rises and then falls
Answer:
(b) remains constant

Question 2.
As per the law of diminishing marginal utility, measurement of utility is assumed to be ……………
(a) ordinal
(b) cardinal
(c) both ordinal and cardinal
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(b) cardinal

Question 3.
MU of the commodity becomes negative when TU of a commodity is ………….
(a) rising
(b) constant
(c) falling
(d) zero
Answer:
(c) falling

Question 4.
Point of satiety means ……………….
(a) TU is rising and MU is falling
(b) TU is falling and MU is negative
(c) TU is maximum and MU is zero
(d) MU is falling and TU is rising
Answer:
(c) TU is maximum and MU is zero

Question 5.
When MU is falling, TU is ………………
(a) rising
(b) falling
(c) not changing
(d) maximum
Answer:
(a) rising

2. Choose the correct option:

Question 1.

Group ‘A’		Group ‘B’
1. Time utility	(a)	Transportation
2. Place utility	(b)	Blood bank
3. Service utility	(c)	Mobile phone
4. Knowledge utility	(d)	Doctor
	(e)	Music

Options :
(1) 1 – d, 2 – b, 3 – a, 4 – c.
(2) 1 – b, 2 – a, 3 – d, 4 – c.
(3) 1 – a, 2 – b, 3 – e, 4 – d.
(4) 1 – b, 2 – c, 3 – d, 4 – e.
Answer:
(2) 1 – b, 2 – a, 3 – d, 4 – c.

Question 2.
Statments Indicating consumer equilibrium:
a) MU is greater than price
b) MU is equal to price
c) MU is less than price
d) Price is less than one
Options:
I) a and b
II) a, b,c and d
Ill) a,b and c
IV) only b
Answer:
IV) only b

3. Identify and explain the concept from the given illustrations.

Question 1.
Salma purchased sweater for her father in winter season.
Answer:
Concept: Time utility.
Explanation : When utility of a commodity increases during a particular season it is called time utility.
Utility of sweater increases in winter season.

Question 2.
Nilesh purchased ornaments for his sister.
Answer:
Concept: Possession utility.
Explanation : When the ownership of a product changes from seller to buyer, it is called possession utility.
In the given example, ornaments are purchased by Nilesh for his sister. Ownership of a product changed, so it is an example of possession utility.

Question 3.
Kavita consumed five units of oranges one after the other.
Answer:
Concept: Successive consumption.
Explanation : To experience the law of DMU, there should be consumption of units of commodity, without time gap. It is called successive consumption.
The given example explains that five oranges are consumed by Kavita one after another without interval of time.

Question 4.
Bhushan refused to eat fifth chapati after eating four chapatis.
Answer:
Concept: Disutility.
Explanation : When the want is fully satisfied, a consumer realises full satisfaction i.e. point of satiety.
But, beyond this point, he experiences negative utility. So, he refuses to consume any more unit of commodity.
If consumption continues, it results into disutility.

Question 5.
Lalita satisfied her want of writing on essay by using pen and notebook.
Answer:
Concept: Utility.
Explanation : Utility is want satisfying capacity of a commodity.

The given example explains that, Lalita’s want of writing an essay can be satisfied with the help of pen and note-book.

4. Observe the given table and answer the questions:

Units of Com. ‘X’	TU Units	MU Units
1	6	6
2	11	5
3	15	4
4	15	0
5	14	-1

1) Draw total utility curve and marginal utility curve.
2) a) When total utility is maximum marginal utility is …………….
b) When total utility falls, marginal utility becomes ……………
Answers:
1.

2. Zero
3. Negative

5. Answer in detail:

Question 1.
State and explain the law of diminishing margmal utility with exceptions.
OR
State and explain the law of DMU? Explain its assumptions.
Answer:
Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility :
(A) Introduction:
The law of diminishing M.U. explains economic behaviour of a rational consumer.
The law was first proposed by Prof. Gossen and further explained in detail by Prof. Alfred Marshall in his book “Principles of J economics” published in 1890.
The law of DMU is universal in nature. It ) indicates common consumer’s behaviour that Marginal Utility diminishes with reduction in the intensity of want.

(B) Statement of the Law :
According to Prof. Alfred Marshall, “Other things remaining constant, the additional benefit which a person derives from a given increase in his stock of a thing, diminishes with every increase in the stock that he already has”.
In simple words, law of DMU can be stated as follows :
“Other things being the same, MU goes on ) diminishing with every successive unit of a j commodity consumed.”

Thus, the law of DMU explains that, the more of a thing you have, the less you want to have more of it.
In short, as consumption of identical units of commodity increases, MU diminishes.

(C) Assumptions of the law of DMU :
Assumptions are those conditions which are necessary for the validity of the law. They are as follows :

• Cardinal Measurement: The law assumes that utility can be measured cardinally i.e. in numbers. So, it is possible to express and compare the utility derived from each unit of commodity consumed.
• Homogeneity : It is assumed that all the units of commodity consumed are homogeneous or same. They are identical in case of size, shape, taste, colour, flavor, etc.
• Rationality : A consumer is assumed to be rational. His behaviour is normal from economic’s point of view. It means, he tries to get maximum satisfaction.
• Continuity : All units of commodity are consumed successively, one after another, without time interval.
• Reasonability : The law assumes that, all the units of commodity consumed are reasonable in size. The unit of measurement is neither too big nor too small e.g. a cup of tea, glass of water, etc.
• Divisibility : A commodity is assumed to be divisible. So it is possible to divide the units of commodity in a proper size.
• Constancy : It is assumed that related factors like income, taste and preference, habits, choice of a consumer remain constant. MU of money is also assumed to be constant.
• Single want: A given commodity is used to satisfy a single want of a person. So that it is possible to experience full satisfaction from a single want.
• Schedule and Diagram :
  The law can be explained with the help of following schedule and diagram :

Units of Commodity	Marginal Utility (M.U)
1	10
2	8
3	6
4	4
5	2
6	0
7	-2

The above given schedule shows that MU goes on diminishing with an increases in units of commodity consumed.
Graphical Presentation :

In the above given diagram, X-axis indicates units of commodity and Y-axis measures marginal utility.
Various points are plotted on the graph which indicates MU derived from each unit } of commodity consumed.
When all these point are joined, we get MU curve. It slopes downward from left to right. It shows that MU diminishes as consumption of a commodity increases.
The shaded portion of the diagram shows negative utility. It is because, beyond a certain level, further consumption of a commodity results into disutility.

(E) Exceptions to the law of Diminishing M.U.
Exceptions are those cases for which the law is not applicable. They are as follows :

1. Hobbies
2. Miser
3. Addictions
4. Power
5. Money
6. Reading

They are explained as under :
(1) Hobbies : The law of DMU is not applicable in case of collection of stamps, coins, rare paintings, etc. It is because, when its stock increases, M.U. may increases because it gives more and more satisfaction.
However, it violates the assumptions like homogeneity and continuity.

(2) Miser : For a miser, every additional rupee gives him more and more pleasure.
So, when the stock of money increases, MU of money tends to rise.
However, the behavior of a miser is irrational. It violates the assumption of rationality.

(3) Addictions : It is said that, the level of intoxication increases for drunkard with every additional consumption of liquor. It may increase MU for him.
This condition is similar to most of the addictions.
Here again, the assumptions like rationality and continuity are violated.

(4) Power: It is an exception to the law of DMU because, when a person acquires power, his craze for power increases MU from power. As a person gets power, he desires to have more and more of it.
But, it violates the rationality, assumption.

(5) Money : Money is used as a medium of exchange. It helps to buy goods to satisfy human want. So MU of money increases with an increase in its stock.
MU of money never becomes zero. The law holds true to money too. MU of money declines slowly as its stock increases. So MU of money is more for poor than rich people.

(6) Reading : When a person reads more and more, he gets deeper and deeper knowledge so MU of reading tends to increase. Similarly the law does not hold true in case of music, dance, etc.
However, assumptions like continuity, homogeneity, etc. are violated.
The law of DMU is universal in nature. These cases are not real exceptions as they violate some assumptions.
So, it is said that, there are no real exceptions to the law of DMU.

Intect Questions

Try this (Textbook Page 8)

Make a list of 10 commodities which satisfy your wants.
Answer:
Book, pen, mobile, foot-wear, watch, umbrella, bag, dress, bed sheet, soap.

Try this (Textbook Page 8)

Make a list of 10 commodities which ( satisfy the wants of particular individuals performing specific activities. For example, A chalk has utility for a teacher.
Answer:

• A stethoscope has utility for a doctor.
• A net has utility for a fisherman.
• A thermometer has utility for a nurse.
• A cow has utility for a farmer.
• Cooking gas has utility for a housewife.
• A scissor has utility for a barber.
• Wood has utility for a carpenter.
• Needle has utility for a tailor.
• Mud has utility for a potter.
• A pen has utility for a writer.

Try this (Textbook Page 10) :

Following are the various types of utility and their respective examples. Arrange the information in the form of pairs:
Answer:
Types of utility : Time utility, possession utility, service utility and place utility.
Examples :

• A dentist giving dental treatment to a patient.
• A mountaineer using oxygen cylinder at a high altitude.
• A farmer selling rice stored in the warehouse at the end of the season.
• A retail trader purchasing 100 chairs from the wholesale trader.

Example	Type of Utility
(a) A dentist giving dental treatment to a patient.	Service utility
(b) A mountaineer using oxygen cylinder at a high altitude.	Place utility
(c) A farmer selling rice stored in the warehouse at the end of the season	Time utility
(d) A retail trader purchasing 100 chairs from the wholesale trader.	Possession utility

Try this (Textbook Page 11)

Complete the following chart :
Answer:
Total Utility :

(a) Total Utility is the sum total of the individual utilities derived from the consumption of all units of good.
(b) Total Utility increases at a diminishing rate.
(c) At a point of satiety, Total Utility is maximum.
(d) Total Utility declines if consumption continues.
(e) Total Utility determines value-in-use of a commodity.
(f) Total Utility is always positive.

Marginal Utility :
(a) Marginal Utility is the addition made to the Total Utility from every additional unit consumed.
(b) Marginal Utility goes an diminishing.
(c) At a point of satiety, Marginal Utility = 0
(d) Marginal Utility becomes negative if consumption continues.
(e) Marginal Utility determines value-in­exchange of a commodity.
(f) Marginal Utility can be positive, zero or negative.

Try this (Textbook Page 14) :

Write an informative note on the paradox of values along with examples.
Answer:
The paradox of values –
The concept of value paradox is introduced by Adam Smith.
The term value has two meanings
(i) Value in use
(ii) Value in exchange
Some goods have greater value in use but a smaller value in exchange e.g. water.
However, some goods have smaller value in use but a greater value in exchange e.g. diamond.
So, the paradox of value is also called a water-diamond dilemma.
Greater value in use denotes high total utility whereas, greater value in exchange shows high marginal utility.
Thus, the concept paradox of value is very useful to understand the concepts of utility i.e., Total Utility & Marginal Utility.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 1 Introduction to Micro and Macro Economics Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 1 Introduction to Micro and Macro Economics

1. Choose the correct option:

Question 1.
The branch of economics deals with the allocation of resources.
a) Microeconomics
b) Macroeconomics
c) Econometrics
d) None of these
Options:
1) a, b and c
2) a and b
3) only a
4) None of these
Answer:
3) only a

Question 2.
Concepts studied under Micro economics.
a) National income
b) General price level
c) Factor pricing
d) Product pricing
Options :
1) b and c
2) b, c and d
3) a, b and c
4) c and d
Answer:
4) c and d

Question 3.
Method adopted in micro economic analysis.
a) Lumping method
b)Aggregative method
c) Slicing method
d) Inclusive method
Options :
1) a, c and d
2) a. b and d
3) only c
4) only a
Answer:
3) only c

Question 4.
Concepts studied under Macro economics.
a) Whole economy
b) Economic development
c) Aggregate supply
d) Product pricing
Options:
1) a, b and c
2) b, c and d
3) only d
4) a, b, c and d
Answer:
1) a, b and c

2. Complete the correlation:

1) Micro economics : Slicing method : : Macro economics: ……………. 1
2) Micro economics: Tree : : Macro economics: …………….. 2
3) Macro economic theory : Income and employment:: Micro economics : ……………. 4
4) Makros : Macro economics:: Mikros : ……………… 3
5) General equilibrium : Macro economics :: …………….. : Micro economics 5
Answers:

1. Lumping method
2. Forest
3. Price theory
4. Micro economics
5. partial equilibrium

3. Identify and explain the concepts from the given illustrations:

Question 1.
Gauri collected the information about the income of a particular firm.
Answer:
Concept: Micro economics / Slicing method.
Explanation : Micro economics refers to the study of small unit from whole economy. Micro economics uses slicing method to split the whole economy into small individual units.
Gauri has used slicing method from micro economics to collect information about the income of a particular firm from various firms.

Question 2.
Ramesh decided to take all decisions related to production, such as what and how to produce?
Answer:
Concept: Free market economy.
Explanation : A free market economy is that economy where the economic decisions regarding production of goods are taken at individual level.

Eg. What to produce? How much to produce? How to produce? etc. decisions are taken by producers.
With the help of free market economy Ramesh has taken decision related to production such as What to produce? and How to produce?

Question 3.
Shabana paid wages to workers in her factory and interest on her bank loan.
Answer:
Concept : Factor Pricing.
Explanation : Theory of factor pricing refers to determining the factor rewards for land, labour, capital and entrepreneur in the form of rent, wages, interest and profit respectively.

Shabana is an entrepreneur who has paid wages to its worker in a factory for production of goods and also paid interest on her bank loan in form of rewards to the factors of production.

4. Answer the following:

Question 1.
Explain the features of Micro economics.
OR
Explain the characteristics or nature of micro economics.
Answer:
Features of Micro Economics :

• Based on certain ssumption : Micro economics is based on ‘ceteris paribus’ assumption i.e., other things remaining constant like full employment, laissez faire policy, perfect competition, pure capitalism, etc.
• Study of Individual units : Micro economics deals with the study of behaviour of small individual units of the economy such as individual units of the economy such as individual consumer, individual firm, individual industries, individual prices, etc.
• Slicing Method : It divides or slices the economy into small units and studies each unit in detail e.g. study of a particular household demand in detail.
• Analysis of Market Structures : Micro economics analyses different market structures such as perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, etc.
• Use of Marginalism Principle : The term ‘marginal’ means change brought in total by an additional unit. Marginal analysis helps to study a variable through the changes by which producers and consumers take economic decisions using this principle.
• Price Theory : Micro economics is known as price theory because it determines the prices of goods and services as well as prices of factors of production.
• Limited Scope : The study of micro economics is limited to individual economic unit only. It does not deal with macro problems like unemployment, inflation, deflation, poverty, unemployment, population, etc.
• Partial I quilibrium : Micro economics analysis deals with partial equilibrium which analyses equilibrium position of an individual economic unit i.e. individual consumer, individual firm, etc.

Question 2.
Explain the importance of Macro economics.
Answer:
Importance of Macro Economics :

• Functioning of an Economy : It gives an idea of functioning of an economic system and help us to understand the behavioural pattern of aggregate variables.
• Economic fluctuations : It helps to analyse the causes of fluctuation in income, output and employment.
• National Income : It helps to study about National Income and makes possible to formulate correct economic policies.
• Economic Development : It helps us to understand the problems of the developing countries such as poverty, difference in the standards of living, etc., and suggest important steps to achieve economic development.
• Performance of an Economy : It helps us to analyse the performance of an economy where National Income estimates are used to measure the same.
• Study of Macro-economic Variables :
  Study of macro economic variables are important to understand the working of the economy.
• Level of Employment : Macro economics helps to analyse the general level of employment and output in an economy.

Question 3.
Explain the scope of Macro economics.
OR
“Scope of Macro Economics is wide.” Explain.
OR
Macro Economics is comprehensive in nature.
OR
Explain the subject matter of macro economics.
Answer:
Scope of Macro Economics:
The given chart helps us to understand the scope of macro economics.

1. Theory of Income and Employment : It explains which factors determine the level of National Income and employment and what j causes fluctuations in the level of income, output and employment.
To understand how the level of employment is determined, we have to study the consumption function. It includes theory of business cycles.

2. Theory of General Price Level and Inflation: Macro economics analyses shows how the general price level is determined and the causes for fluctuations in it. This study is important for understanding the  problems created by inflation and deflation.

3. Theory of Economic Growth and Development : Macro economics studies the causes of under development and poverty in poor countries and suggests strategies for accelerating growth and development in the country.

4.  Macro theory of Distribution : Macro theory of distribution deals with the relative share of rent, wages, interest and profit in j the total national income of various classes.

5. State with reasons whether you agree or disagree with the following statements:

Question 1.
The scope of micro economics is unlimited.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.

• Micro economics deals with small or individual units.
• Micro economics is the study of particular firm, particular household, individual prices, wages, incomes, individual industries, particular commodities.
• Micro economics deals with small part of National economy. It does not deal with whole economy like National income, Aggregate demand, Aggregate supply, poverty, inflation, etc.
• Hence, the scope of micro economics is limited.

Question 2.
Macro economics deals with the study of individual behaviour.
OR
Macro economics studies small units.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.
OR
Macro Economics is the study of I aggregate.
OR
Macro economics is concerned with macro economic variables.
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• Macro Economics studies the behaviour ofthe economy as a whole and not individual behaviour.
• It studies about larger economic units or aggregate economic variables like aggregate demand, aggregate supply, total investment, total savings, total employment, etc.
• It studies the general price level and macro theory of distribution.
• Whereas Micro Economics deals with individual behaviour of the people in the economy. It studies about individual demand, market demand, individual income, price of particular commodity etc.
• According to Prof. Kenneth E. Boulding “Macro Economics deals not with individual; quantities as such, but with aggregates of these quantities, not with individual income but with National Income, not with individual prices but with general price level, not with individual output but with National Output.

Question 3.
Macro economics is different from micro economics.
OR
Macro economics is wider than Micro economics.
OR
There is difference between micro economics and macro economics.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• Micro economics is a study of a particular unit of an economy. On the other hand macro economics is the study of entire economy.
• Micro economics studies individual demand, individual supply, individual income, price determination of particular product, etc. On the other hand macro economics studies aggregate demand, aggregate supply, national income, etc.
• Micro economics follows partial equilibrium analysis and macro economics follows general equilibrium analysis.
• Micro economics uses slicing method for study of small unit and macro economics uses lumping method for study of large unit.
• Therefore, macro economics is different from micro economics.

Question 4.
Micro economics uses slicing method.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• Micro economics deals with small or individual units.
• Micro economics divides or slices the economy into small units and studies each unit in detail.
• It is concerned with microscopic study of these units.
• It is the study of particular firm, particular household, individual prices, wages, incomes, etc.
• Hence, micro economics uses slicing method.

Question 5.
Micro economics is known as Income theory.
Answer:
No, I do not agree with this statement.
OR Micro economics is also known as price theory.
Yes, I agree with this statement.

• Micro Economics is known as ‘Price Theory’.
• The scope of micro economics includes the study of product pricing and factor pricing.
• The theory of product pricing explains how the price of food grains, vegetables, clothes, etc., are determined.
• They are determined by the interaction of market demand and supply forces.
• The theory of factor pricing explains the distribution of factor income such as rent on land, wages to labourers, interest on capital and profit to entrepreneurs.
• The factor prices are also determined by the demand and supply forces.
• Therefore, Micro Economics is also known as ‘Price Theory’.

6. Answer in detail :

Question 1.
Explain the importance of Micro economics.
Answer:
Introduction : Micro economics is the Js branch of economics that studies the behaviour of individuals.
It includes individual prices, wages, income, individual industries, particular commodities, particular household, etc.
(1) Definition :
(a) According to Maurice Dobb – “Micro economics is in fact a microscopic study of l the economy.
(b) According to Prof. A. P. Lerner – “Micro economics consists of looking at the economy ? through a microscope as it were to see how the millions of cell in the body of economy – the individuals or households as consumers and individuals or firms as producers play their part in the working of the whole economics organism.

(2) Meaning:
Micro economics deals with small individual economics units such as an individual ( consumer, individual producer, the price of a particular commodity or factor etc.

(3) Importance :
(a) Price Determination : Micro economics j explains how the prices of different products < and various factprs of production are determined.

(b) Free Market Economy : A free market economy is that economy where the economic decisions are taken at individual levels without intervention by the government. Decisions are regarding production of goods such as What to produce? How much to produce? How to produce? etc.

(c) Foreign Trade : Micro economics also explains gains from foreign trade, effects of tarrifs, factors affecting exchange rate, etc.

(d) Economic Model Building : Micro
economics helps in understanding various complex economic situations with the help of economic models.

(e) Business Decision : Micro economics theories are helpful to businessman for taking important business decision related to determination of cost of production and prices of goods, maximization of output & profit, etc.

(f) Useful to Government : It is useful in formulating and evaluating economic policies including pricing and distribution policies that promote economic welfare. It is useful in determining tax policy, public, expenditure policy, etc.

(g) Basis of Welfare Economics : It explains how optimum use of resources can be made to increase the welfare of the society. It also studies how taxes affect social welfare.

Question 2.
Explain the concept of Macro economics and its features.
Answer:
Introduction : Macro economics is the branch of economics that studies the behaviour and performance of an economy as a whole. It includes inflation, unemployment, working of the monetary system, business cycles, economic policies, etc.

(1) Definition:
(a) J. L. Hansen : “Macro economics is that branch of economics which considers the relationship between large aggregates such as the volume of employment, total amount of savings, investment, national income, etc”.
(b) Prof. Carl Shapiro : “Macro economics deals with the functioning of the economy as a whole. ”

(2) Meaning:
Macro economics is the study of aggregates national income, total employment, total consumption, inflation, total saving, etc.

(3) Features:
(a) Study of Aggregate : Macro economics deals with the study of entire economy. It studies the overall condition in the economy, such as National Income, National Output, Total Employment, General Price levels, etc.

(b) General Price Level : Macro economic studies the determination and changes in general price level which is the average of all prices of goods and services currently being produced in the economy.

(c) policy Oriented : Macro economics is a policy oriented science which is useful in formulating economic policies to promote economic growth, to control inflation and depression, to generate employment, etc.

(d) Lumping Method : Lumping method is the study of the whole economy rather than in part. It considers aggregates like National Income, Total consumption, etc. instead of personal income, PCC, etc.

(e) General Equilibrium Analysis : Macro Economics analysis is based on general equilibrium which deals with the economic system as a whole and studies the inter relationships between the various macro variables in an economy. General equilibrium deals with the behaviour of demand, supply and prices in the whole economy.

(f) Income Theory : Macro economics studies the concept of National Income and its causes of fluctuations that lead to business cycles i.e. inflation and deflation.

(g) Growth Models : Macro economics studies various factors that contribute to economic growth and development. These growth models are used for studying economic development.

(h) Interdependence : There is an element of interdependence among the macro economic variables such as income, output, employment, investment, price level, etc.

Intext Questions

Try this (Textbook Page 6)

Visit the vegetable market in the nearest area and try to get information about income and expenditure items of a particular seller.
Answer:
[Note : Students should do this activity by themselves.]

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Geography Solutions Chapter 8 Geography: Nature and Scope Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Geography Solutions Chapter 8 Geography: Nature and Scope

1. Identify the correct group.

Question 1.

A	B	C	D
Geomorphology	Cartography	Tourism	Political Geography
Climatology	Survey  Forest	Conservation	Physical Geography
Biogeography	Data collection	Wildlife Conservation	Population Geography
Historical Geography	GIS/GPS	Culture Conservation	Economic Geography

Answer:
B

Question 2.

A	B	C	D
History	Economics	Biogeography	Geomorphology
Sociology	Geology	Population Geography	GIS
Demography	Remote sensing	Cartography	Demography
Political Science	Climatology	Psychology	Pedology

Answer:
A

2. Give geographical reasons.

Question 1.
Human Geography is multidisciplinary in nature.
Answer:

• Human geography is the branch of geography dealing with human activities and their influence on culture, communities and economies.
• In human geography every social science studies separately has interface with branch of human geography; because of their spatial attributes.
• Social sciences like sociology, political science, economics, history and demography are very closely related with branches of human geography, such as social geography, political geography, economic geography and historical geography, respectively.
• Since, we study varied branches of geography in human geography, it is said to be multidisciplinary in nature.

Question 2.
Geography is dynamic in nature.
Answer:

• Most geographical phenomena whether physical or human are not static and can change overtime.
• In economic geography, we study economic activities as well as factors affecting their distribution and changes.
• In climatology we study changes in temperature and rainfall due to global warming. Depending upon the changes in climate, changes are made in cropping patterns.
• Geographers study relationship between production, distribution and geographical factors.
• For example, tea is grown on a large scale in the State of Assam due to high temperature, heavy rainfall, red soil, hilly relief, cheaper water transportation due to the Brahmaputra River and cheap and skilled labour supply from nearby States of Bihar and Orissa.
• We study weather over a period of about 30 years and decide climate of that place or population of a country or the world over a period of time. Since, changes occur time to time.
  Thus, geography is dynamic in nature.

Question 3.
Geography is dualistic in nature.
Answer:

• There are two contrasting approaches to study the subject of geography. They are possibilism and environmental determinism. This contrast in approaches is called as dualism in geography.
• Some geographers are of the view that nature is more dominant than man. It is called environmental determinism. According to them, when we study geography, we study the earth. We study how natural resources have influence on economic activities, as well as food habits of people.
• For example, in coastal areas fishing activity is more developed and fish is the main food of the people.
• Some geographers are of opinion that man dominates the nature. It is called possibilism. According to them man can make changes in nature due to his intelligence.
• For example, there are polyhouses even in polar areas, in which temperature is controlled artificially and vegetables are grown.
• There are many other thinkers who have different approaches in geography.
  Thus, the study of geography is dualistic in nature.

3. Write short notes on.

Question 1.
Physical Geography is related to various branches of science.
Answer:

• Almost every discipline, under natural and social sciences is linked with geography.
• Geomorphology, Climatology, Oceanography and Biogeography are the branches of physical geography.
• Geomorphology studies landforms, rock types, processes of formation of rocks, landforms, etc. Therefore, it is related to geology.
• Climatology studies elements of atmosphere such as temperature, winds, rainfall, humidity, natural disasters like cyclones, anticyclones, storms, etc. Therefore, it is related to meteorology.
• Oceanography studies oceans and seas on the surface of the earth, ocean currents, ocean routes, etc. Therefore, it is related to Hydrology.
• Biogeography studies the distribution of plants and animals, their species, ecosystems, etc. Therefore, it is related to biology.
• Knowledge of mathematics is important for cartographic techniques, such as drawing of maps and diagrams. Similarly, knowledge of statistics is useful to do data analysis since various statistical techniques and hypotheses testing are used in data analysis.
• Thus, physical geography is related to various branches of sciences.

Question 2.
Branches of Geography.
Answer:

• There are three major branches of Geography – Physical Geography, Human Geography and Geographic Techniques.
• Geography has various sub-branches; however, the four major sub-branches of Physical Geography are Geomorphology, Climatology, Biogeography and Oceanography.
• Human geography comprises of six sub-branches, Historical Geography, Political Geography, Economic Geography, Behavioural Geography, Social Geography and Population Geography.
• Geographic Techniques have four branches, namely, remote sensing, quantification methods in geography, cartography and Geographic Information System (GIS).

Question 3.
Latest trends in Geography.
Answer:

• Currently, the explanation of all geographic phenomena depends upon the cause and effect relationship.
• Geographers developed number of disciplines within its boundaries.
• Number of techniques for analysis and prediction through data collection and modelling are also developed by geographers.
• Due to the dynamic nature of geography, new things are added in the subject.
• Use of audio-visual media and information technology has enriched the database.
• The latest technology of software has brought about better opportunities in data collection, interpretation, analysis and presentation.
• Presently, the Use of GIS and GPS has become essential. Therefore, maps are made by using GIS software and have proved to be more accurate.
• Nowadays the use of mathematical modelling and computer models in applied geography has increased. They are used for prediction of weather changes or natural calamities.
• The above mentioned are all the latest trends in Geography.

Question 4.
Skills required for studying geography.
Answer:

• The skills required to study the methods and techniques used in geography have made the study of geography empirical and practical in nature.
• The study of geography is based on theory and observation. It is supported by the scientific study like data collection and data analysis through number of tools and techniques.
• The geographers developed skills for conducting surveys with the help of advanced technology. They have also acquired the skills to make use of satellite images for data collection.
• The geographers have attained the skills for experiments, data collection, data organisation, observation patterns, data analysis, research findings, etc.
• The geographers have learnt analytical techniques of data with the help of statistical techniques and representation of statistical data using graphs and maps.

4. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Explain how the knowledge of Geography is important in our day-to-day life. Give examples.
Answer:

• The knowledge of geography is important in our day-to-day life because with geographical knowledge we can understand the basic physical systems that affect our everyday life.
  For example, the earth-sun relationship, water cycle, wind, ocean currents, etc.
• For the effective functioning of different places, we learn the physical and cultural characteristics of places.
• With the help of geography, we can understand the geography of the past, how geography had played an important role in the evolution of people, their ideas, places and environment.
• We can prepare a map of a province or territory, country and the world, so that one can understand the location of various countries. For example, the political map of the Asian continent gives idea about location of Asian countries.
• With the help of various distribution maps, we can understand distribution of minerals, crops, population, etc., in the world. For example, with the help of dot map we can understand spatial distribution of population in the world.
• With the help of economic geography, we can understand the development of economic activities in different countries of the \yorld and their correlation with physical and economic factors. For example, we can study the world’s leading areas in fishing activities and their reasons.
• With the help of climatology, we understand atmospheric phenomenon, such as cyclones, global warming, etc.
• The study of sustainable development in geography teaches us to appreciate the earth as humankind’s homeland and provide an insight for wise management decisions about the usage of the earth’s resources.
• With the help of geography, we can understand global inter-dependence to become a better global citizen.
• Thus, with the help of geography, we can study physical features, economic activities, trade, people, etc., in the world.

Question 2.
Discuss the relationship between Geography and other subjects.
Answer:

• Geography is related to almost every discipline under natural and social sciences. There are three major branches of Geography, namely, Physical Geography, Human Geography and Geographic Techniques.
• Geography has various sub-branches; however, the four major sub-branches of Physical Geography are Geomorphology, Climatology, Biogeography and Oceanography.
• In Geomorphology we study the formation and types of landforms, gradient, rock structure, etc. This is related to the subject of geology.
• In Climatology we study the atmospheric elements such as temperature winds, rainfall, humidity, natural disasters like cyclones, anticyclones, storms, etc. This it is related to the subject of meteorology.
• In Oceanography we study the ocean currents, ocean routes, coastal features, submarine relief, etc., of oceans and seas. This it is related to the subject of hydrology.
• In geography of soil, we study the components, layers, texture, and fertility of the soil, etc. This is related to the subject of pedology.
• Human geography comprises of six sub-branches, Historical Geography, Political Geography, Economic Geography, Behavioural Geography, Social Geography and Population Geography. In historical geography, we study the correlation of historical events with geographical factors. This is related to the subject of history.
• In Political Geography, we study the effect of geographical factors on political events. This is related to the subject of political science.
• In Economic Geography, we study the correlation of geographical factors and economic activities. This is related to the subject of economics.
• Similarly, Behavioural Geography, Social Geography and Population Geography are related to the subjects of psychology, sociology and demography respectively.
• Thus, it can be concluded by saying that geography has a strong relationship with other subjects in natural as well as human or social sciences.

Question 3.
Explain the nature of Geography in detail.
Answer:

• Geography is the study of the earth as a home of man, and various phenomena related to it.
• Therefore, geography is the study of the physical environment in relation to man. The physical environment has direct effect on cultural and social environments.
• The earth is dynamic in nature. Hence, we find variations in its physical and cultural/social environments.
• In geography we study the relation between the physical environment and production, distributions and their patterns and variations.
• Geographers study the location, geographical phenomena, whether physical or human, which are highly dynamic and its causes.
• Since geography is the study of space and time it makes geography dynamic in nature.
• In geographical study, the geographer tries to answer questions like what, why, where and when.

5. Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Physical Geography and Human Geography
Answer:

Physical Geography	Human Geography
(i) Physical Geography is the branch of geography dealing with natural features.	(i) Human Geography is the branch of geography dealing with how human activities influence the culture, communities, economies, etc.
(ii) Geomorphology, Climatology, Oceanography, Biogeography, Geography of soils, are the branches of Physical Geography.	(ii) Historical Geography, Political Geography, Economic Geography, Behavioural Geography, Social Geography and Population Geography are the branches of Human Geography.
(iii) Physical geography is natural science.	(iii) Human geography is a social science.

Question 2.
Possibilism and Determinism.
Answer:

Possibilism	Determinism
(i) When man dominates nature, it is called possibilism.	(i) When nature dominates man, it is called determinism.
(ii) Due to intelligence, man makes changes in the natural environment.	(ii) Determinism asserts that development of human history, culture, society, lifestyle, etc., are shaped by their physical environment.
(iii) There are limitations to changes made by man in nature.	(iii) There are no limitations on impact of physical environment on human activities.

6. Draw a neat and well-labelled diagrams

Question 1.
Relationship between Geography and other subjects.
Answer:

Question 2.
Skills required to study Geography.
Answer:

Class 12 Geography Chapter 8 Geography: Nature and Scope Intext Questions and Answers

Let’s recall

Question 1.
Dear students, you have been studying geography either as a part of Environmental Studies since Standard III or as Social Studies since Standard VI and as an independent subject since Standard XI. Your journey to understand our homeland earth began with the study of the cardinal directions in Standard III. In the consecutive academic years, you learnt various geographical concepts. Now just recall the various concepts that you have learnt till now and make a list of them. Also classify them under different categories given in the table 8.3. (Textbook Page No. 75)
Answer:

Can you tell?

Discuss the following points in class with reference to its importance in the subject matter of Geography. (Textbook Page No. 77)
Question 1.
Environment vs. Man
Answer:
Man and environment are inter-related. The environment influences the life of human beings who in-turn modifies the environment as a result of their growth, dispersal, activities, death, etc. Thus, all living beings including man and their environment are mutually reactive affecting each other in a number of ways and a dynamic equilibrium is possible between the two, i.e., human beings and environment are interdependent. If the natural environment helped in the development of different structures of the society on the one hand, the existence and quality of environment now rests on the responses of these social structures to the environment on the other hand.

The burning issues like quality of environment, disruption of earth’s natural ecosystems, environmental degradation and pollution, ecological imbalances, depletion of resources, etc., can be approached and solved only after considering the value judgments which may be determined by taking into account the consequences of ‘Environmental Improvement Programme’ on the entire society and society’s response towards the programme. However, all these depend on the interest and desire of the society in improving the quality of environment.

The interaction between the environment and man depends largely on the social and political system. The differential interactions are due to the uneven distribution of natural resources, uneven economic and social development, dissimilarities of demographic factors, varying view points of the governments and individuals towards the environment, etc.

Continuous and exceedingly increasing rate of exploitation of natural resources, industrialisation, technological growth, unplanned urbanisation and profit-oriented capitalism by the developed western world are responsible for grave environmental crisis and ecological imbalance not confined to their own countries but to the whole world.

The changes in the relationship between man and environment depend upon the change in organisation and attitude of man. To improve environmental stand and to maintain ecological balance, the following remedies are important

• Rapid growth of population
• Rational use of non-polluted water resources
• Use of organic fertilizers for agricultural growth
• To check soil erosion
• Restoration of forest resources
• To check pollution

Question 2.
Complete study of India vs. Study of only agriculture in India.
Answer:
[Note: In India, it is not possible to provide a complete study of India and agriculture within the scope of a book.]

Try These

Question 1.
Given here are some of the concepts or subject matter we study in Geography. Write the name of subjects or disciplines you think they are also studied in. Complete the table 8.2. (Textbook Page No. 78)

Answer:

Concepts	Subject in which the concept is also studied
Calculations involved in projections, shapes of projections	Cartography
Means of livelihood: agriculture, industry, trade, etc.	Economics – Economic Geography
Cost of production, GDP, incomes, resources, scarcity, etc.	Economics – Economic Geography
Social relations and inequalities.	Sociology – Social Geography
Racial structure of humans, evolution of humans, etc.	Anthropology -Human Geography
Rocks and minerals	Geology – Geomorphology
Behaviour of humans in different climates and topography.	Psychology – Behavioural Geography
Electoral divisions, voting patterns, types of governments	Politics – Political Geography
Biomes, food chain, forests, etc.	Biology – Biography
Chemical weathering, erosion, acid rain, etc.	Geography – Physical Geography
Mean, variance, correlation, regression, etc.	Statistics – Statistical Geography
Past of different places, their development before attaining the present-day status, etc.	History – Historical Geography

Question 2.
In Fig 8.5, a newspaper item is given. A list of job opportunities is given. Go through all the entries and see which ones are suitable for a geographer as a career. (Textbook Page No. 80)

Answer:
The following is the list of jobs opportunities suitable for a geographer as a career.
(i) National Atlas of Thematic Mapping Organisation of India.
(ii) Mumbai Mahanagar Palika, Department of Urban Planning, Mumbai, as Urban Planner
(iii) Assistant Professor in the subject of Geography
For all above posts basic qualification is minimum M.A./M.Sc. in Geography.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Geography Solutions Chapter 7 Region and Regional Development Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Geography Solutions Chapter 7 Region and Regional Development

1. Identify the correct group.

Question 1.

A	B	C	D
Satpuda	Yavatmal	Thar	Marathwada
Deccan	Amravati	Sahara	Khandesh
Alps	Solapur	Himalaya	Vidarbha
Rockies	Greater Mumbai	Gobi	Konkan

Answer:
D

Question 2.

A	B	C	D
Plain	Pressure	Tropical forest	Fishing
Lake	Rivers	Thorny forest	Lumbering
Mountain	Temperature	Mangrove forest	Agriculture
Plateau	Humidity	Deciduous forest	Bakery

Answer:
C

2. Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Functional region and Formal region
Answer:

Functional region	Formal region
(i) Specific to one area.	(i) Often physical in nature.
(ii) Areas organised around a node or focus one point like university, airport, etc.	(ii) Has specific boundaries that set them apart.
(iii) This region has no common characteristics but functions are more important, functions bind regions together.	(iii) This region has some common characteristics such as common economic activity or common language.
(iv) Often a metropolitan area that consists of major city and lot of smaller towns.	(iv) Homogeneous areas or habitats inhabited by social groups, societies or nation.
(v) The region is tied to a central point by transportation system or economic or functional associations.	(v) Organised and represented by small systems or part systems.
(vi) It functions and works together to form a part of an economic and social system.	(vi) Has clear-cut political boundaries.
(vii) Defined by a set of activities.	(vii) Defined by common political units where all people are subject to same law and government.

Question 2.
Physical and Political region
Answer:

Physical region	Political region
(i) Physical region is an area of land divided by natural borders.	(i) Political region tends to be based on political units such as sovereign states like administrative region, province, states, township, etc.
(ii) For example, interior plains of USA with borders of Appalachian Mountains in the east and Rocky Mountains in the west.	(ii) For example, USA, State of Maharashtra, etc.
(iii) Physical regions are natural regions.	(iii) Political regions are man-made regions.
(iv) Physical regions are almost unchanged regions.	(iv) Political regions are not permanent regions.

3. Write short notes on.

Question 1.
Factors affecting regional development.
Answer:
The physical factors like relief, climate, location, population and land use of the region affects the regional development.

Regional development occurs near areas with favourable location, plain relief, sufficient rainfall, developed agriculture, transportation, industries and trade. For example, Asian countries have developed agriculture and trade of agricultural goods. USA has developed industries and trade.

There is poor development of economic activities in areas with unfavourable relief like mountains or hills and extreme climate. For example, in the northern part of Russia, economic development is poor due to extreme cold climate.

Location of the region is an important factor. If there is a long and broken coastline, then there is development of ports and thus development of trade and economy. For example, Japan has economically developed in spite of limited natural resources, due to development of trade.

On the other hand, landlocked countries remain isolated. They cannot develop trade due to absence of coastline. Such countries have poor economic development. For example, Afghanistan, Nepal.

The economic development in any region depends upon the quantity and quality of its people.

Where more suitable land is available, different economic activities are developed. For example, cities use land for various purposes such as industries, education, entertainment, transport, commerce, etc. Therefore, cities have economic development.

Hence, physical factors are said to affect the economic development of the region.

Question 2.
Measures to reduce regional imbalance.
Answer:

• The following measures along with numerous policies are considered by the government to reduce regional imbalance.
• The underdeveloped regions are identified and its economic, physical and social reasons for the non-development are studied.
• Regions which require monetary support in a particular sector or field are funded through sector-wise investments to improve the conditions.
• Subsidies are given to certain sectors. Investment is made for improvements of roads, schools, agriculture, irrigation, industries, housing, medical and health facilities, etc.
• Special attention is given to areas facing problems such as frequent droughts, deserts or hilly and tribal-dominated areas.
• The very important strategy to reduce regional imbalances is decentralisation of industries.

4. Give geographical reasons.

Question 1.
Regional development is dependent on physical setting.
Answer:

• The physical factors like relief, climate and location of the region affect the regional development.
• Regional development occurs where agriculture, agro-based industries and trade is developed in areas where there is plain relief and sufficient rainfall. For example, Asian countries have developed agriculture and trade of agricultural goods.
• Plain relief and sufficient rainfall encourage development of transportation and industries.
• There is poor development of economic activities in areas with unfavourable relief like mountains or hills and extreme climate. For example, in the northern part of Russia, economic development is poor due to extreme cold climate.
• Location of the country is an important factor. If there is a long and broken coastline, then there is development of trade and economy. For example, Japan has economically developed in spite of limited natural resources, due to the development of trade.
• On the other hand, landlocked countries remain isolated. They cannot develop trade due to absence of coastline. Such countries have poor economic development. For example, Afghanistan, Nepal.
• Thus, there is relationship between regional development and physical factors and therefore, we can say the regional development depends on physical factors.

Question 2.
Factors like literacy, poverty affect the regional development.
Answer:

• Literacy and poverty are the important factors affecting the regional development.
• High literacy rate determines the quality of human population. This increases the availability of employment opportunities and development of resources, which contributes to the economic growth and regional development.
• Due to high literacy rate, the population growth is controlled and resources are shared among less people in the country.
• However, poverty decreases the purchasing powers resulting in a decline in the demand for goods, which reduces the production and drops the economic development and GDP of a country.
• Hence, poverty and literacy affect regional development.

Question 3.
Development is not seen in the Himalayan region.
Answer:

• Relief and climate are the most important factors affecting the development of any region.
• The Himalayan region has high mountains with a steep slope. The climate is cold and the mountains are covered with snow. There is heavy soil erosion and hardly plain land, so agriculture is not developed.
• In this mountainous region, it is difficult and expensive to develop transportation facilities. Hence, there is poor development of industries.
• Since all above factors are neither suitable for agricultural, industrial or trade development is not seen in the Himalayan region.

5. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
What is a region?
Answer:

• A region is an area of a country or any part of the world having common features. Thus, there is a difference between two regions on the basis of its features.
• The common features may be physical (relief, climate, soil, natural vegetation, etc.), socio¬cultural factors (language, religion, etc.), man-made like political features (administrative or political boundaries).
• Regions may be small or large. The large regions include sub-regions. For example, the plateau region of India has various sub-regions such as Chota Nagpur plateau, Malwa plateau, Marwar plateau, Deccan plateau, etc.

The main characteristics of regions are :

• Regions have its geographical location mentioned in latitudes and longitude.
• Every region has a specific boundary, the area of another region starts beyond that boundary.
• The extent of a region depends upon the homogeneity of a region.
• There are sub-regions in one region and therefore regions can be arranged into different orders on the basis of same features.

There are two types of regions – formal and functional regions.
1. A formal region is also known as uniform region or homogeneous region. It is an area in which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics. It can be common physical characteristic such as relief or climate of the region. It can be socio-cultural or economic activity such as common language. For example, rice producing regions.

2. In some formal regions, there are boundaries. Thus, district, state or country may be formal region. For example, USA and Canada are the examples of formal regions.

3. In functional regions characteristics are not important but functions are more important.

4. In one functional region, there may be many political or physical regions but due to one common function it is said to be functional. For example, Mumbai metropolitan or Pune metropolitan regions.

5. Functional regions act as a focal point that connects surrounding areas by transportation and communication. For example, Mumbai metropolitan city is well connected with its surrounding areas through transportation.

Question 2.
On what factors are the regions differentiated? Give examples.
Answer:
A region is an area of a country or any part of the world with same common features. Thus, regions are differentiated on the basis of physical or man-made or socio-cultural factors.

For example, Chota Nagpur plateau region has plateau relief. Himalayan mountain region has mountainous relief. The desert region of Rajasthan has shortage of rainfall and very high temperature. Northern plain region has plain relief, fertile soil and moderate climate.

The region may be differentiated on the basis of man-made factors like political factors such as administrative boundaries or political boundaries. For example, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab are two different regions because they have different political boundaries and government bodies.

The region may be differentiated on the basis of socio-cultural factors such as language, religion or ethnicity. For example, in Mumbai there is an area, where people speaking Gujarati language live in one region. The Middle East countries form one region where people of Muslim religion stay together.

Thus, regions are differentiated on the basis of various factors.

Question 3.
Per capita income is not the real indicator of regional development. Explain.
Answer:

• The per capita income is the income of per person in the country or region. It is the ratio between the country’s national income and total population.
• Per capital income is an index of development because more the per capita income, higher the standard of living of people. But it is not always true.
• The per capita income gives an idea about the average income of people in the country but it does not explain how income is distributed among the people. Some people may be rich and some may be below the poverty line.
• The per capita income is related to only economic aspect of the country but it does not take into account literacy rate, health, sex ratio, age structure, life expectancy etc.
• Sometimes rise in per capita income is due to increase in prices of commodities.
• If the population is low the per capita income will be high, but the regional development will be slow, because such regions have shortage of skilled labour supply for further development. Therefore, we can say that the per capita income is not the real indication of regional development.

6. Find the correlation between land under permanent crops and GDP given in the table 7.5 using Spearman’s Rank Correlation. Write the conclusion in your own words.

Answer:

X₁ = Land under permanent crops
Y₁ = GDP
R₁ = Rank – 1, R₂ = Rank – 2, n = 12 (No. of pairs)
Rank correlation R = 1 – \(\frac {6Σ(R_1-R_2)^2}{n(n^2-1)}\)
= 1 – \(\frac {6×118}{12(144-1)}\)
= 1 – \(\frac {708}{1716}\)
= 1 – 0.412
= 0.588
= 0.59

The answer of correction between (1) Land under permanent crops (2) GDP is 0.59 or +0.59 which means there is a positive correlation between these two variables.

It is not perfect positive correlation (+1.0). It is slightly less than this i.e. (+0.59).

It means when the amount of land under permanent crops is more, GDP is also more and when the amount of land under permanent crops is less, GDP is also less.

This is because the production of crops contributes to the growth of GDP.

The answer 0.59 suggests that this is not true for all countries as there are other factors, activities, products which are responsible for the growth of GDP other than the production of crops.

Class 12 Geography Chapter 7 Region and Regional Development Intext Questions and Answers

Try this

Question 1.
Given below are some geographical areas. Complete the table thinking about similarities between them and their types. Answer the questions that follow: (Textbook Page No. 66)
(i) While completing the above table how did you decide the common factor between these areas?
(ii) How did you differentiate one area from another?
(iii) Is the common factor the only basis of differentiation?
(iv) Make a list of characteristics which can be the basis of different area.
Answer:

	Common factors / characteristics	Types (political / physical)
Ganga river basin, Amazon river basin, Mississippi river basin, Nile river basin	River	Physical
The Himalayan region, The Alps, The Western Ghats, The Rockies, The Caucasus	Mountain	Physical
Marathwada, Vidarbha, Khandesh, Konkan, Western Maharashtra	Administrative	Political
The Thar Desert, The Arabian Desert, The Gobi Desert, The Sahar Desert	Desert	Physical
Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Kerala, Manipur	Administrative States	Political
Pune, Bhopal, New York, Manchester, Munich, Shanghai	Cities	Political
Parbhani, Nagpur, Palghar, Kolhapur, Solapur	Administrative Districts	Political
Hindi-speaking belt, Bengali-speaking belt, Marathi-speaking belt, Kannada-speaking belt, Urdu-speaking belt	Language	Political (Linguistic)
Delhi University, Punjab University, Mumbai University, Banasthali University Campus	Education	Social

(i) We decide on the basis of the function of each geographical area.
(ii) We differentiate one area from another on the basis of the type of physical, socio- cultural and political nature of the geographical areas.
(iii) Yes, the common factor is the only basis of differentiation.
(iv) Common basis is physical characteristics like river, desert, mountains, climate, soil, natural vegetation etc., and political characteristics like states, districts and cities and cultural characteristics like language, education, etc.

Question 2.
Here is the list of regions. Classify them into formal and functional regions. (Textbook Page No. 68)
Ujani Dam catchment area, area served by Pune Municipal Transport (PMT), area served by Citi Cable Service, Uttar Pradesh, District Kolhapur, Taluka Haveli, rice producing region of Konkan, Black cotton soil region of India, areas served by local trains of Mumbai, area served by a Primary Health Centre
Answer:

Formal Regions	Functional Regions
(i) Uttar Pradesh	Ujani Dam catchment area
(ii) District Kolhapur	Area served by Pune Municipal Transport (PMT)
(iii) Taluka Haveli	Area served by Citi Cable Service
(iv) Rice producing region of Konkan	Area served by local trains of Mumbai
(v) Black cotton soil region of India	Area served by a Primary Health Centre

Question 3.
In the following table, regions are given. At the same time, some geographical factors and effects are also given. Complete the table 7.3 accordingly, with the help of solved examples. (Textbook Page No. 69 & 70)
Answer:

Region	Geographical factors	Effects on the region
Nile River basin	Deep and fertile soil, Sufficient water supply by river, Gently sloping land	Agricultural Development, Development of Industries, Hydro-electricity project, Irrigation etc.
Canada, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Northern part of Russia	Coniferous forest areas.	Lumbering, Paper and pulp Industry, Furniture manufacturing industry, Saw mills, Deforestation, Landslides Flooding
Japan	Island location, Low mineral resources, Narrow geographical extent	Fishing, Development of trade, Industrial development, Hydel power projects
Indonesia	Malaysia Fertile volcanic soil, Beautiful scenery	Agricultural development, Trade, Tourism

Question 4.
Look at the land use of the following regions in Table 7.5 and answer the questions that follow: (Textbook Page No. 72)
(i) What does the table show?
(ii) Which region has the highest land use under agriculture?
(iii) Which region has the highest GDP?
(iv) Which country (region) has more land use under forest?
(v) Which region has the highest land use under category ‘other land’? What’s its GDP?
(vi) Write your conclusion in few sentences.
Answer:
(i) The table shows land use in different regions.
(ii) The region C has the highest land use under agriculture.
(iii) The region I has the highest GDP.
(iv) The country (region) K has more land use under forest.
(iv) The region G has the highest land use under category ‘other land’. Its GDP is 1391.5 billion dollars.
(v) The region I is having highest GDP in which there is 50% arable land, it means agriculture must be major activity.

The region A is having lowest GDP where land under permanent meadows and pastures is highest. It means there is limited development of agricultural activities.

It is surprising, region F where arable land is highest in percentage even then GDP is comparatively low, because the land under permanent crop is very less.

In region K, GDP is 5747.49 and land under forest is 66%. It must be because the development of lumbering activities and forest-based industries is greater.

The region G has the highest area under other land use (95.6%) and GDP 1391.25. This region must have developed activities other than agriculture and forestry.

Use your brain power!

Question 1.
Can you tell what the identifying characteristic in the following regions?
(i) Pune Metropolitan Region
(ii) Nagpur hub
(iii) Dal Lake in Srinagar
(iv) Alleppey tourism centre
Answer:
(i) Pune Metropolitan Region – Functional region – Administration
(ii) Nagpur hub – Functional region – Industrial complex
(iii) Dal Lake in Srinagar – Functional region – Tourism
(iv) Alleppey tourism centre – Functional region – Tourism

Question 2.
(i) Identify your formal region.
(ii) Can you identify and demarcate your own functional region?
(iii) Which one is larger? (Textbook Page No. 68)
Answer:
(i) Maharashtra State
(ii) Yes, I can identify my functional region as government milk centre or D-mart departmental store.
(iii) Area served by D-mart departmental store is larger than the government milk centre.

Can you tell?

Question 1.
Read the table and answer the questions that follow. (Textbook Page No. 69)

(i) In which region do you think there are more resources available?
(ii) In which region do you think people are richer?
(iii) In which region do you think people may be happier? Why?
(iv) Do you think the given indicators or factors are enough to decide the standard of living of the people in the region?
(v) In which region would you like to stay? Why?
Answer:
(i) I think in region A more resources are available.
(ii) I think in region A people are richer.
(iii) People may be happier in region A because of higher per capita income, less population below poverty line, more urbanisation, more net sown area under irrigation.
(iv) I do not think the given indicator or factors are enough to decide the standard of living because other important factors like literacy rate, enrolment ratio / dropout ratio, sex ratio, crime rate etc., are not taken into consideration
(v) I will like to stay in region A because in this region per capita income is high, population below poverty line is low, percentage of urbanisation is highest, net sown and irrigated area is highest.

Question 2.
(i) Looking at the five stages of demographic transition theory, countries in which stage do you think, will be called developed?
(ii) Having looked at the various shapes of pyramids, which pyramid will represent a developed country? (Fig 2.1, Textbook Page No. 12)
(iii) After having answered both the questions above, what can you comment upon the role of population in regional development? (Textbook Page No. 70)
Answer:
(i) Countries in stage 4 and 5 will be called developed for e.g., USA, Sweden, Finland.
(ii) The pyramid (C) will represent a developed country.
(iii) The role of population in the regional development of any country is very important as man is a human resource. Quality of human resources is very important, which depends upon birth rate, death rate, expectancy of life, literacy ratio, male female ratio, mortality rate, etc.

A country having to qualitatively better population will help in the regional development of that country. For example, qualitatively population of the USA is better than population of India and hence, in USA there is better regional development than India.

Think about it

Question 1.
(i) Does development mean maximum utilisation of resources?
(ii) Does development consider environment as an indicator?
(iii) Can a region be called developed if it has sparse population or no population? (Textbook Page No. 69)
Answer:
(i) Development does not mean maximum utilisation of resources. Development of a region is the function of its resources and its population. There are many factors which affect the development of a region. For the holistic development of regions, skilled human resources and optimum utilisation of natural resources is necessary.

(ii) We must consider the environment as an indicator of development. Development at the cost of the environment is not real development. Since we ignore the environment while developing economy in the past 50 years, we are now suffering by many environment problems like global warming, etc.

(iii) Population is one of the most important factors in development. If there is sparse population or no population, then there will be shortage of man-power and resources will remain unutilized and therefore, quantity and quality of human resources is very important in the process of development.

Give it try

Question 1.
Draw a conclusion on the basis of the data given in table 7.4. Use Spearman’s Rank Correlation, find the correlation between the two variables. What can you comment about the development in this region? (Textbook Page No. 71)

Answer:

X₁ Percentage of malnourished children about to enter school.
Y₁ Government expenditure on education (% of total budget)
R₁ = Rank – 1, R₂ = Rank – 2, n = 8
Rank correlation R = 1 – \(\frac {6Σ(R_1-R_2)^2}{n(n^2-1)}\)
= 1 – \(\frac {6×104}{8(64-1)}\)
= 1 – \(\frac {624}{8(63)}\)
= 1 – \(\frac {624}{504}\)
= 1 – 1.24
= -0.24

The correlation between the percentage of malnourished children about to enter school and government expenditure on education is -0.24.
This value is very near to zero, which means no correlation. Hence, it is very slightly a negative correlation.

It means where the percentage of malnourished children about to enter school is more, the government expenditure on education is less e.g., in E region percentage of children is 31.7% but the expenditure is 4.09% and in C region percentage of children is only 3.4% but the expenditure is 7.10% (highest).

Considering the fact, we cannot consider this as well developed. There is no logical sequence in distribution of government expenditure on education. It is necessary that government authorities should take into consideration actual status of the region, need of the region before releasing grant to that region. This will surely help in proper allocation of the funds and overall development of the region.

Question 2.
Go through the fig. 7.2 and write two sentences on each factor. Tell how they will help in reducing regional imbalance. Also add some more to the list, if necessary. (Textbook Page No. 73)
Answer:
No country, in the world is having uniform regional development and thus, there is regional imbalance in development. Hence, a country must have a regional imbalance reduction strategy. Regional imbalance can be reverted through provision of public/services to backward areas by providing drinking water, education facilities and electricity to all.

It can also be reverted by making provision of infrastructure stimulus by allotment of special funds, development of special skills, good governance, support to infrastructural project and policy review and reform.

Question 1.
Look at the following data and answer the questions that follow: (Textbook Page No. 72)

(i) In which region is contribution of primary activities the least?
(ii) In which region is the contribution of primary activities the most?
(iii) In which region the contribution of tertiary activities is the most?
(iv) Which region has the highest HDI?
(v) Can you draw a conclusion on basis of the answers from Q (i) to Q (iv)?
Answer:
(i) In region A, the contribution of primary activities is the least.
(ii) In region E, the contribution of primary activities is the most.
(iii) In region B, the contribution of tertiary activities is the most.
(iv) In region A, there is highest HDI.
(v) We can conclude by saying that Human Development Index is high in countries where contribution of secondary and tertiary sector to GDP is high compared to the contribution of primary sector to GDP.

Region A, B, C and D have more than 30% contribution of secondary sector to GDP and more than 60% contribution of tertiary sector to GDP, it means these regions are developed regions.

The contribution of primary sector to GDP in region E is more but the contribution from secondary and tertiary sector is less compared to other regions, so region E is in the developing stage.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Geography Solutions Chapter 6 Tertiary Economic Activities Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Geography Solutions Chapter 6 Tertiary Economic Activities

1. Complete the Chain

Question 1.

A	B	C
(1) Matheran	(1) Tea	(1) Communication
(2) GPS	(2) Atlantic Ocean	(2) Tertiary Activity
(3) Sri Lanka	(3) Satellite	(3) Export
(4) Panama Canal	(4) Tourism	(4) Pacific Ocean

Answer:

A	B	C
(1) Matheran	(1) Tourism	(1) Tertiary Activity
(2) GPS	(2) Satellite	(2) Communication
(3) Sri Lanka	(3) Tea	(3) Export
(4) Panama Canal	(4) Atlantic Ocean	(4) Pacific Ocean

2. Choose the correct option.

Question 1.
Tertiary activities include
(a) Use of natural resources
(b) Finished product
(c) Raw material
(d) Transportation
Answer:
(d) Transportation

Question 2.
Natural ports
(a) Kochi
(b) JNPT
(c) Delhi International Terminal
(d) Nagpur Cargo Hub (MIHAN)
Answer:
(a) Kochi

Question 3.
Trans-Australian Railway connects
(a) Perth – Sydney
(b) Perth – Vladivostok
(c) Sydney – Vancouver
(d) Vancouver – Vladivostok
Answer:
(b) Perth – Vladivostok

3. Give geographical reasons.

Question 1.
Tertiary activities include both services and exchapge.
Answer:

• Transportation, communication, trade and commerce are the main tertiary activities.
• Road, rail and airways are the important modes of transportation, which help in exchange of goods and services. Therefore, it is a service activity.
• Transportation provides facilities for the movement of goods from areas of surplus to areas of scarcity produced in primary and secondary activities.
• Credit facilities, banking facilities, marketing are also tertiary activities, they provide services to people.
• Postal services, shopkeepers, vegetable sellers, fruit sellers, etc., are also included in service activities.

Question 2.
The proportion of airways as means of transportation is increasing.
Answer:

• Air transport is an important enabler to achieve economic growth and development.
• In the global world, there is exchange of goods between countries. Therefore, there is more use of air transport to carry perishable, valuable and light goods from surplus areas to scarcity areas.
• It facilitates integration into global economy and provides vital connectivity on a national, regional and international scale.
• Nowadays tourism is the fastest growing industry; air transport is more used for international tourism.
• Therefore, the proportion of airways as means of transportation is increasing.

Question 3.
Geographical diversity is responsible for trade to occur.
Answer:

• The geographical diversity is the set of physical, human and cultural elements differentiated from each other that converge in the relatively small geographic space that is part of the same zone, region or country.
• If you take into consideration natural regions of the world, each region is different from another.
• The natural resource available in one country will be different from the ones available in different regions.
• There is variation in climate, soil, minerals, forest, relief, water supply etc.
• Depending upon the availability of geographical factors, there is specialisation of certain economic activities in certain areas and there is trade from surplus areas to scarcity areas. For example, in one region, plenty of oil is available while in another region no oil reserves are available.
• This variation in distribution of oil will be responsible for the development of trade between oil rich and oil poor countries.
• Thus, geographical diversity is responsible for trade to occur.

4. Write short notes on.

Question 1.
Importance of satellite as means of communication.
Answer:

• A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunication signals via. transponder.
• Communications satellites are used for television, telephone, radio, internet and military applications.
• The information about physical and human factors is obtained from satellite communication.
• Satellite communication is used in remote islands, in some countries and continents where landline telecommunication is rare or not available.
• As television becomes the main market, its demand for satellite communication becomes very important.
• Satellites are also used for internet communication, military communications, etc.
• Thus, importance of satellite as means of communication is increasing.

Question 2.
Role of transportation in trade.
Answer:

• Transport support trade and industry in carrying raw material to the place of production and distribution of finished products for consumption.
• Transport means to make goods available to consumers.
• Transport makes possible movement of goods from one place to another with great ease and speed.
• Trade means exchange of goods and services. In trade there is movement of goods from surplus areas to scarcity areas. The movement of goods is possible only because of transport.
• In other words, without the help of transport development of trade is not possible.
• Thus, transport plays an important role in economic development and globalisation of trade.

Question 3.
Tourism and GDP.
Answer:

• Tourism is vital for the success of many economies around the world.
• Tourism boosts the revenue of the economy, creates thousands of jobs and develops the infrastructures of the country.
• It also creates jobs in agriculture, communication, health and educational sectors.
• The government that depends on tourism, invests a lot in the infrastructure of the country. They construct new roads and highways, develop parks, improve public places, and set up airports, etc.
• With augmenting facilities, more and more tourists are attracted in such countries, thus, there is boosting of the GDP.

5. Differentiate between.

Question 1.
Secondary Economic Activities and Tertiary Economic Activities
Answer:

Secondary Economic Activities	Tertiary Economic Activities
(i) Secondary activities are concerned with activities adding value to already existing products from primary activities.	(i) Tertiary activities are concerned with providing services rather than providing material goods.
(ii) Development of secondary activities depends upon the production of resources in primary activities.	(ii) Development of tertiary activities depends upon the development of secondary activities.
(iii) Manufacturing and construction are important secondary activities.	(iii) Trade, transport communication, banking, insurance, etc., are tertiary activities.
(iv) Secondary activities produce goods and commodities.	(iv) Tertiary activities help reach these goods and commodities to the consumers.
(v) Secondary activities may be away from the market and settlement.	(v) Tertiary activities are always near the market and settlement.

Question 2.
Quaternary Activities and Quinary Activities
Answer:

Quaternary Activities	Quinary Activities
(i) Quaternary activities refer to those activities where the task is to think, research and develop ideas.	(i) Quinary activities involve work related to administration.
(ii) Confined to research, training and education.	(ii) Confined to the highest-level decision taking and policy making.
(iii) Software developers, statisticians, hospital  staff, teachers, financial planners tax consultants, people working in theatres, etc., comes under quaternary activities.	(iii) Senior business executives, government officials, scientists, judges, etc., comes under quinary activities.

Question 3.
Waterways and Airways
Answer:

Waterways	Airways
(i) Development of water transport needs courted area with broken coastlines.	(i) Development of airways needs favourable climate, advance technology and plain land for airports.
(ii) This is the cheapest mode of transport.	(ii) This is an expensive mode of transport.
(iii) Heavy and bulky goods are transported, e.g., minerals, oil, coal, machinery, etc.	(iii) Light, perishable and expensive goods are transported, e.g., electronic goods, gold, silver, fish, dairy products, etc.
(iv) Slow mode of transportation.	(iv) Fast mode of transportation.
(v) More used for goods transport than passengers’ transport	(v) More used for passengers’ transport than for goods transport.

6. Answer in Detail

Question 1.
Explain the factors affecting trade between two countries.
Answer:
Trade refers to transfer of goods or services from one person to another or from one country to another. Factors which affect the trade are natural resources, climate, population, culture, economic cost, specialization, etc.

Natural resources : Distribution of natural resources is uneven. The natural resources available in one country differs from another. Because of this uneven distribution of resource, there is trade between resources surplus and resource deficit.

Climate : Climate mainly affects the plants and animals in a region. In the areas of different climate, there are different types of plants and animals. Example, in the tropical countries like Sri Lanka whose major export is tea or Malaysia and Indonesia, whose major export is rubber. This occurs naturally because of favourable climate for growing tea and rubber plants in these countries.

Population : Population size, distribution and density are different in different countries. This leads to difference in production and consumption and hence trade occurs.

Standard of living can also determine the demand for various goods and services. The country with less population depends more on trade because fewer human resources is engaged in production of goods.

Culture : Some countries are known for their specific art and craft, based on their culture, specific production of goods which have worldwide market, for e.g., Kashmiri shawls or Iranian carpets.

Economic Cost : Cost of production is the major factor in the process of production. It is cheaper to import certain goods than producing it in the country itself. For example, it is cheaper to import tea from India and Sri Lanka than producing it in England.

Specialisation : Due extremely favourable factors of production, some countries have specialisation for certain goods and they have name and fame in the world market, so they develop export trade. For example, watches of Switzerland or electronic goods of Japan or tender beef of Argentina.

Government Policy: Government policy about export or import affects trade. For example, Government may increase import duties of some goods, to encourage people to buy domestic goods. Thus, import trade of those goods goes down.

Question 2.
Development of transportation is dependent on geographical factors. Explain.
Answer:

• Various geographical factors affect the development of transport.
• Relief, climate and location are the three most important factors that affect the development of transportation.
• It is easier to build roadways and railways in plain areas.
• Dense forests, hilly and mountainous regions affect the construction of roads and railways, in Africa and South America.
• Coastal location with broken coast lines is favourable for development of ports and harbours.
• For the development of airways; favourable climate and plain region for construction of airports are essential.
• Foggy and smoggy weather and high peaks will be obstacles for the development of air transport.

Question 3.
Why is transportation system important in the development of any nation?
Answer:

• Transportation plays important role in rapid economic growth of a nation.
• The introduction of railways has been historically the most important and powerful single factor in the process of economic development of industrial nations of the world like USA, France, Germany, Japan, etc.
• The significance of transportation in economic activity is found in its effects on both human wants and satisfaction of wants through production and distribution of goods.
• Transportation increases the quality and variety of consumer goods, thereby stimulating the demand and development of trade and economy of the nation.
• Transport provides various employment opportunities and boosts up the economy of the country. For example, many people got employment in construction work of Metro rail track.

Question 4.
Tertiary activities are expanding day-by-day. Explain the statement.
Answer:

• Tertiary activities act as the link between primary and secondary activities.
• These activities are mostly in the form of services.
• Tertiary activities include transport and communication, trade, loading and unloading of goods, banking, insurance, marketing, export, etc.
• Providing public services like hospital, education, research and development, administration, etc., are also included in tertiary activities.
• With increasing industrialisation population growth and trade, number of people working in banking, insurance, tax consultants, software developers, teachers, etc., went on expanding day by day.

7. On an outline map of the world, show the following with the help of suitable index

(1) A canal bringing radical changes in sea transport.
(2) Railway connecting two continents.
(3) An international airport in India.
(4) An important port in India.
Answer:

8. Read the given passage and answer the following questions

Careful planning and implementation is necessary for economic development of any country. In the tourism sector the need for planned development is of great importance. It involves many industries working together in a complex way and needs special attention. Planning basically tries to allot limited resources between various competitors with a view to maximize output, income and employment and to make sure different sectors have fair growth. Tourism planning is a process through which the set goals can be achieved and the various choices linked to tourism development can be addressed. It is a long term and constant process of preparing, upgrading and improving a destination for tourist.

Communities are the basic elements of tourism. It mainly depends upon the level of acceptance shown by local communities. In the process of planning their involvement is essential. The development of tourism creates impact on mainly environment, socio-culture and economy of the host community at any destination. These impacts produce both negative as well as positive impacts. Planning is necessary to reduce the negative impact and boost the positive impact for sustainable development of a destination.

Question 1.
Why does the tourism sector need planning?
Answer:
Plan development in the tourist sector is of great importance, since it involves many industries working together in a complex and hence special attention.

Planning will help to allot limited resources between various competitors with view to maximise output, income and-employment.

Question 2.
What is the importance of communities in planning?
Answer:

• In the process of planning communities are basic elements of tourism.
• It mainly depends upon level of acceptance shown by local communities.
• In the process of planning their involvement is necessary and therefore, community planning is necessary.

Question 3.
Explain any two benefits of planning.
Answer:
Planning reduces the negative impact and boosts the positive impact for sustainable development of a destination.

Question 4.
What factors affect the economy of the host community?
Answer:
The development of tourism creates impact on mainly environment socio-culture and economy and economy of host community at any destination.

Question 5.
Why planning is a long-term task?
Answer:
Planning is a long-term task because planning is a constant process of preparing, upgrading and improving a destination for tourists.

Class 12 Geography Chapter 6 Tertiary Economic Activities Intext Questions and Answers

Think about it.

Read the following comprehension and answer the questions that follow:

There are three friends from different back-grounds. They decided to become entrepreneurs after graduating from the same college. Rohit is a farmer’s son. He pursued his bachelor degree in the Arts faculty. He was thinking of continuing his father’s profession but at a different level. He wanted to grow export-quality agricultural products in his two acres of farmland.

Sejal is the daughter of a businessman. They produce and sell bakery products on a wholesale basis. She has passed her degree in Science. She wants to become an entrepreneur in Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) products. Asif is a son of a small hotel owner. He has passed his graduation in Event Management. He wants to start his own company of Event Management.

After graduating with good grades, they decided to help each other and begin their careers. Rohit, Sejal and Asif tried to find out information about haw to start their businesses. They tried to get maximum information regarding their businesses. They wanted to plan, organise and then establish their start¬ups. During this period, they found information regarding their businesses.

Rohit found out that he will have to do major changes in his farmland to grow export-quality products like lily, orchid flowers and fruits like kiwis, dragon fruits, etc. He will have to maintain moisture and temperature in the air. He will also need to use special fertilizers to maintain the soil’s pH value.

He also came to know that he has to take help of the Agricultural officer from the same Taluka. More importantly, he has to take out a licence to establish a business. He also got to know that he will need an account which can be used for foreign transactions. He also got information from where, he would get saplings for the export-quality products. He came to know that, these flowers are in great demand in Gulf countries and they give high returns too. As these countries are within the reach of an hour or two by air, the flowers can remain fresh and retain their quality. He also decided to visit few vendors from these countries to directly setup his business.

Sejal realised that toothpaste is a product which is required daily by the people. Since her background was from Science, she decided to derive an advanced formula which will be good for dental health. She also took help from a cousin brother from the Pharmaceutical industry.

She came to know that she needed the following things to set up the industrial unit:

• Machinery and labour force to work in the plant.
• Land for setting up the plant.
• NOC from competent authorities before taking the product to the market.
• Other licenses like NOC from fire service department.
• Industries that will give tubes to fill ready toothpaste and cartons to wrap the product.
• Appoint an advertising agency to promote the product.

She was reluctant for this start-up since it required land and a large capital investment. But she felt relieved that due to the Government’s Start-up schemes, she can get subsidised loan. Her father helped her solve her land problem. He had a small piece of land near her town which was sufficient for this purpose. He arranged for other basic amenities like water, electricity, etc. which are required for an industry. He leased out that plot to Sejal.

Asif realised that he mainly needed services and labour for his start-up, which he can arrange by hiring them from various agencies like caterers, florists, hall owners, band players, sound systems, etc. He also understood how to take permission from various competent authorities to arrange various events. He realised that it will be good if he opens up an office to start his business in the market. To advertise his start up, he got a brochure designed and printed visiting cards for marketing his services.

After planning for a year, all the friends started their entrepreneurship in their respective businesses. As their businesses have been established as per their likings; they are enjoying their work. Their businesses are now their passions.

Question 1.
What do you understand by the term competent authorities?
Answer:
A competent authority is a person or organization that has the legally delegated or invested authority, capacity or power to perform a designated function.

Question 2.
In which types of economic activities are the children in the story engaged?
Answer:
Children in the story are engaged in the following economic activities:

• Rohit – primary activity
• Sejal – tertiary activity
• Asif – tertiary activity

Question 3.
While being occupied in their type of economic activity, which other activities they interact with?
Answer:
Rohit, Sejal and Asif interacted with the following activities for the development of their activities. Agriculture officer, vendors, pharmacist, competent authorities, service department, advertising agency, caterers, florists, hall owners, band players, sound system provider, brochure designer, etc.

Question 4.
Classify all the economic activities you come across in the passage.
Answer:
All economic activities we came across are basically tertiary economic activities. However, we can divide these tertiary economic activities in two groups
(i) Quaternary economic activities : Advertising agency, caterers, florists, hall owners, band players, sound system provider and brochure designer, etc.

(ii) Quinary economic activities : Agriculture officer, pharmacists, competent authority, fire service department, etc.

Use your brain power!

Question 1.
Do tertiary activities involve only services? (Textbook Page No. 56)
Answer:
Yes, tertiary activities involve only services to businessmen and people.

Question 2.
Can there be products in tertiary activities? (Textbook Page No. 56)
Answer:
There cannot be products in tertiary activities; they only provide services for distribution of primary and secondary products to consumers.

Question 3.
Given below are the countries which are least dependent on tourism. Locate these countries on a map. Explain the geographical factors which are responsible for non¬development of tourism in these countries. (Textbook Page No. 62)

Country	Contribution of Tourism to GDP (%) (2018)
Democratic Republic of the Congo	0.66
Papua New Guinea	0.66
Uzbekistan	0.93
Moldova	0.96
Gabon	1.02

Tourism is not developed in these countries because of unfavourable physical factors such as climate, relief, location, dense forest, etc.

In Gabon, Papua New Guinea and in Democratic Republic of the Congo, there is equatorial type of climate, dense forest growth, wet land areas, so there are problems in development of transport facilities and infrastructure. Most of the areas in the country are inaccessible.

The countries of Moldova and Uzbekistan are landlocked countries, there is extreme climate, rainfall is very limited. Due to extreme climate tourists are not interested to visit these countries.

Question 4.
Are maps a means of communication? (Textbook Page No. 63)
Answer:
Yes, maps are means of communication because they provide a lot of information.

Can you tell?

Question 1.
In many economic activities included in tertiary occupations are enlisted. Classify the following economic activities in the following two categories:

1. Activities dependent on geographical factors.
2. Activities not dependent on geographical factors. (Textbook Page No. 56)

Answer:

Question 2.
Make a list of things you use in your daily life. (Textbook Page No. 57)
Answer:
(i) Divide the activities through which they have been obtained into primary, secondary and tertiary. For example, salt is obtained from primary activity.
(ii) Does your list contain any products which have been derived by using either of the activities?
Answer:

Primary Activities	Secondary Activities	Tertiary Activities
Rice	Idli	Newspaper
Wheat	Bread	TV program
Potato	Potato chips	Internet
Tomato	Tomato ketchup	Landline
Sugarcane	Jaggery	Banking services
Chili	Chili powder	Mobile services
Onion	Mixer	Hospitals
Pulses	Washing machine	Theatres
	Fans

(ii) All above products are received from primary, secondary and tertiary activities.

Question 3.
Can intelligence or physical efforts be imported or exported? (Textbook Page No. 61)
Answer:
Yes, intelligence or physical efforts can be imported or exported in the form of intelligent people or skilled people. For example, Saudi Arabia invited many engineers to construct the roads, bridges, flyovers, etc., in their country, therefore there was development of infrastructure in their country.

Question 4.
(i) What are the lists of items mentioned in timeline related to?
(ii) Which means you are aware of?
(iii) Which means do you actually use?
(iv) Which of these are now outdated?
(v) What could be reasons for them getting outdated?
(vi) Can you add more to the list? (Textbook Page No. 62)

Answer:
(i) In the list means of communication are mentioned.
(ii) We are aware of a postman, telegram, telephone, fax, radio, pager, email, mobile, satellite phones.
(iii) We use telephone, radio, mobile, email, satellite phones.
(iv) Coloured smoke, messenger, horsemen/camel man are outdated means of communication
(v) Coloured smoke, messenger, horsemen/camel man are outdated means of communication because of limited speed. They can be operated in limited area and difficult to use as against modern communication system.
(vi) The Internet banking, email, WhatsApp, NEFT, RTGS, etc., are the other means of communication.

Question 5.
Which practicals of geography for Class 11 and Class 12 have you carried out with the help of satellites? (Textbook Page No. 63)
Answer:
Topographical maps of survey of India.

Make friends with maps!

Look at the map in Fig. 6.2 and answer the following questions : (Textbook Page No. 57)

Question 1.
Which means of transportation are shown in the map?
Answer:
Waterways, airways and railways are shown in the map.

Question 2.
Between which continents do you see an overall higher flow of transportation?
Answer:
High flow of transportation is seen between North America and Europe.

Question 3.
Which canals can you see in their waterways? What can be the purpose?
Answer:
We see two canals in waterways: Suez Canal and Panama Canal.
The purpose of construction of Suez Canal is to avoid the long route along Cape of Good Hope in Africa. This canal reduced the distance of travel by thousands of kilometres between Europe and Asia.

The purpose of construction of Panama Canal is to avoid the long distance route between Eastern coastline and Western coastline of North America. This canal provided a short cut to connect two coastlines.

Question 4.
Which two major cities in India are connected internationally through airways?
Answer:
The two major cities in India connected internationally through airways are Delhi and Mumbai.

Question 5.
Which two continents show lesser use of air routes?
Answer:
Africa and South America show lesser use of air routes.

Question 6.
Which two continents show lesser use of rail routes? Why?
Answer:
The continents of Africa and South America have lesser use of rail route because in both the continents physical factors like climate and relief are not favourable for development of rail route. Due to the mountains, hills, dense forest and desert in these areas, the construction and maintenance of the railway line is difficult and expensive.

Question 7.
Which rail route connects two continents?
Answer:
The Trans-Siberian Railway connects two continents i.e., Asia and Europe.

Question 8.
Why do you see a concentration of transportation routes in the southern part of Australia as opposed to northern parts in all the continents?
Answer:
Compared to the northern part of Australia, southern part is having levelled land, equable climate, urbanisation and industrialisation. Therefore, concentration of transport routes is more in the southern part of Australia.

Question 9.
Which continents do not have continuous internal rail routes? Why?
Answer:
South America and Africa do not have continuous internal rail routes because some areas in these continents are densely forested and extensive areas are covered by deserts and mountains.

Try this

Question 1.
Consider the following conditions a, b, and c and answer the questions that follow
(a) There are two countries ‘A’ and ‘B’. ‘A’ produces 500 tonnes of wheat by employing 200 labourers. ‘B’ produces 1,000 tonnes of wheat by employing 300 labourers.
(b) Country ‘C’ produces 300 kg of tea and ‘D’ produces 500 kg of coffee. ‘C’ does not produce coffee and ‘D’ does not produce tea.
(c) Country ‘E’ has expertise in water engineering and agriculture. Country ‘F’ has expertise in metro-making. (Textbook Page No. 59)
(i) Will the trade take place between A and B in condition (a)?
Answer:
No, trade of wheat will not take place in between A and B because both are producing wheat.

Question 2.
Will trade take place between C and D in condition (b)?
Answer:
Yes, trade will take place between C and D in condition (b) because C country produces tea and D country produces coffee. Since they produce different products – tea and coffee, they will exchange their products through trade.

Question 3.
If trade occurs between A and B in condition (a), what does it tell you about the conditions of countries in term of their economy?
Answer:
Firstly, both countries are producing wheat and therefore, if their production of wheat is sufficient for their population, trade will not take place.
Secondly, per capita production of wheat in country A is less than country B. As a result, the cost of production of wheat in country A is more than B country.

Under the above conditions if country B is ready to export wheat to country A, country A will get wheat from B at the lower cost than the production cost in their country and trade in wheat will take place and both countries will be economically benefited and can improve their economy.

Question 4.
If trade occurs between C and D in (b), what does it tell you about the climate of the countries?
Answer:
Country C produces tea and country D produces coffee. So country C can export tea to country D and country D can export coffee to country C and trade will take place between C and D depending upon market for tea and coffee in respective countries.

As far as climate is concerned in both countries there must be tropical climate because cultivation of tea as well as coffee needs same type of climate conditions. Since both crops requires same climate, both can produce tea and coffee too and avoid trade or one can specialize in tea cultivation and another in coffee cultivation and develop trade.

Question 5.
Considering that trade occurs between two countries in condition (c), what does it tell you about the human resources of the countries?
Answer:
Country E has developed technology in water engineering and agriculture. While F has developed technology in construction of the metro. This shows that both countries are technologically advanced and hence their human resources are very rich.

Question 6.
Make a list of factors which affect the trade between any two countries.
Answer:
The various factors which affect the trade area are as follows:

• Difference in natural resources
• Climate
• Population
• Culture
• Economic cost
• Specialisation
• Government policy

Question 7.
The graph shows trade carried from 1980 to 2010 through sea transport. Interpret the graph in your own words. (Textbook Page No. 61)

Answer:
Between 1980 and 2010 transportation in the Atlantic Ocean declined by almost 50%, whereas sea transport in the Pacific Ocean has increased considerably. There is slight growth in the sea transport in Indian Ocean. There is no change in sea transport in Mediterranean Sea during the same period.

Question 8.
See the following two tables and answer the questions given below:
What do the tables shows?
Are the countries in the table same?
Locate them on the world map.
Can you tell, why contribution of tourism is high in these countries in terms of GDP and employment?
Write a concluding paragraph on factors affecting tourism as an occupation in a country. (Textbook Page No. 61)

TABLE 1: Direct Contribution of Travel and Tourism to GDP of some regions (%) (2018)
Maldives	38.92
British Virgin Islands	32.96
Macao	28.01
Aruba	27.64
Seychelles	25.73

TABLE 2 : People engaged in tourism in some regions (%) (2018)
Aruba	29.91
St. Lucia	27.29
The Bahamas	26.49
Macao	26.48
Seychelles	25.35

Answer:
(i) Table 1 shows direct contribution of travel and tourism to GDP of some regions in (%) 2018. Table 2 shows people engaged in tourism in some regions in (%) in 2018.

(ii) Countries shown in the table are island countries.

(iii)

(iv) These are island countries having beautiful beaches and scenery. They provide coastal water sports as well as sea adventure sports facilities to tourists. Naturally large numbers of tourists are attracted and therefore, the contribution of tourists in these countries in terms of GDP and employment is very high.

(v) Today, tourism is one of the fastest growing economic activities in the world. Beautiful natural scenery attracts a large number of tourists. Waterfalls, glaciers, beautiful beaches attract large number of tourists.

Apart from good climate and beautiful scenery, the development of tourism also depends upon the availability of certain amenities for tourists. The tourist centres must be easily accessible. Air transports have revolutionized travel. Roads and railways are other modes of transportation which make tourist places accessible.

Places of tourist interest must provide good accommodation facilities. Five star hotels, ordinary hotels, guest houses, holiday camps, etc., are essential for the overnight stay of tourists.

Question 9.
In Fig. 6.6, five hypothetical countries and some information about their conditions are given. Study them carefully and answer the following questions:

(i) Considering the natural resources available in these countries, which activities will flourish here? (Textbook Page No. 63)
(ii) Between which countries will export-import of goods occur? (Textbook Page No. 63)
(iii) Which tertiary activities will take place here? (Textbook Page No. 64)
(iv) Considering the location of E country, how will it carry out trade with other countries? (Textbook Page No. 64)
(v) Write in your own words the effect of geographical factors on human economic activities in these countries. (Textbook Page No. 64)
Answer:
(i) Agriculture, fishing, trade, lumbering activities will flourish.

(ii) The export-import trade will occur between all countries because all countries have developed different economic activities and have specialisation of different products. They can exchange the goods.

(iii) Transportation, trade, wholesaling, retailing, banking, financial institutes, etc., will develop.

(iv) ‘E’ country is an island country, therefore it can carry trade with other countries by water transport.

(v) Due to availability of natural resources all primary activities are developed in these countries.

• Due to fertile soil, and water supply by river, agriculture is developed. Rice, tea, coffee and fruit crops are grown in most of the countries.
• Due to coastal location, trade & fishing activities are developed in all countries.
• In ‘D’ and ‘E’ countries, due to forest growth lumbering can be developed.
• For transport of primary goods and to carry export-import, tertiary activities like transportation, wholesaling, retailing, banking, etc., will develop.

Find out

Question 1.
Find out, what are these places famous for (Textbook Page No. 61)
(i) Coorg, Yusmarg, Saputara, Ladghar, Milan, Marina beach, Istanbul.
(ii) What is the main economic activity carried here?
(iii) Is there any relationship between their location (geographical) and their economic activities?
Answer:
(i) All places mentioned are places of tourist interest. Coorg, Yusmarg, Saputara are hill stations, Ladghar and Marina are beaches, Milan is world famous fashion centre and Istanbul is a major city and cultural centre in Turkey.
(ii) Main economic activity is tourism at all places.
(iii) Yes, there is relationship between their location and their economic activities. For e.g., Marina and Ladghar are beaches, Coorg and Saputara are hill stations.

Give it a try

Question 1.
Draw a suitable graph for the information given in table 6.1. and write a paragraph interpreting the data. (Textbook Page No. 63)

Answer:

Interpretation of the data and graph.
The data and graph shows contribution of primary, secondary and tertiary sectors in the national income in the year 2018.

We can divide these ten countries, on the basis of persons engaged in primary activities, as less than 5% workers engaged in primary activity and more than 50% workers engaged in tertiary activities.

There are four countries – Denmark, Russia, United Kingdom and USA, where less than 5% workers are engaged in primary activities and there are six countries – Denmark, Russia, United Kingdom, USA and India, where more than 50% workers are engaged in tertiary activities.

In all ten countries, number of workers engaged in secondary activities are in the range of 20% to 30%, except Russia where 43% workers are engaged in secondary activities.

From the above discussion we can draw the conclusion that Kenya, Uganda, Tajikistan, Tanzania are developing countries and Denmark, Russia, USA, United Kingdom, New Zealand are the developed countries.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Political Science Solutions Chapter 6 India and the World Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Political Science Solutions Chapter 6 India and the World

1. (A) Complete the following statements by selecting the appropriate option.

Question 1.
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was the first Prime Minister of
(a) Bangladesh
(b) Pakistan
(c) Iran
(d) Afghanistan
Answer:
(a) Bangladesh

Question 2.
In 1987, India sent a Peacekeeping Force (IPKF) to
(a) Bangladesh
(b) Sri Lanka
(c) Somalia
(d) Vietnam
Answer:
(b) Sri Lanka

(B) Identify the incorrect pair in every set and correct it.

Question 1.
(a) NATO – Europe
(b) ANZUS Africa
(c) SEATO – South East Asia
(d) CENTO – West Asia
Answer:
(c) Sri Lanka – Jayewardene

2. State whether the following statements are true or false with reason.

Question 1.
Myanmar has been a traditional friend of India.
Answer:
This statement is True.

1. India and Myanmar (formerly Burma) have a long historical and cultural relations. In fact, Burma a part of British India from 1824 to 1937.
2. India established diplomatic relations after Myanmar’s independence in 1948. However, Indo- Myanmar ties got strained since India supported pro-democracy movements in Myanmar against the ruling military Junta. Both countries are members of BIMSTEC and cooperate to counteract drug trafficking and insurgent groups like Arakan Army operating in the border areas.

Question 2.
In changing world order of 1990s, the issue of terrorism has been dominant.
Answer:
This statement is True.
1. Terrorism refers to the use of or the threat to use violence with the intention to destabilise the political system, cause economic harm and panic in society towards the attainment of some religious or ideological goals.

2. Post 1900s, terrorism has become a global phenomenon with forms like cross-border terrorism, international terrorism etc., causing widespread destruction e.g., 2001 attack in the USA by Al-Qaeda, attacks in Bali, Kabul, Mumbai, Madrid, etc. Each Country in the world is involved in trying to secure its territory and deal with terrorism e.g., US led ‘War on Terror’.

Question 3.
The Sagarmala project is a more comprehensive road connectivity plan.
Answer:
This statement is False.

1. India has sought to harness it’s 14,500 km of potentially navigable waterways and strategic location on key international maritime trade routes through two compatible programmes viz. Sagarmala and Bharatmala.
2. Sagarmala programme aims to promote port and river transport systems and Bharatmala programme is a comprehensive road connectivity plan.

3. Express your opinion of the following.

Question 1.
India’s role in the Indian Ocean
Answer:
The Indian Ocean is one of the most busy and critical maritime transportation links in the world. The economies of littoral countries depend heavily on ports, shipping and vast natural resources. India’s vast coastline of about 7500 km presents both opportunity and challenge to India in terms of security and foreign perspectives. India’s exclusive economic zone is 2.4 million sq. kms. 90% of our trade by volume and almost all oil imports come through the sea. India is a co-founder of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation in 1997 (IORA).

The main objective of IORA is to promote sustained, balanced development of the Indian Ocean region. India has initiated the Sagarmala and Bharatmala programmes to harness India’s coastline.

4. Answer the following

Question 1.
Write a note on India’s relations with Africa.
Answer:
In the first few decades after independence, India supported the fight against apartheid and provided financial and material aid to liberation struggles in Africa for eg., the AFRICA Fund created at the NAM Summit (Harare)
There are several issues in the context of India-African relations-

1. The India-Africa summit was held in 2015
2. About 24 percent of Indian crude oil imports are sourced from the African continent e.g., ONGC Videsh has invested in Sudan and Egypt
3. About two million people in Eastern and Southern Africa constitute the India diaspora which is considered as an asset by the Indian government
4. Indian industries are interested in offering technological and material services to developing African nations
5. India continues to be one of the military training destination e.g., National Defence Academy, Pune has the ‘Sudan Block’ as a symbol of cooperation between India and Sudan
6. Countries from Somalia to South Africa fall under the India maritime strategic perspective. Hence, cases of terrorism and piracy in Somalian waters have made this region sensitive to Indian concerns.

Question 2.
Briefly Discuss India-China relations.
Answer:
In 1949, the Communist revolution took place in China. India was among the first nations to recognize the People’s Republic of China. In 1954, India and China signed the Panchsheel Agreement and India also recognised Chinese suzerainty on Tibet. The main hindrances in Sino- Indian relations are-

1. 1962 Indo-China war and 2017 Dokhlam skirmish.
2. Border disputes in Aksai Chin and NEFA region.
3. China has been critical of India offering political asylum to the Dalai Lama.
4. Chinese support to Pakistan.
5. India’s apprehensions about China’s Belt and Road Initiative.

On the positive side India-China relationship has improved

1. Agreement on maintenance of peace and tranquility along the LOC.
2. China has become among the largest trading partners of India.
3. India and China are part of BRICS and SCO.
4. In the late 1990s, Russia mooted the idea of a Trilateral Summit of Russia, China, India which was a recognition of India’s status as a major regional power.

5. Answer the following question with reference to the given points.

Question 1.
Explain the factors influencing Indian foreign policy.
(a) Geography
(b) History
(c) International System Economy
(d) Policy
Answer:
Factors Influencing India’s Foreign Policy-
1. Geography – The extensive coastline of the India peninsula and the Himalayan mountain ranges have shaped India’s security and foreign policy. India shares a border with all neighbouring countries of South Asia. It also holds a dominant position in the India Ocean.

2. History – It includes the influence of traditional cultural values, cultural ties as well as values like anti-colonialism which were imbibed during the freedom struggle.

3. Economy – The strong urge to come out of the poverty and economic backwardness created by the colonial period as well as the policy of Non-Alignment shaped India’s foreign policy. India followed democratic socialism through the policy of import-substitution and importance to the public sector Post 1991, after adopting the policy of Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation many changes have occured in the Indian foreign policy.

4. Polity – Political leadership has a significant impact on India’s foreign policy for e.g., Prime Ministers Jawaharlal Nehru, Lai Bahadur Shastri, Indira Gandhi, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Narendra Modi have played a decisive role in determining India’s foreign policy. Ministry of External Affairs and National Security Advisor play an important role in formulating foreign policy.

Activity

Read the speech on Indian Foreign Policy given by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru on All India Radio on 7th September 1946 and discuss it in class.

Class 12 Political Science Chapter 6 India and the World Intext Questions and Answers

Activity (Text Book Page No. 60)

The First Summit Meeting of the Nonaligned countries at Belgrade (1961) finalized the criterion for nonalignment. Find out these criteria.
Answer:
Non-Aligned Movement:
The first summit of Non-Aligned countries was held in September 1961 at Belgrade and attended by representatives of 25 countries. The purpose of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was to help countries keep “national sovereignty, territorial integrity and security in their struggle against imperialism, colonialism, racism and all forms of foreign aggression, occupation, domination or interference as well as against great power and bloc politics”.

The objectives of the Non-Aligned Movement are-

1. To keep the newly independent nations of Asia and Africa away from the rivalry of the two viz. USA and Soviet Union
2. To oppose colonialism, imperialism and racial discrimination.
3. To eliminate all those factors and tendencies in the international arena that could lead to war.
4. To advocate the sovereign equality of all States.
5. To oppose the use of force and nuclear weapons in international disputes.