Category: Class 8

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 8 Marathi Solutions Sulabhbharati Chapter 3 प्रभात Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 8 Marathi Solutions Chapter 3 प्रभात (कविता)

Marathi Sulabhbharti Class 8 Solutions Chapter 3 प्रभात Textbook Questions and Answers

1. खालील प्रश्नांची एका वाक्यात उत्तरे लिहा.

प्रश्न अ.
कवीने वर्णिलेली प्रतिभेची प्रभात कुठे होणार आहे?
उत्तरः
कवीने वर्णिलेली प्रतिभेची प्रभात कला-गुणांच्या क्षितिजावर होणार आहे.

प्रश्न आ.
कविच्या मते व्यक्तित्त्वाच्या प्रयोगशाळेत कोणते गुण रुजतील?
उत्तरः
कविच्या मते व्यक्तित्त्वाच्या प्रयोगशाळेत तत्त्वांचे गुण रुजतील.

प्रश्न इ.
प्रगतीची नवपरिभाषा कोणती?
उत्तर:
नवीन स्वप्ने, नवीन आशा ही प्रगतीची नवपरिभाषा आहे.

2. गोलातील शब्दाचा आधार घेऊन चौकटी पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न 1.
गोलातील शब्दाचा आधार घेऊन चौकटी पूर्ण करा.

उत्तर:

3. कवितेच्या आधारे योग्य पर्याय निवडा.

प्रश्न अ.
कलागुणांच्या क्षितिजावर प्रतिभेची पहाट उगवली, कारण
1. सूर्योदय होऊन सकाळ झाली.
2. नवे युग उजाडले.
3. ज्ञानाचे तेज नव्या युगाच्या नभात पसरले.
4. पक्ष्यांचा चिवचिवाट सुरू झाला.
उत्तरः
कलागुणांच्या क्षितिजावर प्रतिभेची पहाट उगवली, कारण ज्ञानाचे तेज नव्या युगाच्या नभात पसरले.

प्रश्न आ.
कवीच्या मते ‘मानवतेचे युग’ म्हणजे
1. मानवांचे युग.
2. नव्या विचारांचे युग.
3. माणसांच्या प्रगतीचे युग.
4. भेदाभेद नसलेले युग.
उत्तरः
कवीच्या मते ‘मानवतेचे युग’ म्हणजे भेदाभेद नसलेले युग.

4. योग्य जोड्या जुळवा.

प्रश्न 1.

‘अ’ गट	‘ब’ गट
1. नव्या युगाच्या नभात	(अ) व्यक्तित्वाची जडणघडण
2. प्रतिभेची प्रभात	(आ) स्वत:चे अस्तित्व मजबूत करणे
3.  पायाभरणी अस्तित्त्वाची	(इ) नवनिर्मितीची पहाट
4. व्यक्तिमत्त्वाची	(ई) नव्या विचारांच्या क्षेत्रात प्रयोगशाळा

उत्तरः

‘अ’ गट	‘ब’ गट
1. नव्या युगाच्या नभात	(इ) नवनिर्मितीची पहाट
2. प्रतिभेची प्रभात	(ई) नव्या विचारांच्या क्षेत्रात प्रयोगशाळा
3.  पायाभरणी अस्तित्त्वाची	(आ) स्वत:चे अस्तित्व मजबूत करणे
4. व्यक्तिमत्त्वाची	(अ) व्यक्तित्वाची जडणघडण

5. तुमच्या शब्दांत उत्तरे लिहा.

प्रश्न अ.
‘तन सुदृढ’ आणि ‘मन विशाल’ या शब्दसमूहांचा तुम्हाला कळलेला अर्थ लिहा.
उत्तरः
‘कृती 3 : काव्यसौंदर्य’ मधील (1) चे उत्तर पहा.

प्रश्न आ.
तुम्हाला कळलेली कवीची प्रगतीची नवपरिभाषा स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तर:
‘कृती 3 : काव्यसौंदर्य’ मधील (2) चे उत्तर पहा.

प्रश्न इ.
‘मिटवून सारे भेद चला रे मानवतेच्या युगात’ या ओळीचा तुम्हांला कळलेला सरळ अर्थ लिहा.
उत्तर:
‘कृती 3 : काव्यसौंदर्य’ मधील (3) चे उत्तर पहा.

6. कवितेतील यमक जुळणाऱ्या शब्दांच्या जोड्या शोधून लिहा.

प्रश्न 1.
कवितेतील यमक जुळणाऱ्या शब्दांच्या जोड्या शोधून लिहा.
(अ) नभात –
(आ) मनोहर –
(इ) अस्तित्त्वाची –
(ई) युगात –
उत्तर:
(अ) नभात – प्रभात
(आ) मनोहर – सुंदर
(इ) अस्तित्त्वाची – व्यक्तित्वाची
(ई) युगात – प्रभात

खेळूया शब्दांशी.

(अ) खालील शब्दांसाठी कवितेतील शब्द शोधा.

प्रश्न अ.
खालील शब्दांसाठी कवितेतील शब्द शोधा.

उत्तर:
(अ) आकाश – [नभ]
(आ) सुगंध – [सुवास]
(इ) सुंदर – [मनोहर]
(ई) शरीर – [तन]

(आ) विशेष्ये व विशेषणांच्या योग्य जोड्या जुळवा.

प्रश्न आ.

‘अ’ गट	‘ब’ गट
1. भव्य	(अ) मन
2. अमूल्य	(आ) युग
3.  नवे	(इ) शिकवण
4. सुंदर	(ई) पटांगण
5. विशाल	(उ) जग

उत्तरः

‘अ’ गट	‘ब’ गट
1. भव्य	(ई) पटांगण
2. अमूल्य	(इ) शिकवण
3.  नवे	(आ) युग
4. सुंदर	(उ) जग
5. विशाल	(अ) मन

उपक्रम: ‘सुदृढ शरीर’ बनवण्यासाठी खालील मुद्द्यांना अनुसरून माहिती मिळवा व वर्गात त्याचे वाचन करा.
1. व्यायाम
2. सवयी
3. आहार

Marathi Sulabhbharti Class 8 Solutions Chapter 3 प्रभात Important Additional Questions and Answers

पुढील कवितेच्या आधारे दिलेल्या सूचनेनुसार कृती करा.

कृती 1 : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
खालील कृती पूर्ण करा.
उत्तरः
(i) नव्या युगाच्या नभात पसरलेले – [ज्ञानाचे तेज]
(ii) कलागुणांच्या क्षितिजावरती – [प्रतिभेची प्रभात]

प्रश्न 2.
एका वाक्यात उत्तरे लिहा.

प्रश्न i.
प्रतिभेची प्रभात कोणत्या क्षितीजावर उगवली आहे ?
उत्तरः
प्रतिभेची प्रभात कलागुणांच्या क्षितीजावर उगवली आहे.

प्रश्न ii.
या स्पर्धेच्या युगात अमूल्य शिकवण कोणी दिली आहे?
उत्तरः
या स्पर्धेच्या युगात अमूल्य शिकवण गुरुजनांनी दिली आहे.

प्रश्न 3.
रिकाम्या जागी कंसातील योग्य शब्द भरुन कवितेच्या ओळी पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न i.
हे ज्ञानाचे तेज पसरले नव्या युगाच्या ……………………….
(नभात, आकाशात, ढगात, मेघात)
उत्तर:
नभात

प्रश्न ii.
कला गुणांच्या क्षितीजावरती ही प्रतिभेची ………………….
(सकाळ, दुपार, प्रभात, संध्याकाळ)
उत्तर:
प्रभात

प्रश्न 4.
खालील पर्यायांपैकी योग्य पर्यायांची निवड करून कवितेच्या ओळी पूर्ण करा.

प्रश्न i.
गुरुजनांची अमूल्य शिकवण या ………………….
(अ) धकाधकीच्या युगात
(आ) धावपळीच्या युगात
(इ) स्पर्धेच्या युगात
(ई) औक्योगिक युगात
उत्तरः
गुरुजनांची अमूल्य शिकवण या स्पर्धेच्या युगात

प्रश्न ii.
मिटवून सारे भेद चला रे …………………
(अ) स्पर्धेच्या युगात
(आ) मानवतेच्या युगात
(इ) औक्योगिक युगात
(ई) धकाधकीच्या युगात
उत्तर:
मिटवून सारे भेद चला रे मानवतेच्या युगात

प्रश्न 5.
पर्यायी शब्द लिहा.
उत्तरः

कृती 2 : आकलन कृती

प्रश्न 1.
खालील कृती पूर्ण करा.
उत्तरः
i.

ii.

iii.

प्रश्न 2.
खालील अर्थाच्या ओळी कवितेतून शोधून लिहा.

1. नव्या युगाच्या या आकाशात या ज्ञानाचा प्रकाश पसरला आहे.
2. इथे निरंतर प्रत्येकाच्या मनात एक प्रकारचा आपलेपणाचा, प्रेमाचा सुवास पसरला आहे.
3. आपल्यातील सारे भेद मिटवून मानवतेच्या युगात सर्वांनी चालू या.

उत्तरः

1. ‘हे ज्ञानाचे तेज पसरले नव्या युगाच्या नभात’
2. ‘आपुलकीचा सुवास पसरे मनामनांतून इथे निरंतर’
3. ‘मिटवून सारे भेद चला रे मानवतेच्या युगात’

प्रश्न 3.
जोड्या जुळवा.

‘अ’ गट	‘ब’ गट
1. पायाभरणी	(अ) व्यक्तित्वाची
2. प्रयोगशाळा	(आ) तत्त्वांची
3.  रुजवणूक	(इ) अस्तित्त्वाची

उत्तरः

‘अ’ गट	‘ब’ गट
1. पायाभरणी	(इ) अस्तित्त्वाची
2. प्रयोगशाळा	(अ) व्यक्तित्वाची
3.  रुजवणूक	(आ) तत्त्वांची

कृती 3 : काव्यसौंदर्य

प्रश्न 1.
‘तन सुदृढ’ आणि ‘मन विशाल’ या शब्दसमूहांचा तुम्हांला कळलेला अर्थ लिहा.
उत्तरः
स्पर्धेच्या युगात गुरुजनांची अमूल्य शिकवण मिळाल्यामुळे या जगात वावरताना आमच्या अस्तित्त्वाची जाणीव आम्हांला झाली आहे. येथे व्यक्तित्व घडवण्याची प्रयोगशाळा चालविली जाते. त्या प्रयोगशाळेत रोज नवनवीन प्रयोग घडत असतात. आणि त्यामुळेच अशा वातावरणात आमचे तन (शरीर) सुदृढ बनले आहे आणि आमच्या मनाच्या कक्षाही रुंदावल्या आहेत असे मला वाटते.

प्रश्न 2.
तुम्हांला कळलेली कवीची प्रगतीची नवपरिभाषा स्पष्ट करा.
उत्तरः
विज्ञान व तंत्रज्ञानाच्या या युगात आमचे तन सुदृढ झाले आहे. आमच्या मनाने नवीन विचार स्वीकारले असून त्याची कक्षा रुंदावली आहे. येथे नवीन आदर्श, नवीन मूल्य या तत्त्वांची रुजवणूक झाली आहे. ही नव विचारांची धारा आमच्या नसानसांत व रगारगांत वाहते आहे. या सर्व पार्श्वभूमीवर आमच्या मनात नवीन स्वप्ने व नवीन आशा निर्माण होऊ लागल्या आहेत. हीच आमच्या प्रगतीची नवीन परिभाषा आहे असे मला वाटते.

प्रश्न 3.
‘मिटवून सारे भेद चला रे मानवतेच्या युगात’ या ओळीचा तुम्हांला कळलेला सरळ अर्थ लिहा.
उत्तरः
आपल्या समाजाला लागलेली किड म्हणजे ‘भेदभाव’ होय. समाजातील सर्वच ठिकाणी सर्व प्रकारचा भेदभाव पहावयास मिळतो. त्यामुळे आपल्या समाजाची पर्यायाने आपल्या देशाची प्रगती होताना दिसत नाही. माणूस म्हणून घ्यायचे असेल तर समाजातील हा भेदभाव समूळ नष्ट करावा लागेल आणि म्हणून कवी म्हणतात, की परिश्रमाने, अभ्यासाने आपल्या देशाला श्रेष्ठ, प्रगत बनवायचे असेल तर आपण सर्वांनी सारे भेद विसरून मानवतेच्या युगात जायला पाहिजे.

हा मला कळलेला वरील ओळींचा सरळ अर्थ आहे. ‘गुरुजनांची अमूल्य शिकवण या स्पर्धेच्या युगात, कलागुणांच्या क्षितिजावरती ही प्रतिभेची प्रभात’ या ओळींचा तुम्हाला समजलेला अर्थ लिहा. उत्तरः नव्या युगाच्या आश्वासक वातावरणात देशाला प्रगतीपथावर नेण्याच्या नव्या वाटा शोधण्यासाठी येथील गुरुजनांची अमूल्य अशी शिकवण या स्पर्धेच्या युगात महत्त्वाची आहे. अशाप्रकारे कला-गुणांच्या या क्षितीजावरती ही अलौकिक बुद्धिमत्तेची प्रभात झालेली आहे. असा या ओळींचा अर्थ आहे.

प्रश्न 4.
दिलेल्या मुद्द्यांच्या आधारे कवितेसंबंधी पुढील कृती करा.
उत्तरः
1. कवी/कवयित्रीचे नाव – किशोर बळी
2. कवितेचा रचनाप्रकार – स्फूर्ती काव्य
3. कवितेचा काव्यसंग्रह – प्रस्तुत कविता किशोर, फेब्रुवारी 2017 या मासिकातून घेतली आहे.
4. कवितेचा विषय – देशाला प्रगतीपथावर नेण्याच्या नव्या वाटा शोधण्याचे आवाहन कवी या कवितेतून करत आहेत.

5. कवितेतून व्यक्त होणारा भाव –
नव्या युगात गुरूजनांच्या अमूल्य शिकवणूकीतून आमच्या अस्तित्वाची पायाभरणी होते. नवीन मूल्यांची, नवीन तत्त्वांची विचारधारा आमच्या नसानसांत वरगारगांत वाहत आहे. सतत अभ्यास करून आपण आपल्या देशला प्रगतीपथावर नेऊया आणि आपल्यातील सर्वप्रकारचा भेदाभेद विसरून नव्या मानवतेच्या युगात आपण प्रवेश करुयात. असा भाव येथे कवी प्रकट करतात.

6. कवी/कवयित्रीची लेखन वैशिष्ट्ये –
कवीने आपल्या काव्यातून विज्ञान आणि तंत्रज्ञानाच्या या नव्या युगाचे वर्णन करताना तशीच आवाहनात्मक भाषा वापरली आहे. नभात-प्रभात-युगात, मनोहर-सुंदर-निरंतर, युगात-प्रभात-रगारगांत अशा सारख्या यमक जुळवणाऱ्या शब्दांचा वापर करून कवितेत गेयता आणण्याचा प्रयत्न केला आहे. भव्य-पटांगण, अमूल्य-शिकवण, नवे-युग यांसारखी विशेषणे व विशेष्ये यांचा वापर करून कवितेतून त्या-त्या नामांची भव्यता स्पष्ट करण्याचा प्रयत्न केला आहे.

7. मध्यवर्ती कल्पना –
विज्ञान आणि तंत्रज्ञानाच्या या नव्या युगात मुलांपुढे ज्ञानाची नवीनवी दालने खुली होत आहेत. अशा वातावरणात नव्या पिढीला कलागुणांच्या विकासाच्या नव्या संधी त्यांना मिळत आहेत, अशा वातावरणात मुलांच्या विचाराच्या कक्षा रुंदावत आहेत. नवीन स्वप्ने, नवीन आशा हीच आजच्या प्रगतीची परिभाषा आहे. सतत अभ्यास, सतत प्रगती करून देशाला प्रगतीपथावर नेऊन सर्वप्रकारचे भेदाभेद मिटवूया असा भाव या कवितेतून कवीने व्यक्त केला आहे.

8. कवितेतून व्यक्त होणारा विचार –
विज्ञान आणि तंत्रज्ञानाच्या या नव्या युगात ज्ञानाची नवीनवी दालने खुली होत आहेत. नव्या पिढीला कलागुणांच्या विकासाच्या नव्या संधी मिळत आहेत. अशा आश्वासक वातावरणात भेदभेद विसरून देशाला प्रगतीपथावर नेण्याच्या नव्या वाटा शोधण्याचे आवाहन कवी या कवितेतून करत आहेत.

9. कवितेतील आवडलेली ओळ –
हे ज्ञानाचे तेज पसरले नव्या युगाच्या नभात कला-गुणांच्या क्षितिजावरती ही प्रतिभेची प्रभात.

10. कविता आवडण्याची व न आवडण्याची कारणे –
आजकालची नवी पिढी ही आधुनिक विचारांनी भारलेली, विज्ञान आणि तंत्रज्ञानाने जगाच्या एक पाऊल पुढे टाकणारी अशी आहे. परंतु या पिढीला कोणत्याही गोष्टीची आत्मीयता दिसत नाही. आदर, मान, सन्मान अशा नैतिक मल्यांचा न्हास होताना दिसत आहे. अशा वातावरणात नव्या पिढीला पुन्हा एकदा ही कविता आपल्या गुरुजनांची शिकवण आठवण्यास भाग पाडते.

आपले मन, व्यक्तीत्व कसे विशाल करावे याचे भान कविता करून देते. नव्या पिढीची नवी स्वप्ने, नव्या आशा पूर्ण करायच्या असतील तर त्याला परिश्रम, अभ्यास करावाच लागेल असे ही कविता सांगते. शेवटी आधुनिक विचाराने भारलेले आपण सारा भेद मिटवून माणूसकी फक्त टिकवून ठेवू असे सांगते. म्हणून ही कविता मला आवडते.

11. कवितेतून मिळणारा संदेश –
विज्ञान आणि तंत्रज्ञानाच्या या नव्या युगात तरुण पिढीला स्वत:मधील कलागुण विकसित करण्यासाठी अनेक नवीन संधी उपलब्ध झाल्या आहेत. आपण आपल्या गुरूजनांचा मान ठेवून, त्यांच्या शिकवणीने पुढे पुढे वाटचाल करत समाजातील हर प्रकारचा भेद नष्ट करत देशाचे भविष्य उज्ज्वल करुया. असा संदेश या कवितेतून आपणास मिळतो.

खालील काव्यपंक्तींचे रसग्रहण करा

प्रश्न 1.
हे ज्ञानाचे तेज पसरले नव्या युगाच्या नभात
कला-गुणांच्या क्षितिजावरती ही प्रतिभेची प्रभात.
उत्तर:
विज्ञान आणि तंत्रज्ञानाच्या या युगात ज्ञानाचा प्रकाश सर्वत्र पसरलेला आहे. अशा या नव्या युगाच्या क्षितिजावरती एका वेगळ्या अलौकिक ज्ञानाची पहाट उगवलेली आहे असे कवीने वेगवेगळ्या अलंकारिक भाषेत प्रगट केलेले दिसते. कवीने येथे निसर्ग व आधुनिक माणूस यांची सांगड घातली आहे.

प्रश्न 2.
भव्य पटांगण, बाग मनोहर
फुला-पाखरांचे जग सुंदर
आपुलकीचा सुवास पसरे
मनामनांतून इथे निरंतर
गुरुजनांची अमूल्य शिकवण या स्पर्धेच्या युगात,
कलागुणांच्या क्षितिजावरती ही प्रतिभेची प्रभात.
उत्तर:
कवी या कडव्यात आपल्या काव्यमय चमत्कृतीपूर्ण रचनेने सृष्टीतील विविध घटकांना वेगवेगळी वैशिष्ट्ये लावत आहेत असे दिसते. सृष्टी म्हणजे त्याला भव्य पटांगण वाटते. तेथील झाडे-झुडपे, शेत-मळे, डोंगर-दन्या त्याला बाग-बगीच्या सारखे वाटतात. या बागेत वावरणारे किटक, फुलपाखरे, पशू-पक्षी यांचे अस्तित्व सुंदर भासते.

येथील सर्व सजीव सृष्टीत आपुलकी, आपलेपणा भरल्यासरखा वाटतो आणि त्याच आपुलकीचा सुवास प्रत्येकाच्या मनामनात सतत आहे असे वाटते. या स्पर्धेच्या युगात गुरूजनांनी दिलेल्या शिकवणीला तो मौल्यवान मानतो.

प्रश्न 3.
पायाभरणी अस्तित्वाची
प्रयोगशाळा व्यक्तित्वाची
तन सुदृढ, मन विशाल होई
इथे रुजवणूक त्या तत्त्वांची
विचारधारा तीच वाहते नसानसांत, रगारगांत,
कलागुणांच्या क्षितिजावरती ही प्रतिभेची प्रभात.
उत्तर:
या कडव्यातून कवीला वीररसाचा प्रत्यय येताना दिसतो. गुरूजनांनी शिकवलेल्या अमूल्य शिकवणूकीतून या सृष्टीत जेव्हा जन्माला आलो तेव्हा त्याची जाणीव होऊन भूतलावरचे आमचे अस्तित्व कसे व किती आहे हे आम्हांला समजले आहे. त्याचबरोबर या सृष्टीच्या शाळेत अनेक नवे-नवे प्रयोग घडत असतात. त्यामुळे आमची जडण – घडण होते असे कवी सांगतात.

या सर्वांमुळे आमचे शरीर सुदृढ व मन विशाल होत आहे असे कवी वर्णन करतात. तसेच जी विचारसरणी आहे, त्याची जी शिकवण आहे ती आमच्या नसानसांत व रगारगांत वाहते असे म्हणून कवीने वीर रसाचे वर्णन केले आहे.

प्रश्न 4.
नवीन स्वप्ने, नवीन आशा
ही प्रगतीची नवपरिभाषा,
परिश्रमाने, अभ्यासाने
उन्नत बनवू आपुल्या देशा.
मिटवून सारे भेद चला रे मानवतेच्या युगात
कलागुणांच्या क्षितिजावरती ही प्रतिभेची प्रभात.
उत्तर:
कवीने या कडव्यातून, आपल्या रचनेच्या माध्यमातून एक आशा व्यक्त केलेली दिसते. प्रस्तुत कवितेत नवीन स्वप्ने, नवीन आशा स्वत:जवळ बाळगून प्रगतीची जी नवी परिभाषा तयार करण्यात आलेली आहे. तिच्यायोगे आपण परिश्रम व अभ्यास करून आपल्या देशाची प्रगती करूया आपल्या देशाची शान वाढवूया.

आपल्या समाजात पसरलेला जो भेद आहे त्याला हद्दपार करून नव्या मानवतेच्या युगात पदार्पण करू असे कवी सांगतात. या वर्णनावरून कवीच्या मनातील आशावाद व राष्ट्रभक्ती हे दोन गुण प्रकर्षाने निदर्शनास येतात.

प्रभात Summary in Marathi

काव्यपरिचय :

विज्ञान आणि तंत्रज्ञानाच्या या नव्या युगात ज्ञानाची नवीनवी दालने खुली होत आहेत. नव्या पिढीला कलागुणांच्या विकासाच्या नव्या संधी मिळत आहेत. अशा आश्वासक वातावरणात भेदभाव विसरून देशाला प्रगतीपथावर नेण्याच्या नव्या वाटा शोधण्याचे आवाहन कवी या कवितेतून करत आहेत.

The modern era of science and technology has opened new ways of knowledge for young generation. The new generation is getting new opportunities to develop their skills. In this promising atmostphere, the poet has asked everyone to forget differences and take our nation towards success.

भावार्थ :

हे ज्ञानाचे तेज पसरले नव्या युगाच्या नभात
कला-गुणांच्या क्षितिजावरती ही प्रतिभेची प्रभात.

हे युग विज्ञान आणि तंत्रज्ञानाचे युग आहे. या नव्या युगात ज्ञानाचा प्रकाश संपूर्ण आकाशात पसरलेला आहे. अशा या युगाच्या क्षितिजावरती कला-गुणांची एका उच्च प्रकारच्या | ज्ञानाची रम्य अशी पहाट उगवलेली आहे.

भव्य पटांगण, बाग मनोहर
फुला-पाखरांचे जग सुंदर
आपुलकीचा सुवास पसरे
मनामनांतून इथे निरंतर.

गुरुजनांची अमूल्य शिकवण या स्पर्धेच्या युगात,
कलागुणांच्या क्षितिजावरती ही प्रतिभेची प्रभात.

फुला-पाखरांनी भरलेल्या अशा या सुंदर जगात भव्य असे पटांगण आहे. सुंदर अशी बाग आहे. येथील प्रत्येकाच्या मनात आपुलकीचा एक सुंदर सुवास निरंतर पसरलेला आहे. येथील गुरुजनांनी दिलेली शिकवण अमूल्य अशीच आहे. त्या शिकवणूकीची किंमत करता येत नाही. अशा प्रकारे या नव्या कला-गुणांनी भरलेल्या युगाच्या क्षितिजावर एक सुंदर अशी अलौकिक बुद्धिमत्ता घेऊन ही पहाट उगवलेली आहे.

पायाभरणी अस्तित्त्वाची
प्रयोगशाळा व्यक्तित्वाची
तन सुदृढ, मन विशाल होई
इथे रुजवणूक त्या तत्त्वांची
विचारधारा तीच वाहते नसानसांत,
रगारगांत, कलागुणांच्या क्षितिजावरती ही प्रतिभेची प्रभात.

या नव्या युगात गुरुजनांच्या अमूल्य शिकवणीतून आमच्या अस्तित्वाची पायाभरणी होते. येथे आमचे व्यक्तित्व घडवण्याची प्रयोगशाळा चालते. अशा वातावरणात आमचे शरीर सुदृढ बनले आहे. मन विशाल होत आहे. आमच्या मनाच्या कक्षा रुंदावत आहेत. अशा वातावरणात आमच्यामध्ये आदर्शाची – मूल्यांची रुजवणूकच होत आहे. याच आदर्शाची – मूल्यांची, नवीन तत्त्वांची विचारधाराआमच्या नसानसांत वरगारगांत वाहत आहे. अशा प्रकारे या नव्या युगात कला-गुणांच्या क्षितिजावर अलौकिक बुद्धिमत्तेची (प्रतिभेची) ही नवी पहाट उगवलेली आहे.

नवीन स्वप्ने, नवीन आशा
ही प्रगतीची नवपरिभाषा,
परिश्रमाने, अभ्यासाने
उन्नत बनवू आपुल्या देशा.
मिटवून सारे भेद चला रे मानवतेच्या युगात
कलागुणांच्या क्षितिजावरती ही प्रतिभेची प्रभात.

या नव्या युगात नवीन स्वप्ने, नवीन आशा हीच आमच्या प्रगतीची नवी परिभाषा (व्याख्या) आहे. परिश्रम (कष्ट) करून, सतत अभ्यास करून आपण आपल्या देशाला प्रगतीपथावर | घेऊन जाऊया. आपल्यातील सर्व प्रकारचे भेदाभेद मिटवून नव्या विचारांच्या नव्या मानवतेच्या युगात प्रवेश करूया. अशा प्रकारे कलागुणांच्या या नव्या युगाच्या क्षितीजावर अलौकिक बुद्धिमत्तेची (प्रतिभेची) ही नवी पहाट उगवलेली आहे.

शब्दार्थ :

1. तेज – प्रकाश – light
2. युग – कालखंड – an era
3. नभ – आकाश, गगन – sky
4. कलागुण – अंगातील कौशल्य – skill
5. प्रतिभा – अलौकिक बुद्धिमत्ता – genius
6. प्रभात – पहाट – dawn
7. भव्य – उत्तुंग, प्रशस्त – grand
8. पटांगण – मोठे आवार, मैदान – a big open space, a courtyard
9. बाग – बगीचा, उदयान – garden
10. मनोहर – मनोवेधक, आकर्षक- attractive, charming
11. आपुलकी – जवळीक, जिव्हाळा, आपलेपणा – affection, attachment
12. सुवास – सुगंध – fragrance
13. निरंतर – अखंड, नेहमी – always
14. अमूल्य – बहुमोल, मौल्यवान – precious
15. तन – शरीर, तनू – body
16. सुदृढ – सशक्त, बळकट – healthy and strong
17. नस – शीर, नाडी – vein
18. रगारगात – पूर्ण शरीरात – in full body
19. नव – नवीन – new
20. परिभाषा – व्याख्या – definition
21. उन्नत – उंच, श्रेष्ठ – raised, eminent

टीप :

क्षितीज – आकाश जेथे जमिनीला टेकल्यासारखे भासते ती वर्तुळकार मर्यादा.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 8 Hindi Solutions Sulabhbharati Chapter 4 गाँव-शहर Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 8 Hindi Solutions Chapter 4 गाँव-शहर

Hindi Sulabhbharti Class 8 Solutions Chapter 4 गाँव-शहर Textbook Questions and Answers

सूचना के अनुसार कृतियाँ करो:

तुलना कीजिए।

Question 1.

Answer:

उचित जोड़ियाँ मिलाइए 

Answer:
१- शहर
२ – गांव

कृति पूर्ण कीजिए।

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

एक शब्द में उत्तर लिखिए।

Question 1.
ठसाठस भरे हुए
Answer:
शहर

Question 2.
पत्ते झरा हुआ वृक्ष
Answer:
पीपल

Question 3.
बदले-से लगते हैं
Answer:
सुर

Question 4.
जहाँ तिल रखने की जगह नहीं हैं
Answer:
शहर

पद्यांश पढ़कर दी गई सूचनाओं के अनुसार कृतियाँ कीजिए।

तुलना कीजिए।

Answer:

एक शब्द में उत्तर लिखिए।

Question 1.
लँगड़ाकर चलने वाली
Answer:
गैया

Question 2.
सड़कों ने खा डाले
Answer:
गैया के खुर

Question 3.
गेहूँ के खेतों में घमाने वाली
Answer:
गिल्ली (गिलहरी)

Question 4.
पद्यांश में प्रयुक्त एक शहर
Answer:
सूरत

भाषाबिंदु

पाठ्यपुस्तक के पाठों से विलोम और समानार्थी शब्द ढूँढकर उनकी सूची बनाइए और उनका अलग-अलग वाक्यों में प्रयोग कीजिए।
Answer:
नीचे समानार्थी और विलोम शब्दों की सूची दी जा रही हैं। विद्यार्थी इनका वाक्यों में प्रयोग स्वयं करेंगे।

उपयोजित लेखन

वृक्ष और पंछी के बीच का संवाद लिखिए ।
Answer:
वृक्ष और पंछी के बीच का संवाद निम्नलिखित रूप में है:

वृक्षः हे पंछी! अब मैं तुम्हें छाँव देने लायक नहीं रहा। मेरे सारे पत्ते झड़ गए हैं। मेरी टहनियों को निष्ठुर मानव ने अपने स्वार्थवश काट डाला है।
पंछी: मैं जानता हूँ वृक्षराज! यह मानव बहुत ही निर्दयी है। आखिर एक दिन उसे अपने किए की सजा जरूर मिलेगी।
वृक्षः नहीं नहीं, हे पंछी! तुम ऐसा मत सोचो। मुझे तो मानव की करतूतों पर तरस आ रहा है।
पंछी: आपके साथ इतना कुछ बुरा होने के बाद भी आप उस मानव के लिए अच्छा ही सोच रहे हैं। यह तो आपकी उदारता है।
वृक्षः सोचूँ नहीं तो क्या करूँ? शहरीकरण की इस प्रक्रिया में उसने तो वन-जंगलों को काटने का काम शुरू कर दिया है।
पंछीः मानव को भविष्य में इसका बहुत ही बड़ा परिणाम भुगतना पड़ेगा।
वृक्षः हाँ, इस बात को मैं जानता हूँ। लेकिन उसे कौन समझाएगा?
पंछीः इस मानव ने तो हमें भी बेघर कर दिया है । मेरे सारे भाई-बहन न जाने कहाँ चले गए हैं?
वृक्षः सच कह रहे हो तुम। यदि इस प्रकार पर्यावरण का विनाश हो रहेगा, तो इस सुंदर धरती का संपूर्ण अस्तित्व खतरे में जाएगा।
पंछी: अब तो मानव को सीख लेनी चाहिए और उसे अत्यधिक संख में वृक्ष लगाने चाहिए।

कल्पना पल्लवन

‘भारतीय संस्कृति के दर्शन देहातों में होते हैं।’ इस तथ्य पर अपने विचार लिखिए।
Answer:
भारतीय संस्कृति में आस्तिक उदारता की भावना पाई जाती है। हमारी संस्कृति अत्यंत विशाल, समृद्ध व प्राचीन है। बड़ों के प्रति आदर व श्रद्धा भारतीय संस्कृति का बहुत ही बड़ा सिद्धांत है। भारत में नदियों व पीपल जैसे वृक्षों तथा सूर्य व अन्य प्राकृतिक देवी-देवताओं की पूजा करने का क्रम शताब्दियों से चला आ रहा है। भारतीय संस्कृति के दर्शन शहरों की अपेक्षा देहातों में होते हैं। स्वयं गांधीजी का यह कथन प्रसिद्ध है ‘यदि किसी विदेशी व्यक्ति को भारतीय संस्कृति का सच्चे अर्थ में दर्शन करना है, तो उसे गाँव की ओर बढ़ना चाहिए।’ सचमुच आज भी हमारे देहातों में पुराणों परंपरा एवं मान्यता को सर्वोच्च स्थान दिया जाता है।

देहातों में आज भी त्योहारों को पारंपरिक पद्धति से मनाया जाता है। देहातों में आज भी खशी के पर्वो पर लोककला एवं लोकगीतों का आयोजन किया जाता है। देहातों में जितना अधिक बल आध्यात्मिकता पर दिया जाता है. उतना शहरों में नहीं। देहातों में रहने वालों का जितना अधिक विश्वास ईश्वर पर होता है; उतना शहर में रहने वालों का नहीं होता। इसलिए कहा गया है कि भारतीय संस्कृति के दर्शन देहातों में होते हैं।

Hindi Sulabhbharti Class 8 Solutions Chapter 4 गाँव-शहर Additional Important Questions and Answers

निम्नलिखित पद्यांशों का भावार्थ लिखिए ।

Question 1.
बदला-बदला ……………. टुकुर-टुकुर।
Answer:
प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ कवि प्रदीप शुक्ल द्वारा लिखित ‘गाँव-शहर’ इस कविता से ली गई हैं। कवि ने गाँव व शहर के जीवन में जमीन आसमान का अंतर महसूस किया है। उसे स्पष्ट करते हुए कवि कहते हैं कि गाँव व शहर का मौसम बिल्कुल बदला-बदला-सा प्रतीत हो रहा है। उनमें भारी परिवर्तन होता दिखलाई दे रहा है। गाँव व शहर का नक्शा बदलता हुआ दिखाई दे रहा है। शहर अपनी आँखें फाड़कर अपने बदलते नए रूप को देख रहा है और साथ में गाँव भी एकटक नजरे गड़ाकर अपने बदलते विरान रूप की ओर देख रहा है।

Question 2.
तिल रखने की. ……………. झरे हुए।
Answer:
प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ कवि प्रदीप शुक्ल द्वारा लिखित ‘गाँव-शहर’ कविता से ली गई हैं। कवि के मतानुसार शहर में भीड़-भाड़ है। वहाँ पर लोगों को रहने के लिए पर्याप्त जगह नहीं है। शहर में इतनी भीड़ है कि वहाँ तिल रखने के लिए भी जगह नहीं है। गाँव में पीपल के पेड़ के पत्ते झर गए हैं।

Question 3.
मेट्रो के खंभे. ………………….. टुकुर-टुकुर।
Answer:
प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ कवि प्रदीप शुक्ल द्वारा लिखित ‘गाँव-शहर’ कविता से ली गई हैं। शहर में मैट्रो के खंभे के नीचे सोकर परमेश्वर नाम का एक व्यक्ति बहुत ही दयनीय स्थिति में रात गुजारता है। एक ओर शहर अपनी आँखें फाड़कर अपने नए रूप को देख रहा है और दूसरी ओर गाँव एकटक नजरे गड़ाकर अपने बदलते रूप को निहार रहा है।

सत्य या असत्य लिखिए।

Question 1.
गाँवों का शहरीकरण हो रहा है।
Answer:
सत्य

Question 2.
शहर के लोग गाँव जाकर नौकरी कर रहे हैं।
Answer:
असत्य

पद्यांश के आधार पर वाक्य पूर्ण कीजिए।

Question 1.
सुरसतिया खेती करने में असमर्थ हैं क्योंकि –
Answer:
सुरसतिया खेती करने में असमर्थ हैं क्योंकि उसके दोनों जवान बेटे नौकरी करने के लिए सूरत गए हैं।

समझकर लिखिए।

Question 1.
पद्यांश में प्रयुक्त एक प्राणी का नाम
Answer:
गिल्ली (गिलहरी)

निम्नलिखित पद्यांशों का भावार्थ लिखिए।

Question 1.
इधर शहर में ……………………. बुकुर-पुकुर।
Answer:
प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ कवि प्रदीप शुक्ल द्वारा लिखित ‘गाँव-शहर’ कविता से ली गई हैं। कवि के मतानुसार शहर की तो बात कुछ और ही है। आँख खुलते ही शहर की दुनिया भागम-भाग में व्यस्त हो जाती है। शहर में सर्वत्र भीड़-भाड़ है। किसी के पास किसी के लिए समय नहीं हैं। वहाँ गाँव में रामदीन नामक (ग्रामीण व्यक्ति) एक किसान रेडियो पर स्टेशन जोह रहा है। वह रेडियो पर स्टेशन मिलने की प्रतीक्षा कर रहा है। उसकी बातें सुनकर कवि का हृदय काँपने लगा है।

Question 2.
सुरसतिया ………… घमाने।
Answer:
प्रस्तुत पंक्तियों कवि प्रदीप शुक्ल द्वारा लिखित ‘गाँव-शहर’ इस कविता से ली गई हैं। गाँव से शहरों की तरफ पलायन हो रहा है। सरस्वती के दोनों लड़के गाँव से सूरत शहर में नौकरी करने के लिए गए हैं। अब सरस्वती के खेत में गिलहरी धूप खाने बैठ गई है। अब उसके खेतों में कोई नहीं जाता क्योंकि उसके दोनों बच्चे शहर गए हैं और उसके खेत यूँ ही परती (बिना जोती-बोई जमीनी) पड़े हुए हैं।

Question 3.
लँगड़ाकर ……………………. टुकुर-टुकुर।
Answer:
प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ कवि प्रदीप शुक्ल द्वारा लिखित ‘गाँव-शहर’ इस कविता से ली गई हैं। कवि के मतानुसार गाँवों का शहरीकरण हो रहा है; कायापलट हो रहा है। परिवर्तन व विकास की होड़ में अब गाँव भी पीछे नहीं रह गए हैं। गाँव से मिट्टी, धूल अब नदारद हो गई है। गाँव में पक्की सड़कों का निर्माण होने लगा है। उन सड़कों पर चलते समय गैया के खुरों को तकलीफ पहुंच रही है। वह लँगड़ाकर चलने लगी है। शहर अपनी आँखें फाड़कर अपने नए रूप को देख रहा है और साथ में गाँव भी एकटक नजरे गड़ाकर अपने बदलते रूप की ओर देख रहा है।

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 8 Science Solutions Chapter 15 Sound Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 8 Science Solutions Chapter 15 Sound

Class 8 Science Chapter 15 Sound Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the blank with appropriate word:

Question a.
The region in a sound wave, with higher pressure and density is called ………….. and that with low pressure and density is called ……….. .
Answer:
The region in a sound wave, with higher pressure and density is called compression and that with low pressure and density is called rarefaction.

Question b.
Medium is …………… for generation of sound.
Answer:
Medium is needed (or necessary) for generation of sound.

Question c.
The total number of compressions and rarefactions produced per second in a sound wave is 1000. The frequency of the sound wave is ………… .
Answer:
The total number of compressions and rarefactions produced per second in a sound wave is 1000. The frequency of the sound wave is 500 Hz.
[Note: Total number: 100. ∴ 500 compressions and 500 rarefactions are produced per second.]

Question d.
Different sound notes have different ………………. .
Answer:
Different sound notes have different frequencies.

Question e.
In a loudspeaker, …………… energy is converted into ………….. energy.
Answer:
In a loudspeaker, mechanical energy is converted into sound energy.

2. Give scientific reasons:

Question a.
It is essential to change the tension in the vocal cords, as we produce different sound notes from our larynx.
Answer:
Different sound notes correspond to different frequencies. The frequency of sound depends on the tension in the vocal cords. Hence, it is essential to change the tension in the vocal cords, as we produce different sound notes our larynx.

Question b.
Astronauts on the moon cannot hear each other directly.
Answer:
Two astronauts on the moon talking to each other directly, will be unable to listen to each other, even if they are very close to each other. The moon does not have atmosphere. Since there is no medium which is necessary for generation and propagation of sound, between the astronauts, direct sound propagation between them is not possible. Therefore, the astronauts use some technology like the one used in our cell-phones to communicate with each other. The waves used in cell-phone do not need any medium for propagation.

Question c.
As the sound wave propagates from one place to the other in air, the air itself is not required to move from one place to the other.
Answer:
Propagation of sound through air occurs due to energy transfer by vibrating air molecules in one region to those in the adjacent region away from the source. The molecules simply vibrate about their mean positions. Hence, the air itself is not required to move from one place to the other.

3. How are different sound notes generated in musical instruments like guitar, which uses strings for sound generation, and flute, which uses blown air for sound generation?

Question a.
How are different sound notes generated in musical instruments like guitar, which uses strings for sound generation, and flute, which uses blown air for sound generation?
Answer:
1. Guitar: It is a string based, flat- backed instrument. It has usually six strings, the strings are plucked or strummed with the fingers or a small piece of plastic, wood, etc. It has a flat sounding board with a circular sound hole in the centre. Also it has a fretted fingerboard. Its frequency range is more than three octaves. The frequency of vibration of the string is changed by changing the tension in the string or changing the vibrating length of the string. As the tension is increased, the frequency increases. As the vibrating length is increased, the frequency decreases. This is how different sound notes are generated.
[Note: The acoustic guitar has hollow body and six or twelve strings while the electric guitar usually has solid body and six strings. The electric bass guitar has four strings.]

2. Flute: It is a wind instrument where air is blown against the edge or rim of the blowing hole. The frequency of the sound produced depends upon the length of the vibrating air column in the tube. The greater the length of the vibrating air column, the less is the frequency of the sound produced. This is how different sound notes are produced. The flute has six or seven or eight holes to generate sounds of different frequencies. Different notes can be generated also by changing the way of air-blowing.

4. How is sound produced in the human larynx and a loudspeaker?

Question a.
How is sound produced in the human larynx and a loudspeaker?
Answer:
1. Sound production in the human larynx:
In the humans, sound is produced in the voice box called the larynx. It is located at the upper end of the windpipe. Two vocal cords (chords) are stretched across it with a narrow slit between them for the passage of air (Fig. 15.5). When the lungs force air through the slit, the cords start vibrating.

The frequency of the sound produced depends upon the length and thickness of the cords, and the tension in the chords. The frequency increases with the increase in tension and the more the length or the thickness of the cord, the less is the frequency. Muscles attached to the cords can make the cords tight (more tension) or loose (less tension).

2. Sound produced in a loudspeaker:
Figure shows the internal construction of a loudspeaker. Here, a coil is wound around a permanent magnet. The conical screen of the loudspeaker is attached to the coil.

When a current is passed through the coil, a magnetic field is produced. Its interaction with the permanent magnet results in the back and forth motion of the coil. The frequency and the amplitude of the motion of the coil depends on the variation in the current through the coil.

As the coil moves, the conical screen also moves back and forth. The vibrations of the screen produce sound waves in air. Very loud sound can be produced by changing the current.
[Note: If you gently touch the vibrating screen, you can feel the vibrations.]

5. Explain the experiment, with0 a neat diagram, to prove the following:
‘Sound needs a material medium for propagation.’

Question a.
Explain the experiment, with0 a neat diagram, to prove the following:
‘Sound needs a material medium for propagation.’
Answer:

Figure shows part of the set up used in this experiment. What is not shown is the electric circuit in which the electric bell is connected. A vacuum tight bell jar contains an electric bell connected to a power supply through the lid of the jar. The jar is placed on a smooth horizontal surface such as that of glass.

Initially the vacuum pump is off and the jar contains air. The circuit containing the bell is completed using the key or the switch so that the bell starts ringing. This can be heard outside the jar.

Then the vacuum pump is switched on so that it starts removing the air from the jar. We find that the level of ringing sound heard goes on decreasing as the quantity of air in the jar becomes less and less.

When the pump is operated for a sufficiently long time interval, the quantity of air in the jar becomes so less that the level of ringing sound becomes very low; sound is hardly audible. But we can see the striker in the bell hitting the gong. By extrapolation, we conclude that sound generation and propagation needs a medium.

6. Match the following:

Question a.

Answer:

Column I	Column II
Human larynx	Vibrations in vocal cords
Loudspeaker	Vibrations of screen
Jaltarang	Vibrations in air column
Tuning fork	Vibrations of metal arms
Sitar	Vibrations in strings

Can you recall?

Question a.
How is sound produced?
Answer:
Sound is produced by the vibrations of an object such as a stretched membrane or a string under tension.

Project:

Question 1.
Take two plastic glasses and tie a thread between them to make a toy phone. Does the voice of your friend reach you through the thread? Take metal wire instead of the thread and also change the length of the thread wire and repeat the activity. Discuss with your friends and teacher about your conclusions.

Question 2.
Take a plastic or tin can or a plastic glass. Remove its bottom. Stretch a piece of rubber balloon across one end and fix it with a rubber band. Put a few grains of say ragi or bajra on the stretched rubber. Now ask your friend to shout ‘Hoorrey ……… Hoorrey ………… ‘ from the open end of the glass. Observe the dancing of the grains up and down. Discuss the reason behind this.

Class 8 Science Chapter 15 Sound Important Questions and Answers

Select the correct option and write the completed statements:

Question 1.
Sound waves cannot travel through a ………… .
(a) solid
(b) liquid
(c) gas
(d) vacuum
Answer:
Sound waves cannot travel through a vacuum.

Question 2.
If the frequency of a sound wave is 512 Hz, the number of rarefactions produced per second is ……………… .
(a) 256
(b) 512
(c) 1024
(d) 128
Answer:
If the frequency of a sound wave is 512 Hz, the number of rarefactions produced per second is 512.

Question 3.
In the experiment to show that a medium is necessary for propagation of sound, as the quantity of air inside the bell jar decreases, the level of ringing sound heard outside ……………… .
(a) increases
(b) decreases
(c) fluctuates randomly
(d) changes at regular intervals
Answer:
In the experiment to show that a medium is necessary for propagation of , sound, as the quantity of air inside the bell jar decreases, the level of ringing sound heard outside decreases.

Find the odd one out and give the reason:

Question 1.
Sound waves, Waves on the surface of water, Waves on a stretched string, Light waves
Answer:
Light waves. Light waves can travel in a vacuum. Other waves need a medium for propagation.

Question 2.
Sitar, Violin, Guitar, Flute.
Answer:
Flute. It is not a string based instrument. Others are string based instruments.

State whether the following statements are True or False. (If a statement is false, correct it and rewrite it.)

Question 1.
If the vibrating length of a stretched string is kept constant and the tension in the string is increased, the frequency of the sound produced increases.
Answer:
True.

Question 2.
In Jaltarang, the frequency of sound produced is independent of the height of the air column inside the glass cup.
Answer:
False. (In Jaltarang, the frequency of sound produced depends on the height of the air column inside the glass cup; the more the height of the air column, the less is the frequency of the sound produced.)

Answer the following questions in one sentence each:

Question 1.
What is sound?
Answer:
Sound is a form of energy which produces sensation of hearing in our ears.

Question 2.
What is vibration?
Answer:
Vibration is a rapid, to and from periodic motion of an object about its mean position.

Question 3.
What is compression?
Answer:
As a sound wave travels through air, the region in which air is at high pressure and high density is called compression.

Question 4.
What is rarefaction?
Answer:
As a sound wave travels through air, the region in which air is at low pressure and low density is called rarefaction.

Question 5.
What is the relation between the frequency of vibration and the vibrating length (or height) of the air column?
Answer:
The greater the vibrating length (or height) of the air column, the less is the frequency of vibration of the column.

Question 6.
For a particular string (given material and radius), what are the factors on which its frequency of vibration depends?
Answer:
For a particular string (given material and radius), the frequency of vibration of the string depends upon its vibrating length and the tension in the string.
[Note: in the above case, frequency is proportional to the square root of the tension and inversely proportional to the length.]

Question 7.
Name an instrument in which a stretched skin is used to produce musical sound.
Answer:
Tabla.

Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Explain the production and propagation of sound in air.
Answer:
Let us consider production of sound by using a tuning fork. A tuning fork is made of a metal. It has a stem and two prongs (Fig). Figure (a) shows the state of air in the absence of propagation sound through it. Equally spaced vertical lines show that the average distance between the air molecules is the same everywhere. It means average pressure and average density in the regions A, B and C are the same.

Suppose the tuning fork is held vertical, its stem is fixed in a stand (not shown in the figure) and its prongs are struck lightly using a light hammer with a piece of rubber at the top. The prongs then start vibrating.
Figure (b) shows what happens when the prongs move away from each other. The air outside the prongs is compressed (layers in the region A). The pressure and density increase in this region.

Figure (c) shows what happens when the prongs move close to each other. The air molecules near the prongs move away from each other resulting in lower pressure and lower density.

This region is called rarefaction. Meanwhile, the compression produced earlier moves forward, i.e., away from the prongs because the air molecules in this region transfer their energy to the air molecules in the region B producing a compression there. The periodic formation of compression and rarefaction results in propagation of sound waves away from the prongs.

Eventually, these sound waves reach our ears, the ear-drum vibrates, and we get a sense of hearing a sound as the specific signals reach the brain.

Use your brain power:

Question a.
If sound waves are generated in air, what moves away from the source? Is it the air itself or the state of compression and rarefaction created in the air?
Answer:
If sound waves are generated in air, the state of compression and rarefaction created in the air moves away from the source.
[Note: The air does not move away from the source because air is elastic and the force due to the tuning fork varies periodically with time.]

Question 2.
Explain the term frequency of a sound wave.
Answer:
Sound travels in the form of waves. A wave consists of cycles of alternate compression and rarefaction. The number of cycles produced in the air (or any other medium) per second is called the frequency of the sound wave. It is expressed in hertz (Hz). 1 hertz = 1 cycle per second or 1 vibration per second or 1 oscillation per second.

[Note: The SI unit of frequency, the hertz, is named in honour of Heinrich Hertz (1857-94), German physicist.]

Question 3.
State the factors on which the frequency of a tuning fork depends.
Answer:
The frequency of a tuning fork depends on the dimensions of the prongs, i.e., length and thickness, and the material used for making the fork.

Try this:

Question a.
Take 6 – 7 glass cups. Arrange them in a line and fill them with water with gradually increasing water level from one end to other. Take a pencil and strike the cups sequentially. The sound generated by each cup will be different. Why is it so?
Use of ICT:
Download videos of Jaltarang from youtube and send them to your friends by email.

Answer:
When a cup is struck, waves are set up in the air column above the water level in the cup. The frequency of the generated wave depends on the height of the air column inside the glass cup. Since the water level in each glass is different, the height of the air column in each glass is also different. Therefore, the frequency of sound generated by each glass cup will also be different. So, the sound generated is different.

Question b.
An ‘app’ for measurement of sound frequency may be available on cellphones. With the help of your teacher, use the app to measure the frequency of the sound generated from each glass cup. Do you observe any relation between the frequency of generated sound and the height of the air column in the glass cup?
Answer:
Yes. The greater the height of the air column in the glass cup, the less is the frequency of the sound produced.

Question c.
This is your simple ‘Jaltarang’! Can this experiment be performed with stainless steel pots of different size?
Answer:
Do it. See what happens as the stainless steel pot itself starts vibrating producing a sound. Also see how this sound is damped by water.

Do you know?

Question a.
What are the frequencies of musical notes ‘sa’, ’re’, ‘ga’, ‘ma’, ‘pa’, ‘dha’, ‘ni’ in the ‘madhya saptak’?
Answer:

[Note: The diatonic scale:


Such a simple fraction is pleasing to the ear and is called a musical interval. Frequency ratios 2 : 1, 3 : 2, 4 : 3 are examples of musical interval.

Observe and discuss:

Question 1.
Identify the instruments and discuss sound production in them. [Students should see these musical instruments.]

Answer:

1. Sitar
2. Shehnai
3. Flute
4. Tabla
5. Santoor
6. Bugle
7. Mandoline or Mandolin
8. Saxophone.

Question i.
Sitar, Santoor and Mandoline or mandoline (String instruments):
Answer:
Vibrating strings produce the sound. The greater the tension in the string, the higher is the frequency of the sound. The greater the vibrating length and the diameter of the string, the lower is the frequency of the sound.

Question ii.
Flute, Saxophone and Shehnai (Wind instruments):
Answer:
Vibrating air column produces the sound. The greater the length of the column, the lower is the frequency of the sound.

Question iii.
Tabla (Percussion instrument):
Answer:
Vibrating skin produces the sound. The greater the tension in the skin, the higher is the frequency of the sound. The greater the thickness of the skin, the lower is the frequency of the sound.

Try this:
‘Apps’ for generation of different sound notes (sound note generator app) may be available on cellphones. With the help of your teacher, using such an app, generate sound notes listed in the table.

Vocal cords are 20 cm in length in male, about 15 cm in female and even smaller in children. Therefore the voice of male, female and children are different.
[Note: Vocal cords are 20 mm in length in male, about 15 mm in female and even smaller in children. Reference NCERT textbook Std. VIII, published in 2017.]

Question 1.
Produce a sound ‘bho … bho …’ just like a dog-barking and ‘meow … meow…’ just like a mewing cat. Carefully notice the tension on the vocal cords, when you produce these sounds. Do you feel that the tension on the vocal cords changes when you produce these two different sounds?
Answer:
Yes.

Question 2.
An ‘app’ may be available on cell-phones to measure the loudness of sound in decibel. With the help of your teacher, use the app to measure the sound level of a sound from a loudspeaker at some public place. Measure the sound level at different distances from the loudspeaker. Do you observe some relation between the distance from the loudspeaker and the sound level?
Answer:
Yes. As the distance increases, the sound level decreases.

Always remember:

We should take care that others are not disturbed when we study sound and its production. Sound pollution is a major cause affecting the environment and social health. Hence we should find ways to avoid sound pollution.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 8 English Solutions Chapter 4.1 The Vet Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions, and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 8 English Solutions Chapter 4.1 The Vet

Class 8 English Chapter 4.1 The Vet Textbook Questions and Answers

Warming Up:

Question 1.
Where do we find all types of wild animals in urban areas?
Answer:
In the zoo.

Question 2.
Do you have a pet?
Answer:
No, I don’t have a pet.

Question 3.
How do we help animals and birds?
Answer:
We help animals and birds by providing them with food, water, and shelter. We also help them by taking them to vets when they are ill.

Question 4.
How do we realize that animals are not feeling well?
Answer:
When animals are not well, they become quiet and inactive. Some may even groan. They also stop eating food.

Question 5.
Who gives medicines/treatment to sick animals and birds?
Answer:
The veterinarian.

1. Doctor who does the special advanced study of specific parts of the body have special terms.
In your group try to match the specialist doctors with who I what they treat.

Answer:

1. dentist – teeth
2. cardiologist – heart
3. ophthalmologist – eye
4. orthopedic – bone
5. pediatrician – small kids
6. neurologist – brain/spine
7. veterinarian – animals/birds

2. Discuss in your group and write down the most important reason, why Pediatrician and Veterinarians have, a tougher job to diagnose their patients’ illnesses.
Answer:
Pediatricians and veterinarians have a tougher job to diagnose their patients’ Illnesses as their patients cannot communicate their problems clearly.

1. What is the Rhyme scheme of stanzas I to 3 and the last ho stanzas? How does it differ in the remaining stanzas 4 to 7?
Answer:
The rhyme scheme of:
(i) stanza 1: abab
(ii) stanza 2: abab
(iii) stanza 3: abab

2. Write any five illnesses of the animals in the poem, that you find most amusing/laughable.
Answer:

3. A. Out of all names of birds and animals given in the poem, pick out 4 names that are similar in English as well as in Hindi / Marathi or your Mother tongue.

3. B. Write four reasons why animals in u zoo suffer more than those who live free in the wild.
Answer:
Animals in a zoo suffer more than those who live free in the wild because of:

1. lack of free space to move around.
2. easy transmission of diseases.
3. food limited in quantity and variety.
4. trouble from human visitors.

4. Think deeply and write. Is the poet really discouraging the youth from becoming sets? Explain your response.
Answer:
No, the poet is not really discouraging the youth. The poem is a light-hearted one. However, the poet wants the reader to know how difficult the work of a vet is, and what a wide variety of patients he has to cure. They have different types of illnesses and different types of organs. They cannot even discuss their problems with him. We must acknowledge all this and respect the vet.

5. Find out from a vet or from a website, what precaution a vet has to take, when he/she is culled to treat wild, dangerous animals? Make point-wise flutes of the same.
Answer:
Points: must be aware of the signals they give – their body language – must not be distracted – protect against being attacked – precautions against allergies and transmission of diseases – wear protective gear, etc.

6. Select any four zoo – animals mentioned in the poem. Imagine they are able to talk in English. Compose a dialogue among the four animals discussing their discomfort and illnesses.
Answer:
Answer:
Animals: giraffe, tortoise, bear, kangaroo
Giraffe: Ouch, my neck hurts! The whole length of it! How lucky you are, tortoise to have such a short neck!
Tortoise: Lucky! Do you know what it means to take ages to move afoot? How difficult it is to permanently carry your home on your back?
Kangaroo: Oh, you find it difficult to move your feet. What about me? My legs are of unequal length; I cannot walk comfortably. I’m expected to jump around. I’m sick and tired of jumping. I want to walk regally like you, madam hippo.
Hippo: Regally, my foot! I’m walking so slowly because I’m feeling ill, and I do not know which part of this huge body is actually painting. You, tortoise, have such a small body. Not much searching is needed to find out the cause of the problem.
Tortoise: Problem! I only want to be able to move quickly, so that I can escape my enemies, and exercise my limbs.
Giraffe: I agree with madam hippo. The bigger the body, the more the area that has to be investigated to find out the problem. My doctor is never able to find out which part of my neck actually aches.
Kangaroo: Try balancing yourself on legs of unequal length and having to jump all the time, keeping your baby in your pouch.
Hippo: Ok, we all have our own problems. Let’s hope that the doctor who looks after us has enough knowledge and experience to cure us. He cannot even understand what we say!
All the others: How true!

Class 8 English Chapter 4.1 The Vet Additional Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Discuss in your class and write down the most important reason why pediatricians and veterinarians have a tougher job to diagnose their patients’ illnesses.
Answer:
Pediatricians and veterinarians have a tougher job to diagnose their patients’ illnesses as their patients cannot communicate their problems clearly.

Complete the following:

Question 1.
It is difficult to be a successful vet because _________.
Answer:
every patient has different internal organs, and a vet has to possess an extremely wide knowledge of his subject to treat them successfully.

Question 2.
The ducks and chicken are ______.
Answer:
not laying any eggs.

Question 3.
The giraffes have got stiff necks because _______.
Answer:
they have been quarreling with each other

Question 4.
The poet calls the vet ‘omniscient’ because ________.
Answer:
people expect him to know everything about animals’ illnesses and cure all sick animals

Question 5.
The opposite health problems of ______.
Answer:
the lion and Arctic fox are that the lion has caught a cold and the Arctic fox is suffering from heat

Answer the following:

Question 1.
What is the rhyme scheme of stanzas 4 and 5?
Answer:
The rhyme scheme of:

• stanza 4 : aabccb
• stanza 5 : aabccb

Question 2.
Pick out an example of Alliteration from the extract.
Answer:
‘If the bear’s too full of buns’ Repetition of the sound of the letter ‘a’.

Question 3.
Pick out an example of Onomatopoeia from the extract.
Answer:
Why the parrot does nothing but groan’. The word ‘groan’ indicates the sound.

Question 4.
From the extract, pick out the words that mean the same as the following words:

1. make a sound of pain.
2. moved
3. very much
4. capable

Answer:

1. groan
2. stirred
3. exceedingly
4. competent

Question 5.
What is the poet’s advice to you? Do you think he means it?
Answer:
The poet advises the reader not to become a vet but to earn his/her living in an easier way. He advises the reader to become a doctor and treat the illnesses of human beings. No, I don’t think he means it. It is just said in a light-hearted way.

Question 6.
Is the poet really discouraging the youth from becoming vets? Explain your response.
Answer:
No, the poet is not really discouraging the youth. The poem is a light-hearted one. However, the poet wants:
the reader to know how difficult the work of a vet is, and what a wide variety of patients he has to cure. They have different types of illnesses and different types of organs. They cannot even discuss their problems with him. We must acknowledge all this and respect the vet.

Question 7.
What is the rhyme scheme of stanzas 6 and 7?
Answer:
Rhyme scheme of:
(i) stanza 6: aabccb (Note: the last line of the 6’ stanza is ‘If the elephant eats….’.)
(ii) stanza 7: aabccb (Note: thefirst line of the 7th stanza is ‘If the camel hurts….’.)

Question 8.
What is the rhyme scheme of the last two stanzas :
Answer:
(i) stanza 8: abab (Note: the last line of the 81h stanza Is ‘Your livtng in….’.)
(ii) stanza 9: abab (Note: the first line of the 9th stanza is ‘Don’t attempt to….’.)

Question 9.
PIck out an example of Alliteration from the extract.
Answer:
‘If the camel hurts his hump’.Repetition of the sound of the letter ‘h’.

Question 10.
Pick out an eximple of Onomatopoeia from the extract.
Answer:
‘If the elephant eats paper-bags and chokes’. The word ‘chokes’ indicates the sound.

Question 11.
What is the rhyme scheme of stanzas 1 to 3 and the last two stanzas? How does it differ In the remaining stanzas 4 to 7?
Answer:
In stanzas 1 to 3 and the last two stanzas, the alternate lines rhyme i.e. the rhyme scheme Is abab, cdcd, and so on. However, In the stanzas 4 to 7, the rhyme scheme is aab ccb I.e. the first two lines rhyme, then the third and sixth lines rhyme, and the fourth and fifth lines rhyme.

Question 12.
Analysis/Appreciation Of A Poem
Answer:

• Poem and poet: ‘The Vet’ by Guy Boas
• Theme: The illnesses various animals suffer from and the difficulties of a vet.
• Tone: witty and light-hearted
• Structure and stanzas: stanzas and lines of unequal length: stanzas 1, 2, 3 and 8, 9 similar, and 4, 5, 6, 7 similar.
• Rhyme and Rhythm: rhyme scheme ahab, cdcd, and so on for stanzas 1, 2, 3 and 8, 9. eefggf and so on for stanzas 4, 5,6, 7
• Language and Imagery: Simple and witty language; vivid Images of animals with different problems, all based on their body structures and abilities.
• Figures of Speech: Alliteration, Onomatopoeia

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 8 English Solutions Chapter 4.5 A Battle to Baffle Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions, and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 8 English Solutions Chapter 4.5 A Battle to Baffle

Class 8 English Chapter 4.5 A Battle to Baffle Textbook Questions and Answers

Warming Up:

1. Form suitable groups and discuss the following:

You have heard/read stories of Akbar and Birbal, Tenali Raman, Mulla Nasruddin.
Recollect and write down the names of those stories.

Pick out those aspects of a story that you find common in all their stories.
Answer:
The common aspect found in their stories :
humour, supernatural events, wisdom, suspense, magic, the beauty of nature, wit and play upon words

2. Read the different types of sentences in Reported Speech and note the differences in the Direct and Indirect forms:

1. a. Direct: The old man said, “What is the time?
b. Indirect: The old man asked what the time was.

2. a. Direct: Mother said to her, “Are you hungry now?
b. Indirect: Mother asked her if she was hungry, then.

3. a. Direct: The teacher said, “Be quiet students.”
b. Indirect: The teacher ordered the students to be quiet.

4. a. Direct: Mother said, “ How pretty she looks!”
b. Indirect: Mother exclaimed with delight that she looked very pretty.

You will observe that –

• The Reporting Verb changes according to the type of sentence in the speech.
• Change of Tense
• Change of word order in the sentence.

Use a dictionary and find the differences in the following terms related to ‘drama’:

Question 1.
A play:
Answer:
A dramatic work staged in a theatre in front of an audience.

Question 2.
One-act Play:
Answer:
A play that has only one act.

Question 3.
Skit:
Answer:
A short funny play that makes a joke of something.

Question 4.
Mime:
Answer:
A type of theatre using no words but only movements of the hands and body and facial expressions.

Question 5.
Farce:
Answer:
A humorous play in which the characters become involved in unlikely and complicated situations. Uses physical humour and silliness.

Question 6.
Opera:
Answer:
A dramatic work in one or more acts in which all characters communicate through song and the story is told through song put to music.

Question 7.
Tragedy:
Answer:
A play dealing with tragic events and having an unhappy ending.

Question 8.
Comedy:
Answer:
A play characterized by humour; has a happy or cheerful ending.

1. Read the following words and use them in sentences of your own:

1. Renown
2. defiance
3. exiled
4. predicament
5. diffident
6. benign

Answer:

1. The Chief Guest at our annual function was a man of great renown.
2. In an act of defiance, the little girl threw away the expensive toy.
3. The Prince was exiled by his stepmother for 10 years.
4. The king turned to his minister to get him out of the predicament.
5. The new teacher was so diffident that she could not control the students.
6. The lioness had a benign look on her face as she watched her cubs playing.

2. Read the following phrases and use them ¡n the sentences of your own in proper form:

1. To voice something
2. a tight corner
3. to outwit
4. to concede defeat

Answer:

1. The mother wanted to voice her fears but could not do so.
2. Birbal could always manage to get himself out of a tight corner.
3. Birbal could outwit all the ministers in the palace.
4. The Captain had to concede defeat when his army began to turn back.

3. Pick out dialogues of Tenali Raman which prove that he had the following qualities:

Question a.
Wit and wisdom
Answer:
So this is the ‘tila-kashta-mahisha-bandhana’

Question b.
Self-confidence
Answer:
Let us begin by discussing the merits of ‘tila-kashta- mahisha-bandhana’ .

Question c.
Politeness
Answer:
I have one small request.

Question d.
Humility
Answer:
Your words of praise are my greatest reward, your Highness.

4. Answer the following questions in short:

Question a.
What was Pundit Shahane’s claim as a scholar?
Answer:
Pundit Shahane’s claim as a scholar was that he had mastered all the scriptures.

Question b.
Why did Pundit Shahane visit Vijaynagar?
Answer:
Pundit Shahane visited Vijaynagar to challenge the knowledge of all the Pundits in the kingdom.

Question c.
What do you learn about Pundits of Vijaynagar?
Answer:
The Pundits of Vijaynagar were frightened and nervous when their knowledge was challenged. They were insecure and did not have confidence in themselves.

Question d.
What punishment did the emperor threaten the Pundits with?
Answer:
The punishment that the Emperor threatened the Pundits with was that they would be exiled from Vijaynagar.

Question e.
Why was Tenali Raman summoned to the court?
Answer:
Tenali Raman was summoned to the court to find a solution to the predicament.

Question f.
On what condition did Tenali Raman agree to take up the challenge?
Answer:
The condition put forward by Tenali Raman was that when Pundit Shahane arrived the next day, everybody had to accept and honour him (Tenali Raman) as the Chief Pundit, for one day.

Question g.
Why was Tenali Raman taken to the court in a palanquin?
Answer:
Tenali Raman probably wanted to impress and frighten Pundit Shahane, and hence he went to the court in a palanquin.

Question h.
How did Tenali Raman outwit Pundit Shahane?
Answer:
Tenali Raman put his hands on a huge bundle next to him and pretended that it contained the scriptures ‘tila kashtamahisha-bandhana’ and he wanted to discuss its merits. He was in fact, only mentioning what the bundle contained. However, the Pundit thought he was referring to some scriptures that he had never even heard of, and hence could not discuss its merits. He immediately gave up. Thus, Tenali Raman outwitted him.

Question i.
What did the bundle in silken cloth contain?
Answer:
Tenali Raman made his entry to the Emperor’s Court in a palanquin, with two pundits following him and carrying a huge bundle in silken cloth.

Question j.
Explain the significance of the title.
Answer:
The theme of the skit is the challenge to see whether Tenali Raman could outwit the proud Pundit Shahane. This was the ‘battle’. The way to win this battle was to ‘baffle’ (confuse) the Pundit. Hence, the title ‘A Battle to Baffle’ is apt.

5. Fill in the elements that you find in the drama script of ‘A Battle to Baffle.’

Characters:
Background Scene:
Crisis:
Steps taken to resolve the crisis:
Climax:
The end:
Answer:
Characters: Krishnadevaraya, Mantrji, Tenali Raman, Pundit Shahane, 8-10 other courtiers/ministers/scholars.
Background Scene: Krishnadevaraya’s Courtroom. The Emperor is seated on his throne. Courtiers/ministers/scholars are seated in two rows facing one another and discussing softly.
Crisis: A great scholarly Pundit Pundit Shahane, has challenged the knowledge of the Pundits of Vijaynagar. The Pundits of Vijaynagar are not ready to face this challenge.
Steps taken to resolve the crisis: Tenali Raman is sent for to find a solution to the predicament and to pull them out of the tight corner.
Climax: Tenali Raman, with his sheer wit manages to outwit the renowned Pundit Shahane. and make him concede defeat.
The end: Pundit Shahane concedes defeat and leaves. Tenali Raman is praised by the Emperor for saving the reputation and honour of the great empire. Everyone is relieved and happy that the crisis has ended.

6. Do as directed:
(Make sure you do not change the meaning and tense of the sentence).

Question a.
Tenali Raman proved to be wittier than Pundit Shahane.
(Rewrite using ‘as witty as.’)
Answer:
Pundit Shahane proved to be not as witty as Tenali Raman.

Question b.
Pundit Shahane has come here. He wishes to challenge all the Pundits in our Kingdom.
(Combine the two sentences using ‘so’. Now combine the same sentence using because. ‘)
Answer:
Pundit Shahane wishes to challenge all the Pundits in our Kingdom, so he has come here.

Question c.
How can I discuss its merits?
( Make it Assertive.)
Answer:
I cannot discuss its merits.

Question d.
I have not read that scripture.
( Rewrite using ‘unaware.’)
Answer:
I am unaware of that scripture.

Question e.
Your words of praise are my greatest reward.
(Begin the sentence with ‘No other )
Answer:
No other reward is as great as your words of praise.

Question f.
I am proud of you.
(Rewrite using the noun form of the underlined word).
Answer:
I have pride in you.

Question g.
The Emperor said,” But tell me Raman, to what great work did you refer?”
(Convert into Indirect Speech).
Answer:
The Emperor asked Ra man what great work he had referred to.

Question h.
Tenali Raman was a poet scholar and jester in Vijaynagar in Krishnadevarayas court.
(Punctuate)
Answer:
Tenali Raman was a poet, scholar, and jester in Vijaynagar, in Krishnadevaraya’s court.

Question i.
Mantriji said Maharaj Pundit Shahanes visit to our court is an open challenge.
(Punctuate)
Answer:
“Mantriji,” said Maharaj, “Pundit Shahane’s visit to our court is an open challenge.”

7. A past student of your school has cleared his UPSC examination and being an lAS officer has been appointed as a Collector of your district. Write a formal letter to invite him to your school to share the story of his success, at a special function.
Answer:
St. Jude school
Dr. Ambedkar Road
Thane 400 601
15 October 2018
Sub: Invitation to grace our Children’s Day function as Chief Guest.
Sir, It was with great pleasure that we learned about your appointment as the Collector of our district. The Principal, teachers, and students of our school congratulate you on this wonderful achievement. We are all so proud that a student from our school has attained this high post!
We intend to have a special function on November 14, Children’s Day. We cordially invite you to grace this function as the Chief Guest and share with us the story of your success. You are an inspiration for our students and your presence will motivate them greatly. The function begins at 10 a.m. and will end at 1 p.m. with lunch. In addition to the talk from you, there will be a short cultural program of dance and music.
It will be an honor for us to have you here and we hope you will accept this invitation.
Thanking you,
Yours faithfully,
Suman Kini (Cultural Secretary, St. Jude school).

8. Understand the quotation and expand It In a paragraph format.
‘Pride goes on horseback, but returns on foot’.
Answer:
Pride goes on horseback but returns on foot:

“I am very beautiful. I am also very clever. Everyone loves me.” How will you react if you hear someone say these words? You will be surprised at such arrogance. You will say that the person is very proud’. To be ‘proud’ here means to have a very high opinion of oneself, one’s looks, abilities, possessions, etc. Pride makes a person think that he/she is superior to others. Would you like such a person? No, no one likes a person who is proud. If you’re too conceited or self-important, someday something will happen to make you look foolish. And when a proud man meets with a bad end, others will have no sympathy for him. History is full of examples of powerful kings who were ruined because of their proud nature. That is the meaning of the quotation: Those who are proud will finally suffer defeat or meet with a shameful end.

Class 8 English Chapter 4.5 A Battle to Baffle Additional Important Questions and Answers

Complete the table and write who said the given words and to whom:

Question 1.

The words	Who said?	To whom?
(1) He is visiting our court tomorrow.
(2) Not one of you can face the Pundit?
(3) Let us send for Tenali Raman.
(4) That’s an excellent idea.

Answer:

The words	Who said?	To whom?
(1) He is visiting our court tomorrow.	Mantri Ji	Emperor
(2) Not one of you can face the Pundit?	Emperor	Courtiers, Pundits, etc.
(3) Let us send for Tenali Raman.	First Scholar	Emperor
(4) That’s an excellent idea.	Second Scholar	Emperor

Complete the following:

Question 1.
The Courtiers and Pundits were unnerved when they heard the announcement that _________.
Answer:
a very great scholarly Pundit, called Pundit Shahane, was visiting the court to challenge the knowledge of all the Pundits in the kingdom

Question 2.
The first scholar proposed that ________.
Answer:
they send for Tenali Raman to find a solution to their predicament

Question 3.
Pundit Shahane’s claim as a scholar was that _______.
Answer:
he had mastered all the scriptures

Question 4.
Pundit Shahane visited Vijaynagar to ______.
Answer:
challenge the knowledge of all the Pundits in the kingdom

Question 5.
The punishment that the Emperor threatened the Pundits with was ______.
Answer:
that they would be exiled from Vijaynagar

Question 6.
Tenali Reiman was summoned to the court to ______.
Answer:
find a solution to the predicament

Question 7.
The condition put forward by Tenali Raman was that ______.
Answer:
when Pundit Shahane arrived the next day, everybody had to accept and honour him (Tenali Raman) as the Chief Pundit, for one day

Question 8.
Mantriji introduced Pundit Shahane as __________.
Answer:
the most revered and honoured master of our ancient sculptures, and the Pride of India

Question 9.
Tenali Raman made his entry to the Emperor’s Court ______.
Answer:
in a palanquin, with two pundits following him and carrying a huge bundle in silken cloth

Question 10.
Tenali Raman wished to debate on the virtues of the scripture ________.
Answer:
‘tila…kashta… mahisha. .bandhana

Question 11.
Pundit Shahane was defeated because ______.
Answer:
he had not read the scripture that Tenali Raman had mentioned

Question 12.
The Emperor and the courtiers reacted ________.
Answer:
by laughing loudly at Tenali Raman’s explanation

Question 13.
The bundle in the silken cloth contained ________.
Answer:
the stems of sesame plants and some rope used to tie up buffaloes

Activities based on Contextual Grammar:

Question 1.
He has mastered all our scriptures and won great renown all over India.
(Write if the sentence is Simple, Compound, or Complex.)
Answer:
Compound Sentence.

Question 2.
I am ashamed of all of you. I shall debar you from my court.
(Join the sentences using a coordinator.)
Answer:
I am ashamed of all of you and I shall debar you from my court.

Question 3.
Your words of praise are my greatest reward.
(Rewrite using the comparative form of the adjective.)
Answer:
There is no other greater reward for me than your words of praise.

Question 4.
The Pundit got scared when he heard such a complicated name.
(Separate into clauses)
Answer:
The Pundit got scared – Main Clause.
when he heard such a complicated name – Subordinate Clause.

Personal Response:

Question 1.
What do you learn about the Pundits of Vijaynagar?
Answer:
The Pundits of Vijaynagar were frightened and nervous when their knowledge was challenged. They were insecure and did not have confidence in
themselves.

Question 2.
What explanation did Tenali Raman give about the name of the strange scripture?
Answer:
Tenali Raman had pretended that the bundle contained scriptures called ‘tila-kashta-mahisha-bandhana’, and he wanted to discuss its merits. However, the bundle only contained some til (sesame), kashta (sticks or stems of sesame plants) and rope. Hence, tila-kashta meant the stems of sesame plants. The rope the bundle contained was used to tie up buffaloes. Mahisha meant buffalo and bandhana is the rope to tie up something. So that was ( the ‘tila-kashta-mahisha-bandhana’ he had mentioned.

Write If the following statements are True or False:

Question 1.
Tenali Raman was very proud of being chosen by the Emperor.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
The Emperor was rude to Tenali Raman.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
Tenali Raman accepted the challenge.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
Tenali Raman wanted to be the Chief Pundit permanently.
Answer:
False

Match the adjectives in Column A with the nouns In Column B:

Question 1.

A	B
(1) silken	(a) scriptures
(2) benign	(b) cloth
(3) slight	(c) permission
(4) ancient	(d) bow

Answer:

A	B
(1) silken	(b) cloth
(2) benign	(c) permission
(3) slight	(d) bow
(4) ancient	(a) scriptures

Change the voice:

Question 1.
They have recommended you to outwit the challenger.
Answer:
You have been recommended (by them) to outwit the challenger.

Question 2.
Let them be brought forth at once.
Answer:
Bring them forth at once.

Complete the web showing the qualities of Tenali Raman:

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.
Write the English names/words for the following:

1. til
2. kashta
3. mahisha
4. bandhana

Answer:

1. sesame
2. stick
3. buffalo
4. rope

Do as directed:

Question 1.
Pick out two non-English words from the lesson.
Answer:
mahisha, bandhana

Question 2.
Pick out two words used for Krishnadevaraya.
Answer:
Maharaj, Emperor (Your Majesty, Your Highness)

Question 3.
Add letters before the word ‘all’ to form two different words:
Answer:
small, shall (stall)

Question 4.
Find out four hidden words from the given word:
challenger (Each word should have at least 4 letters.)
Answer:
challenger: challenge, change, charge, large

Question 5.
Write down two adjectives formed from the word:
honour
Answer:
honoured, honourable

Question 6.
Underline the pronouns:
Let me assure you that I shall not let you down.
Answer:
Let me assure you that I shall not let you down.

Question 7.
State the tense and aspect of the verb in the following sentence:
Pundit Shahane has come here to challenge all the Pundits in our Kingdom.
Answer:
verb – has come
tense – present
aspect – perfect

Question 8.
Rewrite in indirect speech:
Emperor: (annoyed) Not one of you can face the Pundit? I am ashamed of all of you. I shall debar you from my court.
Answer:
The Emperor was annoyed and ‘ asked if not one of them could face the Pundit. He added that he was ashamed of all of them and would debar them from his court.

Question 9.
Rewrite using the positive and comparative forms of the adjective:
Tenali Raman is the greatest of all scholars.
Answer:
Positive: There is no other scholar as great as Tenali Raman.
Comparative: Tenali Raman is greater than all other scholars.

Question 10.
Use the following word as a noun and a verb in two separate sentences:
reward
Answer:
(i) The brave girl was asked to collect her reward from the Mayor, (noun)
(ii) Mona was rewarded by the old woman for bringing her cat back, (verb)

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 8 English Solutions Chapter 4.4 Ramanujan Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions, and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 8 English Solutions Chapter 4.4 Ramanujan

Class 8 English Chapter 4.4 RamanujanTextbook Questions and Answers

Warming Up:

1. Discuss orally in your class:

In what subjects is knowledge of mathematics used, at school level and college university level. Name them.
Did you know maths is used in music and poetry also? Can you tell me how?
Answer:
(Points: knowledge of maths is used in science, physics, chemistry, economics, accountancy, etc. Poetry-rhymes, rhythm; music-beat, rhythm, etc.)

2. Use the letters in the word MATHEMATICIAN to make 4 letters 5 letter and 6 or more letter words, within a time limit fixed by your teacher.
Answer:
Mathematician: cinema, anthem, thematic, machine, attach, match, meant, mice, item, mime, hate, heat, them, team, etc.

3. Sentences can be classified into three types – Simple, Complex and Compound.

A Simple Sentence is one that has only one Subject and one Predicate.
It has only one Finite verb.
For example, She went home.
In the morning, near my school, I saw a snake.

A Complex Sentence consists of one Main Clause and one or more
Dependent or Subordinate Clauses.
For example, She went home, after school was over.
The boys found the book which had been lost.

A Compound Sentence consists of two or more Independent or
Co-ordinate Clauses. They are joined by Co-ordinators.
For example: and, but, so, or, for etc.

a. He finished his work and he left his office.
b. He is poor but he is honest.
From lesson 4.2 pick out one example of each of the following.

(i) Simple Sentence: ……………
Answer:
Modern techniques are used nowadays for anaesthesia.

(ii) Complex Sentence: …………..
Answer:
Today, if you need to have heart surgery, you can choose from many fine doctors.

(iii) Compound Sentence: ……………
Answer:
Over the years now, revolutionary steps have been taken in different types of complicated surgery and these have made such operations successful.

1. A. Use the following words/phrases to make sentences of your own:

Question 1.
enthusiasm
Answer:
The hikers set off on the hike with great enthusiasm.

Question 2.
loped off
Answer:
The deer loped off easily after being freed from the trap.

Question 3.
fraud
Answer:
The doctor was arrested by the police for being a fraud.

Question 4.
clarity
Answer:
The teacher told the student that there was no clarity in her answers.

Question 5.
to come
Answer:
The minister refused to come to the party unless he was provided conveyance.

Question 6.
amiable
Answer:
The Principal was happy that the new teacher was an amiable person.

Question 7.
to terms with
Answer:
The doctor advised the woman to come to terms with her illness,

Question 8.
conveyance
Answer:
The minister refused to come to the party unless he was provided conveyance.

1. B. The following words can be used us Nouns us well us Verbs:
(visit / honour / report / watch / form / surprise)

Make pairs of sentences of your own using them us u Noun in one and as a Verb in the other.
For example:
(i) She gave a smile – Noun.
(ii) Babies smile when they see their mother – Verb.
Answer:
(1) visit:
(i) My grandmother came over for a visit yesterday, (noun)
(ii) “We must visit the zoo when we go to Hyderabad,” said Meera. (verb)

(2) honour:
(i) It was an honour to have such a great scientist visit our college, (noun)
(ii) “Let us honour those who have laid down their lives for the country,” said the minister, (verb)

(3) report:
The class had to hand in their project reports by the end of the week. (noun)
(ii) The witness reported all that he had seen to the lawyer, (verb)

(4) Watch:
(i) Suman lost her new watch while travelling by train, (noun)
(ii) “Watch the house to see if the thief returns,” ordered the inspector, (verb)

(5) form:
(i) The boy’s admission form was rejected by the college as it was incomplete. (noun)
(ii) We formed our own impression of the new corporator, (verb)

(6) surprise:
(i) “There is a surprise for you outside your door,” said my friend. (noun)
(ii) The villagers surprised thief 1 when he was sleeping and caught him. (verb)

2. Say why:

Question 1.
Ramanujan’s letter bored and irritated Hardy at first.
Answer:
Ramanujan’s letter was written in halting English and signed by a person unknown to Hardy. The script appeared to consist of theorems, most of them wild or fantastic-looking. Some of them though well-known were laid out as though they were original. There were no proofs of any kind. It seemed to be a kind of fraud, and hence bored and irritated Hardy.

Question 2.
Hardy invited Littlewood for a discussion.
Answer:
Hardy could not get the Indian manuscript out of his mind. It had wild theorems he had never seen before or imagined. He wondered if it was an unknown mathematician of genius. He had another look at the script and then invited Littlewood for a discussion to clarify his doubts.

Question 3.
mother agreed to send Ramanujan to England.
Answer:
Ramanujan’s mother had a dream in which she saw her son seated in a big hall among a group of Europeans and the goddess of Namakkal had commanded her not to stand in the way of her son fulfilling his life’s purpose. Hence, obeying the command of the goddess of Namakkal, mother agreed to send Ramanujan to England.

Question 4.
Hardy and Ramanujan could not talk freely with each other.
Answer:
Ramanujan was an untrained genius. There was a big difference between Ramanujan’s and Hardy’s education. Ramanujan knew nothing of modern rigour; he did not know what proof was and Hardy was obliged to teach him some formal mathematics. He was sometimes confused with Hardy’s conversation when it was outside mathematics. Due to all these reasons, Hardy and Ramanujan could not; talk freely with each other.

Question 5.
Ramanujan had to be hospitalized.
Answer:
Ramanujan had to be hospitalized because he was ill. He later died of tuberculosis.

Question 6.
Ramanujan found the number 1729 very interesting.
Answer:
Ramanujan found the number 1729 very interesting because it is the smallest number expressible as the sum of two cubes in two different ways.

3. Read the text and enlist the achievements and honours of Ramanujan, received in England.
Answer:
Ramanujan’s achievements and honour, received in England:

• The Royal Society elected him a Fellow at the age of thirty (which, even for a mathematician, is very young)
• Trinity College elected him a Fellow in the same year.
• Ramanujan was the first Indian to be given either of these distinctions.

4. Voice – Active and Passive
The form of a verb shows whether the doer of an action is in the Subject (Active voice) or the Subject has an action done to it (Passive voice).
For example, The thief stole the jewels. (Active voice).
The jewels were stolen by the thief. (Passive voice)
Note: While changing from Active to Passive voice, the verb form includes be + past participle.
In a sentence, when the doer of an action is significant, we use Active voice. In Passive voice, the doer of an action may not be mentioned.
For example, The thief was caught. (by the police)

(A) Underline the verbs in the following sentences and state whether the sentences are in Active or Passive voice:

Question a.
England gave Ramanujan great honours.
Answer:
England gave Ramanujan great honours. (Active)

Question b.
A large untidy envelope was decorated with Indian stumps.
Answer:
A large untidy envelope was decorated with Indian stumps. (Passive)

Question c.
The timetable was not altered.
Answer:
The timetable was not altered. (Passive)

Question d.
She saw her son in a big hail.
Answer:
She saw her son in a big hail. (Active)

Question e.
Hardy corrected his statement.
Answer:
Hardy corrected his statement. (Active)

Question f.
Ramanujan was brought to England.
Answer:
Ramanujan was brought to England. (Passive)

(B) Change the voice in the following sentences:

Question a.
Hardy taught Ramanujan.
Answer:
Ramanujan was taught by Hardy.

Question b.
He knew nothing of the modern rigour.
Answer:
Nothing of the modern rigour was known by him.

Question c.
Sheets of paper were found in it, by Hardy.
Answer:
Hardy found sheets of paper in it.

Question d.
Hardy was bored by that manuscript.
Answer:
That manuscript bored Hardy.

Question e.
Trinity supported unorthodox talent.
Answer:
The unorthodox talent was supported by Trinity.

Question f.
He could not break the ban.
Answer:
The ban could not be broken by him.

5. Identify whether the following are Simple, Complex and Compound sentences:

Question a.
When he opened it, he found sheets of paper.
Answer:
Complex

Question b.
He glanced at a letter.
Answer:
Simple

Question c.
Hardy was not only bored but he was also irritated.
Answer:
Compound

Question d.
Ramanujan turned out to be a poor clerk.
Answer:
Simple

Question e.
If Ramanujan had been better educated, he would hove been even more wonderful than he was.
Answer:
Complex

Question f.
Ramanujan was self-taught: he knew nothing of the modern rigour.
Answer:
Compound

6. Interview Question:

A brilliant student from your school has on a Mathematics Quiz at the National Level.
Frame questions to ¡ntervie him / her when the school felicitates him / her. Follow the steps given below.

• Greeting
• Introduction of the interviewee and achievements.
• 2 or 3 questions about growing years.
• 4 to 6 questions about the achievements.
• 2 or 3 questions about future plans and prospects.
• Expression of thanks and good wishes.

Answer:
(1) Good morning, Rachana. First of all, let me offer you my Congratulations on winning the Mathematics Quiz, and that too, at the National Level. May I ask you a few questions about your achievement?
(2) Did you have great interest in mathematics in the early years of your childhood?
(3) How did you develop this interest?
(4) How long did you prepare yourself before participating in this Quiz?
(5) Who helped you and guided you?
(6) Who encouraged you or motivated you at that stage?
(7) How did you feel when you were actually answering the questions?
(8) What is the next step from here?
(9) Do you plan to make a career in mathematics?
(10) Any message to others interested in mathematics?
(11) Thank you, and all the best for your future. Goodbye.

7. Summary:

• Read the first three paragraphs on Page 92. (From One morning upto ………… a discussion after hail)
• Re-read the same noting down only Important points.
• RewrIte the Important points In your own simple language, In you notebook.
• Make certain that your summary Is less than half the length of the original passage.

Answer:

The Manuscript

One morning in 1913, Hardy received an envelope from India. It contained many lines of symbols, written in non- English script. The letter with it, written in halting English and signed by an unknown Indian, wanted Hardy’s opinion on the mathematical discoveries enclosed. These were only some known and unknown theorems, without any proofs. Hardy, bored and irritated, put the manuscript aside and went to play tennis. However, his pleasure in his game was interrupted by; the thought of the Indian manuscript with the wild theorems he had left behind. He
wondered if the man was a genius. When he returned to his room, he took another look at the script. Then he sent word to Littlewood that they must have a discussion after hall.

Class 8 English Chapter 4.4 Ramanujan Additional Important Questions and Answers

Complete the following:

Question 1.
Hardy could not enjoy his game because ________.
Answer:
he kept thinking of the Indian manuscript that he had received that morning.

Question 2.
The manuscript contained _______.
Answer:
wild and fantastic-looking theorems and lines and lines of symbols in a non-English script.

Question 3.
The famous mathematicians mentioned in this extract are ______.
Answer:
Hardy and Littlewood.

Question 4.
The two English mathematicians realized by midnight _______.
Answer:
that the writer of the manuscripts was a man of genius

Question 5.
The famous mathematicians mentioned in this extract are _______.
Answer:
Hardy, Ramanujan, Gauss, Euler and Kapitsa

Question 6.
The number 1729 is exceptional because _________.
Answer:
it is the smallest number expressible as the sum of two cubes in two different ways

Question 7.
The famous mathematicians mentioned in this extract are ______.
Answer:
Galois, Abel, and Riemann, in addition to Hardy and Ramanujan

Answer the following:

Question 1.
Hardy invited Littlewood for a discussion.
Answer:
Hardy could not get the Indian manuscript out of his mind. It had wild theorems he had never seen before or imagined. He wondered if it was an unknown mathematician of genius. He had another look at the script and then invited Littlewood for a discussion to clarify his doubts.

Question 2.
What qualities of Ramanujan does this extract bring out?
Answer:
This extract brings out Ramanujan’s passion for mathematics, his courage, and perseverance in sending his manuscript to a strange person across the seas, his efforts to put forward his ideas in spite of a lack of education, and his intelligence.

Question 3.
What were the two drawbacks of Ramanujan’s career?
Answer:
The two drawbacks in Ramanujan’s career were the defects in his education and that he had come on the scene too late in the line of mathematical history.

Question 4.
What superstition did Ramanujan’s mother believe in?
Answer:
Ramanujan’s mother believed in the superstition that she had to obey the commands given to her in her dream by the goddess of Namakkal and that whatever is seen in dreams comes true.

Question 5.
What surprised everyone one morning?
Answer:
One morning, Ramanujan’s mother said that she had a dream the previous night, in which she saw her son seated in a big hall among a group of Europeans. The goddess of Namakkal had commanded her not to stand in the way of her son fulfilling his life’s purpose. This statement, coming from a woman who was very strict about her religious observances, surprised everyone.

Question 6.
Say why mother agreed to send Ramanujan to England.
Answer:
Ramanujan’s mother had a dream in which she saw her son seated in a big hall among a group of Europeans and the goddess of Namakkal had commanded her not to stand in the way of her son fulfilling his life’s purpose. Hence, obeying the command of the goddess of Namakkal, mother agreed to send Ramanujan to England.

Question 7.
Hardy calls teaching Ramanujan an unusual experience.
Answer:
Ramanujan was an untrained genius. Yet, because of the defects in his education, Hardy had to teach him some formal mathematics as though Ramanuja was a scholarship candidate at Winchester. Hardy found it strange teaching modern mathematics to someone who had the deepest insight but who had literally never heard most of it. Hence he says that teaching Ramanujan was an unusual experience.

Underline the finite verbs in the following sentence:

She had a dream the previous night, in which she saw her son seated in a big hall among a group of Europeans and the goddess of Namakkal had commanded her not to stand in the way of her son fulfilling his life’s purpose.
Answer:
She had a dream the previous night, in which she saw her son seated in a big hall among a group of Europeans and the goddess of Namakkal had commanded her not to stand in the way of her son fulfilling his life’s purpose.

Personal Response:

Question 1.
Do you believe in superstitions?
Answer:
I don’t believe in silly superstitions: like black cats crossing the path, walking under a ladder, etc. But I believe in God and that good things happen to good people. I also believe that ‘God helps those who help themselves’. We must work hard if we want something, and not just sit back and expect God and ‘luck’ to do things for us.

Question 2.
Ramanujan did not have a proper formal education. Yet he became a famous mathematician. Does this mean that proper education is not necessary?
Answer:
I think Ramanujan’s case was a very rare case, where he became famous even though there were so many defects in his education. This was because he was very highly talented. However, if he had received a proper education, he would probably have done much, much more, and contributed more in the field of maths. A proper education always helps, and one must always go for it.

Question 3.
In the earlier days, people used to die of illnesses like tuberculosis and pneumonia. Do you think that is still the case?
Answer:
Though these diseases are still prevalent, the rate of cure is high, and the percentage of people dying from them has gone down. Different medicines have – been found for them. Today people die of cardiac problems, cancer, etc.

Write if the following statements are True or False:

Question 1.
Ramanujan was a bad-tempered person.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Hardy thought that Ramanujan was an untrained genius.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Ramanujan did not get admission to Madras University.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
Ramanujan was sometimes confused with Hardy’s conversation.
Answer:
True

Do as directed:

Question 1.
Pick out two compound words from the lesson.
Answer:
timetable, superhuman

Question 2.
Make a word pyramid of at least four words beginning with U.
Answer:

Question 3.
Give the noun forms of:
amiable, fulfilling
Answer:
amiability, fulfillment

Question 4.
Find out four hidden words from the given word: miserably (Each word should have at least 4 letters.)
Answer:
miserably: miser, able, miserly, bleary

Question 5.
Use the following word and its homophone in two separate sentences: sent
Answer:
(i) Harsha sent the little boy home immediately.
(ii) The scent of the jasmine flowers was simply wonderful.

Question 6.
Rewrite as a negative sentence:
It seemed impossible that he could break the ban and cross the water.
Answer:
It did not seem possible that he could break the ban and cross the water.

Question 7.
Underline the adjectives in the following sentence:
He seems to have listened with a patient smile on his good, friendly, homely face.
Answer:
He seems to have listened with a patient smile on his good, friendly, homely, face.

Question 8.
Say whether the sentence is Simple, Compound, or Complex:
If it had been summer, he would have walked down to Fenner’s to watch cricket.
Answer:
Complex

Question 9.
Change the voice:
They needed a certain amount of help from a superhuman agency.
Answer:
A certain amount of help was needed from a superhuman agency (by them).

Question 10.
Rewrite using the underlined word as a verb:
He sent word to Littlewood that they must have a discussion.
Answer:
He sent word to Littlewood that they must discuss.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 8 English Solutions Chapter 4.2 Revolutionary Steps in Surgery Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions, and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 8 English Solutions Chapter 4.2 Revolutionary Steps in Surgery

Class 8 English Chapter 4.2 Revolutionary Steps in Surgery Textbook Questions and Answers

Warming Up

1. Discuss in your class:

Question 1.
Do you like to study science?
Answer:
(Points: yes, no, the reasons why)

Question 2.
What are the advantages of learning science?
Answer:
(Points: knowledge, information- more career opportunities, etc.)

Question 3.
Are robots truly useful to human beings?
Answer:
(Points: yes, no, why – examples of robots you have read of, seen in movies, etc.)

Question 4.
How can we take the help of robots in our daily life?
Answer:
(Points: household chores – boring,monotonous work – heavy manual jobs very intricate, minute jobs – dangerous; jobs – operations, surgeries, etc.)

Question 5.
Name some gadgets and: appliances we use in day-to-day life.
Answer:
(Points: washing machine, mixer, grinder, gas stoves, TV, dishwasher, heaters, etc.)

2. Imagine that one of your family members I friends I classmates has recently undergone a surgery. You were curious and wanted to learn about his/her experience.
Match the questions you asked with their answers.

Question 1.
What health problem did you suffer from?
Answer:
I had fractured my ankle while playing hockey.

Question 2.
Whom did you Inform about It first?
Answer:
Our school hockey coach.

Question 3.
What type of doctor did you consult?
Answer:
I consulted an orthopedic surgeon.

Question 4.
How did he/she find out that you needed surgery?
Answer:
The doctor took an X-ray of my ankle, and he found a fracture In my ankle.

Question 5.
What preparation was done before the surgery?
Answer:
I was given a bath and I wore a surgical gown.

Question 6.
How did you feel when you were taken to the operation theatre?
Answer:
I was very nervous.

Question 7.
What was the first step before the actual surgery?
Answer:
I was given an injection of anesthesia.

Question 8.
Did you feel any pain during the surgery?
Answer:
No, I did not feel anything. I was fast asleep.

Question 9.
What did you feel when you opened your eyes after the operation?
Answer:
I was relieved and happy that the operation was over.

Question 10.
How soon did you recover?
Answer:
I recovered and I could walk normally after three weeks.

3. We have learned that sentences may have two, three or more sets of subject + predicate, joined by a conjunction. Each set of subject and predicate.
that is a part of a larger sentence is culled clause.
Separate the clauses in the following sentences and write the conjunction.

Question 1.
The thief stole the money and he ran away.
Answer:
Clause (i): The thief stole the money.
Clause (ii): he ran away
Conjunction: and

Question 2.
She told me that she was a doctor.
Answer:
Clause (i): She told me
Clause (ii): that she was a doctor
Conjunction: that

Question 3.
He ran fast but he did not win the race.
Answer:
Clause (i): He ran fast
Clause (ii): he did not win the race
Conjunction: but

Question 4.
The traveller arrived at the station after the train had left.
Answer:
Clause (i): The traveller arrived at the station
Clause (ii): after the train had left
Conjunction: after

4. Coordination
Observe the clauses in the following sentences.
(1) He is intelligent and he is hardworking.
(2) Asit was tired but he could not rest.
(3) You can go for a walk or you can exercise at home.
(4) Seerna has recovered from fever, so she can attend school.
Each of the above sentences have clauses which do not depend on each other for complete sense. They are called Independant or Co-ordinate clauses. They are joined by conjunctions like and, but, o, so. Such conjunctions are called Co-ordinators.
Other Co-ordinators are:

• as well as / not only but also
• yet / still I however / nevertheless
• or / nor / else / either or / neither nor
• so / therefore / thus / hence / for

From the sentences given in Activity 2 pick out two sentences having Co-ordinate Clauses. Point out the Co-ordinators:

Question 1.
I was given a bath and I wore a surgical gown.
Answer:
Coordinate Clause (i): I was given a bath.
Coordinate Clause (ii): I wore a surgical gown.
Conjunction: and

Question 2.
The doctor took an X-ray of my ankle and he found a fracture in my ankle.
Answer:
Coordinate Clause (i): The doctor took an X-ray of my ankle.
Coordinate Clause (ii): He found a fracture in my ankle.
Conjunction: and

1. Read the lesson and name the following:

Question a.
First surgeon to perform operations
Answer:
Sushruta

Question b.
Anaesthetics used from mid 19th century
Answer:
Ether and chloroform

Question c.
First successful Cardiac Surgeon
Answer:
Dr. Williams

Question d.
A sack around the heart
Answer:
pericardium

Question e.
Father of modern neurosurgery
Answer:
Harvey Cushing

Question f.
World’s most advanced surgical robot
Answer:
the Da Vinci.

2. Match the terms in ‘A’ with their explanation in ‘B’:

Question 1.

Answer:
(1) – (f).
(2) – (d).
(3) – (g).
(4) – (h).
(5) – (a).
(6) – (e).
(7) – (b).
(8) – (i).

3. Fill in the web with words related to ‘Surgery’:

Answer:

4. Write 3 to 4 lines about each of the following in your own words:

Question a.
Sushruta Samhita
Answer:
It is thought that Sushruta was probably the first surgeon to perform surgical operations, and the Sushruta Samhita is one of the oldest works In the world that deal with surgery.

Question b.
First Cardiac Surgery
Answer:
The first cardiac surgery was done by Dr Williams. A patient, James Cornish. was suffering from a very serious knife wound, and the knife had cut an artery less than an inch from his heart. It had punctured the pcricardium. Dr Williams and six staff doctors performed a complicated and daring operation and repaired the heart. This became the first successful cardiac surgery.

Question c.
First Neurosurgeon
Answer:
Harvey Cushing was the first neurosurgeon and is considered to be the father of modern neurological surgery. In the early part of the 20g” century, he developed basic techniques and instruments for operating on the brain. Cushing reduced the mortality rate for neurosurgery from 90% to less than 10%. By 1937, when he retired, he had successfully removed more than 2000 tumours. One of his most significant achievements was the development of a method to stem blood loss by inventing a clip called the ‘silver clip’ or the ‘Cushing clip’.

Question d.
The Robotic Surgery
Answer:
Robotic surgery is a type of minimal invasive surgery. Use Is made of miniature surgical Instruments, that fit through quarter-inch Incisions. Robotic surgery gives the surgeon a 3-D view of the operating site. Every movement he makes with the master controls Is replicated accurately by the robot. When necessary. the surgeon can even change the scale of the robot’s movements. Surgeons can use this technology to perform complex surgical procedures.

5. A. Fill in the gap in the table of Degrees of Comparison:

(1) old
(2) healthy
(3) near
(4) fine
(5) ancient

Answer:

(1) old	older	oldest
(2) healthy	healthier	healthiest
(3) near	nearer	nearest
(4) fine	finer	finest
(5) ancient	more ancient	most ancient

5. B. Adjectives which have more than two syllables (long words) take more and most before them to form Comparative and Superlative degrees:
For example : successful – Positive Degree
more successful – Comparative Degree
most successful – Superlative Degree
Give the Comparative and Superlative forms of:

Positive Degree	Comparative Degree	Superlative degree
(1)		Oldest
(2)	Healthier
(3) Near
(4)	Finer
(5)		Earliest
(6) Small
(7)	Faster
(8) High

Answer:

Positive Degree	Comparative Degree	Superlative degree
(1) Old	Older	Oldest
(2) Health	Healthier	Healthiest
(3) Near	Nearer	Nearest
(4) Fine	Finer	Finest
(5) Early	Earlier	Earliest
(6) Small	Smaller	Smallest
(7) Fast	Faster	Fastest
(8) High	Higher	Highest

6. Join the sentences using appropriate Co-ordinators. (but, or, so, and):

Question a.
There was lack of technology. Major surgery could not develop for centuries.
Answer:
There was lack of technology,so Major surgery could not develop for centuries.

Question b.
Cardiac Surgery was tried in the past. Patients did not survive.
Answer:
Cardiac Surgery was tried in the past butPatients did not survive.

Question c.
He places his fingers into the master controls. He operates all four arms of the Da vinci.
Answer:
He places his fingers into the master controls and He operates all four arms of the Da vinci.

Question d.
Open heart surgery can help to repair heart valves. It can also replace them.
Answer:
Open heart surgery can help to repair heart valves or It can also replace them.

Question e.
Heart patients were treated with sedatives. They did not survive.
Answer:
Heart patients were treated with sedatives but They did not survive.

Question f.
These procedures can be performed through very small incisions. Our patients experience a number of benefits.
Answer:
These procedures can be performed through very small incisions so Our patients experience a number of benefits.

7. Write in your notebook an imaginary telephonic conversation between you and your family – secretary, asking for an appointment to consult the doctor for a health problem you are suffering from. Begin with

Secretary: Good morning! This is XYZ Clinic. How can I help you?
Myself: Good morning! I am
(Now continue……)

Class 8 English Chapter 4.2 Revolutionary Steps in Surgery Additional Important Questions and Answers

Write if the following statements True or False:

Question 1.
General anaesthesia makes the whole body numb.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Daniel Williams was a young African American surgeon.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Cardiac surgery was unknown after 1893.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
Cardiac surgery relates to the nerves and brain.
Answer:
False

Give reasons:

Question 1.
Doctors began to use anesthesia:
Answer:
Doctors could not cut open the part of the body that was not healthy to remove or set right the part, for this would involve a lot of pain to the patient. Hence, doctors began to use general or local anaesthesia, which benumbs the whole body or part of the body. After this, the surgery could be done without pain to the patient.

Question 2.
Cardiac surgery had not developed:
Answer:
Cardiac surgery had not developed because doctors did not have modern medical tools and procedures essential for heart surgery.

Activities based on Contextual Grammar:

Question 1.
Daniel Williams attempted a new medical technique in order to save a patient’s life.
(Pick out the subject and predicate.)
Answer:
subject – Daniel Williams
predicate – attempted a new medical technique in order to save a patient’s life

Question 2.
Sushruta was the first surgeon to perform surgical operations.
(Rewrite as a negative sentence.)
Answer:
No other surgeon had performed surgical operations before Sushruta.

Personal Response:

Question 1.
How do you feel when you are sick and have to go to a doctor?
Answer:
When I am sick and have to go to a doctor, I usually feel a little frightened that he may give me an injection or ask me to have a blood test. I also feel afraid that he may put me on a strict diet.

Name the following:

Question 1.
First successful Cardiac Surgeon:
Answer:
Dr. Williams

Question 2.
A sack around the heart:
Answer:
pericardium

Question 3.
Father of modern neurosurgery:
Answer:
Harvey Cushing

Question 4.
He was suffering from very serious knife wound:
Answer:
James Cornish

Answer the following:

Question 1.
Describe what kind of cardiac surgery is done nowadays.
Answer:
Nowadays, more advanced techniques are used to deal with heart complications. Open heart surgery, which helps to repair heart defects and heart valves and even replace them, is also performed successfully.

Question 2.
Explain who neurosurgeons operate upon and on what body parts.
Answer:
Neurosurgeons treat those who have disorders of the nervous system.
They can treat patients of all ages, from the newborn to the elderly, who have suffered a stroke. They operate on the brain, the spine, or the nerves.

Pick out the main clause and the subordinate clause in the following sentences:

Question 1.
Open heart surgery, which can help to repair heart defects, is also performed successfully.
Answer:
main clause: Open heart surgery is also performed successfully
subordinate clause: which can help to repair heart defects

Question 2.
They can treat patients of all ages who have suffered a stroke.
Answer:
main clause: They can treat patients of all ages.
subordinate clause: who have suffered a stroke

Personal Response:
Question 1.
Name a scientist whom you admire and say why you admire him/her.
Answer:
I admire the scientist Thomas Alva: Edison. He was an American inventor who has been described as America’s greatest inventor. He developed many devices that have greatly influenced our lives, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and the long-lasting electric light bulb.

Complete the following:

Question 1.
Da Vinci is the word’s ______.
Answer:
most advanced surgical robot

Question 2.
The Da Vinci’s miniaturized instruments are mounted on ______.
Answer:
three separate robotic arms

Question 3.
The surgeon controls the instruments from a ______.
Answer:
console located in the operating room

List the advantages of robotic surgery.
Answer:
The advantages of robotic surgery:

• Instead of operating on patients through large incisions, use is made of miniature surgical instruments, that fit through quarter inch incisions.
• Robotic surgery gives the surgeon a 3-D view of the operating site.
• Every movement the surgeon makes with the master controls is replicated accurately by the robot.
• When necessary, the surgeon can even change the scale of the robot’s movements.
• Surgeons can use this technology to perform complex surgical procedures.
• Since the incisions made are very small, the patients too benefit.

Activities based on Contextual Grammar:

Question 1.
Our surgeons are able to perform a growing number of complex surgical procedures. (Pick out the non-Jlnite verbs and say what they are.)
Answer:
to perform – Infinitive;
growing – present participle

Question 2.
The surgeon controls these instruments and the camera from a console, located in the operating room.
(Pick out the prepositions.)
Answer:
from

Personal Response:

What are the qualities needed to be a doctor?
Answer:
To be a doctor, one must be very sincere, intelligent, hardworking and dedicated. A doctor must be prepared to work odd hours. He must be strong- minded and ready to face people who are in pain and distress, and who may be facing death. Finally, last but not the least, the main aim of a doctor should be to cure people. Money should be secondary.

Do as directed:

Question 1.
Complete the word chain of 5 nouns:
surgery → …….. → ………. → ……… →
Answer:
surgery → youth → happiness → strength → health

Question 2.
Pick out the antonyms of the following words from those given in brackets:
simple, increased (successful, complicated, reduced, invasive, separate)
Answer:
simple x complicated
increased x reduced

Question 3.
Arrange the following words in alphabetical order:
dramatically, mortality, disorders,magnified.
Answer:
disorders, dramatically, magnified, mortality.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 8 English Solutions Chapter 4.3 The Bees Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions, and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 8 English Solutions Chapter 4.3 The Bees

Class 8 English Chapter 4.3 The Bees Textbook Questions and Answers

Warming Up:

1. Match the professions with the field of work:

Answer:
(1) Chief Minister – Administration
(2) Magistrate – Law
(3) Soldier – Defence
(4) Trader – BusIness
(5) Builder – Construction
(6) Driver – Transport
(7) Teacher – Education

2. Living creatures, birds, animals, insects, etc. are often used in us – as comparisons, because of some special characteristics they hold.
Fill in the gaps, choosing words from the brackets to make appropriate comparisons.

(tall / quiet / humble / merry / busy / slippery / fast / sly /slow / big)

Question 1.
as _____ as a lark
Answer:
as merry as a lark

Question 2.
as _____ as a snail
Answer:
as slow as a snail

Question 3.
as ______ as a giraffe
Answer:
as tall as a giraffe

Question 4.
as _____ as a bee
Answer:
as busy as a bee

Question 5.
as ______ as an elephant
Answer:
as big as an elephant

Question 6.
as _____ as a mouse
Answer:
as quiet as a mouse

Question 7.
as _____ as an eel
Answer:
as slippery as an eel

Question 8.
as ______ as a fox
Answer:
as sly as a fox

Question 9.
as _____ as a deer
Answer:
as fast as a deer

Question 10.
as ____ as a worm
Answer:
as humble as a worm

1. Honey-bees live unorganized life like human beings. Discuss what work the following honey-bees do, us per the poem. Write it down in your own words, in your notebook.
(a) King / Emperor bee
(b) Magistrate bees
(c) Merchant bees
(d) Soldier bees
(e) Mason bees
(f) Civilian bees
(g) Porter bees
(h) Judge bee
Answer:
(a) King/Emperor bee – supervises the building of the beehive
(b) Magistrate bees – do corrective work
(c) Merchant bees – go out to trade for nectar
(d) Soldier bees – loot nectar from flowers and protect the hive
(e) Mason bees – build the hive
(f) Civilian bees – make honey from nectar
(g) Porter bees – carry the nectar brought by the other bees
(h) Judge bee – delivers his sentence

2. Complete the following choosing the appropriate option:

Question 1.
Human beings can learn from honey bees _________.
(i) How to make food
(ii) how to live joyfully
(iii) how to lead an organized nation
Answer:
how to lead an organized nation

Question 2.
The soldier-bees carry home _______.
(i) the velvet buds
(ii) nector, looted from flowers
(iii) their weapons
Answer:
nector, looted from flowers

Question 3.
The emperor-bee supervises the building of _________.
(i) the beehive
(ii) bridges
(iii) a tower
Answer:
the beehive

Question 4.
The ________ bees make honey from nectar
(i) officers
(ii) civilian citizens
(iii) magistrates
Answer:
civilian citizens

Question 5.
The drone is given a death sentence because he _______.
(i) attacked the emperor
(ii) killed other bees
(iii) does not do any work
Answer:
does not do any work

3. A. Complete the phrases using words from the poem:

(i) _______ march
Answer:
merry march

(ii) ________ tent
Answer:
royal tent

(iii) ________masons
Answer:
singing masons

(iv) ________ porters
Answer:
poor porters

(v) ________ burdens
Answer:
heavy burdens

(vi) ________ executors
Answer:
pale executors

3. B.
(i) Find any two Alliterative lines.
Answer:
Which pillage they with merry march bring home.Repetition of the sound of the letter ‘m’.
The civil citizens kneading up the honey. Repetition of the sound of the letter ‘c’.

(ii) Pick out the line that contains an Onomatopoetic word.
Answer:
The singing masons building roofs of gold. The word ‘singing’ indicates sound.

3. C.Pick out three tines that create an Imuqe In your mind of bees, busy at work.
Answer:
(i) Make boot upon the summer’s velvet buds.
(ii) The singing masons building roofs of gold.
(iii) The civil citizens kneading up the honey.

4. A. Refer to a good dictionur which carries phonetic transcriptions printed next to words. The words below are familiar to you. Copy their phonetic transcription from the dictionary and sa it aloud us ou write. (You may take our teacher’s help, if needed)

• work
• bees
• boot
• home
• mason
• citizen
• porters

Stress – Stress is the extra force we use when pronouncing a syllable in a word.
For example: In the word ‘King-dom’ the syllable ‘king’ is stressed.
In the word re-li-gion the second syllable is stressed.
Stress upon a syllable can be shown with short vertical line above the syllable that is stressed.

4. B. Say the following words aloud and put the stress mark on the stressed syllables:

1. crea-tures
2. bur-den
3. me-cha-nic
4. e-xe-cu-tor
5. de-li-ve-ring
6. ma-gis-trate

Answer:

1. crea-tures
2. bur-den
3. me-cha-nic
4. e-xe-cu-tor
5. de-li–ve-ring
6. ma-gis-trate

5. Project:

Gather information about the following insects. Draw their images or get pictures.
On one sheet each. fix the image I picture and below it write the information. Compile these pages and make a file of ‘Insects – our friends’.
Insects: Bee / Praying mantis / Butterfly
Beetle / Wasp / Dragon-fly

Class 8 English Chapter 4.3 The Bees Additional Important Questions and Answers

Complete the following:

Question 1.
The honey bees teach us the ______.
Answer:
art of organization and living in order

Question 2.
Roofs of gold refer to _______.
Answer:
the structure of the golden beehive

Question 3.
The death sentence is given to ________.
Answer:
the drones

Question 4.
The bee-hive is being built by _________.
Answer:
the mason bees

Answer the following:

Question 1.
Where does the emperor-bee sit and what does he do?
Answer:
The emperor-bee sits in a tent and supervises the building of the bee-hive.

Question 2.
Analysis/Appreciation Of The Poem
Answer:

• Poem and poet: ‘The Bees’ by William Shakespeare.
• Theme: The organized, disciplined lives of the bees, with death penalty to those who do nothing.
• Tone: Reflective and serious: shows admiration for the organization of the bees.
• Structure and stanzas: No separate stanzas; lines of unequal length
• Rhyme and Rhythm: No rhymescheme or rhythm free verse
• Language and Imagery: Language is old English Vivid images created of the activities of the bees.
• Figures of Speech: Onomatopoeia, Alliteration, Inversion.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 8 English Solutions Chapter 2.2 Nature Created Man and Woman as Equals Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 8 English Solutions Chapter 2.2 Nature Created Man and Woman as Equals

Class 8 English Chapter 2.2 Nature Created Man and Woman as Equals Textbook Questions and Answers

Warming Up

A. Study the pictures given on page 30 of the textbook and note the differences :

Answer:
Set (i) In the first panel a boy is going to school while a girl of the same age is doing household chores. In the next panel, both the boy and the girl are going to school.

Answer:
Set (ii) In the first panel, a woman is trudging along balancing pots of water on her head and a baby on her hip. In the next panel, a woman is teaching children at a school.

B. Now write what you observe in the following two pictures:

Answer:
(i) In the first panel a boy and a man are shown sharing the household chores, leaving the women to do other work.
(ii) In the next panel, men and women are working in an office together at an equal level.

C. Which pictures reflect gender equality? Write their numbers.
Answer:
The pictures on the right-hand side of:
(A) and both the pictures of
(B) reflect gender equality.

D. Write down any two slogans on gender equality.
Answer:
(i) Let’s have peace and unity
For all, give equal opportunity.

(ii) Men and women, Are all the same.
Please stop playing, This discrimination game.

1. A. Find from the lesson words/phrases that mean the following:

Question a.
colours …………
Answer:
Hues.

Question b.
a person who writes for newspapers/magazines …………
Answer:
Journalist.

Question c.
make a difference between ………
Answer:
Discriminate.

Question d.
cryover ………
Answer:
Lament

Question e.
explain in detail ………
Answer:
Throw light on.

Question f.
abilities and qualities ……….
Answer:
Potential

Question g.
same availability ……….
Answer:
Equal Access

Question h.
a person who brings about a social/political change …………
Answer:
Activist.

1. B. Pick out five Compound words from the lesson.
Answer:

• anywhere
• household crystal-clear
• courtyard
• reading room
• middle-aged

2. Answer in your own words:

Question a.
Read and write down 5 points which prove that Tomba, (Lanthoi’s father) firmly believes in gender equality.
Answer:
The facts which prove that Tomba firmly believes in gender equality are:

1. Tomba is supportive of Ashang bis activities as a woman’s rights activist.
2. He advocates the cause of women.
3. He does not discriminate between a man’s work and a woman’s work.
4. He shares equally with Ashangbi in doing the household chores like cooking, washing, etc.
5. He tells Lanthoi that the world is still full of inequalities and they have to find a way to bring equality between men and women.

Question b.
In what ways is Ashangbi different from other women of her community?
Answer:
Ashangbi is different from other women of her community:

• she is a woman’s rights activist
• she is a journalist is different

Question c.
What are the provisions in the Declaration of the United Nations, to ensure equality of men and women?
Answer:
The provisions In the Declaration of the United Nations to ensure equality of men and women are:

• equal access to basic social services including health and education.
• equal participation in political and economic decision-making.
• equal reward for equal work, and
• elimination of discrimination and violence against women.

3. Who said to whom and when / why?

	Who said?	To Whom?	When/why?
………the world is full of inequalities
I want to do something interesting
It is against the will of God
Our home is full of love……..
……….we can affirm along with United Nations that men and women are equal.

Answer:

	Who said?	To Whom?	When/why?
………the world is full of inequalities	Tomba	Lanthoi	When he is discussing gender equality with his daughter.
I want to do something interesting	Lanthoi	Ashangbi	When she wants to discuss something with her mother.
It is against the will of God	Ashangbi	Lanthoi	When she is talking about the subjugation of women.
Our home is full of love……..	Lanthoi	Ashangbi	When she is discussing gender equality with her mother.
……….we can affirm along with United Nations that men and women are equal.	Ashangbi	Lanthoi	When Lanthol asked her about the provisions available to enable women to express their potential and set themselves free from suppression.

4. We have studied in previous classes that Pronouns are nords used instead of Nouns.

We also know about Personal Pronouns like I, you, he, she, my, your, his, her, they etc.
There are other words also which are used in place of nouns.
(i) This, that, these, those point to some noun.
For example: ‘Ihi is a kingfisher.’ Those are herons.’ Such Pronouns are called Demonstrative Pronouns.

(ii) Some pronouns not only replace nouns, but also connect two sentences.
For example : Biology is a science. It studies living organisms.’
Biology is a science which / th studies living organisms.
Some other such pronouns are who, whose, whom etc.
They are called Relative Pronouns.

(iii) Some pronouns are used to ask questions.
For example: What is your name?
Which is your coat?
Who is your coach?
The underlined words are Interrogative Pronouns.

Underline the Pronouns in the following sentences and name their types:

Question 1.
What do you want to do?
Answer:
What do you want to do?
What – Interrogative Pronoun
you – Personal Pronoun

Question 2.
It is because of your father that I feel no inequality.
Answer:
It is because of your father that I feel no inequality.
your, I-Personal Pronoun

Question 3.
This is what your topic means.
Answer:
This is what your topic means.
This – Demonstrative Pronoun;
your-Personal Pronoun

Question 4.
She is fascinated by the small trail, which winds up the mountain.
Answer:
She is fascinated by the small trail, which winds up the mountain.
She – Personal Pronoun
which – Interrogative Pronoun

5. Read the following lines. Imagine it is the beginning of an instance you have experienced. Complete the incident using your imagination. Give it u positise ending. I had often noticed that in my neighbour’s family, the son was greatly pampered, but the daughter was treated unfairly. I could not bear this. So one day I decided to ………….

Continue the write-ups with your own ideas, in about 12 – 15 lines.
Answer:
I had often noticed that in my neighbour’s family, the son was greatly pampered, but the daughter, Meera, was treated unfairly. I could not bear this. So one day I decided to do something about it. I knew that as a young girl, I could not go in and give them advice. It had to be done diplomatically. I decided to make a folder of stories of successful women who had scaled wonderful heights and were greatly respected. I also made a list of women entrepreneurs and their lives. It took me a long time to do this, but it also became my project at school and I got guidance from my teacher and my mother. They asked me to make a power-point presentation too, in addition to the folder. After about three months of hard work. my project was complete.

One afternoon, when I knew that Meera’s mother would be alone at home, I took my presentation and my folder. Pretending that I wanted her opinion on my school project, I showed her the entire presentation. My plan was successful. At the end of two anxious hours, Meera’s mother turned round and hugged me. “I get your message,” she said through her tears. “We have been unfair to Meera. We will rectify it immediately. Thanks, dear.”
I don’t know the marks I will get in school for my project, but according to me, it is already in the A+ category. It has made a positive impact. And that’s enough reward for me.

6. Project :
From your school library or internet collect quotations/slogans promoting gender equality. Make decorative posters with pictures of outstanding women or sketches or illustrations of your choice. With permission, put up the posters in your school surroundings.

Class 8 English Chapter 2.2 Nature Created Man and Woman as Equals Additional Important Questions and Answers

Simple Factual Activities:

Question 1.
Make a list of the beautiful natural surroundings of the house.
Answer:

• A small stream of crystal clear water.
• The green mountains
• A stretch of hundreds of acres of fertile land with yellow mustard flowers.
• A garden in front of the house.
• Many kinds of trees bearing flowers of different colours and fruits.
• Fragrant jasmine.

Question 2.
Write down the ways in which Ashangbi is different from other women of her community.
Answer:

Question 3.
What help did Lanthoi need from her mother?
Answer:
Lanthoi was going to speak on the topic ‘God created men and women as equals’ at her school. She wanted to have some discussion with her mother on the topic.

State what kind of sentences the following are:

Question 1.
Tell me what you want to do.
Answer:
Imperative

Question 2.
Will you spare some time to have a discussion with me ?
Answer:
Interrogative

Personal Response:

Question 1.
Do you think that a woman should have a paid job outside the house or stay at home as a full-time homemaker?
Answer:
I think that depends on the woman and the circumstances. If she is qualified and wants to pursue a career, she should do so. If she wishes to stay at home, she should do that. It is important that she should have the freedom to choose and do as she wishes.

Answer in brief:

Question 1.
What did Lanthoi’s father work as?
Answer:
Lanthoi’s father Tomba is a lawyer and a social wrorker, who advocates the cause of women.

Question 2.
What does Ashangbi feel about Tomba’s views on gender equality?
Answer:
Ashangbi is appreciative of Tomba’s view on gender equality.

Complex Factual Activities:

Question 1.
List the ways in which Tomba contributes towards Ashangbi’s success.
Answer:
The ways in which Tomba contributes towards Ashangbi’s success are:

• Tomba is supportive of Ashangbi’s activities.
• He is always proud of his wife and children.
• In times of need, he helps his wife and children.
• He does not discriminate between a man’s work and woman’s work.
• He shares equally with Ashangbi in doing the household chores like cooking, washing, etc.

Question 2.
Describe how mother explained Lanthoi’s topic for her speech at school.
Answer:
Lanthoi’s topic for her speech was ‘God created men and women as equals.’ Ashangbi explained to Lanthoi that God has sent men and women to our earth to share the joys and sorrows of life equally, to share His blessings and to enjoy the bounty of nature equally. Hence, men and women are equals and should be treated as such.

Question 3.
Write down five points which prove that Tomba firmly believes in gender equality.
Answer:
The facts which prove that Tomba firmly believes in gender equality are:

• Tomba is supportive of Ashangbi’s activities as a woman’s rights activist.
• He advocates the cause of women.
• He does not discriminate between a man’s work and woman’s work.
• He shares equally with Ashangbi in doing the household chores like cooking, washing, etc.
• He tells Lanthoi that the world is still full of inequalities and they have to find a way to bring equality between men and women.

Personal Response:

Question 1.
In olden days, men and women had ‘fixed’ roles to play, and ‘fixed’ jobs to do. Do you think there should be a change in this today?
Answer:
Yes, as society changes and progresses we must change the ‘fixed’ roles and ‘fixed’ jobs too. Today, when women are going out, working and adding to the family income, men too should help in the house. Women have learnt to do many jobs which were earlier done only by men. Men too should learn to do jobs which were earlier done only by women.

Write whether the following statements are True or False:

Question 1.
Lanthoi’s grandmother has narrated many stories about brave queens to her.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Lanthoi found the topic of pioneer women boring.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
Linthoingambi and Kuranganayani were brave kings.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
Lanthoi has a lot of respect for Ashangbi.
Answer:
True

Complex Factual Activities:

Question 1.
Describe how the role of a mother is honoured and praised.
Answer:
The mother is said to be the fountain of love in the family. This bond of love cannot be compared to anything else in the world. Motherhood has been glorified because of this and therefore women accept the challenges in life to become a mother.

Question 2.
Complete the web showing the achievements of modern women.

Answer:

Write the noun forms of the following words:

• know
• qual
• narrated
• brave

Answer:

• knowledge
• equality
• narration/narrator
• bravery

Activities based on Contextual Grammar:

Question 1.
This bond of love Is beyond comparison with anything else in the world.
(Make the sentence negative.)
Answer:
This bond of love cannot be compared with anything else In the world.

Question 2.
Life is not possible without both women and men.
(Make the sentence affirmative.)
Answer:
Life is impossible without both women and men.

Personal Response:

Question 1.
Have you read stories/biographies of successful women? Did you like them?
Answer:
Yes, I have. I have read about Rani Laxmlbal. I have also read short stories and articles about women like Marie Curie, Sudha Chandran, Annie Besant, Mother Teresa, etc. like them and find them motivating.

Write ‘Yes’ or ‘No’:

Question 1.
Lanthoi finally understands what the topic of the symposium means.
Answer:
Yes

Question 2.
Ashangbi satisfies her daughter’s curiosity.
Answer:
Yes

Question 3.
Lanthoi is unsure and nervous about her presentation.
Answer:
No

Question 4.
The United Nations has affirmed that men and women are equals.
Answer:
Yes

Complex Factual Activities:

Question 1.
Write down the provisions in the Declaration of the United Nations to ensure equality of men and women. OR What social justice does the aegis of the United Nations guarantee?
Answer:
The provisions In the Declaration of the United Nations to ensure equality of men and women are:

• equal access to basic social services including health and education.
• equal participation in political and economic decision-making.
• equal reward for equal work, and
• elimination of discrimination and violence against women.

Question 2.
Describe the vision that meets Lanthoi’s eyes when she rushes outdoor.
Answer:
When Lanthoi rushes outdoors, she is welcomed by the bright morning sun. The blue sky and the range of mountains : appear to meet. Lanthoi is fascinated by a small trail which goes winding up the ; distant purple mountain.

Pick out the subject and predicate:

Question 1.
He extends his helping hand to his wife and children and to the society at large.
Answer:
He-subject
extends his helping hand to his wife and children and to the society at large-predicate

Question 2.
Use the word ‘share’ as a noun and a verb in two separate sentences:
Answer:
(i) The wicked brother wanted his share in the property, (noun)
(ii) The poor woman shared the loaf of bread with her children, (verb)

Writing Skills

Read the following lines. Imagine that it is the beginning of an instance you have experienced. Continue the write-up with your own ideas, in about 12-15 lines and complete the incident using your imagination. Give it a positive ending.
I had often noticed that in my neighbour’s family, the son was greatly pampered, but the daughter was treated unfairly. I could not bear this. So one day I decided to ……………..
Answer:
I had often noticed that in my neighbour’s family, the son was greatly pampered, but the daughter, Meera, was treated unfairly. I could not bear this. So one day I decided to do something about it.

I knew that as a young girl, I could not go in and give them advice. It had to be done diplomatically. I decided to make a folder of stories of successful women who had scaled wonderful heights and were greatly respected. I also made a list of women entrepreneurs and their lives. It took me a long time to do this, but it also became my project at school and I got j guidance from my teacher and my mother.

They asked me to make a power-point presentation too, in addition to the folder. After about three months of hard work, my project was complete. One afternoon, when I knew that Meera’s mother would be alone at home, I took my presentation and my folder. Pretending that I wanted her opinion on my school project, I showed her the entire presentation.

My plan was successful. At the end of two anxious hours, Meera’s mother turned round and hugged me. “I get your message,” she said through her tears. “We have been unfair to Meera. We will rectify l it immediately. Thanks, dear.” I don’t know the marks I will get in ; school for my project, but according to me, it is already in the A+ category. It has made a positive impact. And that’s enough reward for me.

Balbharti Maharashtra State Board Class 8 English Solutions Chapter 2.4 Three Visions for India Notes, Textbook Exercise Important Questions and Answers.

Maharashtra State Board Class 8 English Solutions Chapter 2.4 Three Visions for India

Class 8 English Chapter 2.4 Three Visions for India Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Read the Preamble of the Constitution of India given in your textbook. Pick out words that refer to the following.

1. Brotherhood
2. Freedom
3. Earnestly and seriously
4. Fair and impartial treatment
5. Having supreme authority
6. Unity and oneness
7. A promise made to oneself

Answer:

1. Brotherhood: fraternity
2. Freedom: liberty
3. Earnestly and seriously: solemnly
4. Fair and impartial treatment: equality
5. Having supreme authority: sovereign
6. Unity and oneness: integrity
7. A promise made to oneself: resolve

2. Finite and Non- finite Verbs:
Verbs are action words. They can be Finite or Non-finite.
Read the sentences below, focusing on the verbs.
(a) I play football.
(b) He plays football.
(c) They play football.
(d) Manish plays football.
We notice that the verb ‘play’ as we change the person (First I Second /Third) or Number (Singular/Plural) of the Subject.
When the use of a verb is limited by the Person or Number of the Noun/Pronoun in the Subject, we call it a Finite Verb.
Now read the sentences below.
(a) I like to play football.
(b) He likes to play football.
(c) They like playing football.
(d) Manish likes to play football.
In the sentences above the verb ‘to play’ or ‘playing’ does not change or take ‘-s’ or ‘-es’ after them, even when we change the Person or Number of the Subject.
to + verb, I verb + ing/verb + en I ed/having + verb + en I ed are not limited by their Subject. Such verbs are called Non-finite Verbs.

1. Complete Dr APJ Abdul Kolum’s profile with information picked from the lesson:
Profile – Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam
a. Title: …….
b. Profession: ………
c. Branch of science: ……..
d. Important position in Government held: ………..
e. His three visions for India: ……..
Answer:
a. Title: Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam
b. Profession: Missile scientist.
c. Branch of Science: Physics and Aerospace Engineering.
d. An important position in government-held: 11th President of India.
e. His three visions for India: Freedom, Development, and Standing Up to the rest of the World.

2. Using a dictionary/internet note down the main differences between:

Question a.
a developing nation and a developed nation
Answer:
(i) a developing nation: a country that is poor and whose citizens are mostly agricultural workers, and the average income is very low.
(ii) a developed nation: a country with a lot of industrial activity, high economic growth and where people have high incomes.

Question b.
self-reliant and self-assured
Answer:
(i) self-reliant: not needing help or support from other peoples
(ii) self-assured-having confidence in yourself.

Question c.
our strengths and our achievements
Answer:
(i) our strengths – the qualities and abilities that we have which are an advantage to us, or which make us successful.
(ii) our achievements – our successes or accomplishments.

Question d.
farm and granary
Answer:
(i) farm – a large area used for growing crops/flowers, etc.
(ii) granary – a storehouse for grain

Question e.
a remote-sensing satellite and a natural satellite
Answer:
(i) a remote-sensing satellite – artificial (man-made) satellites with remote sensors which have been launched into space to measure various things.
(ii) a natural satellite – any celestial body in space that orbits around a larger body.

3. Find evidence from the lesson and write in your own words:

Question a.
Indians respect the freedom of others.
Answer:
India has not tried to conquer anyone, or grab their land, culture and history. We have not tried to force our way of life on anyone. This is because Indians respect the freedom of others.

Question b.
It is time to see ourselves as a developed nation.
Answer:
We have been a developing nation ‘ for 50 years. Now we are among the top five nations of the world in terms of GDP we have ten percent growth rate in most areas. Our poverty levels are falling and our achievements are being recognized globally. It is time to see ourselves as a developed nation.

Question c.
We Indians are obsessed with foreign things.
Answer:
We Indians are obsessed with foreign things and we want to have things like foreign TVs, foreign shirts and foreign l technology.

Question d.
In Israel, the media have a positive outlook and self-respect.
Answer:
In Israel, it was the day after Hamas had struck and a lot of attacks, bombardments and deaths had taken place. However, the front page of the newspaper had an inspiring picture of a Jewish gentleman who in five years had transformed his desert land into an orchid farm and granary. The gory details of the killings, bombardments, deaths, etc. were inside the newspaper, buried among other news. This showed that in Israel the media have a positive outlook and self-respect.

Question e.
India has many amazing success stories.
Answer:
India has many amazing success stories. We are not only the second largest producer of wheat in the world, but also the second largest producer of rice. We are the first in milk production and are number one in remote sensing satellites. We have great personalities like Dr. Sudarshan, who has transformed a tribal village into a self-sustaining, self-driving unit.

4. Pick out some sentences from (he Iesson that coney u general truth.
(i) If we are not free, no one will respect us.
(ii) …………
Answer:
(i) If we are not free, no one will respect us.
(ii) We must stand up to the world or no one will respect us.
(iii) Only strength respects strength.
(iv) Military power and economic power-both must go hand in hand.

5. Find out from the Internet the poem Song of Youth’ by Dr APJ Abdul Kulam.
(A) Copy it down in your notebook and write its theme in your own words.
(B) Using information from our school library or the Internet, prepare a
Profile of any great Indian Scientist. (Refer to Activity 1 for points.)

6. Say whether each of the verbs, underlined below, is Finite or Non-finite.

Question a.
We lack the confidence to see ourselves as a developed nation.
Answer:
lack – Finite
to see – Non-finite
developed – Non-finite

Question b.
We stand first in producing milk.
Answer:
stand – Finite
producing – Non-finite

Question c.
I want to live in a developed India.
Answer:
want – Finite
to live – Non-finite

Question d.
We prefer buying imported things.
Answer:
prefer – Finite
buying – Non-finite

Question e.
Indians never try to force their way of life on others.
Answer:
to force – Non-finite

Question f.
Having invaded India, they captured our land.
Answer:
captured – Finite

7. Phrases and Clauses:
Study the underlined groups of words.

(i)
(a) He wore a shirt made of cotton.
(b) He wore a shirt which was made of cotton.

(ii)
(a) Are you sure of your innocence?
(b) Are you sure that you are innocent?

(iii)
(a) This is the exact reason for his failure.
(b) This is exactly why he has failed.

(iv)
(a) Pay careful attention to my words.
(b) Pay careful attention to what I say.

(v)
(a) After finishing his work, he went home.
(b) He finished his work and he went home.

You will notice that all underlined groups of words in sentences marked (a) merely
refer to a concept or expression. They do not contain a Subject or a Main or Principal
Verb. Such a group of words or unit of a sentence is called a PHRASE
Each of the underlined groups of words in sentences marked (bi convey a thought/concept and have a Subject and a Principal or Main Verb.
This unit /part of a sentence is called a CLAUSE.

Say whether the underlined parts of the following sentences are Phrases or Clauses:

(i)
People from all over the world have invaded us.
Answer:
Phrase

(ii)
I believe that Indio had its first vision of freedom in 1857.
Answer:
Clauses

(iii)
It is this freedom that we must respect.
Answer:
Clauses

(iv)
We are a great nation.
Answer:
Phrase

(v)
I want to live in a developed India.
Answer:
Phrase

(vi)
We have so many amazing success stories but we refuse to acknowledge them.
Answer:
Clauses

(vii)
We have a 10 percent growth rate in most areas.
Answer:
Phrase

Replace the underlined Phrases with Clauses:

Question a.
Do you know his place of birth?
Answer:
Do you know where he was born?

Question b.
In his absence, the thieves looted his house.
Answer:
When he was absent, the thieves looted his house.

Question c.
I am a citizen of India. I am a citizen.
Answer:
I am a citizen who belongs to India.

Class 8 English Chapter 2.4 Three Visions for India Additional Important Questions and Answers

Complete the webs:

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

Simple Factual Activities:

Question 1.
Pick out a sentence from the extract that conveys a general truth.
Answer:
If we are not free, no one will respect us.

Question 2.
What helped Dr. Kalam fix the three visions for India?
Answer:
Dr. Kalam fixed the three visions for India based on the achievements and progress he had witnessed in the history of the nation and during his own career as a missile scientist.

Question 3.
How should we handle our freedom?
Answer:
We should protect and nurture our freedom and build on it.

Write the past tense forms of the following words:

1. grab
2. build
3. conquer
4. try

Answer:

1. grabbed
2. built
3. conquered
4. tried

Rewrite the following sentences as affirmative sentences:

Question 1.
We have not done this to any other nation.
Answer:
We have refused to do this to any other nation.

Question 2.
If we are not free, no one will respect us.
Answer:
We will be respected only if we are free.

Personal Response:

Question 1.
What, do you think, will happen if everyone in the world respected the freedom of others?
Answer:
If everyone in the world respected the freedom of others, there would be complete peace and harmony in the world. There would be no wars and no bloodshed. Everyone would be happy and free to develop his full potential

Question 2.
Pick out two compound words from the passage.
Answer:
self-reliant, self-assured

Question 3.
Do you agree that ‘our media is obsessed only with bad news, failures and disasters’?
Answer:
Yes, I agree. The front pages of all leading newspapers carries only bad news. The good news is carried in very fine print somewhere deep in the paper. It can be very depressing. Only when we read detailed articles or actually visit places can we see the amazing success stories and the development.

Complete the following:

Question 1.
The prerequisite of self-respect is _______.
Answer:
self-reliance.

Question 2.
The foreign stuff we Indians are crazy about is foreign TVs, ______.
Answer:
foreign shirts and foreign technology.

Question 3.
The dream of the fourteen-year-old girl in Hyderabad is _____.
Answer:
to live in a developed India.

Question 4.
Pick out a sentence from the extract that conveys a general truth.
Answer:
Self-respect comes with self-reliance.

Write the antonyms of the following words using prefixes:

1. respect
2. developed
3. inspiring
4. imported

Answer:

1. respect x disrespect
2. developed x undeveloped
3. inspiring x uninspiring
4. imported x exported

Pick out the relative pronouns from the following sentences:

Question 1.
The front page had the picture of a gentleman who had transformed his desert land into an orchid farm.
Answer:
who

Question 2.
It was this inspiring picture that everyone woke up to.
Answer:
that

Personal Response:

Question 1.
Would you too like to live in a developed India? What will be the advantages?
Answer:
Yes, I too would like to live in a developed India. Then there will be no crowds, no queues, admissions to schools and colleges will be easy, there will be no dearth of natural resources, and everyone will be able to live in luxury.

Do as directed:

Question 1.
Write the root words of the following words : achievement, inspiring
Answer:
achieve, inspire

Question 2.
Use the following phrase in your own sentence : stand up to
Answer:
We must have the courage to stand up to any injustice that we see around us.

Question 3.
Spot the error and rewrite correctly : potentail, self-sustenning
Answer:
potential, self-sustaining

Question 4.
Find out four hidden words from the given word : (Each word should have at least 3 letters.) satellite
Answer:
satellite – state, late, least, steal

Question 5.
Write the anagrams of the following words :
(i) bleats
(ii) asleep
Answer:
(i) bleats – stable, tables
(ii) asleep – elapse, please

Question 6.
Replace the underlined phrase with a clause : After finishing her studies, she ran off to play.
Answer:
After she had finished her studies, she ran off to play.She finished her studies 1 and ran off to play.

Question 7.
Pick out the non-finite verb from the following sentence :
Why are we so embarrassed to recognize our own strength?
Answer:
to recognize

Question 8.
Pick out the pronouns from the sentence :
She replied, “I want to live in a developed India.”
Answer:
She replied, “I want to live in a developed India.”

Question 9.
Rewrite as a negative sentence :
Our media is obsessed with only bad news and failures.
Answer:
Our media is obsessed with nothing but bad news and failures.

Question 10.
Use the following word as a noun and a verb in two separate sentences :
attack
Answer:
(i) The attack came when Aurangzeb had least expected it. (norm)
(ii) Aurangzeb was attacked when he least expected it. (verb)